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chpikia bgw;wdh;/ nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fspd; fg;gw;gil 1533Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Ff; flw;fiuf;F te;J ehfg;gl;odk;kw;Wk; J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpaj; JiwKf efu�;fisf;ifg;gw;wpaJ/ brd;idapYs;s rhe;njhk;. nghh;r;Rf;fPrpag;gw;wpl�;fspy; xd;whf mike;jJ/ kJiu ehaf;fh;fs;nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiu ehl;iltpl;L btspnaw;w ntz;Lbkd;WKaw;rp bra;J mk;Kaw;rpapy; njhy;tpa[w;wdh;/

nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; tPH;r;rpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; :

1/ nghh;r;Rf;fy; kpfr;rpwpa ehL/ ,e;jpah nghd;wkpfg ;bgh pa ehl ;il. me ;ehl ;oduhy ;fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/

2/ nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa tzpfh;fs; neh;ika[ld; bray;glj;jtwpdh;/

3/ ,e ;j pah te ;j lr ; R kw ;Wk ; M� ;f pytzpff;FGf;fs; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fspd; ty;yiktha;e;j nghl;oahsh;fshf khwpdh;/

2/lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : lr;R tzpfh;fs; ~hye;Jehl;il rhh;e;jth;fs;/ ,th;fs; 1608Mk; Mz;L njtdhk;gl;ozj;jpy; xU bjhHpw;rhiyia mikj;jhh;fs;/fhiuf;fhy;. g[ypfhl; kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;odk; Mfpa fpHf;Ff;flw;fiug; gl;oz�;fs; mth;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld/nkYk; ,th;fs; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fsplkpUe;J brd;idapy;cs;s rhe;njhika[k; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/ mth;fs;j�;fSila gw;wpl�;fis tYg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ 1689Mk;Mz;L ehfg;gl;odk;. lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhfkhwpaJ/

lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; njhy;tpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; :

1/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; moik tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhy;.e Pjpkd;w tHf;F tptfhu�;fspy; ftdk; brYj;j

ntz;oapUe;jJ/ ,jdhy; kf;fsplj;jpy; mth;fsJbry;thf;F Fiwa Muk;gpj;jJ/

2/ M�;fpnyah;fspd; fg;gw;gil Mjpf;fj;jpd; tpisthflr;Rf;fhuh ;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; j�;fs; gw;wpl�;fisM�;fpnyahplk; xg;gilf;f ntz;oa NH;epiycUthdJ/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;jpahittpl ,e;njhnerpahtpy;thzpfk; bra;tjpnyna mjpf <LghL bfhz;ldh;/

3/ M�;fpnyah;fs; tUif : ,e;jpahtpy; thzpfk;bra;tjw;fhdg; gl;laj;ij ,�;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp

Kjyhk; vyprbgj;jplkpUe;J. ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;LM�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpg; bgw;wJ/ gpwF 1639Mk ; Mz;L gpuhd ;r p! ;nl vd ;gth ; re ;j puf ph pMSehplkpUe;J brd;dg[hp vd;w ,lj;ij (,d;iwabrd;id) bgw;whh;/ me;j ,lj;jpw;fhf fk;bgdp rpwpabjhifia tUlhe;jpu thlifahf brYj;j Kd;te;jJ/

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fp/gp/ 1640 Mk; Mz;L g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;ilbrd;idapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/ 1654 Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Fg;gFjpapYs;s M�;fpy Fonaw;w�;fspd; jiyikaplkhfg[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;il mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ/ gpd; 1681 Mk;Mz;L flY}h;. gu�;fpg;ngl;il Mfpa ,l�;fspy; g[jpaFonaw;w�;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld/ g[dpj nltpl;nfhl;ila[k; flY}hpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/

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4/nldpah;fs; tUif : nldpaf; fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpff;FG1616 Mk; Mz;L bld;khh;f;fpy; epWtg;gl;lJ/ 1620 Mk;Mz;L nldpah;fs; ju�;fk;gho vd;Dkplj;jpy; Xh;gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy;.j�;fSila ehl;oypUe;J epjp cjtp fpilf;fhjfhuzj;jpdhy; nldpah;fs; j�;fSf;F brhe;jkhdbjhHpw;rhiyfis M�;fpnyaUf;F tpw;Wtpl;ldh;/,jdhy; ,th;fs; j�;fSila bry;thf;if ,He;jdh;/

5/gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : gpbu�;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf;fk ;bgdp 1664 Mk ; Mz;L Vw ;gLj ;jg ;gl ;lJ/gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; rhe;njhikf; ifg;gw;wp. mij kPz;Lk;lr;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;fs;/ 1674 Mk; Mz;Lgpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; vd;gth; gp$g;g{h; kd;dhplkpUe;Jg[Jr;nrhp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;ijg; bgw;whh;/ Mdhy; 1699 y;g[Jr;nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/ gpwF. hp!;tpf;cld;gof;ifapd;go g[Jr;nrhpiag; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs;jpUk;gg;bgw;whh;fs;/ 1701 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy;gpbu�;Rf ;fhuh ;fspd ; jiyikaplkhf g [Jr ;nrhpmwptpf ;fg ;gl;lJ/ j�;rht{iu Mz;l kuhj ;jpakd ;dh ;fsplkpUe ;J. 1725 Mk ; Mz;L kyghh ;flw;fiuapYs;s kh~p gFjpiaa[k;. 1739 Mk; Mz;Lfhiuf;fhy; gFjpiaa[k; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/

M�;fpnyah; ? gpbu�;Rf;fhuh; ? Mjpf;fg;nghl;o

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Kjy;fh;ehlfg; nghh; (1746?48)

fhuz�;fs; : Inuhg;gpahtpy; 1744 Mk; Mz;LM!;jphpahtpw;Fk;. gpbuc&;ahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; M!;jpupathhpR chpikg;nghh; Vw;gl;lJ/ ,e;jg; nghl;oapy;M!;jphpahtpw;F M�;fpnyah;fSk; gpbuc& ;ahtpw;Fgpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fSk; Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ mnj neuj;jpy;M�;fpnyah;fSk; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; j�;fspd;thzpf nkyhjpf;fj;ij tphpt[g; gLj;j tpUk;gpdh;/ghz;or;nrhpia eph;tfpj;j gpbu�;R fth;dh; La{g;ns.,e;jpahtpypUe;J M�;fpnyaiu tpul;l vz;zpdhh;;/

nghh;epfH;r ;rpfs; : oa{g;ns brd;idia nehf;fpgilbaLj;Jr; brd;W. M�;fpy fg;gw;giliaj; njhw;foj;Jg[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ ,e;jeltof;ifia M�;fpnyah;fs; Mw;fhl;L ethg;ghdmd;thUjPdplk; Kiwapl;lhh ;fs;/ g[dpj $hh ;$;nfhl;ilia M�;fpnyahplk; xg;gilf;Fk;go md;thUjPd;cj;jutpl;lhh;/ Mdhy; oa{g;ns mjw;F ,z�;fkWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{g;nsaplkpUe;J brd;idiakPl;f md;thUjPd; xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;/ fp/gp/ 1746Mk;Mz;L milahWf ;F mUfpy ; cs;s rhe ;njhk ;vd;Dkplj;jpy; ehthgpd; gilfs; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fshy;njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/ nkYk; gpbu�;Rg;gilfs; brd;idg;gFjpiaa[k; Niwahor; brd;wdh;/ ,t;btw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dh;flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wgpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; Kad;wdh;/ Mdhy; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fspd;,e;j Kaw;rp M�;fpnyaj; jsgjp nk$h; yhuhd;!;vd ;gth pd ; j pwikapdhy ; Kwpaof ;fg ;gl ;lJ/gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wj;jtw pdhYk ; . ,g ;nghh ; g pbu� ;Rf ; f huh ; fs pd ;nkyhz;ikiaa[k ; . oa{g ;nsapd; jpwikiaa[k ;btspg;gLj;jpaJ/

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tpist[fs; : 1748 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;lva;?yh?rhg;ngy; cld;gof;ifapd;go Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghh;Kotile;jJ/ M�;fpnyau;fSf;Fk;. gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;,ilna Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;go gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs;brd;idia M�;fpnyahplk; xg;gilj;jdh;/

,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg;nghh; (1749?54)

fhuz�;fs; : i~juhghj;ij Ml;rp bra;J te;j ep$hk;1748 Mk; Mz;L ,we;Jtpl;ljhy;. mtUila kfd;ehrh;$�; gjtp Vw;whh;/ ,jw;F ep$hkpd; ngudhd Krgh;$�; vjph;g;g[j; bjhptpj;jhh;/ ,ijg;nghd;nw Mw;fhl;oy;md;thUjPd; jd;Dila khkhthfpa re;jh rhfpg;igvjph;j;jhh;/ Krgh; $�; kw;Wk; re;jh rhfpg; ,UtUk; xd;whf,ize;J gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtpia ehodh;/ Ijuhghj;kw;Wk; Mw;fhl;Lg; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l mhpaiz VWk;nghl;ona nghUf;F fhuzkhapw;W/

nghhpd; nghf;F : 1749 Mk; Mz;L gpbu�;Rg;gilfs;Mw;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy; re;jh rhfpg; kw;Wk; K$gh;$�;Mfpnahh;fspd; gilfSld; ,ize;jJ/ ,f;Tl;Lg;gilfspd; Kaw;rpahy; md;thUjPd; njhw;fof;fg;gl;Lf;bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/ gpwF re;jh rhfpg; fh;ehlf ethghfepakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{g;nsapd; cjtpf;Ff; ifkhwhftGjht{h;. tpy;ypaD}h; kw;Wk; ghz;or;nrhpf;F mUfpYs;sghTh; Mfpa ,l�;fis re;jhrhfpg; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Ff;bfhLj;jhh;/

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10

M�;fpy ,uhQqt mjpfhhp ,uhgh;l;fpist;Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;fpdhh;/ re;jhrhfpg; Mw;fhl;ilf;ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J xU giliamDg;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; ,uhgh;l;fpist;. M�;fpyj; jsgjpyhud;Rld; ,ize;J jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kPJ gilbaLj;Jre;jh rhfpg;igj; njhw;foj;jhh ; / nkYk; Muzp.fhnthpg;ghf;fk; Mfpa ,l�;fspy; gpbu�;Rg;gilfs;njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/

tpist[fs; : ,g;nghhpy; M�;fpnyah; btw;wp bgw;wdh;/1755 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if,g;nghiu Kot[f;F bfhz;Lte;jJ/ KfkJ mypMw;fhl;L ethghf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;/

K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg;nghh; (1758 ? 63)

fhuzk; : Inuhg;ghtpy; eilbgw;w VHhz;Lg;nghh;K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;F cldof; fhuzkhf mike;jJ/

nghhpd; nghf;F : ft[d;l;?o?yhyp vd;gth; gpbu�;RMSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ mth; brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wj;jpl;lkpl;L flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;iliaf;ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ gpd;dh; mth; j�;rht{iu jhf;fpdhh;/brd ;idiaf ; ifg ;gw ;wj ; j pl ;lk pl ;l mth ;Ijuhghj;jpypUe;J gpbu�;Rj; jsgjp g[!;!pia cjtpf;FmiHj;jhh;/ uhgh;l; fpist;. jdJ gilj; jsgjp mah;Tl;vd;gtiu gpbu�;Rg; gilfSld; nghhpLtjw;FmDg;gpdhh;/ te;jthrp vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;. M�;fpnyah;fSf;Fk; ,ilna nghh;Vw;gl;lJ/ mg;nghhpy; ft[z;l;?o?yhyp. mah;Tl;vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ gpbu�;Rg;gFjpfisM�;fpnyah;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

rh ; mah;Tl; ‘te;jthrp tPud; ’ vd;w gl;lg;bgaUld;rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lhh;/

tpist[fs; : 1763 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ghhp!;cld;gof;ifapd;go VHhz;Lg;nghh; Kot[w;wJ/ mnj

cld;gof;ifapd;go. ,e;jpahtpYk; ghz;or;nrhp.fhiuf;fhy; Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfSk; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fsplk;kPz;Lk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs;nfhl;ilfisg; gGJ ghh;f;f TlhJ vd;W epge;jidtpjpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L M�;fpnyah;fSf;Fk;gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilnaahd Mjpf;fg;nghl;oKotile;jJ/

M�;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; :

1/ gpbu�;Rg ; gilj;jsgjpfs ; xw ;WiknahLbray;gltpy;iy/ Mdhy; M�;fpnyah;fs; xw;WiknahLbray;gl;lhh;fs;/ vdnt M�;fpnyah;fs; btw;wp bgw;wdh;/

2/ uhgh;l; fpist;. yhud;!;. mah;Tl; nghd;w rpwe;jjsgjpfs; M�;fpnyah; trk; ,Ue;jdh;/

3/ Inuhg;ghtpy; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; njhy;tpiaj; jGtpdh;/vdnt fh;ehlfg; gFjpfspy; M�;fpnyaiu vjph;j;Jmth;fshy; nghl;oapl ,aytpy;iy/

4/ gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fis tpl M�;fpnyahpd; flw;giltypik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ/ Mjyhy; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fshy;M�;fpnyaUld; nghl;oapl ,aytpy;iy/ ,jdhy;gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; njhy;tpaile;jdh;/

5/ M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp xU jdpahh; epWtdk;MFk;/ Mdhy; gpbu�;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp xUmurh�;f epWtdk; MFk;/ Mfnt gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fspdhy;epjp epiyikia nkk;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/

kjpg;gPL :

,uhgh;l;fpist; : 1743 Mk; Mz;L uhgh;l; fpist;M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe ;jpaf; fk;bgdp apd; vGj;juhf,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;/ gpd;dh; mth; ,uhQqtg; gzpapy;

9

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fw;wy; tpist[fs;1 / jkpH;ehl;ow;F te;j Inuhg;gpah;fisg; gw;wpj; bjhpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ M�;fpnyah; ? gpbu�;Rf;fhuh; Mjpf;fg;nghl;of;fhd

fhuz�;fis Muha;e;jdh;/

Rakjpg;gPL

I / rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ fhd;!;lhd;onehgps; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1498 (M) 1453 (,) 1492 (<) 1484

2/ Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpw;F fly;tHpiaf;fz;Lgpoj;j Inuhg;gpah;fs;

(m) nldpah;fs; (M) gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs;

(,) nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; (<) M�;fpnyah;fs;

3/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ve;j ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

(m) ,�;fpyhe;J (M) gpuhd;R

(,) ~hye;J (<) bld;khh;f;

4/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu Kotpw;F bfhz;L te;jcld;gof;if

(m) ma;?yh?rhg;ngy; (M) ghz;or;nrhp

(,) ghhp!; (<) myfhghj;

5/ Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lth;

(m) oa{g;ns (M) ft[z;l;?o?yhyp(,) g[!;!p (<) ,uhgh;l; fpist;

12

,uhgh;l; fpist;

11

oa{g;ns

jk;ik ,izj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/ g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;ilapy;mike;Js;s fpwpj;Jt nguhyaj;jpy; jpUkzk; bra;Jbfhz;lhh;/ ,e;jpahtpy; M�;fpy Ml;rp miktjw;Fmoj;jsk; mikj;jth; ,uhgh;l; fpist; Mthh;/nkYk;

,th; ‘,e;jpahit btd;wth;’ vd;Wk; miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;/,uhgh;l; fpist; Mw;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpaJ M�;fpyfpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdpapd; tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;g[ Kidahf mike;jJ/ Mfnt mth; ‘Mw;fhl;L tPuh;’ vdmiHf;fg; gLfpwhh;/ mth; bgw;w btw;wp apd; fhuzkhfmth; t�;fh sj ;jpd ; Kjy; MSeuhf (1757?60)epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/mth; t�;fh sj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwvd;w xU g[jpa eph;thf Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;/

oa{g;ns : ,e;jpahtpy; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ijepiybgwr; bra;tjpy; oa{g;nsapd; g�;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;/ ,th; 1697 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;/ 1731 Mk; Mz;Lt�;fhsj;jpy; cs;s gpbu�;Rf; FoapUg;ghd re;jpuehThpd;MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ 1742 Mk; Mz;L ,th;ghz;or;nrhp kl;Lky;yhJ ,e;jpahtpYs;s gpbu�;Rg;gw;wpl�;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/,e;jpa kz;iz tpl;L M�;fpnyah;fis tpul;LtnjmtuJ Fwpf;nfhshf ,Ue;jJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; gpbu�;R Ml;rpepWtntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; mtuhy; mijepiwntw;w ,aytpy;iy/

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1413

II. nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f :

1/ btdpR efug; gazpahd __________ jkpH;ehl;ilg;gw;wp Fwpg;g[fs; je;Js;shh;/

2/ ___________ vd;Dkplj;jpy; 1608 Mk; Mz;Llr;Rf;fhuh;fs; xU bjhHpw;rhiyia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/

3/ gpbu�;Rf;fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp ____________ Mk;Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

4/ ,e;jpahtpy; thzpfk; bra;tjw;fhd gl;laj;ij,�;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp ___________ ,lkpUe;Jork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpafk;bgdp bgw;wJ/

5/ Inuhg;ghtpy; eilg;bgw;w ______________ nghh;K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;/

6/ rh; mah;Tl; ___________ vd;w gl;lg;bgaUld;bfsutpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/

7/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L ghhp!; cld;gof;ifapd;go_________ Kot[w;wJ/

III. bghUj;Jf :m/ M

1/ fhd;!;lhd;onehgps; flY}h;

2/ gpuhd;!p!;nfh?o?

my;bka;lh lr;Rf;Fonaw;wg;gFjp

3/ gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; JUf;fpah;

4/ g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;il ePyepwf;bfhs;if

5/ ehfg;gl;odk; ghz;or;nrhp

IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp : 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;s lr;Rg; gw;wpl�;fs; ahit>

2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz�;fs; ahit>

3 / ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf/

4/ K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ>

5/ te;jthrp tPuh; vd mah;Tl; miHf;fg;glf;fhuzk;ahJ>

V. tphpthd tpilasp :

1/ nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ijvt;thW epiyehl;odh;>

2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu tpthp/

3/ ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz�;fisa[k;nghhpd; nghf;ifa[k; tpthp/

4/ jkpH;ehl;oy; M�;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz�;fs;ahit>

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ jkpH;ehL tiu glj;jpy; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs;.lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; M�;fpnyah;fs; mikj;jFonaw;w�;fisf; Fwpf;ft[k;.

2/ fh;ehlfg; nghUld; bjhlh;g[ila ,l�;fisjkpH;ehl;od; tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;ft[k;/

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ghlk; 2

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ul;rp ? ntY}h; fyfk;

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;

1/ jkpHh;fs; M�;fpnyaiu vjph;j;J Kjd; Kjypy; nghuhoath;fs; vd;gij bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/2/ fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; Cikj;Jiu nghd;w ghisaf; fhuh;fspd; jpahfj;jpid bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/3/ M�;fpnyaUf;Fk; kUJ rnfhjuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna Vw;gl;l nkhjy; gw;wpj; bjhpe;Jbfhs;Sjy;/

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ul;rp

jkpH;ehl;oy;. kw;w ,e;jpag; gFjpfisg;nghyM�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhd czh;r;rpfspd; btspg;ghLcs;ehl;Lf; fpsh;r;rpfshft[k; vGr;rpfshft[k; njhd;wpd/mtw;Ws; 1799 Mk; Mz;L M�;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpf;Fvjpuhfj ; njhd ;w pa ghisaf ;fhuh ; fs ; fyfnkKjd;ikahdjhFk;/

jkpH;ehl;oy; tpraefug;nguuR Ml;rp bra;j fhyj;jpy;Fwpg;ghf. kJiuia Mz;l tp!;tehj ehaf;fhpd;Ml;rpf ;fhyj ;jpy ; ghisaf ;fhuh ;fs ; njhd;wpdh ; /ghisaf;fhuh;fs; vd;gth;fs; ghisak; my;yJ bghpaepyg;gug;gpw;F chpikahsh;fs; Mthh;/

ghisak; vd;gJ mth;fsJ ,uhQqt nritiag;ghuhl;o mth;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjp MFk;/ 17kw;Wk; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jkpHfmurpaypy; mjpf bry;thf;F bgw;wpUe;jhh;fs;/ ehsiltpy;mth ; fs ; j� ; fis Rje ; j p uk ; bgw ;wth ; fshfmwptpj;Jf;bfhz;lhh;fs;/ jpUbey;ntypapd; nkw;Fg;gFjpapy; thH;e;j ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kwth;fs; vd;Wk;fpHf;Fg;gFjpapdh; ehaf;fh;fs; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/

nkw;Fg; gFjpapdh; g[ypj;;njthpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk;.fpHf;Fg; gFjpapdh; fl;lbghk;kdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPGk;thH;e;J te;jdh;/

M�;fpyf ; fpHf ;fpe ;jpaf ; fk;bgdp j�;fsJthptNypg;ig mjpfhpf;Fk; vz;zj;jpy;. ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;thptNy; bra;a[k; Kiwia vjph;j;jJ/ 1792 Mk; Mz;Lfh ; ehlf cld ;gof ;ifapd ;go M� ;f pnyah ;fs ;ghisaf;fhuh ;fis j�;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;od; f PH ;bfhz;Lte;jdh;/ bjd; gFjpapd; ghisaf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;M�;fpyf; fpHf;F ,e;jpa fk;bgdpf;Fk; ,ilapy;eilbgw;w Muk;gfhy nghuhl;l�;fs; murpay;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ/ M�;fpnyah;fs;.ghisaf;fhuh;fis jk;Kila vjphpfshfnt elj;jpdh;/ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; btspehl;odh; jk; kPJ Mjpf;fk;brYj;Jtij tpUk;gtpy;iy/ mjd; tpisthf 1799 Mk;Mz;L ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ul;rp btoj;jJ/

g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; :

1/ 1792 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;l fh;ehlf kw;Wk;rPu�;fg;gl;lz cld;gof;iffs; ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;kPJ M�;fpnyah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tYg;gl tHpnfhypaJ/ ghisaf;fhuh ;fs ; M�;fpnyaiujkpH;ehl;oypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;Fj; jf;fj; jUzj;ijvjph;ghh;j;Jf;bfhz;oUe;jdh;/

2/ fh;ehlf cld;gof;if K:yk; ghisaf;fhuh;fsplk;thptNypf;Fk; chpikiag; bgw;w M�;fpnyah;fs;.thp tNypf;f Ml;rpah;fis epakpj;jhh;fs;/

3/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; M�;fpnyaUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lgzpg[hpa tpUk;gtpy;iy/

4/ M�;fpnyah;fs; Mf;fukpg;g[f ; bfhs;ifiag;gpd;gw;wpdh;/ ,uhkehjg[uk;. kzg;ghiw. gHdp.vuf;nfhl;il. kw;Wk; brd;dy;Fo Mfpa gyghisa�;fis M�;fpnyah;fs; Mf;fpukpj;jdh;/M�;fpnyah;fspd; ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;g[f; bfhs;ifiaghisaf;fhuh;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy/

15 16

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I /g[ypj;njth; :,e;jpahtpy; M�;fp nyaMl;rpia jkpH; ehl;oypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy;vjph ;j ;jth; vd;w rpwg;g[ bfhz;lth; ;g[ypj;njth; Mthh;/ ,th; jpUbey;ntypf;FmUfpy; cs;s bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; vd;wghisaj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; brYj;jpdhh;/M�;fpnyaUf;Fk; Mw;fhl;L ethg;gpw;Fk;fl;Lg;gl;L fg;gk; fl;l kWj;j g[ypj;njth;.mth;fis vjph ;f ;ft[k ; Muk;gpj ;jhh ; /M�;fpnyag; gilfSk;. ethg;gpd ;gilfSk; g[ypj;njtiuj; jhf;fpd/ ,Uthpd;gilfSk; g[ypj; njthplk; jpUbey;ntypvd;Dkplj;jpy; njhy;tpa[w;wd/ ,e;jbtw;wpf;Fg;gpd;. M�;fpnyah;? ethg; g[ypj;njth;

II.tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; : 1761 Mk; Mz;LtPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; gpwe;jhh;/ 1790 Mk; Mz;L

17 18

Tl;lzpia vjph;f;f. ghisaf;fhuh;fs; midtiua[k; xd;Wjpul;l g[ypj;njth; Kad;whh;/ Mdhy; rptfphp. vl;lag[uk;.gh�;rhy�;Fwpr;rp Mfpa ghisaf;fhuh;fs; g[ypj;njtUf;FMjut[ mspf;ftpy;iy/

cah; mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf nghuhoa tPuDf;F cjhuzkhfg[ypj;njthpd; thH;f;if kw;Wk; nghuhl;lk; mikfpwJ/

1759 Mk; Mz;L ethg;gpd; gilfs; a{Rg;fhd; vd;wfhd;rhfpg; jiyikapy; bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; gFjpiaj;jhf;fpd/ me;jhey;Y}h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; g[ypj;njth;njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ gida{h;. thRnjtey;Y}h; kw;Wk;bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; Mfpa ghisa�;fis ethg;gpd;gilfs; ifg;gw;wpd/ caph; jg;gpj;J jiykiwthf thH;e;jg[ypj;njth;. fhd; rhfpg; ,we;jJk;. 1764 Mk; Mz;Lbew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; gFjpia kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ 1767Mk; Mz;L nfg;ld; nfk;bgy; vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;l g[ypj;njthpd; filrp ehl;fisg; gw;wpj; bjspthfmwpaKoatpy;iy/

gh�;rhy�;Fwpr;rp ghisaj;jpd; Ml;rpg;bghWg;gpid Vw;whh;/M�;fpnyahpd; thptNy; bfhs;ifna M�;fpnyaUf;Fk;fl;lbghk;kDf;Fk; ,ilna tpnuhjk; Vw;gl Kf;fpaf;fhuzkhf mike;jJ/ 1798 Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; khjk;gh�;rhy�;Fwpr;rpg; ghisak; M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpafk;bgdpf;Fr; brYj;jntz;oa thpj;bjhif epYitapy;,Ue;jJ/ fLikahd g�;rk; Vw;gl;ljpd; tpisthffl;lbghk;kd; fk;bgdpf;Fr; brYj;j ntz;oa epYitthpia brYj;j ,ayhky; my;yYw;whh;/ Mdhy;uhkehjg[uk; Ml;rpah; epYit thpia cldoahfbrYj;JkhW tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kDf;Fg; gy foj�;fs;vGjpdhh;/ Mdhy; fl;lbghk;kd; mtuJ nfhhpf;iffisepuhfhpj;jhh;/

M�;fpnya Ml;rpah; fhypd; $hf;rd; fl;lbghk;kiduhkehjg[uj;jpy; jk;ik te;J re;jpf;FkhW gzpj;jhh;/fl;lbghk;kd; thpg;gzj;Jld; jpUf;Fw;whyj;jpy; fk;bgdpMl;rpah; $hf;rid re;jpf;f tpUk;gpanghJ $hf;rd;fl;lbghk;kidr; re;jpf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ fl;lbghk;kd;.rptfphp. rhj;J}h;. mjd;gpd; jpUtpy;ypg[j;J}h; Mfpa,l�;fSf;F Ml;rpah; $hf;ridr; re;jpf;f 23 ehl;fs; gpd;bjhlh;e;J brd;whh;/ mjd;gpd;;dh; uhkehjg[uj;jpy; Ml;rpaiure;jpf;FkhW fl;lg;bghk;kDf;Ff; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ/1798 Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; khjk; 19 Mk; ehs; fl;lbghk;kd;kw;Wk; mtuJ mikr;rh; rptRg;ukzpagps;is ,UtUk;uhkehjg[uj;jpYs;s uhkyp�;f tpyh!; vd;w muz;kidapy;Ml;rpah; $hf;ridf; re;jpj;jdh;/ $hf;rd; mth;fismtkjpj;jnjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky; mth;fis ifJ bra;at[k;Kw;gl;lhh;/ fl;lbghk;kd; jd; rnfhjud; Cikj;Jiuapd;cjtpa[ld; jg;gpr;brd;whh;/ Mdhy; mtuJ mikr;rh;rptRg;gpukzpag;gps;is ifJ bra;ag;gl;lhh;/

fl;lbghk;kd;. Ml;rpah; $hf;rdpd; elj;ijiatpthpj;J brd;idf; ft[d;rpYf;F xU fojk; vGjpdhh;/nkYk; mth; jd;Dila mikr;rh; tpLjiy bra;ag;glntz;Lk; vdt[k; tpUk;gpdhh;/ mg;nghija brd;id

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MSeuhd vl ;th ;L f pist ; fl ;lbghk ;kidmogzpa[khW fl;lisapl;lhh;/ nkYk; vl;th;L fpist;.Ml;rpah; $hf;rdpd; jtwhd elj;ijf;fhf mtiug; gzpePf;fk; bra;J. rptRg;ukzpag; gps;isiaa[k; tpLjiybra;jhh;/ vdnt fl;lbghk;kd; ruzilaj; jPh;khdpj;jhh;/Mfnt vl;th;L fpist; xU tprhuizf; FGit epakpj;jhh;/1798 Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; 15 Mk; ehs; mf;FGtpd; Kd;fl;lbghk;kd; M$uhdhh;/

fl;lbghk;kDk; Tl;lzpa[k;: rptf�;if ghisaj;ijrhh;e;j kUJghz;oah; jd; mz;il ghisaf;fhuh;fSld;,ize ;J xU Tl ;lzpia Vw ;gLj ; j pdhh ; /fl;lbghk;kDf;F ,e;jf; Tl;lzpapy; nru Mh;tk;,Ue;jJ/ Mdhy; mg;nghija Ml;rpah; Y}c&p�;ld;.fl;lbghk;kd; kUJ rnfhjuh;fisr; re;jpg;gij jilbra;jhh;/ ,j;jilia kPwp kUJ rnfhjuh;fSk;/ tPughz;oafl;lbghk;kDk; M�;fpnyaiu vjph;g;gjw;F xU rjpj;jpl;lk;jPl;odh;/ fl;lbghk;kd; rptfphpg; ghisaj;ij jd;Tl;likg;gpy; nrh;j;jpl Kad;whh;/ Mdhy; fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs;Tl;likg;gpy; nru rptfphp ghisaf;fhuh; kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/vdnt. fl ;lbghk ;kd ; r ptf p h p nehf ; f pgilbaLj;Jr;brd;whh;/rptfphp ghisak; M�;fpnyah;fSf;Fjpiw brYj;Jk; ghisakhf ,Ue;jJ/ Mfnt M�;fpyf;fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp fl;lbghk;kdpd; gilbaLg;igjd; mjpfhuj;jpw;bfjpuhd xU rthyhff; fUjpj; jdJgilfis jpUbey;ntyp kPJ gilbaLf;FkhWfl;lisapl;lJ/

M�;fpnyag;gilfspd; Kd;ndw;wk; : M�;fpnyajiyik MSeh; bty;y!;yp. 1799Mk; Mz;L nk khjk;fl;lbghk;kDld; nghh; bjhLf;f nk$h; ghdh;nkd;jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;/ ghisa�;nfhl;ilapy; brg;lk;gh; 4?Mk; ehsd;W jd;idr;re;jpf;FkhW fl;lbghk;kDf;F fojk; xd;iwa[k;

mDg;gpdhh;/ neukpd;ikahy; fl;lbghk;kd; mijepuhfhpj;jhh;/

gh�;rhy�;Fwpr;rpapd; tPH;r;rp : : brg;lk;gh; khjk; 5Mk; ehs; nk$h; ghdh;nkd; jiyikapy; M�;;fpnyag;gilfs; gh�;rhy�; Fwpr;rp nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;ld/ghdh;nkd; gh�;rhy�;Fwp�;rp nfhl;ilf;Fr; bry;Yk; vy;yhtHpfisa[k; Jz;oj;jhh;/ nkYk; uhkyp�;fKjypahiumDg;gp fl;lbghk;kid ruzila[khW ghdh;nkd;nfhhpdhh;/ mijf; fl;lbghk;kd; kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/uhkyp�;fKjypahh; nfhl;iliag;gw;wpa ufrpa�;fisr;nrfhpj;jhh;/ mjd; mog;gilapy; ghdh;nkd; je;jpukhfnfhl;iliaj; jhf;f jpl;lkpl;lhh;/ fhsh;gl;o vd;w,lj;jpy; ele;jnkhjypy; rptRg;gpukzpag;gps;isifjhdhh;/ g[Jf;nfhl;il murh; fsg;g{h; fhl;oy; xspe;jpUe;jfl;lbghk;kidr; rpiwgpoj;J M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf;fk;bgdpaplk; xg;gilj;jhh;/

fl;lbghk;kd; J}f ;fpyplg;gLjy; : gh�;rhy�;Fwpr;rpapd; tPH;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF ghdh;nkd; rpiwf;ifjpfisghisaf;fhuh;fs; Kd; epWj;jp tprhuiz bra;J. kuzjz;lida[k; tH�;fpdhh;/ 1799 Mk; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk;16 Mk; ehs; jpUbey;ntypf;F mUfpy; cs;s faj;jhWnfhl;ilapy; gy ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;/

III /kUJrnfhjuh;fs; : 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy;bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;fyfk; bra;jdh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; K:f;ifah gHepag;gd;kw;Wk; bghd;dhj;jhs; Mfpnahhpd; kfd;fs; Mth;/ K:j;jrnfhjuh; bghpa kUJ vd;Wk; ,isath; rpd;dkUJvd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/ mth;fSk; g[fH; bgw;wrpd;dkUJ ‘kUJ ghz;oad;’ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/rptf�;ifia Mz;L te;j Kj;J tLfehj njthplk;

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rpd;d kUJ

rpd;dkUJ gzpahw;wpdhh;/ 1772 Mk; Mz;L Mw;fhL ethg;rptf�;ifia Kw;Wifapl;L ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ vdpDk; rpykhj�;fSf;Fg; gpwF rptf�;if kUJrnfhjuh;fshy; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L bghpa kUJ rptf�;ifapd;kd;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/

fl;lbghk;kd; ,we;jgpwFmtuJ rnfhjuh ; Cikj;Jiugh�;rhy�; Fwpr;rpia tpl;L ntW,lj ;j p ;y ; j� ;rk ; g [Fe ;jhh ; /jd;Dila rnfhjudpd; kiwtpw;Ffhuzkhd M�;fpnyaiug; gHpth�;fCikj;Jiu tpUk;gpdhh;/ ,e;jf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;. kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;fl ;lbghk ;kdpd ; rnfhjud ;Cikj;Jiuf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[ mspj;J j�;fsJ Mjuita[k;ey;fpdh;/

rpd;dkUJ ‘rptf�;if rp�;fk;’ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/

kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; ,r;bray; M�;fpnyaiurPw;wkilar;bra;jJ/ M�;fpnyah;fs; rptf�;ifiaj; jhf;fj;jahuhapdh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fSk; M�;fpnyahpd; ,e;jvjph ;g ;ig re;jpf ;f Maj;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;/rptf�;ifapd; kPJ chpikapy;yhj nghJk; rptf�;ifiaf;ifg;gw;wp kUJ ghz;oad; Ml;rp elj;jp tUfpd;whh; vd;WM�;fpnyah; mth; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;odh;/ M�;fpnyahpd;,r;bray; rpd;d kUJit M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhfg;nghhplj; J}z;oaJ/ vdnt. rpd;dkUJ 1801 Mk; Mz;L$Pd; khjk; M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf mwpf;if xd;iwbtspapl;lhh;/ mt;twpf;ifapd; xU goiaj; jpUr;rpapy;ethgpd; muz;kid thapypYk; kw;bwhd;iw _u�;fk;nfhapy; Rtw;wpYk; xl;odh;/ ,t;thW kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf vjph ;g ;g [zh;tpid vy;yh,l�;fspYk; gug;gpdh;/

mjd; tpisthfj; jkpH; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j gyghisaf;fhuh;fs; M�;fpnyanuhL nghuhLtjw;fhfmzpjpuz;L te ;jdh ; / M�;fpnyag; gilfisvjph;g;gjw;fhf rpd;d kUJ 20.000 tPuh;fisj; jpul;odhh;/nk 1801?y; M�;fpnyah;fs; fyff;fhuh;fis j�;rht{h;. jpUr;rpMfpa ,l�;fspy; jhf;fpdh;/ M�;fpnyahpd; gphpj;jhSk;bfhs;if ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; gilfisg; gphpj;jJ/fyff;fhuh;fs; fhisahh;nfhtpy; brd;wdh;/ mth;fs;M�;fpyg;gilfshy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;ldh;/ Cikj;Jiugpogl;L rpur;nrjk; bra;ag;gl;lhh;/ uhkehjg[uk;khtl;lj;jpYs;s jpUg;gj;J}h; nfhl;ilapy; kUJrnfhjuh;fs; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;M�;fpnyaiu btw;wp bfhs;shtpl;lhYk; jkpHfj;jpy;njrpa czh;t[ vd;w tpijia Kjd;Kjy; tpijj;jth;fs;Mth;/ vdnt bjd; ,e;jpaf;fyfk; jkpHf tuyhw;wpy;rpwg;gplk; bgWfpwJ/

1801 Mk; Mz;L gpufldk; M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf vy;yh,e;jpah;fisa[k; xd;wpizj;j Kjy; gpufldkhFk;/

ntY}h;fyfk;

1806 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ntY}h; fyfk; 1857 Mk;Mz;L Vw;gl;l ,e;jpa rpg;gha;f; fyfj;jpw;F Kd;ndhoahfjpfH;fpwJ/ ,J jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhdepfH;r;rpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ/ _u�;fg;gl;ldk; nghhpy;jpg;g[Ry;jhd; bfhy;yg;gl;lJk;. mjidj; bjhlh;e;JVw;gl;l epfH;r;rpfSk; ntY}h; rpg;gha;f; fyfk; Vw;gl;lf;fhuz�;fshapd/ ,f;fyfk; Fwpg;gpl;l FWfpafhyj;jpw;Fs; xLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhYk; jkpHf kf;fspd;kdjpy; xU bgUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ/

1799 Mk; Mz;L jpg;g[tpd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpwF.jpg;g[tpd; g[jy;th;fSk;. g[jy;tpfSk; ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy;rpiw itf;fg;gl;ldh;/ ed;F gapw;rp bgw;w gy;ntWghisa�;fisr; rhh;e;j nghh; tPuh;fs; M�;fpyg; gilapy;nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;sg;gl;ldh;/ ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j

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gil tPuh;fs;. M�;fpnyah;fs; bfhz;L te;j cilkhw;wj;ij vjph;j;J nghhpLtJ vd;W Kot[ bra;jdh;/giltPuh;fs; jiy Koia kHpf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk;.kPiria vLf;fntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;/bew ;wpia my�;fhpf ;Fk ; kj rpd ;d�;fs ; jilbra;ag;gl;ld/ nkYk; rpYitg; bghwpf;fg;gl;l g[jpajiyg;ghifia mzpa tw;g[Wj;jg;gl;ldh;/ ,e;J kw;Wk;,!;yhkpa tPuh;fs; ,ij vjph;j;jdh;/ rpYit milahsk;j�;fis kjk; khw;Wk; Kaw;rp vd;W ,e;J tPuh;fs;re;njfg;gl;ldh;/ vdnt giltPuh;fs; M�;fpnyaUf;Fvjpuhf jiyg;ghifiaj; J}f;fp vwpe;jdh;/ mjdhy;M�;fpnyah;fshy; giltPuh;fs; jz;of;fg;gl;ldh;/

,e;jpa tPuh;fs; M�;fpnyaiug; gHpth�;f jf;fjUzj;ij vjph;nehf;fp fhj;jpUe;jdh;/ nkYk; ikNh;g;gilfs; ntY}h; rpg;gha;fSf;F Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ vdnt.1805?1806 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf ntY}hpy;fyfk; btoj;jJ/

fyfj;jpd; nghf;F:jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd; cwtpdh;fs; 1806 Mk;Mz;L $Piy 10 Mk;ehs; ntY}h; nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;wj;j p l ; l k p l ; ld h ; /Mdhy; 1806 Mk;Mz;L $Piy 9 Mk;ehs ; es ;sputpy ; .ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j tPuh;fs;j�;fSila Kfhiktpl;L btspte;jdh;/ mth;fs; M�;fpnyaiu vjph;ghuhjtifapy; jhf;fp Jg;ghf;fpr; NLk; elj;jpdh;/ nfhl;ilapd;fjt[fs; milf;fg ;gl;ld/ nfhl;ilapy; gwe ;jM�;fpnyahpd; bfho. fPnH ,wf;fg;gl;L. Rf;F E}whf

ntY}h; nfhl;il

fpHpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ntY}h; nfhl;ilapy; jpg;g[ Ry;jhdpd;bfho gwf;ftplg;gl;lJ/

kpft[k; ,f;fl;lhd ,e;j NH;epiyapy; Mw;fhl;oy;j�;fpapUe;j fh;dy; fpy!;gp ntY}Uf;F tpiue;J te;Jfyff;fhuh;fisj; jhf;fpdhh;/ Vuhskhd ,e;jpa tPuh;fs;bfhd ;W Ftpf ;fg ;gl ;ldh ; / fyfk ; KGtJkhfmlf;fg;gl;lJ/ gpd;g[ ntY}hpy; mikjp jpUk;gpaJ/

njhy;tpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; : 1/ cjtpiaa[k;. xj;JiHg;iga[k; nfhhp bjd;dpe;

jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gy kd;dh;fSf;F fyff;fhuh;fs;foj�;fs; mDg;gpdhh;fs;/ Mdhy; cjtp fpl;Lk;Kd;dnu g[ul;rp btoj;jJtpl;lJ

2/ g[ul;rpahsh;fis tHp elj;jpr; bry;yj; jf;fjiyikapy;iy/

3/ M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf bray;gl jpg;g[tpd;ike;jh;fsplKk; cwtpdh;fsplKk; nghjpa mst[jpwik ,y;iy/

4/ M�;fpnyahpd; gphpj;jhSk; bfhs;if ,e;jpah;fspd;xw;Wikiaf; Fiyj;jJ/

fw;wy; tpist[fs; 1/ bjd; ,e;jpaf; fyfj;jpw;fhdf; fhuz�;fisg; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ 2/ g[ypj;njth;. tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; kw;Wk; kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; njr gf;jpiag; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

3/ ntY}h;; fyfk; gw;wp g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

23 24

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I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw njhd;wpaJ

(m) nrhHh;fs; fhyj;jpy;

(M) ghz;oah;fs; fhyj;jpy;

(,) gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy;/

(<) tpraefu nguurh; fhyj;jpy;

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2/ jkpHfj;jpy; M�;fpnyaiu Kjd; Kjypy; vjph;j;jth;

(m) g[ypj;njth; (M) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;

(,) Cikj;Jiu (<) kUJ rnfhjuh;fs;/

3/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; Ml;rp g[hpe;j ghisak;

(m) gh�;rhy�; Fwpr;rp (M) rptf�;if

(,) bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; (<) rptfphp

4/ ntY}h;fyfk; eilbgw;w Mz;L

(m) 1799 (M) 1801 (,) 1806 (<) 1857


1/ ghisaf;fhuh;fs; __________ my;yJ __________f;F brhe;jf;fhuh;fs;/

2/ M�;fpnyah;fs; ___________ cld;gof;ifapd; goghisaf;fhuh;fs; kPJ thptNypf;Fk; chpik bgw;wdh;/

3/ g[ypj;njth; ___________ vd;w ghisaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;/

4/ bew;fl;Lk;brt;ty; ethg;gpd; gilfshy; ___________Mz;oy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ/

5/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; ____________ Mk; Mz;Lgpwe;jhh;/

6/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; jpUbey;ntypf;F mUfpy;cs;s __________ nfhl;ilapy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;/

7/ rpd;d kUJ __________ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/

8/ rpd;d kUJtpd; gpufldk; ,e;jpah;fs; ________ f;Fvjpuhf ,iztjw;fhd Kjy; gpufldkhFk;/

9/ 1806 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ntY}h;fyfk; 1857 Mk; Mz;LVw;gl;l __________ f;F Kd;ndhoahf jpfH;e;jJ/

III / bghUj;Jf :

m / M

1/ _u�;fg;gl;odk; Mw;fhL ethg;

cld;gof;if

2/ KfkJ myp 1792

3/ M�;fpnyah; fl;lbghk;kdpd; rnfhjuh;

4/ Cikj;Jiu 1806

5/ ntY}h;fyfk; gphpj;jhSk; bfhs;if/

IV / RUf;fkhd tpilasp : 1/ fl ;lbghk ;kd; kw ;Wk ; uhkehjg [uk ; Ml;r pah ;

,UtUf;Fkpilapy; ele;j re;jpg;ig Fwpg;gplt[k;/

2/ fl;lbghk;kd; vt;thW J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;>

3/ kUJ rnfhjuh;fspd; bgw;nwhh; ahh;>

4/ Cikj;Jiu ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/

5/ ntY}h; fyfk; njhy;tp mile;jjw;fhd fhuz�;fs;ahit>

V/ tphpthd tpilasp : 1/ ghisaf;fhuh; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; ahit>

2/ g[ypj;njth; vt;thW M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rpbra;jhh;>

3/ ghisaf;fhuh; Tl;likg;gpy; tPu ghz;oadpd; g�;FahJ>

4/ M�;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf kUJ rnfhjuh;fs; bray;gl;ltpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff/

5/ ntY}h; fyfj;jpd; nghf;if tpsf;Ff/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

jkpH;ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j g[fH;bgw;w ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;gl�;fis nrfhpf;ft[k;/

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ghlk; 3

M�;fpnyah; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPH; jkpHfj;jpd;bghUshjhu epiy

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs; 1/ jkpH;ehl;od; bghUshjhuepiy. epythpj; jpl;l�;fs;. tptrhak; kw;Wk; ePh;g;ghrdk; Fwpj;J mwpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/ 2/ ifj;bjhHpy;fs; eyptile;jjw;fhd fhuz�;fisg; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/

bghUshjhu epiy

jkpH ;ehl ;od; bghUshjhuk ; tptrhaj ;ijmog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ/ kpfg; gH�;fhyj;jpypUe;nj.bghJ kf;fSk;. murh;fSk;. ePh;g;ghrd�;fs; mikg;gjpy;Mh;tj;ijr; brYj;jpdhh;fs;/ gUtkiH jtWjy; kw;Wk;kiHf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; bts;sk;. g[ay; Mfpaitfs;cHth;fis kpft[k; ghjpj;jd/

epythp. murh�;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa tUthahf ,Ue;jJ/mYkpdpa ghj;jpu�;fs;. fhyzpfs;. njhypdhyhdbghUl ;fs ; nghd ;wtw ;iw cw ;gj ; j p bra ;a [k ;bjhHpw;rhiyfSk; fhzg;gl;ld/

,e;jpa bjhHpw;r�;fr;; rl;lk; (1926). Ru�;fr; rl;lk;(1935). bjhHpyhsh;fs; ec&;l <L rl;lk; (1923) Kjyparl;l�;fs; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; eyd; fUjp gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld/,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gy jkpHh;fs; j�;fs; Kd;ndw;wk;fUjp. ,y�;if. knyah. rp�;fg;g{h;. gh;kh. bjd; Mg;gphpf;fhKjypa may; ehLfSf;Fr; brd;whh;fs;/ jkpHh;fs; ,y�;ifnjapiyj; njhl;l�;fspYk;. knyahtpd; ug ;gh ;njhl;l�;fspYk;. bjd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; Ru�;f�;fspYk;ntiy bra;jhh;fs;/ Mdhy; me;j ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpwF. m�;F thH;e;j jkpHh;fs; gy Jd;g�;fSf;FMshdhh;fs;/

epythpj;jpl;lk; : M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp. ek;ehl;od; eph;thfg; bghWg;ig Vw;Wf;bfhz;l fhy fl;lj;jpy;gytpjkhd epythp tNypf;Fk; Kiwfs; mkypy; ,Ue;jd/jd;Dila tUthia mjpfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fk;bgdpepythp Kiwia tphpt[gLj;jpaJ/ ,e;j Kiwapy;fk;bgdp gytpjkhd epythp jpl;l�;fis ghprPypj;Jmky;gLj;jpaJ/

epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; : M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpafk;bgdp 1792 Mk; Mz;L tUtha;j ; ; Jiwapd;bray;ghLfis kWrPuikg;g[ bra;jJ/ 1799 Mk; Mz;Lj�;rht{Uk;. 1801 Mk; Mz;L fh;ehlfg; gFjpa[k; fk;bgdpMl;rpapd; fPH; te;jJ/ M�;fpy MSeh; vl;th;L fpist;ehL KGtJk; xnu khjphpahd thptNypf;Fk; KiwiaeilKiwf;F bfhz;L tu ntz;Lbkd;w nehf;fj;njhLfhud;thypR gpug[tpd; epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;ijtypa[Wj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;/ ,e;j Kiwapy; thptNiy eph;zapf;Fk; bghUl;L midj;J epyg;gFjpfSk;xU�;fpizf;fg;gl;ld/ mt;thW ,izf;fg;gl;l epy�;fs;kpl;lh vd miHf;fg;gl;ld/ me;j kpl;lhf;fs;kpl;lhjhuh;fsplk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ/ 1802 Mk; Mz;Lghuhk~hypy; ,e;j epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; bfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ/ ghisa�;fs; $kPd;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld/M�;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp thptNypg;gjpy; Fj;jifKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ/ br�;fy;gl;L. nryk;. jpz;Lf;fy;.uhkehjg[uk; kw;Wk; jpUbey;ntyp Mfpa ,l�;fspy; ,e;jepythpj;jpl;lk; njhy;tpa[w;wJ/

fpuhk epyj;jPh;itj; jpl;lk; :fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpapd;vjph;g;ghh;g;g[fis epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; g{h;j;jpbra;atpy;iy/ vdnt 1804 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1814 Mk;Mz;L tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; fpuhk epyj;jPh;it KiwiafpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp mky;gLj;jpaJ/ ,e;jKiwjpUbey;ntyp. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp. nfhak;g[j;J}h;. bjd;Mw;fhL kw;Wk; tl Mw;fhL Mfpa khtl;l�;fspy;

27 28

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eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j Kiwapd; K:yk;fk;bgdpahdJ tpis epyg;gug;g[fis epyr;Rthd;jhuh;fsplk; tptrhak; bra;a[k; bghUl;L xg;gilj;jJ/,e;j epy�;fs; nkYk; gphpf;fg;gl;L cHth;fsplk;Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;ld/ epiyahd epythp jpl;lj;jpw;Fk;.fpuhk epyj;jPh;it Kiwf;Fk; mjpf ntWghL ,y;yhjfhuzj;jpdhy; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp. brd;id ft[d;rpiyuaj;Jthhp Kiwia mky;gLj;JkhW gzpj;jJ/

uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lk; : fhud ;thypR gpug[ thp tNy; KiwiarPh;jpUj;jk; bra;a[k; bghUl;Lmbyf;rhz;lh; hPl; kw;Wk; jhk!;kd;nwh Mfpa ,Utiua[k ;epakdk; bra;jhh;/ gytpjkhdepythpf ;bfhs;iffis ed;FMuha;e;j jhk!; kd;nwh (1820?27)brd;id khfhzj;jpy; uaj;JthhpKiwia mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhh;/gpd;dh; nryk;. j�;rht{h;. kyghh;kw ;Wk ; uhayr Pkh MfpagFjpfspYk; uaj;Jthhp KiwmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ kd;nwhtpd; Tw;Wg;go murh�;fj;jpw;Fk; cHth;fSf;Fk; ,ilnacs;s neuo bjhlh;ng uaj;Jthhp vd;gjhFk;/ cHth;fs;murh�;fj;jpw;F neuoahf thp brYj;jntz;Lk; vd;gnj,jd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/ vdnt ,k;Kiw uaj;Jthhp vd;WmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;r�;fs; :

1/ thp tNy; bra;ag;gLk; epy�;fs; milahsk;fhzg;gl;ld/

2/ epyj;jpd; kPJ cHth;fSf;F cs;s chpikeph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ/

3/ epahakhd thp kjpg;gPL bra;ag;gl;lJ/

4/ jhpR epy�;fs; murh�;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPH;bfhz;L tug;gl;ld/

5/ cHth;fSf;F. thp tNypf;Fk; mjpfhhpfs; gw;wpKiwaPL bra;a[k; chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ/

6/ thpr;Rik mjpfhpf;Fk; nghJ murh�;fj;jplk;Kiwa PL bra ;a cHth ; fSf ;F ch piktH�;fg;gl;lJ/

uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lj;jpd; epiwfs; :

1/ cHth ;fs ; murh� ;fj ;j plk ; neuoahf thpbrYj;jpdhh;fs;/

2/ cHth;fs; thp brYj;Jk; bjhif eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ/

3/ thp tNy; K:yk; murh�;fj;jpw;F epiyahdtUkhdk; fpilj;jJ/

4/ jhpR epy�;fs; cHth;fsplk; jpzpf;fg;gltpy;iy/

uaj;Jthhpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Fiwfs; :

1/ gy ,l�;fspy ; epythp kpf mjpfkhftpjpf;fg;gl;ljhy; cHth;fs; md;whl bryt[fSf;nfmy;yYw;whh;fs;/

2/ epythpj; jpl;l�;fis murh�;fk; cHth;fsplk;neuoahf mky;gLj;jpaJ/ epyj;ij msg;gjpYk;thpia eph;zapg;gjpYk; murh�;fk; epyg;gpug[f;fisfye;jhnyhrpf;ftpy;iy/

1857 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs; jkpHfj;jpd; bgUk; gFjpuaj;Jthhp Kiwapd; fPH; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/

kfy;thhp Kiw : 1833 Mk; Mz;L kfy;thhp Kiwtpy;ypak; bgz;o�; gpug[tpdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/,e;j Kiwapy; cHth;fSk;. epy chpikahsh;fSk;murh�;fj;jplk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F xg;ge;jk; bra;J

jhk!; kd;nwh

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bfhz;ldh;/ uaj;Jthhp KiwapYk;. kfy; thhp KiwapYk;.cHth ;fspd ; e piyapy ; vt ;tpjkhd khw ;wKk ;fhzg;gltpy;iy/

tptrhak;

tptrhak; ekJ bghUshjhuj;jpd; KJbfYk;g[MFk;/ 95 tpGf;fhL jkpHf kf;fs; tptrhaj;ij jkJthH;f;ifapd; Mjhukhff; bfhz;oUe;jdh;/ 18 Mk;E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy; kf;fs; bjhif Fiwe;Jk;. tpisepy�;fs; kpFe;Jk; fhzg;gl;lJ/ vdnt cHth;fs; kpFe;jepyg;gug;gpy; tptrhak; nkw;bfhz;ldh;/ mjpf mstpy;czt[g; gaph;fisna gaph; bra;J te;jdh;/ nkYk; mth;fs;gaph; bra;j KiwfSk;. gad;gLj;jpa bjhHpy;El;gKk;kpfg;gHikahdjhft[k;. kpf gpw;nghf;fhdjhft[k; fhzg;gl;lJ/ tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ,ae;jpu�;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy/ tptrha rKjhak; epykhdpa Kiwiagpd;gw;wpna fhzg;gl;lJ/ cHth;fs; murUf;F thp brYj;jpte;jdh;/ M�;fpnyah;fs; gzg;gaph;fshd gUj;jp. rzy;.mt[hp. fhfpjk;. fUk;g[. g[ifapiy kw;Wk; vz;bza;tpj;Jf;fs; gaph; bra;tij Cf;Ftpj;jdh;/ mjdhy;gzg;gaph;fs; tpahghu nehf;Fld; mjpf mst[ cw;gj;jpbra;ag;gl;ld/ vdnt tptrhak; th;j;jfka khf;fg;gl;lJ/tptrhaj;Jiwapy;. njapiy. fhg;gp kw;Wk; ug;gh;njhl;l�;fspd; K:yk; th;j;jf tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/

ePh ;g;ghrdk;

ePh;g;ghrdKiw ,e;jpahtpy; gH�;fhyj;jpypUe;njfhzg;gLfpwJ/ fy;yiz gz;ilf;fhy miztotikg;gpd; mjpraf;fjf;f mk;rkhFk;/ ,J ,uz;lhk;E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;j fhpfhy; nrhHdhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhfek;gg;gLfpwJ/ 1839 Mk; Mz;oy; fhtphpapy; fl;lg;gl;lnkyiz M�;fpnyah; fhyj;jpd; Kjy; kpfg;bghpajpl;lkhFk;/ Vwf;Fiwa mnj Mz;oy; fPH; miza[k;fl;lg;gl;lJ/ ly;b~srp gpug[. 1852 Mk; Mz;L brd;id

khfhzj;jpy; bghJg;gzpj;Jiwia mikj;jhh;/ nkYk;1883 Mk; Mz;L Vhp g[Jg;gpf;Fk; jpl;lk; (Tank Restoration

Scheme) Vh pfs pd ; e piyia Muha ;tjw ; fhfVw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ 200 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpw;Fk; mjpfkhfePh;ghrd trjp jUk; Vhpfs; bghJg;gzpj;Jiwapd; fPGk;200 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpw;F Fiwthf ePh;ghrd trjp jUk;Vhpfs; tUtha;j;Jiwapd; fPGk; bfhz;L tug;gl;ld/Vhpfis gGJ ghh;f;ft[k;. guhkhpf;ft[k; me;j JiwfSf;Fmjpf mstpy; gzk; mspf ;fg ;gl;lJ/ nkYk;jpUf;nfhapY}h; (1895). nrj;jpah njhg;g[ (1895). ghyhh; (1896)bghpahh; (1897) Mfpa mizfs; fl;lg;gl;ld/ 1934 Mz;Lfl;lg;gl;l nkl;^h; miz Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;g[fl;lg;gl;l kpfg;bghpaj; jpl;lkhFk;/

bjhHpw;rhiyg;bghUl;fs; tUif

1857 Mk; Mz;L nghuhl;lj;jpw ;Fg;gpwF,e;jpahtpypUe;j midj;J M�;fpy gFjpfSk; M�;fpyKoahl;rpapd; fPH;f; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/ uhzp tpf;nlhhpahmth;fs; murpahf mjpfhug;g{h;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;/

31 32

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M�;fpy tzpfh;fSf;F ,J xU tug;gpurhjkhf mike;jJ/Kg;gJ nfho kf;fisf; bfhz;l mg;nghija ,e;jpah.M�;fpy tpahghhpfspd; re;ijahf khwpaJ/ M�;fpnyah;Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;. ,�;fpyhe;J bjhHpw;rhiyapy; cw;gj;jpbra;ag;gl;l bghUs;fs; jkpH;ehl;ow;F vLj;J tug;gl;ld/mt[hp. njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp nghd;w njhl;lg;gaph;fs;,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld/

braw;if ,iHapdhy; bra;ag;gl;l Milfs;,e ;j pahtpw ;F bfhz ;Ltug ;gl ;ld/ mitfs ;ghuk;ghpakpf;f fjh; MilfSf;F khw;whf mike;jd/nkYk ; ,e ;j pah ; fs ; M� ;f pnyag ;bghUl ;fisth�;fntz;Lk; vd tw;g[Wj;jg; gl;lhh;fs;/ uapy; tz;oapd;,af;F bghwpfSk; (vd;$pd;) kw;Wk; ePuhtp ,ae;jpu�;fSk;jkpH; ehl;ow;F bfhz;Ltug;gl;ld/ fk;gpapy;yh je;jp.bjhiyngrp kw;Wk; jghy; Kiwa[k ; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,Ug;g[g;ghij epWtdj;jpy; xU bgUk;g[ul;rp Vw;gl;lJ/ 1856 Mk; Mz;L brd;idf;Fk;muf ;nfhzj ;j pw ;Fk ; ,ilna ,Ug ;g [g ;ghijmikf;fg;gl;lJ/ uhag[uj;jpy; M�;fpnyah;fs; 1856y; Kjy;,uapy;nt epiyaj;ij mikj;jdh;/ uhnk!;tuj;jpw;Fk;.kz;lgj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna ghk;gd; ghyk; xd;Wk;fl;lg;gl;lJ/ xyp gug;g[k; bjhHpy;Jiw tp�;�hdj;ijM�;fpnyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;/ mijj;bjhlh;e;J ,e;jpa thbdhyp epiyak; 1936 Mk; Mz;LMuk;gpf ;fg ;gl;lJ/ M�;fpy muRf ;F tUkhdk;njhl;lg;gaph;fs;. fdpk bghUl;fs;. t�;fp kw;Wk; Ma[s;fhg;gPL. fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; rzy; Miyfs; K:yk;fpilj;jJ/ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy;gy bjhHpw;rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; mtw;wpd;tsh;r;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy/

ifj;bjhHpy; eyptiljy;

iftpidg; bghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjpahsh; vd;wepiyapypUe ;j ,e ;j pahthdJ Fiwe ;j tpiy

K:yg;bghUl;fshd gUj;jp. rzy;. mt[hp kw;Wk; njapiyMfpatw;wpid kpFjpahf cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; ehlhf khwpaJ/,ae;jpu�;fspd; cjtpahy; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;lbghUl;fspd; tuthy; iftpidj; bjhHpw;Tl�;fs;eyptile;jd/ ,ae;jpu�;fspdhy; cw;gj;jpr; bra;ag;gl;lbghUs;fs; re ;ijapy; Ftpf ;fg ;gl;ljhy; fpuhkiftpid�h;fspd; jpwikapdhy; cw;gj;jpr; bra;ag;gl;lfiyg;bghUl;fspd; njit Fiwe;jJ/ gy fpuhkiftpid�h;fs; j�;fSila ghuk;ghpakpf;f bjhHpy;fisjtph;j;Jtpl;L efu�;fSf;F Fobgah;e;jdh;/

M�;fpnyah;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l uapy;tz;ofspd; tuthy; iftpidg;bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpeyptilaj; bjhl�;fpaJ/ uapy; tz;ofspd; cjtpahy;M�;fpnyah;fshy; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fs; ehLKGtJk; tpw;gid bra;ag;gl;ld/ cs;ehl;oy; cw;gj;jpbra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fs; M�;fpy murh�;fj;jpdhy;Mjhpf;fg;gltpy;iy/ iftpidg;bghUl;fspd; Kf;fpathof;ifahsh;fshft[k;. Mjuthsh;fshft[k; ,Ue;j Rnjrkd;dh;fs; j�;fsJ bry;thf;if ,He;j fhuzj;jpdhy;jkpH;ehl;oy; ifj;bjhHpy; tsh;r;rp eypt[wj; bjhl�;fpaJ/kl;ghz;l�;fs;. fz;zhog;bghUl;fs;. fhfpjg;bghUl;fs;;.gUj;jp Milfs;. gidg;bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; fapw;why;bra;ag;gl;l bghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mspf;fg;gltpy;iy/ ifj;bjhHpy;fs; eypt[w;wjhy; ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ/ M�;fpy Ml;rp bjhl�;fpamiu E}w;whz;ow;Fs;. g[fGk; bgUika[k; tha;e;j ,e;jpaf;ifj;bjhHpy;fs; gog;goahf eyptile;jd/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;

1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; fhzg;gLk; tptrhak; kw;Wk; ePh; ghrd

Kiwfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

2/ iftpidg;bghUl;fs; eyptile;jjw;fhd fhuz�;fis

mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

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Rakjpg;gPLI / rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ ,e;jpa bjhHpw;r�;fr; rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1927 (M) 1926 (,) 1934 (<) 1935

2/ epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath;

(m) fhud; thyP!; (M) bty;y!;yp

(,) tpy;ypak; bgz;o�; (<) ly;b~s!p

3/ nkl;^h; miz fl;lg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1875 (M) 1895 (,) 1897 (<) 1934

4/ ,e;jpa bghUshjhuj;jpd; KJbfYk;g[

(m) bjhHpw;rhiy (M) tptrhak;

(,) tpahghuk; (<) nghf;Ftuj;J

II / nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f :

1/ M�;fpnyna fth;dh; vl;th;L fpist; xnu khjphpahd__________ Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhh;/

2/ ___________ vd ;gth ; uaj ;Jthh p KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;/

3/ cHth;fSf;F thptNypf;Fk; ____________ gw;wpKiwaPL bra;a[k; chpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ/

4/ 1857 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs; jkpHfj;jpd; bgUk;gFjp_____________ Kiwapd; fPH; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/

5/ fy ;yiz ,uz;lhk ; E}w ; whz ;oy ; thH ; e ; j____________ vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/

III / bghUj;Jf :

m M

1/ ug;gh; njhl;lk; njhl;lg;gaph;

2/ kfy;thhp jpl;lk; 1883

35

3/ Vhp g[Jg;gpf;Fk; jpl;lk; tpy;ypak; bgz;o�;

4/ ,e;jpad; ,uapy;nt knyah

5/ g[ifapiy ly;b~srp

IV / RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

1/ fpuhk epyj;jPh;itj;jpl;lk; vd;why;vd;d>

2/ epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/

3/ M�;fpnyah;fshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lg; gzg;gaph;fs;ahit>

4/ Rje;jpuj ;jpw ;F Kd;g[ ,e;jpahtpy; fl;lg;gl;lmizf;fl;Lfs; VnjDk; K:d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf/

5/ ,e ;jpa ifj ;bjhHpy ;fs ; eyptile ;jjw ;fhdf ;fhuz�;fs; ahit>

V/ tphpthd tpilasp :

1/ uaj;Jthhp Kiwapd; mk;r�;fs; mjd; epiwfs; kw;Wk;Fiwfis Muhat[k;/

2/ M�;fpnyah; Ml;rpapy; ePh;g;ghrdj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;lKd;ndw;w�;fis tpthpf;ft[k;/

3/ M�;fpnyah;fshy; jkpH;ehl;ow;F bfhz;L tug;gl;lMiyg;bghUs;fs; gw;wp vGJf/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

g{k;g[fhUf;Fr; brd;W m�;Fs;s iftpidg;bghUs;fisghh;j;J bjhpe;J bfhs;st[k;/

36

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ghlk; 4

tpLjiyf;F Kd; jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tptsh;r ;rp

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;g[ fy;tpapy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp gw;wp mwpjy;/2/ fpwpj;Jt FUkhh;fspd; fy;tpj; bjhz;oid g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/3/ nkiyehl;L fy;tpapd; tpist[fis g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/

gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tp

‘,sikapy; fy;’ vd;gJ gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;tH�;fpa KJbkhHp/ gy jkpH;g;g[yth;fs; fy;tpapd;Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ghLgl;Ls;shh;fs;/ r�;f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;jmurh ;fSk ; . jsgjpfSk; Tl gy ghly ;fis,aw;wpa[s;shh;fs;/ bgz;fs; gy;ntW fiyfshd ,ay;.,ir. ehlfk; nghd;wj; Jiwfspy; nkk;ghLw;W,Ue;jhh;fs; vd r�;f ,yf;fpa�;fs; TWfpd;wd/ bgz;ghw;g[yth;fshd Xsitahh;. fhf;ifg; ghodpahh;. Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh; nghd;w g[yth;fs; r�;f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;Js;sdh;/nkYk; r�;f fhy kd;dh;fs; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jdh;/ ,e;jf;fhy fl;l�;fspy; fpuhk�;fspy; Muk;gg; gs;spf;Tl�;fs;kuj;jpd; epHypy; my;yJ nfhapy;fspy; braw;gl;ld/nky;epiyf; fy;tpf;Tl�;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld/ mitkl� ;fs ; . gs ;s pfs ; my ;yJ tpfhu� ; fs ; vdmiHf;fg;gl;ld/

gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy;. fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Kd;ndw;wk;fhzg;gl;lJ/ ,e;J. g[j;j kw;Wk; rkzh;fSf;fhdfy;tpf ;Tl�;fs; fh�;rpg [uk; nghd;w ,l�;fspy;mikf;fg;gl;ld/ fh�;rpg[uk; rk!;fpUj bkhHpapd; rpwe;j,yf;fpaf; Tlkhf jpfH;e;jJ/ ,�;Fs;s ifyhrehjh;nfhapy; bghJ Mtzf; fhg;gfkhft[k; tps�;fpaJ/ a[th�;

Rth�; vd;Dk; rPdg;gazp eurpk;kth;k gy;yth; fhyj;jpy;fh�;rpg[uj;jpw;F tUif g[hpe;jhh;/ ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd;nte;juhf ,Ue;j jh;kghyh; fh�;rpg[uj;ij nrh;e;jth; Mthh;/irt kw;Wk; itzt kl�;fs; fy;tpia Mjhpj;jd/tpfhu�;fs;. rkzg;gs;spfs; g[j;j kw;Wk; rkz kjj;jj;Jt�;fisg; gug;gpd/ vz;zhapuk;. jpUgtzp kw;Wk;Fd;wj;J}h; Mfpa ,l�;fs; gpw;fhyr; nrhHh;fs; fhyj;jpy;fhzg;gl;l fy;tpf;Tl�;fs; MFk;/

bghpa g[uhzj;ij vGjpa nrf;fpHhh; brd;idia mLj;jFd;wj;J}iur; rhh;e;jth;/

fy;tp epiya�;fs; ghz;oah;fs; fhyj;jpy; rhiyfs;vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ld/ ghz;oah;fs; jpUtde;jg[uj;jpw;FmUfpYs;s fhe;jS:h;r; rhiy kw;Wk; ghh;jpgnrfug[uk; Mfpa,l�;fspy; fy;tp epiya�;fis mikj;jdh;/ j�;rht{iuMz;l kuhj;jpa kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; rungh$p vd;gth;1824 Mk; Mz;L ru!;tjp kfhy; vd;Dk; E}yfj;ijj�;rht{hpy; epWtpdhh;/ ,t;thwhf tp$a efu murh;fs;.ehaf;fh;fs; kw;Wk; kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fs; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;FbgUk;g�;F Mw;wpapUf;fpwhh;fs;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; mnugpakw;Wk; ghurPff;fy;tp kjuhrhf;fspd; K:ykhf mspf;fg;gl;lJ/

fpwpj;Jtf; FUkhh;fspd; fy;tpj;bjhz;L

15 kw;Wk; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rpkw;Wk; fpwp!;Jt rka rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;F gpwF Inuhg;gpaehl;ilr; rhh;e;j nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs;/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;.M�;fpnyah;fs; kw;Wk; gpbu�;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fte ;jdh ; / mth ;fs ; fpwpj ;Jt rkaj ;ij gug ;gj ;bjhl�;fpdhh;fs;/ nkYk; jkpH;ehl;od; gy gFjpfspy;fpwpj;Jt FUkhh;fs; gy gs;spfis (Missionary Schools)epWtpdhh;fs;/

fpwpj ;Jt FUkhh;fspd; tsh;r ;rp : gjpdhwhk;E}w;whz;oy; Kjd; Kjypy; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy;rkaj; bjhz;oid Muk;gpj;jdh;/ mth;fs; VRr�;fk; vd;wmikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdh;/ mr;r�;f ghjphpkhh;fSs;mUl;je;ij bgh;zhd;l!; (Father Fernandas) vd;gth;Kf;fpakhthh;/

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,th; 1567?y ; g [d ;df ;fhay; vd;Dkplj;jpy ; xUnjthyaj;ija[k;. gs;spiaa[k; epWtpdhh;/ ,e;j VRr�;fk;brd;id. ehfg;gl;odk;. jpUr;rp kw;Wk; jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa,l�;fspy; mjpf mstpy; gs;spf; Tl�;fisa[k;fy;Y}hpfisa[k; mikj;jJ/

kJiu rkag;gug;g[f;FG (Madura Mission) fy;tptsh;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa nrit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;/ rpwe;jmwpthw;wy; bfhz;l uhgh;l;?o?nehgpyp vd;w ghjphpahh;1605 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehl;ow;F te;jhh;/ 1606 Mk; Mz;LKj;JfpUc&;zg;gehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; kJiuf;F tUif g[hpe;jhh;/mth; jkJ rka gug;g[g; gzpfis bjd; jkpH;ehl;oy;Fwpg;ghf kJiuapy; Muk;gpj;jhh;/ mth; Xh; ,e;Jrkaj;Jwtpiag; nghy jd;id khw;wpf;bfhz;L ,e;Jf;fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp. fpwpj;Jt rkaf; bfhs;iffiskf;fsplk; gug;gpdhh;/ kJiu rka gug;g[f;FGtpd;kw;bwhU jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j rpwg;g[f;Fhpa mUl;je;ij$hd; o?gphpl;nlh Mthh;/ mth; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ijg;gug;g[tjw;fhf uhkehjg[uk; kw;Wk; g[Jf;nfh l;ilf;Fbrd;whh;/ tPukhKdpth; vd;W bgUika[ld; mwpag;gLk;fhd;!;ld;ild; n$hrg; bg!;fp ,e;jf;FGtpy; 1711 Mk;Mz;L Kjy; 1742 Mk; Mz;L tiu gzpahw;wpdhh;/ nkYk;,th; jkpHpy; ,yf;fz E}y;fisa[k; mfuhjpfisa[k;vGjpa[s;shh;/

mbkhpf;f ahH;g;ghz rka gug;g[f;FG vd;wmikg;g[ 1834 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j mikg;g[kJiu. jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk; uhkehjg[uk; Mfpa ,l�;fsp;y;gy gs;spf;Tl�;fis epWtpaJ/ Mw;fhL rka gug;g[f;FG1853 Mk; Mz;L mbkhpf;fhit nrh;e;j !;fl;lh;rnfhjuh;fshy; (Scudder Brothers) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ/ mth;fs;kUj;Jtkidfisa[k;. jh;k!;jhgd�;fisa[k; kw;Wk;gs;spfisa[k; epWtp moj;jl;L kf;fspilna gpurpj;jpg;bgw;whh;fs;/ Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; ChP!; (Voorhees)fy;Y}hpiaa[k; kw;Wk; gy gs;spfisa[k; epWtpdhh;fs;/

,f;ndrpa!; ynahyh vd;w rka gug;g[f;FGbrd;idapy; ynahyh fy;Y}hpia epWtpaJ/ jhk;guj;jpy;brd;idf; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp. ehfh;nfhtpypy; !;fhl;fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp. kJiuapy; mbkhpf;fd; fy;Y}hp.jpUr;rpapy; g[dpj n$h!g; fy;Y}hp. ghisa�;nfhl;ilapy;g[dpj nrtpah; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; brd;idapy; bgz;fs;fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp nghd;wit fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhfVw;gLj;jg;gl;ld/ br�;fy;gl;L kw;Wk; brd;id Mfpa,l�;fspy; gy fy;Y}hpfSk;. gs;spfSk; epWtg;gl;ld/gpuhl!;lz;l; FUkhh;fs; brd;id. j�;rht{h;. flY}h;.jpUr;rp. ghisa�;nfhl;il kw;Wk; ehfh;nfhtpy; Mfpa,l�;fspy; fy;Y}hpfisa[k; gs;spfisa[k; mikj;jdh;/ngry; rkagug;g[f; FG (Basel Mission) gapw;rp bgw;wmehijfSf;F ntiy tha;g;gspj;jJ/ ViH kf;fSf;FXh; ek;gpf;if xspia bfhLj;jJ/ yz;ld; rkagug;g[f;FGehfh;nfhtpy;. bea;a{h; kw;Wk; ghisa�; nfhl;il Mfpa,l�;fspy; jd; ftdj;ijr; brYj;jpaJ/ ,e;j mikg;g[fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; mjpf ftdk; brYj;jpaJ/

jkpH;ehl;oy; fpwpj;Jt r�;f�;fs; nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tpKiwia Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpd/ fpwpj;JtFUkhh;fshy; jpwf;fg;gl;l gs;spfs; rhjp kj ngjkpd;wpmidj;J ,d khzth;fSf;Fk; gapw;rpaspj;jJ/ ,t;thwhfjkpH;ehl;oypUe;j fpwpj; ;Jt FUkhh;fs; fy;tpapd;Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; Kjd;ikahd g�;F tfpj;jhh;fs;/

M�;fpnyah; tUiff;F gpwF jkpHff;fy;tp

M�;fpy fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp nghjpa bghUshjhutrjpapy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; ftdk;brYj;jhJ fhyk; jhH;j;jpaJ/ 1813 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar;rl;lj;jpd; go ,e;j epiyapy; khw;wKk;. fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy;xU g[jpa bjhlf;fKk; Vw;gl;lJ/ ,e;j gl;lar;rl;lj;jpd;go nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf M�;fpyghuhSkd;wk; Mz;L xd;Wf;F xU yl;rk; U:gha; epjpiaxJf;fpaJ/ ,ijj; bjhlh;e;J gs;spf;Tl g[j;jf r�;fk;

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(School Book Society) 1819 Mk; Mz;L bjhl�;fg;l;lJ/ 1820Mk; Mz;L jhk!;kd;nwh vd;gth; brd;id khfhzj;jpd;MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ mth; fy;tp jpl;l�;fSf;fhfr;brytplg;gLk; bjhif vd;Wk; mHptpy;yhjJ vdthjpl;lhh;/ mijj;bjhlh;e;J 1822 Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf;FG(Education Commission) xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ bghJf;fy;tpthhpak; (Board of Public Instruction) xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L.xt;bthU khtl;lj;jpYk; muRg; gs;spfs; epWtg;gl;ld/nkYk ; tl ;l� ;fspYk ; gs ;s pfs ; j pwg ;gjw ;FCf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld/ kd;nwhtpd; Kaw;rpapdhy; brd;idkhfhzj;jpy; Vwj;jhH 70 gs;spfs; epWtg;gl;ld/

1823 Mk; Mz;L bghJf;fy;tp ,af;Fdufk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ/V/n$/mh;g[j;ehl; vd;gth; mjd; Kjy; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/

fPH; nehf;fpg; gut[k; jpl;lk; (Filtration theory ) : 1830Mk; Mz;L. M�;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp fPH;nehf;fpgut[k; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ mjd;go fy;tpnky;kl;l gphpitr; rhh;e;j kf;fSf;F kl;Lk; Kjypy;mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ mth;fs; jhk; bgw;w mf;fy;tp mwpitbghJkf ;fSf ;F mspf ; fntz;Lk ; / nky ;kl ;lkf;fsplkpUe;J fy;tpahdJ bghJkf;fis brd;wilahjfhuzj;jpdhy; ,k;Kiw njhy;tpapy; Kotile;jJ/

brd;id kUj;Jtf;fy;Y}hp (1835). brd;idkhepyg;gs;sp (1836) brd;idf; fpwpj;;Jtg;gs;sp (1840).brd;id gr;irag;gd; gs;sp (1841) Mfpa gs;spfs;bry;te;jh ;fs; kw;Wk; cah;Foapdhpd; njitiaepiwntw;wpaJ/ efug;gs;spfisj; jtpu kw;w gs;spfs;g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld/

rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;if (Charles Wood’s Despatch) : M�;fpyf;fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdp jdJ jtWfis czh;e;J/ 1854 Mk;Mz;L rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;ifapd; K:yk; fy;tpapy; rpyrPh;jpUj;j�;fisf; bfhz;L te;jJ/ fPH;nehf;fp gut[k;jpl;lj;jpw;F khw;whf rhh;y!; cl; jpl;lk; mike;jJ/ Muk;gf;

fy;tpapypUe;J fy;Y}hpf ; fy;tp tiu midj;Jgoepiyfisa[k; ,izg;gnj ,jd; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tpiag; gug;g[tjw;F ,j;jpl;lk; mjpftha;g;gspj;jJ/ ,e;jg; g[jpa Kiwapy; khtl;l kw;Wk;tl;lmstpyhd gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ/,e;jg; gs;spfspy; jha;bkhHpapy; fy;tp nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ/M�;fpyk; xU ghlkhf fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ/ tl;lhubkhHpg;gs;spfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld/

rhh;y!; cl;mwpf;if fy;tp tsh;r;rpapd; ‘kfhrhrdk;’ vd;WmiHf;fg;gl;lJ/

gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy; fy;tp rPuhftsuj;bjhl�;fpaJ/ nky;epiyf;fy;tp epiyahd totpidg; bgw;wJ/ 1835 Mk; Mz;o ypUe;J bray;gl;l

kUj;Jtg; gs;sp 1851 Mk; Mz;L kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpahftsh ;e ;jJ/ brd;id apy ; bjhl� ;fg ;gl ;l epymsitg;gs;sp 1857 Mk; Mz;L bghwpapay; fy;Y}hp ahftsh;e;jJ/ khepyg;gs;sp khepyf; fy;Y}hpahf cUg; bgw;wJ/mJ epyg;gpug[f;fSk;. murFkhuh;fSk; gof;Fk; fy;Y}hpahffhzg;gl;lJ/ 1857 Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;go brd;idg;gy;fiyf; fHfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1859 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs;

khepy fy;Y}hp

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mJ KGtsh;r;rp bgw;w gy;fiyf;fHfkhf tsh;e;jJ/gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; brd;id.nfhak;g [j ;J}h ; . nryk;. jpUr ;r p . kJiu kw ;Wk;ghisa�;nfhl;il Mfpa ,l�;fspy; fy;Y}hpfs;epWtg;gl;ld/

~z;lh; FG (Hunter Commission) 1882 Mk; Mz;Lmikf;fg;gl;l ~z;lh;FG fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; xUMa;it nkw;bfhz;lJ/ mjd; K:yk;. Muk;g epiyf;fy;tpmjpf mstpy; g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lij fz;Lgpoj;jJ/,e;jpahtpy; kw;w gFjpfisg; nghy jkpH;ehl;od;fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; fy;tp g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy; Muk;gf;fy;tpkpFe;j ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shdJ/ Mfnt ~z;lh; FG fy;tpg;bghWg;ig efuhl;rp kw;Wk; khtl;l ika�;fsplk;gphpj;Jf;bfhLf;f rpghhpR bra;jJ/

1890 Mk; Mz;L brd;id MSeh; fd;dpkhuhgpug[. fd;dpkhuhbghJ E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;/

1891 Mk; Mz;L brd;idapy; rl;lf; fy;Y}hpmikf;fg; gl;lJ/ 1929 Mk; Mz;L mz;zhkiyg;gy;fiyf;fHfk; uh$h rh; mz;zhkiy brl;oahuhy;epWtg; gl;lJ/ ,g;gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpy; MH;fly; caphpay;Jiw (Marine Biology) cl;gl gy Jiwfs; bjhl�;fg; gl;ld/

khzth;fSf;Fk;. Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; tpLjp trjpfs;Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld/ mjpf mstpy; g[j;jf�;fisa[k;.gj;jphpf;iffisa[k; bfhz;l bghpa E}yfk; xd;Wk; ,�;FepWtg; gl;lJ/ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; jkpH;ehL fy;tptsh;r;rpapy; ey;y Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fz;lJ/ gs;spfs; kw;Wk;fy;Y}hpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ/

1 9 3 5 Mk ; Mz;L ,e ;j pa mur pay ;mikg;g[r;rl;lg;go fy;tp khepy murh�;fj;jplk;xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1944?y; rh; $hd; rhh;$z;l;od;Mnyhridg; go. 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiu cs;skhzth;fSf;F ,ytrf; fl;lhaf;fy;tp tH�;fg;gl;lJ/,t ;thwhf jkpH ; ehl ;oy ; fy ;t p gog ;goahfKd;ndw;wkilaj; Jt�;fpaJ/

nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfs; :

1/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tp kf;fspd; Kw;nghf;Frpe;jidia tsh;j;J rKjha kW kyh;r;rpf;Ftpj;jpl;lJ/ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od; rpwe;jjkpH;g;g[ytd; ghujp jd;Dila Kw;nghf;fhdf;fUj;Jf;fis btspapl;lhh;/ vy;nyhUf;Fk; fy;tpkw;Wk; rKjha ePjp fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJghujpahhpd; nehf;fkhFk;/

2/ nkiyehl ;Lf ;fy ;tp kf ;fspilna njrpatpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia tsh;j;jJ/

3/ ntw ;Wikapy ; xw ;Wik vd;w nfhl ;ghLtsuj;bjhl�;fpaJ/ gy;ntW gFjpapypUe;J kf;fs;xUtnuhL xUth; xU�;fpize;J bray;gl;ljhy;njrpa ,af;fk; tsuj; bjhl�;fpaJ/ ,J murpay;xw;Wikf;F tHp tFj;jJ/

4/ M�;fpnyah;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,f;fy;tpKiwahdJ bjhHpy;fy;tpf;Fk;. bgz;fy;tpf;Fk;njitahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ/

mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fHfk;

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jPikfs; :

1/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpKiw moj;js kf;fspd;fy;tpiag; g[wf;fzpj;jJ/

2/ M�;fpyf ; fy;tp gapd;wth ;fSf;F kl;Lk;ntiytha;g;g[ mspf;fg;gl;lJ/ mth;fs; M�;fpymurh�;fj;jhy; vGj;jh;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;/

3/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpKiwahdJ goj;jth;fSf;Fk;ghkuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna xU bghpa tphpriyVw;gLj;jpaJ/

fw;wy; tpist[fs; 1/ Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; jkpH;ehl;od; fy;tp epiyg;gw;wp g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/ 2/ nkiyehl;L fy;tpapd; jhf;fk; gw;wpa mwptpidg; bgw;wdh;/ 3/ fpwpj;Jt FUkhh;fspd; fy;tpj; bjhz;oid g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;gPLI / rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; rk!;fpUj bkhHpapd; rpwe;j,yf;fpaf; Tlkhf jpfH;e;jJ

(m) ,uhkehjg[uk; (M) fh�;rpg[uk;

(,) kJiu (<) ghisa�;nfhl;il

2/ ‘ru!;tjpkfhy;’ vd;Dk; E}yfk; fl;lg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1813 (M) 1824 (,) 1857 (<) 1882

3/ brd;id khfhzj;jpd; MSeuhf jhk!; kd;nwhepakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1820 (M) 1822 (,) 1836 (<) 1841

4/ bghJf; fy;tp ,af;Fdufj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Fdh;

(m) rh; jhk!; kd;nwh (M) rhu;y!; cl;

(,) V/n$.mh;g[j;ehl; (<) fd;dpkhuh gpug[/


1/ r�;f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j murh;fSk;. jsgjpfSk;__________________ vGjpa[s;sdh;/

2/ a[th�; Rth�; vd;Dk; rPdg;gazp ____________vd;w gy;yt kd;dh; fhyj;jpy; fh�;rpg[uj;jpw;FRw;Wg;gazk; nkw;bfhz;lhh;/

3/ ghz;oah; fhyf; fy;tp epiya�;fs;; ____________vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ld/

4/ nrf;fpHhh; brd;idia mLj;j _______________vd;w ,lj;ij rhh;e;jth;/

5/ 1813 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar;rl;lk; (Charter act)nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf ___________πgha; xJf;fpaJ/

6/ rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;if fy;tp tsh;r;rpapd; __________vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ/

7/ 1835 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J bray;gl;l kUj;Jtg; gs;sp1851 Mk; Mz;L _______________ Mf tsh;e;jJ/

8/ mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; _____________vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ/

III / bghUj;Jf :

m M

1/ brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; nrf;fpHhh;

2/ Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh; 1854

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3/ rhh;y!; cl;; mwpf;if r�;ffhyg;g[yth;

4/ uhgh;l;?o?nehgpyp 1857

5/ bghpa g[uhzk; kJiu

rkag;gug;g[f;FG

IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

1/ fh�;rpg[uj;ijg;; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[j; jUf/

2/ Mw;fhl;L rkagug;g[f;FG ? Fwpg;g[ jUf/

3/ rhh;y!; cl; mwpf;if gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf/

4/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpapd; FiwghLfs; ,uz;oidTWf/


1/ fpwp!;Jt FUkhh;fspd; fy;tp bjhz;oid tptup/

2/ fPH;nehf;fpg; gut[k; jpl;lk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff/

3/ ~z;lh; FG gw;wp tphpthf vGJf/

4/ nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiwapd; ed;ik. jPikfs;ahit>

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

cd;Dila gFjpapy ; fhzg;gLk ; fy ;tp

epWtd�;fspd; epHw;gl�;fisf; bfhz;L xU glj;bjhFg;g[

(Album) jahhpf;ft[k;/

47

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ghlk; 5

tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy;jkpHfj;jpd; g�;F

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; njrpaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiag; gw;wp mwpjy;/2/ jkpH;ehl;oy; ,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpurpd; rhjidfisg; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/3/ Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; g�;Fbgw;w jiyth;fis milahsk; fz;Lbfhs;Sjy;/

kpjthjpfs;. jPtputhjpfs; kw;Wk; fhe;jprfhg;jk;

jkpH;ehL ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpag; g�;Ftfpj;jJ/ gy jiyth;fs; ekJ Rje;jpu nghuhl;lj;jpy;<Lgl;L Rje ;jpuj ;jpw ;fhf j�;fsJ thH;f ;ifiamh;g;gzpj;Js;shh;fs;/ mth;fsJ jpahfj;jpd; tpisthy;ehk; M�;fpnyauJ Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy bgw;nwhk;/

njrpaj;jpd; tsh;r;rp : gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;oy; rK:frka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f�;fs; njhd;wpd/ mjdhy; njrpaj;jpd;tsh;r;rp jkpHfj;jpy; ntU:d;wpaJ/ ,e;jf; fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;Rthkp tpntfhde;jh; brd;idapy; j�;fp jd;Dilanjrgf;jp kpFe;j brhw;bghHpt[fis Mw;wpdhh;/ mtuJbrhw;bghHpt[ kf;fSila czh;r;rpfisg; bghpJk;J}z;oaJ/ mth; rpfhnfh bry;tjw;F nkw;bfhz;lflw;gazj;jpw;fhf. ,uhkehjg[uk; murh; bghpJk; cjtpdhh;/rpfhnfh efhpy; mth; epfH;j;jpa brhw;bghHpt[ kpft[k;g[fH;bgw;wJ/ mth; jkpHf ,is�h;fis kpft[k; nerpj;Jcw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhh;/ jp ,e;J (The Hindu). Rnjrkpj;ud;(Swadesamitran) kw;Wk; njrgf;jd; (Desabakthan) nghd;wgj;jphpf;iffs; kf;fis tpHpg;gilar; bra;tjpy; bgUk;

g�;F Mw;wpd/ bjhlh;tz;o nghd;w nghf;Ftuj;Jr;rhjd�;fs;;. njrpa thjpfspd; bfhs;iffis jkpH;ehLKGtJk; vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;F bghpJk; cjtpd/

brd;id Rnjrp r�;fk; vd;w mikg;g[ jkpHfkf;fspd; bry;thf;if nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1852 Mk; Mz;Lbjhl�;fg;gl;lJ/ mjd; K:yk; jkpHf kf;fspd;kdf;Fiwfs; M�;fpy murh�;fj;jplk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ/nkYk; 1884 Mk; Mz;L brd;id kfh$d rig vd;wmikg;g[ bjhl�;fg;gl;lJ/ kf;fspd; Fiwfisf;fistjw;fhf $p/Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;. gp/mde;jhrhh;Y.bu�;ifa;ah eha[L nghd;w jiyth;fs; ,e;j mikg;gpy;Kf;fpa g�;F tfpj;jhh;fs;/

,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpurpd; tsh;r;rp : ,e;jpa njrpafh�;fpuR 1885 Mk; Mz;L Myd;Mf;nltpad; ~pa{k; vd;gtuhy;njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/ mijj;bjhlh;e;J jkpHfj;jpy; ,e;jpaRje ; j p u ,af ;fk ; tsuj ;bjhl�;fpaJ/ fh�;fpurpd; Kjy;khehL lgps;a{/rp/ghdh;$papd;jiyikapy; Kk;igapy; eilbgw;wJ/ Myd; mf;nltpad;~pa{kpd; kpf beU�;fpa ez;guhd nryj;ijr; rhh;e;j rp/tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh; ,e;jpa njrpafh�;fpuR vd;w mikg;igcUthf;f ghLgl;l FGtpypUe;J rpwg;ghf gzpahw;wpdhh;/brd;idiar; rhh;e;j $p/ Rg;ukzpama;ah; mth;fSk;fh�;fpuR khehl;oy; fye;J bfhz;L jPh;khd�;fs; bfhz;Lte;jhh;/ Muk;g fhyfl;l�;fspy;. fh�;fpuR M�;fpnya muirvjph;g;gijj; jkJ nehf;fkhff; bfhs;shky;. mikjpahdKiwapy; jkJ kdf;Fiwfis btspg;gLj;Jtijna

48 49

t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is

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Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;oUe;jJ/ ,e;jpa njrpaf; fh�;fpurpd;khehl;Lf; Tl;l�;fs; 1887. 1895 kw;Wk; 1898 MfpaMz;Lfspy; brd;idapy; eilbgw;wd/ ,e;j khehLfspy;rp/tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh; Kf;fpa g�;nfw;W fh�;fpurpd; rl;ljpl;l�;fis cUthf;fpdhh;/ ,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpurpd;Muk;gf; fhy tuyhw;wpy; t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is jkpH;ehl;Lkf;fis Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpw;F tHp elj;jpr; brd;whh;/mth; Rnjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; vd;w epWtdj;ij J}j;Jf;Foapy;bjhl�;fpdhh;/ mth; M�;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ijj; jPtpukhfvjph;j;jhh;/ mtuJ nritiaa[k;. jpahfj;ija[k; ghuhl;omtUf;F ‘fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd;’ vd;w gl;lg;bgah;tH�;fg;gl;lJ/

Nuj; gpst[ : 1907 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpurpd;khehL Nuj; vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilbgw;wJ/ ,e;j khehl;oy;fh�;fpurpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; jPtputhjpfs;. kpjthjpfs; vd,uz;lhf gphpe;jdh;/ jPtputhjpfis ghy f�;fhju jpyfh;tHp elj;jpdhh;/

“Rauh$;$pak; vdJ gpwg;g[hpik” vd;gJ ghyf�;fhju

jpyfhpd; KHf;fkhFk;/

t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is kw;Wk; Rg;ukzpa rpthMfpnahh; jpyfUf;F Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ mth;fs; ,UtUk;jpyfhpd; jsgjpfshf (Lieutenant) fUjg;gl;ldh;/ mth;fs;te;nj khjuk; vd;w jhuf ke;jpuj;ij giwrhw;wp te;jdh;/J}j ;Jf ;Foapy ; t/c/rpjk ;guk ; gps ;is kw ;Wk ;Rg;ukzparpth Mfpa ,UtUk; M�;fpnyah; Ml;rpf;Fvjpuhf fpsh;r;rp bra;jdh;/ mjdhy; 1908 Mk; Mz;LjpUbey;ntyp kw;Wk; J}j;Jf;Fo g�;rhiyj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;/ jpUbey;ntypkhtl;l Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ue;j Mc&; Jiu bjhHpyhsh;fs;kPJ Jg;ghf;fpr; NL elj;jpdhh;/ bjhHpyhsh;fis Mjhpj;jjiyth;fs; ifJ bra;ag;gl;L nfhak;g[j;J}h;; kw;Wk; nryk;Mfpa ,l�;fspy; rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldh;/

jPtpu thj eltof;iffs; : 1911 Mk; Mz;L. kzpahr;rpg[if tz;o epiyaj;jpy;. jkpH;ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j njrgf;j,is�dhd th�;rpehjd; vd;gtuhy; Mc&;Jiu bfhiybra;ag;gl;lhh;/ gpd;dh; jd;idj;jhnd Rl;Lf;bfhz;L.th�;rpehjd; ,we;jhh;/ njrpaf; ftp Rg;ukzpa ghujpapd;vGj;Jf;fs; jkpHf kf;fspd; njrgf;jp czh;t[fisJ}z;oaJ/ nkYk; t/nt/R/ma;ah; nrud;khnjtpvd;Dkplj;jpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspg;gjw;fhfFUFyk; xd;iw elj;jpdhh;/

jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; : 1916 Mk;Mz;L jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; lhf;lh;.md;dpbgrd;l; mk;ikahuhy;bjhl�;fg;gl;lJ/ mtuJ brhw;bghHpt[fs; kf;fspilna njrgf;jpia J}z;od/ brd;id apYs;sbkhpdh kw;Wk; y!; Mfpa,l�;fspy; mth; brhw; bghHpt[fs;Mw;wpdhh;/ mtUila vGj;Jf;fSk;. ngr;Rf;fSk; Rje;jpug;nghuhl;l tPuh;fs; j�;fSila,yf;if mila bghpJk;cjtpd/v!;/Rg;ukzpama;ah;.jpU/tp/fy;ahzRe;judhh;. lhf;lh;gp/tujuh$%Y eha[L kw;Wk; </bt/uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; Mfpnahh; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; tsumd;dpbgrd;l; mk;ikahUf;F bghpJk; cjtpdh;/

lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l; ‘fhkd;tPy;’ kw;Wk; ‘epa{ ,e;jpah’vd;w gj;jphpf;iffisj; bjhl�;fpdhh;/

rp/ tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh;. jpU/ tp/ fy;ahzRe;judhh;.lhf;lh; gp/tujuh$%Y eha[L. </bt/uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;.v!;/rPDthrma;a�;fhh;. v!;/rj;jpaK:h;j;jp kw;Wk; nf/fhkuh$;Mfpnahh; jkpH;ehl;od; kpj thj jiyth;fs;/ mth;fs;Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mw;wpa g�;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/

lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l;

50 51

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xj;JiHahik ,af;fk; : ,e;j ,af;fk; fhe;jpaofshy;bjhl�;fg;gl;lJ/ 1919 Mk; Mz;L busyl; rl;lk; kw;Wk;mijj ; bjhlh ;e ;J ele ;j $hypad ; thyhghf ;gLbfhiyapdhy; jkpHf kf;fs; M�;fpnya murpd;ghy;nfhgk; bfhz;ldh;/ fhe;jpaofs; ehf;g{h; fh�;fpuR khehl;oy;xj;JiHahik ,af;fj; jPh;khdj;ij bfhz;Lte;jhh;/jkpH;ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j rpwe;j njrpathjpahd rp/tp$auhfthr;rhhpahh; mk;khehl;ow;Fj; jiyik jh�;fpdhh;/fhe;jp$papd; jsgjpahd uh$h$p. rj;aK:h;j;jp kw;Wk; </bt/ uhkrhkp ehaf;fh ; MfpnahUld; ,ize;Jxj;JiHahik ,af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;/

1920 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1947 Mk; Mz;L tiu cs;s fhyk;,e;jpa njrpa ,af;f tuyhw;wpy; ‘fhe;jpaf; fhyk;’ vd;WmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

epfH;r;rpfs; : uh$h$p ifJ bra;ag;gl;L ntY}h;rpiwr;rhiyapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,ijj; bjhlh;e;JjkpHfj;jpy; gy gFjpfspy; kf;fs; fpsh;r;rp bra;jdh;/e P j pkd ;w� ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; muR mYtyf� ;fisg ;g[wf;fzpj;jdh;/ 1921 Mk; Mz;L nty;!; ,sturh;brd;idf;F te;jhh;/ mtuJ tUifia uh$h$p kw;Wk;bghpahh; nghd;w fh�;fpuR jiyth;fs; g[wf;fzpj;jdh;/ nkYk;jkpHfj;jpd; gy;ntW ,l�;fspy; fs; kw;Wk; rhuhaf;filfspd; Kd;ghf kwpay; eilbgw;wJ/

irkd; FG g[wf;fzpg;g[ : irkd; FGtpy; ,e;jpah;xUtUk; ,lk; bgwhjjhy; rj;jpaK:h;;j;jp jiyikapy;irkd; FG g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1927 Mk; Mz;L fh�;fpuRbjhz;lh;fs; brd;idapy; fh;dy; ePy; (1857 Mk; Mz;Lg[ul;rpia td;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L mlf;fpa gphpl;oc&;jsgjp) rpiyia mfw;wf; nfhhp nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;fs;.gyh; ifJ bra;ag;gl;ldh; vd;whYk; rpiy cilf;fg;gl;Lmfw;wg;gl;lJ/ gpd;dh; uh$h$p 1937Mk; Mz;L brd;idkhfhz Kjy;tuhf bghWg;ngw;w gpd;. mr;rpiymU�;fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ/

cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk; : 1930 Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk;fhe ;jpaofs; jz;o vd;Dkplj;jpy; cg;gpd; kPJtpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s thpia vjph;j;J cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk;epfH;j;jpdhh;/ mnj fhyj;jpy; uh$h$p jkpH;ehl;oy;ntjuhz;ak; vd;Dkplj;jpy; cg;gpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;lthpia vjph;j;J mwg;nghh; elj;jpdhh;/ jpUr;rpapypUe;J

Rajaji (C. Rajagopalachari) led a march to Vedaranyam to break the Salt Law

cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk;

52 53

uh$h$p jiyikapy; Vwj;jhH 100 njrgf;jh;fs; ntjhuz;ak;nehf;fp gazj;ijj; bjhl�;fpdh;/ rh;jhh; ntjuj;jpdk;gps;is. o/v!;/v!;/uh$d;. jpUkjp/ Uf;kpdp yl;RkpgjpMfpa jiyth;fs; ,e;j cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; g�;Fbgw;wdh;/ kf;fspilna M�;fpy murh�;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdtpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia. ,e;epfH;r;rp Vw;gLj;jpaJ/

uh$h$p. fhkuhrh; nghd;wj; jiyth;fs; M�;fpymurh�;fj;ij vjph;j;Jg; nghuhl;lk; elj;jpajhy; ifJbra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;/ jkpH;ehl;od; gy ghf�;fspy; thpbfhlh,af;fk; elj;jg;gl;lJ/ 1932 Mk; Mz;L $dthp khjk; 11Mk; ehs; jpUg;g{hpy; fh�;fpu!; bfhoiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpnjrpag;ghly;fisg; ghof;bfhz;L brd;w Ch;tyj;jpd; kPJnghyP!hh; joaog;gpunahfk; bra;jdh;/ ,jdhy;/

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tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuuhd jpUg;g{h;; Fkud; caph; ePj;jhh;;/rhFk; tiu ekJ njrpaf; bfhoiatplhky; ifapy; Ve;jpa[k;. ‘te;njkhjuk;’ vd;w ke;jpuj;ij cr;rhpj;Jk; jd;Dila njrgf;jpiabtspg;gLj;jpdhh;/ njrgf;jp. tPuk;kw ;Wk ; ehl ;Lf ;fhf jd ;idmh;g;gzpj;j xU tPuDf;F xUrpwe;j cjhuzkhf jpUg;g{h;f; Fkud;tps�;fpdhh;/

j pUg ;g { h ; f ; Fkud ; ‘bfhofhj ; jFkud ; ’ vd ;W midtuhYk ;miHf;fg;gl;lhh;/

fhe;jpaofspd; tHpfhl;Ljypd;go. jdp egh;rj;ahf;fpufk; jkpHfj; jiyth;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ/MjpnfrtY ehaf;fh;. nryk; Mjp ehuhaz brl;oahh;.FUrhkp eha[L. nf/fhkuhrh;. Xke;J}h; uhkrhkp bul;oahh;.gf;jtr;ryk;. rp/ Rg;ukzpak; kw;Wk; Mh;/bt�;fl;uhkd;Mfpnahh; Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; g�;F bgw;wdh;/

bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk; : 1942 Mk;Mz;L gk;ghapy; eilbgw;w fh�;fpu!; khehl;oy;bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fj ;jpd; j Ph ;khdk;epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/ fhe;jpaofspd; Mnyhridia Vw;Wfhkuhrh; nghd;w jiyth;fs; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; g�;Fbgw;wdh;/ gf;jtr;ryk; kw;Wk; Mh;/bt�;fl;uhkd; nghd;wjiyth;fs; ifJ bra;ag;gl;ldh;/ ,e;j ,af;fj;ijMjhpj;Jj; jkpHfbk�;Fk; gy ,l�;fspy; Mh;g;ghl;l�;fs;elj;jg;gl;ld/

brd ;idapy ; Rje ;j pug ;nghuhl ;l t Puh ;fs ;Ch;ty�;fis elj;jpdh;/ bts;isand btspnaW vd;WKHf;fkpl;ldh;/ KG milg;gpy; (Hartal) <Lgl;L bghJmYtyf�;fSf;Fj; jP itj;jdh;/ gf;fp�;fhk;; fh;ehlf

g�;rhiyj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; brd;idj; JiwKfj;(Port Trust) bjhHpyhsh;fSk; ntiy epWj;jj;jpy;<Lgl;ldh;/ tl Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;j nghuhl;lk;jPtpukile;J bjhiy ngrpiaj; Jz;oj;jy; kw;Wk; je;jpf;fk;g�;fis mWj;jy; Kjypa td;Kiwr; bray;fspy;bjhz;lh;fs; <Lgl;ldh;/ mth;fs; nkYk;. ntY}h;;.gzg;ghf;fk; Mfpa ,l�;fspy; murh�;f fl;ll�;fisj;jPapl;L vhpj;jdh;/ bjd; Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpYk;,k;khjphpahd fyf�;fs; btoj;jd/ rpjk;guj;jpy;mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fHf khzth;fs; ntiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;/ uh$ghisak;. fhiuf;Fo.njtf;nfhl;il. jpUthlhid kw;Wk; g{yhd;Fwpr;rp Mfpa,l�;fspy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd njrgf;jh;fs; rpiwapy;milf;fg;gl;ldh;/ M�;fpnyah;fs; Rje;jpu nghuhl;l tPuh;fs;kPJ jPtpu eltof;if vLj;J/ mlf;f Kw;gl;ldh;/

Rje;jpuj;ij nehf;fp ,e;jpah : fphpg;!; kw;Wk;fhgpbdl; J}Jf;;FGf;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif g[hpe;J.,e;jpahtpd; epiyia mwpe;jd/ $tfh;yhy; neUjiyikapy; ,ilf;fhy muR 1946 Mk; Mz;Lmikf;fg;gl;lJ/ bksz;l; ngl;ld; gpug[tpd; jpl;lk;epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/ M�;fpyg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpar;Rje;jpur;rl;lk; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ/ M�;fpnyahpd; Mjpf;fg;gpoapypUe;J ePz;l nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpwF. 1947 Mk;Mz;L Mf!;l; 15 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;jJ/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;1/ Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l ,af;fj;jpw;fhd fhuz�;fis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs; rhjidifsg; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy; nf/ fhkuhrhpd; g�;fpid bjhpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

5554

jpUg;g{h; Fkud;

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Rakjpg;gPL

I / rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ ,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpuR njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1852 (M) 1885 (,) 1907 (<) 1916

2/ jPtputhjpfs; fh�;fpurpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;j khehL

(m) Nuj; khehL (M) yhTh; khehL

(,) yf;ndh khehL (<) ghk;ng khehL

3/ bts;isnad btspnaW ,af;fk; eilbgw;w Mz;L

(m) 1935 (M) 1942 (,) 1945 (<) 1946

4/ ,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;j Mz;L

(m) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 15 Mk; ehs;

(M) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 18 Mk; ehs;/

(,) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 20 Mk; ehs;/

(<) 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; 25 Mk; ehs;/

II / nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f : 1/ tpntfhde;jh ; _______________ vd;Dkplj;jpy ;

epfH;j;jpa brhw;bghHpt[ kpft[k; g[fH; bgw;wJ/

2/ brd ;id kfh$d rig vd ;w mikg ;g [_______________ Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/

3/ ,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpuR _______________ vd;gtuhy;njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/

4/ j Pt p uthj pfis tHp elj ; j p r ; brd ;wth ;_______________/

5/ _______________ Kjy ; _______________tiuapyhd fhyk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpy;fhe;jpaf;fhyk;; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

6/ jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 1916 Mk; Mz;L _______________vd;gtuhy; bjhl�;fg;gl;lJ/

7/ jkpH;ehl;oy; uh$h$p _______________ vd;Dkplj;jpy;cg;g[ mwg;nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;/

III / bghUj;Jf :m M

1/ t/c/rpjk;guk; gps;is kzpahr;rp

2/ $hypad;thyhghf; 1930

3/ cg;g[r;rj;jpahf;fpufk; Rje;jpug;nghuhl;l tPuh;

4/ jpUg;g{h; Fkud; 1919

5/ th�;rpehjd; Rnjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy;

fk;bgdp/


1/ brd;id kfh$d rig gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf/

2/ Nuj; khehL gw;wp RUf;fkhf vGJf/

3/ jkpH;ehl;oy; jPtputhj eltof;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf/

4/ jkpH;ehl;od; kpjthj jiyth;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf/

5/ irkd; FG gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ jUf/


1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; njrpa ,af;fk; njhd;wpajw;fhdf;fhuz�;fis tpthp/

2/ xj;JiHahik ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthf vGJf/

3/ bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk; gw;wp tphpthfvGJf/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ uh$h$p kw;Wk; fhkuhrh; MfpnahuJ Ra rhpijfisg;gof;ft[k;/

2/ tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l epfH;r;rpfis fhl;Lk; xU tpsf;fml;ltiziaj; jahhpf;ft[k;/

3/ jkpH;ehl;od; Kf;fpa tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuh;fspd;gl�;fisr; nrfhpf;ft[k;/

56 57

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ghlk; 6

19 kw;Wk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;jkpHfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rKjha rPh;jpUj;j

,af;f�;fs;

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs; 1/ 19. 20 k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpHfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rKjha rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f�;fs; gw;wp mwpe;Jbfhs;Sjy;/ 2/ ts;syhh; kw;Wk; bghpahh; nghd;w rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspd; fUj;Jf;fis g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/ 3/ rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f�;fs; Mw;wpa g�;fpid rPh;J}f;fp ghh;j;jy;/

19?Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Vw;gl;l nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tpapd; tpisthf gy Kw;nghf;F rpe;jidahsh;fs;rKjhaj;jpy; bry;thf;F bgw;wdh;/ jkpHfk; gy rKjhakhw;w�;fisa[k; rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f�;fisa[k; fhz Kw;gl;lJ/jkpHfj;jpy;. rjp vDk; cld;fl;il VWk; gHf;fk;.gyjhukzk;. FHe;ij jpUkzk;. jPz;lhik. bgz;rpRf;bfhiy nghd;w rKjha jPikfs; eil Kiwapy;,Ue;jJ/ ,tw;iwbay;yhk; fisa gy rKjha rPh;jpUj;j,af;f�;fs; jkpHfj;jpy; njhd;wpd/ mit njhd;wpajw;fhdfhuz�;fis ,�;F fhz;nghk;/

rKjha rPh;jpUj;j ,af;f�;fs; njhd;Wtjw;fhdfhuz�;fs; :

1/ nkiyehl;Lf;fy;tp : nkiyehl;L fy;tpahdJkf;fspd; kdjpy; tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ Rje;jpuk;.rkj;Jtk;. $dehafk; nghd;w fUj;Jfs; jkpHf kf;fisfth;e;jJ/ mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rKjha

jPikfisa[k;. K:lg;gHf;ftHf;f�;fisa[k; vjph ;f ;fKw;gl;ldh;/ vdnt jkpHfj;jpy; gy rKjha rPh;jpUj;j,af;f�;fs; njhd;wyhapw;W/

2/ rhjpKiw : jkpHf rKjhaj;jpy; ‘tUzhrpukf;bfhs;if’bry;thf;F bgw;wpUe;jJ/ cah;e;j rhjpapdh; jhH;e;jrhjpapdiua[k;. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdiua[k; juf;Fiwthf elj;j Kw;gl;ldh;/ ,j;Jd;g�;fspypUe;J mth;fistpLtpf;f gy rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; njhd;wpdh;/

3/ bghUshjhuepiy : M�;fpnya Ml;rpahdJjkpHfj;jpd; bghUshjhuj;ij eyptilar; bra;jJ/ mth;fs;gUj;jp. ,Uk;g[ nghd;w gy;ntW K:yg;bghUl;fis j�;fs;ehl;ow;F vLj;Jr;brd;wdh;/ ,r;bray; jkpHfj;jpd;bjhHpy;tsj;ija[k;. thzpgk; kw;Wk; bghUshjhuj;ija[k;.bgUkstpy; ghjpj;jJ/ ,j;jifa bghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;rKjha rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk; njhd;w fhuzkhapw;W/

4/ Inuhg;gpa ,af;f�;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jfspd; jhf;fk;Inuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rp. rkarPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk;.epytpay; fz;Lgpog;g[fs; nghd;wit kf;fspd; kdjpy;Rje;jpuk;. rkj;Jtk;. rnfhju jj;Jtk; nghd;w fUj;Jfisgug;gpaJ/ mJkl;Lkpd;wp gpbu�;Rg;g[ul;rp kw;Wk; uc&;ag[ul;rp kf;fspilna g[ul;rp fUj;Jfis njhw;Wtpj;jJ/kf;fspila Vw;gl;l rkj;Jt czh;t[ ,e;J rkaj;jpy;fhzg;gl;l gHikahd rl�;Ffis vjph;f;f Kw;glyhapdh;/

5 / gj ;j ph piffspd ; g� ;F : kf ;fspd ; kdjpy ;tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;gl gj;jphpiffs; bgUk;g�;fhw;wpaJ/mit bgUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fis tpHpg;g[zh;tilar;bra;J Kd;ndw;wg; ghijf;F miHj;J brd;wJ/

58 59

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rkurRj;j rd;khh;f;f r�;fk;

,uhkyp�;f mofs; (1823 ? 1874):

rkurRj;j rd;khh;f;f r�;fj;ijnjhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uhkyp�;f mofs;Mthh;/ ,th; ts;syhh; vd;WmidtuhYk; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;/,th; 1823?y; rpjk;guj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; cs;s rpd;d kUJ}hpy;gpwe;jhh;/ ,sk; tajpnyna Md;kPfczh;t[ epiwe;jtuhf fhzg;gl;lhh;/

jdpikia tpUk;gpa ,th; bgUk;ghyhd fhyj;ij nfhapy;fspnyfHpj;jhh;/ jdJ 23 tajpy; Jwtwj;ijnkw;bfhz;lhh;/ brd;idapy; j�;frhiyapy; rpwpJ fhyk; trpj;jhh;/ j�;f rhiyna jw;nghJts;syhh; efh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Jwtwj;ijnkw;bfhz;l gpd;dh; tlY}h; brd;W M�;nf xU rK:frka mikg;ig 1867y; epWtpdhh;/ mt;tikg;ng rkuRj;j rd;khh;f;f r�;fk; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

ts;syhhpd; Kf;fpa nghjidfs;

1/ ,iwtd; n$hjp tothdtd;/ mtnd mUl;bgU�;nrhjp/

2/ md;g[tHpapy; Md;kPfj;ij milayhk;/

3/ kjr;rl�;Ffs; mh;j;jkw;wit/

4/ jpahdnk tHpghL/

5/ midj;J kj�;fspYk; cs;s cz;ikia czUjy;

ntz;Lk;/

6/ rhjp. rK:f ntWghLfs; mh;j;jkw;wit/

rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r�;fj;jpd; gzpfs;

,r;r� ;fk ; rK :fj ;j py ; rka xw ;WikiaVw;gLj;jiya[k;. tFg;g[thjj;ij nghf;Ftija[nkjiyaha nehf;fkhf bfhz;oUe;jJ/ ,th; rhjpa rkarl�;Ffis td;ikahf fz;oj ;jhh ; / midj;Jcaph;fsplj;Jk; rnfhju kdg;ghd;ikia tsh;f;fghLgl;lhh;/ tWika[k;. grpa[k; rK:fj;jpd; bfhoaneha;fs; vd fUjpdhh;/

tHpghL elj;Jtjw;bfd;W rj;jpa �hd rigiafl;odhh;/ nkYk; ViHfspd; grpia nghf;Ftjw;fhf rj;jpajUkrhiy vd;w mikg;ig tlY}hpy; epWtpdhh;/ rhjprka ntWghod;wp midtUf;Fk; ,r;rigahdJ Mz;LKGtJk; cztspj;J tUfpwJ/ ts;syhh; kdpjh;fsplj;Jkl;Lkpd;wp jhtu�;fs;. g[G. g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tpy�;Ffs;.gwitfs; nghd;w midj;J caph;fsplj;Jk; md;g[brYj;jpdhh;/ ,ijna $PtfhUz;ak; (caph;fsplj;J md;g[brYj;Jjy;) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;/

gpuhkzh; my;yhnjhh; ,af;fk;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od; Jtf;fj;jpy; gpuhkzh; kw;Wk;gpuhkzh; my;yhnjhh; Mfpnahhpilna tFg;g[thjnkhjy;fs; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ/ Ml;rpJiwapy; Kf;fpagjtpfs; midj;ija[k; mth;fns tfpj;jdh;/ bkhj;j kf;fs;bjhifapy; 3 rjtPjkhf gpuhkzh;fs; ,Ue;jnghjpYk; M�;fpymuR Vuhskhd gjtpfis mth;fSf;F tH�;fpapUe;jJ/

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; njhw;wk;

rK:fj;jpy; gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; ey;y epiyapy; ,Ue;jnghjpYk; murh�;fj;jpy; mth;fSf;F jFe;j me;j!;Jmspf;fg;gltpy;iy/ vdnt 1912y; jpUty;ypf;nfzpapy;

60 61

,uhkyp�;f mofs;

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Dr.enlr Kjypahh pd ; ,y ;yj ; j py ; midj ;Jgpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; xd;W Todh;/ ,jd; tpisthfbrd;id jpuhtplr;r�;fk; vd;w mikg;g[ njhd;wpaJ/ mth;1912?y; brd;idapy; gpuhkzu; my;yhnjhUf;F vd;W jdptpLjp xd;iw Jtf;fpdhh;/

1916y; T.M. ehah; kw;Wk; P.T.jpahfuhabrl;onghd;nwhh; midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhnjhiu xd;W jpul;o‘bjd;dpe;jpa tpLjiyf;fHfk; ’ vd;w mikg;igVw;gLj;jpdhh;/ ,t;tpaf;fk; jpuhtpld; vd;w jkpH;gj;jphpifia btspapl;lJ/ ,Jnt M�;fpyj;jpy;‘$!;o!;’ vd;Wk; bjY�;fpy; ‘Me;jpugpufhrpfh’ vd;wbgahpYk; btspte;jJ/ ,t;tpaf;fk; 1917y; ePjpf;fl;rp vd;WmiHf;fg;gl;lJ/

bjd;dpe;jpa tpLjiyf;fHfj;jpw;F ‘ePjpf;fl;rp’ vd;W

bgah; Nl;lg;gl;;lJ.

1920y; eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpiagpoj;jJ/ brd;id khfhzj;jpy; Kjyikr;ruhf Rg;guhaYbul;oahh; gjtpnaw;whh;/ 1923y; eilbgw;w njh;jypYk;ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp bghWg;ngw;wJ/ 1926y; eilbgw;wnjh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpahdJ njhy;tp mile;jJ/ gog;goahfjdJ bry;thf;if ,He;j ePjpf;fl;rp 1937y; eilbgw;wnjh;jypy; gLnjhy;tp mile;jJ/

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;

1/ ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp bghWg;gpypUe;j nghJ Ml;rpJiwkw;Wk; mYtyf�;fspy; midj;J tFg;gpdiua[k;g�;F bgwr; bra;tjw;fhd tFg;g[ thj Mizia1921 kw;Wk; 1922 Mk; Mz;L btspapl;lJ/

2/ murh�;f gzpfspy; vt;tpj ghFghod;wp njh;t[bra ;tjw ;bfd 1924- y; njh ;thizf;FGmikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,jd; mog;gilapy; Kjd;

Kjyhf ,e;jpahtpy; muRj; njh;thizf;FG xd;W1929?y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

3/ 1929?y; cah;fy;tpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Me;jpugy ;fiyf ;fHfk ; kw ;Wk ; mz;zhkiyg ;gy;fiyf;fHfk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/

4/ 1921y; ,e;J mwepiyar;rl;lk; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ,jdog;gilapy; gpuhzkuy;yhnjhh; mh;r;rfh;fshfnfhapy;fspy; gzpakh;j;jg;gl;ldh;/

5/ bgz;fspd; eyDf;fhf ,f;fl;rp ghLgl;lJ/ 1921k;Mz;L bgz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik tH�;Ftjw;fhd rl;lk;,aw;wg;gl;lJ/

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPH;r;rp

fhyg;nghf;fpy; ePjpf;fl;rpahdJ jdJ typikiaa[k;bry;thf;ifa[k; ,He;jJ/ nkYk; ,f;fl;rp Ml;rpbghWg;gpypUe;jnghJ ehL KGtJk; fLikahdbghUshjhu beUf;foia re;jpf;fnehpl;lJ/ ehL KGtJk;gphpl;oc&; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjph;j;j neuj;jpy; M�;fpnyaUld;Ml;rp mikj;J eph;thfj;jpy; g�;nfw;wJ/ ,jdhy; kf;fsplk;jdJ bry;thf;if ,He;jJ/ nkYk; neh;ik kpf;fjiyth;fis ,He;jjdhYk; ,f;fl;rp tPH;r;rpaile;jJ/

Rakhpahij ,af;fk;

M�;fpnyna Ml;rpapy; gpuhkzh;fs; kpFe;jbry;thf;Fld; ,Ue;jdh;/ gpuhkzuy;yhnjhUf;F Ml;rpJiwapy; tha;g;g[ kWf;fg;gl;lJ/ nkYk; gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh;juf;Fiwthf elj;jg;gl;ljdhYk; j�;fspd; khpahijiaghJfhf;f Rakhpahij ,af;fk; vd;w mikg;ignjhw;Wtpj;jdh;/ ,t;tpaf;fk; njhd;Wtjw;F Kf;fpafhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; </bt/uhkrhkp Mthh;/

/

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</bt/ uhkrhkpapd; thH;f;if tuyhW

bghpahh; vd;W midtuhYk;miHf;fg ;gLk; </bt/ uhkrhkp1879?Mk; Mz;L brg;lk;gh; jp�;fs; 17?k;e hs ; <nuhl ;oy ; bry ;tkpf ; fFLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;/ ,tuJ je;ijahh;bt�;fl;lehaf;fh ;/ jhahh ; rpd;djhak;khs; Mth;/ jdJ 19?k; tajpy;ehfk;ik vd;gtiu kze;jhh;/ mth;Jwtp nghy; vspikahd thH;f;ifthH;e;jhh;/

</bt/uhkrhkp

Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; njhw;wk;

gphpl;oc&; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;bfjpuhd xj;JiHahik,af;fj;jpy; </bt/uh g�;F bgw;whh;/ 1925 Mk; Mz;Lfh�;rpg[uj;jpy; eilbgw;w ,e;jpa njrpa fh�;fpu!;khehl;oy; jhd; bfhz;L te;j tFg;g[ thhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;nfhUk; jPh;khdk; Vw;fg;glhjjhy; fh�;fpu!py; ,Ue;Jtpyfpdhh;/ mjd;gpd; 1925 Mk; Mz;L Rakhpahij,af;fj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;/ ,t;tpafj;jpd; bfhs;iffisgug;g[tjw;fhf 1925 Mk; Mz;L FoauR vd;w ,jiHjkpHpYk; 1928 Mk; Mz;L g[ul;rp vd;w ,jiHM�;fpyj;jpYk; Jtf;fpdhh;/

Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; nehf;f�;fs;

1/ gFj;jwpt[r;rpe;jid. Rakhpahij. jd;dk;gpf;if,tw;iw tsh;j;jy;/

2/ gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh; chpikfis ghJfhg;gJ/

3/ bgz;fSf;F vjpuhd bfhLikfs; kw;Wk; rKjhajPikfis mfw;Wjy;/

4/ K:lek;gpf;iffis xHpj;jy;/

Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;

1 / nfhapy;EiHt[g; nghuhl;lk; :nfushtpy;itf;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fis nfhapy;fspy;EiHtij jil bra;jdh;/ vdnt jpUtpjh�;Th; muirvjph;j;J 1924?y; bghpahh; jdJ nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;/Mdhy; mt;tuR mtiu rpiwapy ; milj;jJ/,Ue;jnghjpYk; mth; jdJ nghuhl;lj;ij bjhlh;e;Jelj;jpdhh;/ vdnt jpUtpjh�;Th; muR xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fisnfhtpy;fSf;Fs; EiHa mDkjpj;J Miz btspapl;lJ/,jdhy; bghpahUf;F ‘itf;fk; tPuh;’ vd;W gl;lk;mspf;fg;gl;lJ/

2 / rK:f rPh;jpUj;j�;fs; : jkpHfj;jpy; epytpajPz;lhikia ,t;tpaf;fk; fLikahf vjph;j;jJ/ePjpf;fl;rpapd; MjunthL 1930?y; jPz;lhik vjph;g;g[ rl;lk;epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/

$dthp 30?k; ehs; jPz;lhik xHpg;g[ ehshf

mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

jkpHfj;jpy; rhjpngjkw;w rKjhaj;ij mikf;f,t;tpaf;fk; ghLgl;lJ/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;nrud;khnjtp vd;Dkplj;jpy; epytpte;j FUFyKiwapyhd jdpge;jp (gpuhkzh;fSf;F jdp cztplk;)mikg;ig xHpf;f </bt/uh ghLgl;lhh;/

1938?y ; brd;idapy; eilbgw;w bgz;fs; khehl;oy;

</bt/uhtpw;F bghpahh; vd;w gl;lk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ/

3 / bgz;fs; eyk; : Rakhpahij ,af;fk; gyrl;l�;fis ,aw;Wtjw;fhf jPh;khd�;fis epiwntw;wpaJ/tpjit kWkzrl;lk;. bgz;fSf;fhd brhj;Jhpik rl;lk;.njtjhrp xHpg;g[ rl;lk; nghd;wit ,t;tpaf;fj;jhy;epiwntw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpa rl;l�;fshFk;/

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njtjhrpKiw : jkpHfj;jpy; epytpa rKjha jPikfspy;njtjhrp Kiwa[k; xd;whFk;/ ,k;Kiwapd;go ,sk;bgz;fs; nfhapy;fSf;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;ldh;/ mth;fis‘njtuoahh;fs;’ vd;W miHj;jdh;/ ,k;Kiw bgz;fis,Hpt[gLj;Jk; KiwahFk;/ </bt/uh lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkpbul;o nghd;nwhh; ,k;Kiwia fLikahf vjph;j;jhh;fs;/,Wjpahf lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o mth;fspd; fodKaw;rpapd; tpisthf 1930?y; njtjhrp xHpg;g[r;rl;lk;epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/

tujl;riz Kiw : jkpHfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l jPikfspy;tujl;riz bfhLika[k; xd;whFk;/ Muk;g fl;lj;jpy;jpUkzj;jpd; nghJ bgz;fSf;F jhkhfnt Kd;te;JrPjd�;fis bgw;nwhh;fs; tH�;fpdh;/ Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;,k;KiwahdJ tw;g[Wj;jp rPjd�;fis bgWk; KiwahfkhwpaJ/ ,k;Kiwapdhy; bgz;rpRf;bfhiy. kzg;bgz;vhpg;g[. bgz;fSf;F vjpuhf Vuhskhd bfhLikfs;nghd;wit eilbgw VJthapw;W/

,k ;Kiwia mfw ;Wtjw ;fhf. </b/t/uh /Kj;Jyl;Rkpbul;o. ,uhkyp�;fmofs;. $p/Rg;gpukzpaIah;. ghujp. ghujpjhrd; nghd;nwhh; ghLgl;ldh;/ tujl;rizth�;Fgtiu jz;og;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa murh�;fk; 1961?Mk;Mz;L tujl;riz jilrl;lk; (1984y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ),aw;wpaJ/

mJkl;Lkpd;wp bra;jpjhs;fs;. bjhiyf;fhl;rp.thbdhyp. jpiug ;gl�;fs ; Mfpa rhjd�;fSk;,f;bfhLikahd Kiwia xHpf;f kf;fspilnatpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd/ ,J jtpu ,e;jpabgz;fs; r�;fk;. njrpa bgz;fs; FG. $dehaf khjh;r�;fk; nghd;w gy mikg;g[fs; tujl;riz Kiwiafisa ghLgl;L tUfpd;wd/

66 67

fw;wy; tpist[fs;1/ 19?k; E}w;whz;oy; epytpa rKjha jPikfis g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ rKjha rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspd; gzpfis fw;Wzh;e;jdh;/3/ rKjha jPikfis vjph;f;Fk; kdmwpit bgw;wdh;/

Rakjpg;g PLI /rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r�;fj;ij njhw;Wtpj;jth;/

(m) bghpahh; (M) ts;syhh;/

(,) lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o (<) o/vk;/ ehah;/

2/ gpuhkzuy;yhnjhh;f;bfd jdp tpLjpia brd;idapy;mikj;jth;/

(m) jpahfuha brl;o (M) rp/ enlrd;

(,) Rg;guhaY (<) o/vk;/ ehah;/

3/ njh;thizf;FG mikf;fg;gl;l tUlk;

(m) 1931 (M) 1924 (,) 1920 (<) 1917

4/ 1920?k; Mz;L eilbgw;w njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rpgpd;tUgtUila jiyikapy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ/

(m) o/vk;/ ehah; (M) Rg;guhaY bul;oahh;

(,) r�;fud; ehah; (<) jpahfuha brl;oahh;

5/ tujl;riz xHpg;g[ rl;lk; epiwntw;wg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1971 (M) 1961 (,) 1981 (<) 1969


1/ ,uhkyp�;f mofs; ________________ vd;Dkplj;jpy;gpwe;jhh;/

2/ itf;fk;tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gLgth;; ________________Mthh;/

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3/ bjd ;d pe ; j pa tpLjiyr ; r� ; fj ; j pw ;F________________vd;W kW bgahplg;gl;lJ/

4/ 1925y; bghpahh; ________________ vd;w jkpH; thu,jiH Jtf;fpdhh;/

5/ 1930 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd;go ________________mfw;wg;gl;lJ/


1/ itf;fk;tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lth; ahh;> mth; Vd;mt;thW miHf;fg;gl;lhh;>

2/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/

3/ Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; nehf;f�;fs; ahit>

4/ ePjpf;fl;rpapd; tPH;r;rpf;fhd fhuz�;fs; ahit>

5/ tujl;riz xHpg;g[ rl;lk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf/


1/ jkpHfj;jpy; rK:f rPh ;jpUj;jk; njhd;Wtjw;fhdfhuz�;fis tpsf;Ff/

2/ ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfis kjpg;gpLf/

3/ Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; rhjidfs; ahit>

bra;Kiw gapw;rp

1/ ,uhkyp�;f mofspd; nghjidfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f/

2/ tujl;riz xHpg;g[ gw;wp ehlfk; eof;ft[k;/

68

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ghlk; 7

tpLjiyf;F gpd; jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tptsh;r ;rp

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;1/ jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tp. mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gk; kw;Wk; jfty; bjhlh;g[ rhjd�;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpa mwpit bgWjy;/2/ rK:fj;jpy; jfty; bjhlh;g[ rhjd�;fspd; g�;if g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/3/ tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp;fis mwpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tp.mwptpay;. bjhHpy;El;gk; kw;Wk; jfty; bjhlh;g[ nghd;wJiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/ rKjhaKd;ndw;w�;fis bfhz;L tUtjpy; fy;tp rpwe;j g�;Ftfpf;fpd;wJ/ nkYk;. mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;gtsh;r;rp. rKjha murpay;. bghUshjhu epiyfspy;gy;ntW khw;w�;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ jfty; bjhlh;g[rhjd�;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l g[ul;rp jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; xUiky; fy; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ vdnt jkpHfk; midj;JJiwfspYk; xU khbgUk; tsh;r;rpia fz;lJ/

fy;tp

Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;. ekJ ehl;oy; epytpa fy;tpKiwapy; khw;wk; bra;a ntz;oa mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ/khwp tUk; NHYf;Fnfw;g ekJ ehl;L kf;fspd;vz;z�;fSf;nfw;w fy;tp Kiwia bfhz;L tu ekJ muRgy;ntW fy;tpf;FGf;fis mikj;jJ/ mtw;wpy;Kf;fpakhdit :

1/ gy;fiyf;fHf khd;af;FG2/ ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;FG3/ nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FG4/ g[jpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if5/ njrpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if

1. gy;fiyf;fHf khd;af;FG (1948) : lhf;lh;,uhjhfpUc&;zd; mth;fspd; jiyikapy; ,e;jpa murh�;fk;1948?y; gy;fiyf;fHf khd;af;FGit mikj;jJ/ ,f;FGcah ;fy;tpapd; juj ;ij cah ;j ;Jtij nehf ;fkhfbfhz;oUe;jJ/

lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpUc&;;zd; mth;fspd; gpwe;j ehshd brg;lk;gh;5 Mk; ehs; Mrphpah; jpdkhf bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 45tJ gphpt[ 14taJf;Fl;gl;l midj;J FHe;ijfSf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf;fy;tp mspf;f cj;jputhjk; mspf;fpwJ/

,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;FG (1953) : 1953 ?Mk; Mz;L lhf;lh;A.yl;Rkzrhkp Kjypahh; mth;fspd; jiyikapy;,ilepiyf ;fy ;tpf ;FG mikf;fg ;gl ;lJ/ ,J,ilepiyf;fy;tp mstpy; FHe;ijfs; midj;Jjpwd;fspYk; KGtsh;r;rp bgwntz;Lk; vd;gijtypa[Wj;jpaJ/ mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,ilepiyf;fy;tpahdJcah;fy;tpf;F Maj;jg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;fntz;Lbkd;W Mnyhrid tH�;fpaJ/

nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FG (1964) : njrpa fy;tpf;FG vd;WmiHf;fg;gl;l nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FG 1964 Mk; Mz;Llhf ;lh ; D.S.nfhj ; j hh p mth ; fs ; jiyikapy ;mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,f;FG 1966 Mk; Mz;L jdJmwpf;ifia rkh;g;gpj;jJ/ mt;twpf;;ifahdJ 10+2+3 fy;tpKiwia ehL KGtJk ; mwpKfg ;gLj ;j paJ/mJkl;Lkpd;wp bjhHpw;fy;tp. mwptpay;. bjhHpy;El;gfy;tp nghd;wtw;iw typa[Wj;jpaJ/ 1965 Mk; Mz;L

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Mz;L jkpHfj;jpy; Kk;bkhHpj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

g[jpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if (1986) : 1986 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;lg[jpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if kdpj tsh;r ;rpf;F mjpfKf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ/ bgz;fs;. jhH;j;jg;gl;nlhh;.gH� ;Foapdh ; . CdKw;nwhh ; . r pWghd;ikapdh ;KjyhndhUf;F fy;tp tH�;Fjypy; kpFe;j ftdk; brYj;jprK:f ntw;Wikfis ePf;Ftij jdJ Fwpf;nfhshff;bfhz;oUe;jJ/ nkYk; ,f;fy;tpf;bfhs;ifahdJ ehLKGtJk; cs;s 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiuapyhdmidj;J FHe;ijfSf;Fk; Muk;gf;fy;tp mspg;gijtypa[Wj;jpaJ/ nkYk; ,f;fy;tpf; bfhs;ifahdJ ,aw;ifts�;fisa[k; Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHiya[k; ghJfhg;gjw;fhdtpHpg;g[zh;it khzth;fsplk; Vw;gLj;Jtija[k;typa[Wj;jpaJ/

njr paf ; fy ;t pf ;bfhs ;if ( 1 9 9 2 ) : ,f ;fy ;t pf ;bfhs;ifahdJ gs;spfspy; mog;gil fl;likg;g[trjpfis nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf. ‘fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk; ’ vd;wxd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ nkYk; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpK:yk; fy;yhikiag; nghf;Fk; njrpa vGj;jwpt[ ,af;fk;mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,f;fy;tp bfhs;if ehl;od;bghUshjhuj;ij cah;j;Jtija[k; VH;ik. ntiytha;g;gpd;ik nghd;w gpur;ridfis mfw;Wtija[k;Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/

Muk;gf;fy;tp tsh;r;rp :

Muk;gf;fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; ek; khepyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f,lj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ/ 1949?50 Mk; tUl�;fspy; 15.303Muk;g gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd/ Jtf;fg;gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if1999 Mk; Mz;L 30.844 Mft[k; jw;nghJ 2003?2004 epjpmwpf;ifapd;go 32.242 Mft[k; cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

Muk;gf;fy;tp mstpy; ,ilepw;wiy (Dropout) jtph;f;ft[k;.fy;tpapd; juj;ij cah;j;jt[k; ,e;jpa muR “rh;t rpf;c&mgpahd;” (vy;nyhUf;Fk; fy;tp. SSA) vDk; jpl;lj;ijmwpKfg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ ,j;jpl;lk; jkpH;ehl;oy;btw;wpfukhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ/

,ilepiyf;fy;tp tsh;r;rp :

,ilepiyf;fy;tpahdJ Muk;gf;fy;tpf ;Fk;cah;fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilna xU ghykhf bray;gLfpwJ.jkpHfj;jpy; 2003 Mk; Mz;L epytug;go 68.212 Mrphpah;fisbfhz;L 4.859 ,ilepiyg; gs;spfs; bray;gl;LtUfpd;wd/ ekJ njrpa fy;tpf ;bfhs;if (1992)bjhHpw;fy;tpapd; njitia typa[Wj;jpaJ/ ,f;bfhs;ifia mog;gilahff; bfhz;L jkpHf muR 1978 $Pd;khjj;jpy; bjhHpw;fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/ jw;nghJ.tptrhak;. kidapay;. bghwpapay; nghd;w gy;ntWbjhHpw; ghlg;gphpt[fs; gs;spfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rp :

,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;j gpwF cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rpek; ehl;oy; ey;y rpwg;g[ bgw;wJ/ cah;fy;tpiabghJf;fy;tp. bjhHpw;fy;tp vd ,U gphpt[fshf gphpf;fyhk;/bghJf;fy;tpahdJ fiy. mwptpay;. tzpftpay;gphpt[fis cs;slf;fpaJ/ bjhHpw;fy;tpahdJ bghwpapay;.kUj;Jtk;. tptrhak; nghd;w gphpt[fis cs;slf;fpaJ/

tsh;e;J tUk; khzth;fspd; njitf;nfw;gjkpHfj;jpy; ,t;tpuz;L gphpt[fSf;fhf gy;ntWfy;Y}hpfSk; gy;fiyf;fHf�;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/jkpHfj;jpy; gy mwptpay; fiyf;fy;Y}hpfSk; gygy;fiyf;fHf�;fSk; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ jkpHfj;jpy;cs;s fy;Y}hpfspy; 1970 Mk; Mz;L gapw;W bkhHpahfjkpH; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

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mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;El;gk; :

jkpHfk; g[fH;bgw;w gy mwptpay; nkijfisek;ehl;ow;F mspj;Js;sJ/ mnjnghy; ,e;jpahtpd;mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;F ek; khepyk; rpwg;ghfgzpahw;wpa[s;sJ/ ,uhkhD$k; (fzpjk;) lhf;lh; rh;/rp/tp/uhkd; (,aw;gpay;) lhf;lh; re;jpunrfh; (,aw;gpay;)lhf;lh; V/gp/n$. mg;Jy;fyhk; (tpz;btsp) nghd;wg[fH;bgw;w mwptpay; nkijfs; jkpHfj;ijr; nrh;e;jth;fs;vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/

lhf;lh; rh;/rp/tp/uhkd; kw;Wk; lhf;lh; re;jpunrfh; nehgy;ghpR bgw;w tp�;�hdpfs; Mth;/

tptrha Muha;r;rp :

cyfg;g[fH;bgw;w tptrha Muha;r;rpahsh; lhf;lh;vk;/v!;/ Rthkpehjd; jkpHfj;ijr; nrh;e;jth; Mthh;/ mth;,e;jpa tptrha Muha;r;rpf; fHfj;ij g[zuikj;jhh;/ mhprpcw;gj;jpf;fhf g[jpa bjhHpy;El;g Kiwia bfhz;Lte;jhh;/mij mjpf kfNy; jpl;lk; (HYVP) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;/jkpHfj;jpy; nfhak;g[j;J}h; tptrhag; gy;fiyf;fHfk; kJiu/tptrhaf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; gpw ,l�;fspy; gy;ntW tptrhaMuha;r;rpfs; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wd/

Mz;L njhWk; ork;gh; 23 Mk; ehs;; tptrhapfs; jpdkhfbfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ/

bjhHpy;Jiw Muha;r;rp :

,e;jpa mwptpay; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;Jiw Muha;r;rpfHfk; (CSIR) ehL KGtJk; gy mwptpay; Tl�;fisa[k;.Muha;r;rp epWtd�;fisa[k; mikj;J tUfpwJ/ lhf;lh;$p/o/ eha[L jkpHfj;ij nrh;e;j g[fH; bgw;w bjhHpy;Jiwty;Yeh; Mthh;/ brd;id. nfhit. jpUr;rp. nryk;. nkl;Lh;.jpUbey;ntyp kw;Wk; gy ,l�;fspy; VuhskhdbjhHpw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd/

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2. AmúTjLôoNhPlTpLûXdLZLm

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4. RªrSôÓ UÚjÕY

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7. TôW§Vôo TpLûXdLZLm

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11. UÕûW LôUWô_o TpLûXdLZLm

12.Uú]ôuU¦Vm ÑkRW]ôo

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kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis mwptjpy; bra;jpj;jhs; rf;jptha;e;j bjhlh;g[r; rhjdkhf jpfH;fpwJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; gy;ntWehspjH;fs;. thu ,jH;fs;. khj,jH;fs;. gUt,jH;fs;.Mz;L,jH;fs; btsptUfpd;wd/ ,it kf;fSilarKjha murpay; khw;w�;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wd/ mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,it midj;Jk; muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;FkpilnaxU ghykhf bray;gLfpd;wd/ vdnt mwpit tsh;f;ft[k;gy jfty;fis bgwt[k; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd/

thbdhyp :

,e;;jpahtpy; 1927 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhfthbdhyp xypgug;g[ Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/ vdpDk; ,e;jpa muR1936 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhf xypgug;g[ fUtpfisbfhz;L ,e;jpa xypgug;g[ Jiw. xypgug;g[k; gzpiaJtf;fpaJ/ ,j;Jiw mfpy ,e;jpa thbdhyp vd;Wbgah; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; jpUr;rp. kJiu.nfhit kw;Wk; jpUbey;ntyp nghd;w ,l�;fspy;thbdhyp epiya�;fs; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ jfty;fismspj;jy; kw;Wk; kf;fsplj;jpy; tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;nghd;w gzpfis mfpy ,e;jpa thbdhyp epiyak;rpwg;ghf bra;J tUfpwJ/ ,e;jpa murh�;fk; xypgug;g[kw ;Wk ; jfty ; bfhs ;iffis cUthf ; ft [k ;eilKiwgLj;jt[k; gpur;rhh; ghujp vd;w mikg;igVw;gLj;jp cs;sJ/ ,ij jtpu. gy;ntW jdpahh;miythpirfSk; j�;fsJ epfH;r;rpfis xypgug;gptUfpd;wd/

bjhiyf;fhl;rp :

mwptpay; Vw;gLj;jpa tpe;ijfspy; bjhiyf;fhl;rpa[k; xd;whFk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; 1959 Mk; Mz;Lbjhiyf;fhl;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ bjhiyf;fhl;rpkdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ekJ gz;ghl;ow;Fk; vz;zw;wrhjidfis bra ;J tUfpwJ/ brd ;idapy ;

mQqrf;jp Muha;r;rp :

mQqrf;jpia tsh;g;gjw;fhf mQqrf;jpf;FG (AEC)1948 Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; brd;idf;FmUfpy; fy;ghf;fj;jpy; mQqrf;jp epiyak; cs;sJ/g[fH;bgw;w mQqrf;jp tp�;�hdpahd lhf;lh; rpjk;guk;jkpHfj;ijr; nrh;e;jth; Mthh;/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;Tl�;Fsk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; mQqrf;jp epiyak; xd;Wmikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mJ mQqrf;jp Jiwapy; gyrhjidfisg; gilj;J tUfpwJ/

tpz;btsp Muha;r;rp :

tpz;btsp bjhHpy;El;gj;ij njrpa eyDf;Fgad;gLj;jntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpatpz;btsp Muha;r ;rpf ; fHfk; 1972 Mk; Mz;LVw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

,e;j pa FoauRj ;jiyth ; nkjF lhf ;lh ; “ V/gp /n$/mg;Jy;fyhk;” g[fH;bgw;w tpz;btsp Muha;r;rpahsh;/ mth;mf;fpdp rpwFfs; vd;w E}iy vGjpa[s;shh;/

jkpHfj;jpy; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; knfe;jpufphpvd;Dkplj;jpy; ,e;jpa tpz;btsp Muha;r;rp fHfk; (ISRO)mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,f;fHfk; tpz;btsp Muha;r;rpapy;rpwg;ghd gzpfis bra;J tUfpwJ/ bjd;fpHf;F.Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpa bjhiynehf;fp ntY}h;khtl;lj;jpy; fhtY}h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/,J tpz;btsp Muha;;r;rpf;F kpft[k; gaDs;sjhf cs;sJ/brd;idapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s gph;yh nfhsu�;fk;khzth;fspilna mwptpay; mwpit tsh;j;J tUfpwJ/

bra;jpj;jhs;fs; :

kf;fspilna tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; bghJbjhlh;g[r; rhjd�;fs; rpwg;ghd gzpia bra;J tUfpd;wd/bra;jpj;jhs;fs;. thbdhyp. bjhiyf;fhl;rp bjhiyngrpnghd;wit Kf;fpa kf;fs; bjhlh;g[r; rhjd�;fshFk;/

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bjhHpw;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ/ jw;nghJ ghuj; r�;rhh;epfhk; bjhiybjhlh;g[ Jiwapy; (BSNL) ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Frpwe;j nritia mspj;J tUfpwJ/ jdpahh; Jiwa[k; gybjhiyngrp nritfisa[k; bjhHpw; rhiyfisa[k; gy,l�;fspy; mikj;Js;sJ/ lhlh. gp/gp/vy;. gPbly;nghd;w gy epWtd�;fs; bjhiyngrp rhjd�;fs; jahhpj;JtUfpwJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; 2001 Mk; Mz;L epytug;go 1513bjhiyngrp ,izg;gf�;fs; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd/nkYk; 2001 Mk; Mz;L fzf;bfLg;gpd; go jkpHfj;jpy;15.82.540 bjhiyngrp ,izg;g [fs ; ,Ue;jjhffz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ/

fzpdp :

Tl;ly; ,ae;jpuk;. mghf!;Kiw. gyifKiwnghd;W ve;j xU ,ae;jpuk; vz;fis Tl;Ltjw;Fgad;gLj;Jfpnwhnkh mij bghJthf fk;g;a{l; (Compute)vDk; bghUs;gl fk;g;a{l;lh; vd;W miHg;gh;/,Ue;jnghjpYk; jw;nghJ ,e;j kpd;dD fz;Lgpog;ghdJgy;ntW fzf;Ffis bra;a kw;Wk; g[s;sptptu�;fs;nrfhpf;ft[k;. mg;g[s;sp tptu�;fis njitahd nghJifahst[k ; . jfty ;fis nrfhpj ;J itf ;ft [k ; .njitahdnghJ mtw;iw bgwt[k;. jpl;ljpuy;fismikf;ft[k; gad;gLfpwJ/ 1953 Mk; Mz;L cyfk;KGtJk; 100 fzpdpfns ,Ue;jd/ jw;nghJ E}Wkpy ;ypad ; mstpyhd fzpdpfs ; cs ;sd/ 10kpy;ypaDf;Fk; nkyhd tPLfs;. mYtyf�;fs;. tpahghuepWtd�;fs; gy;fiyf;fHf�;fs; nghd;wtw;wpy; fzpdp,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ/

fzpdpfs; gy;ntW mstpYk; gy;tif tot�;fspYk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ/ rpy fzpdpfs; Fwpg;gpl;lgzpfis bra;tjw;fhfnt totikf;fg;gLfpd;wd/mtw;wpd; bray;ghLfs; Ez;zpabkd;bghUs; (Microchips)

bjhiyf;fhl;rp epiyak; 1975 Mk; Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/,isa kw;Wk; Kjpa jiyKiwapdh;fspd; kdjpy; bghpajhf ;fj ;ij bjhiyf ;fhl ;r p Vw ;gLj ;jp tUfpwJ/bjhiyf;fhl;rp ehl;oYs;s gy;ntW kf;fspd; fiy.fl;olf;fiy. ,ir kw;Wk; thH;f;ifj; juj;ijg;gw;wp mwpaVJthf cs;sJ/

bjhiyf;fhl;rpia fz;Lgpoj;jth; n$/vy;/ gpah;L Mthh;/

,ijj;jtpu ,e;jpahtpy; gy;nehf;F braw;ifnfhshd ,d;rhl; (INSAT) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/bjhiyj;bjhlh;g[ thdpiy Muha;r;rp. thbdhyp xypgug;g[.nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,d;rhl; cjt[fpwJ/ njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tnjrepfH;r ;rpfis neuo xypgug;g[ bra;tjpd; K:yk;.bjhiyf;fhl;rp cyf kf;fspilna xU beUf;fj;ijVw;gLj;JfpwJ/ nkYk; bjhiyf;fhl;rp. khzth;fSk;midj;J Jiwfspy; mwpt[ tsh;r;rp bgw cjt[fpwJ/

bjhiyngrp :

bjhiyngrp kw;Wk; je;jp Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpbjhiybjhlh;g[ tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa rfhg;jkhftps�;FfpwJ/ gpuhd;R ehl;il nrh;e;j vk;/nykz;l; vd;gth;1787 ? Mk; Mz;L je;jpia fz;Lgpoj;jhh;/ 1857 Mk; Mz;Lly;b~srpgpug[ je;jp Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy;g[Fj;jpdhh;/ me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah KGtJk; 753jghy;?je;jp mYtyf�;fs; epWtg;gl;ld/ je;jp Jiwtsh;r;rpia kf;fs; bgUkstpy; gad;gLj;jpdh;/ je;jptsh;r;rp bjhiy bjhlh;g[ Jiwapy; ey;y Kd;ndw;wk;Vw;gl fhuzkhapw;W/

1876 Mk; Mz;L mbkhpf;fhit nrh;e ;j mbyf;rhz;lh;fpufhk;bgy; bjhiyngrpia fz;Lgpoj;jhh;/

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;oy; kf;fs; bjhiyngrpiagad;gLj;jj bjhl�;fpdh;/ 1882 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhfbrd;idapy; bjhiyngrp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

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(E-conference) Kiwia mwpKfg ;gLj ;j pa [s ;sJ/ePjpj;Jiwapy; vbyf;uhdpf; khehl;Lj; jpl;lk; (E-confer-ence) eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vdnt ,iza jsk;,d;W kf;fs; thH;f;ifapd; midj;J JiwfspYk; Kf;fpag�;F tfpj;J tUfpwJ/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;

1/ jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpia mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ jfty; bjhlh;gpd; g�;fpida[k; ed;ikfisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ tpLjiyf;Fgpd; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpfis mwpe;Jbfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;g PLI. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ ,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;FGtpd; jiytuhfepakpf;fg;gl;lth;/

(m) lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpUc&;;zd;

(M) lhf;lh; yl;Rkz rhkp Kjypahh;

(,) lhf;lh; o/v!;/ nfhj;jhhp

(<) lhf;lh; re;jpunrfh;

2/ jkpHff; fy;Y}hpfspy; jkpH; gapw;WbkhHpahfmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1980 (M) 1970 (,) 1991 (<) 1978

3/ mf;dp Vt[fidapd; je;ij vd miHf;fg;gLgth;/

(m) lhf;lh; Rthkpehjd;

(M) V/gp/n$/ mg;Jy; fyhk;

(,) rh;/rp/tp/ uhkd; (<) $p/o/eha[L

K:ykhf jpl;lkpl;L totikf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,d;WeilKiwapy; cs;s fzf;fPl;L bghwpfs;. vz;zpay;fofhu�;fs;. jhdpa�;fpfs; midj;Jk; fzpdpiamog;gilahf bfhz;nl jahhpf ;fg ;gLfpd ;wd/,e;jpahtpy; fzpdpf; fy;tpia tsh;g;gjpy; jkpHfk;Kd;ndhoahf cs;sJ/ fzpdpf; fy;tp jpl;lj;jpd; thapyhfjkpHf muR fzpdpf;fy;tpia tsh;f;f midj;J muRgs;spfspYk; ,ytrkhf fzpdpfis tH�;fpa[s;sJ/fzpg;bghwp. bkd;bghUs; jahhpg;g[ nghd;wtw;wpy; tsh;r;rpepiyia vl;l jdpahh; KjyPLfis jkpHf muRCf;fkspj;J tuntw;fpwJ/ jkpHf muR brd;id kw;Wk;jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; eh�;Fnehp nghd;w ,l�;fspy;illy; ghh;f; nghd;w tshf�;fs; cUthf;fp m�;F jdpahh;KjyPl;il ftu tHp bra;Js;sJ/

,e;jpahtpd; bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; jkpHfk;,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij bgw;Ws;sJ/

,izajsk; :,d;W jfty; bjhHpy;El;g Jiw gy;ntW

khw ;w� ;fis re ;jpj ;J tUfpwJ/ ,izajsk;fzpdpj;Jiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fg; gzpfis bra;JtUfpwJ/ ,e;j ,iza js KiwahdJ mbkhpf;f,iza js epWtdkhd vk;/I/o (MIT) vd;gjhy; 1962Mk; Mz;L totikf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1969Mk; Mz;oy; nkYk;,k;Kiw tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ/ mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;oy;,uhQqtj;Jiwahy; fy;tpa[k;. jfty; bjhHpy;El;gKk;xU�;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ/ mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L fzpdp,izaKiw (Network) ,iza jsj;jpy; gy;ntWMuha;r;rpfis nkw;bfhs;s cjtp bra;J tUfpwJ/

,d;W th;j;jfk; g[hpnthhpd; ed;ikf;fhf vbyf;l;uhdpf; tzpfk; (E-Commerce); ,iza jsj;;jpd; tHpapy;eilbgw;W tUfpwJ/ jkpHf muR jdJ jpl;l�;fisbrk;ikahf bray;gLj;j vbyf;l;uhdpf; khehl;Lj; jpl;lk;

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1/ jkpHfj;jpy; Muk;gf;fy;tpapy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp gw;wpFwpg;g[ tiuf/

2/ jkpHfj;ij nrh;e;j ehd;F g[fH;bgw;w mwptpay;mwp�h;fis Fwpg;gpLf/

3/ ,d;rhl; (INSAT) vd;why; vd;d?

4/ kf;fs; bjhlh;g[ rhjd�;fs; ahit?

5/ jkpHfj;jpy; ,izajsj;jpd; g�;F ahJ?

V. tphpthd tpilasp :

1/ jkpHfj;jpy; cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rpaile;j tpjj;ij tpthp/

2/ bjhiyf;fhl;rpapd; gzpfis kjpg;gpLf/

3/ jkpHfj;jpy; tptrha Muha;r;rpapy; vLf;fg;gl;lgy;ntW eltof;iffis tpthp/

4/ jkpHfj;jpy; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gk; tsh;r;rpaile;jtpjj;ij tpthp/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ cdJ Mrphpahpd; cjtpa[ld; gph;yh nfhsu�;fk; brd;Wghh;f;ft[k;/

2/ g[fH;bgw;w mwptpay; mwp�h;fspd; cUtg;gl�;fisnrfhpj;J tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpf;F itf;ft[k;/

3/ cdJ Mrphpahpd; cjtpa[ld; illy;ghh;f; brd;Wghh;f;ft[k;/

4/ ,e;jpahtpy; bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; jkpHfk;bgw;Ws;s ,lk;

(m) Kjy; ,lk; (M) ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;

(,) K:d;whtJ ,lk; (<) ehd;fhtJ ,lk;

5/ bjhiyngrpia fz;Lgpoj;jth;

(m) mbyf;rhz;lh; gpskp�; (M) ~hh;tp

(,) mbyf;rhz;lh; fpu~hk;bgy;

(<) Y}ap`gh!;lh;

II . nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f :

1/ lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpUc&;zd; mth;fspd; gpwe;j ehs;________________ vd bfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ/

2/ fUk ;gyifj ; j pl ;lj ;ij mwpKfg ;gLj ; j paJ_______________ fy;tpf; bfhs;if MFk;

3/ jkpHfj;jpd; cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w tptrha mwptpay;ty;Yeh; _________________ Mthh;/

4/ ,e;jpahtpy; thbdhyp xypgug;g[ Jt�;fg;gl;l tUlk;_______________ MFk;/

5/ bjhiyf;fhl;rpia fz;Lgpoj;jth; ____________Mthh;/

III. bghUj;Jf :m M

1/ lhf;lh; rh;/rp/tp/,uhkd; gy;nehf;F braw;ifnfhs;

2/ fy;ghf;fk; bjhiynehf;fp

3/ fhtY}h; mQqkpd; epiyak;

4/ gph;yh nfhsu�;fk; nehgy;ghpRbgw;wth;

5/ ,d;rhl; (INSAT) brd;id

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ghlk; 9ghlk; 9ghlk; 9ghlk; 9ghlk; 9

jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;

1/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wpa mwpit1/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wpa mwpit1/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wpa mwpit1/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wpa mwpit1/ jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wpa mwpit

bgWjy;/bgWjy;/bgWjy;/bgWjy;/bgWjy;/

2/ jkpHf murpd; gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fis2/ jkpHf murpd; gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fis2/ jkpHf murpd; gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fis2/ jkpHf murpd; gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fis2/ jkpHf murpd; gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fis

g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/

3/ bgz;fs; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfs; eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ bgz;fs; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfs; eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ bgz;fs; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfs; eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ bgz;fs; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfs; eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ bgz;fs; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfs; eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J

bfhs;Sjy;/bfhs;Sjy;/bfhs;Sjy;/bfhs;Sjy;/bfhs;Sjy;/

jkpHf muR xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; rKjha

nkd;ikf;fhf gy;ntW eyj;jpl;l�;fis bray;gLj;jp

tUfpd;wJ/ 1953 Mk; Mz;oy; KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;L

jpl;lf;fhyj;jpy; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fis rPhpa Kiwapy;

bray;gLj;j kj;jpa rK:f ey thhpak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

,jdog;gilapy; jkpHf muR khepy rK:f eythhpaj;ij

1954 Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ/

jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;jkpHf murpd; rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

bgz;fs;

eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

rK:frK:frK:frK:frK:f

eyj;jpl;l�;fs;eyj;jpl;l�;fs;eyj;jpl;l�;fs;eyj;jpl;l�;fs;eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

tpjitfs; kw;Wk;

mdhijfSf;fhd

jpl;l�;fs;

Kjpnahh; kw;Wk;

iftplg;gl;nlhUf;fhd

eyj;jpl;l�;fs;Mjpjpuhtplh;

kw;Wk;

gH�;FofSf;fhd

jpl;l�;fs;

eythH;t[

jpl;l�;fs;

,t;thhpak; bgz;fs;. FHe;ijfs;. Mjpjpuhtplh;.

gH�;Fokf;fs;. mehijfs; nghd;nwhh;fSf;fhd gy

jpl;l�;fis bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/

eythH;t[eythH;t[eythH;t[eythH;t[eythH;t[

czt[. cil. ,Ug;gplk; nghd;w mog;gil

njitfSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; Rfhjhuk; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

�nehaw;w thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;� vDk; gHbkhHp

Rfhjhuj;j;pd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ/ kdpj

tsh;r;rpapd; xU�;fpize;j gFjpahfnt eythH;t[

,Ug;gjdhy; jkpHf muR midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; eythH;t[

mspf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ/ ,j;jpl;lk; Fwpg;ghf eyptile;j

kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ey;y ghJfhg;ig mspj;J

tUfpd;wJ/ 2000 Mk; Mz;oy; jkpH;ehl;od; ,wg;g[ tPjk;

1000 ngUf;F 51 ngh; vd;w epiy ,Ue;jJ/ Mdhy; 2002

Mk; Mz;L 1000 ngUf;F 44 vd;w epiyahf Fiwe;Js;sJ/

,J khepyj;jpd; eythH;t[ Kd;ndw;wj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ/

kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Cuf eyg;gzpfs; ,af;Feh;.

khtl;l�;fsp;y; kUj;Jtg; gzpfs; Fwpj;j midj;ija[k;

jpl;lkpl;L epiwntw;Wk; gzpia fz;fhzpf;fpwhh;/ fpuhk

kw;Wk; efh;g;g[w�;fspy; neha; jLg;g[ Kiwfisa[k;

gy;ntW eyj;jpl;l�;fisa[k; epiwntw;Wk; bghWg;gpy;

bghJ Rfhjhu ,af;Feh; cs;shh;/

xt;nthh; Mz;Lk; Vg;uy; 7?k; ehs; cyf bghJ Rfhjhuxt;nthh; Mz;Lk; Vg;uy; 7?k; ehs; cyf bghJ Rfhjhuxt;nthh; Mz;Lk; Vg;uy; 7?k; ehs; cyf bghJ Rfhjhuxt;nthh; Mz;Lk; Vg;uy; 7?k; ehs; cyf bghJ Rfhjhuxt;nthh; Mz;Lk; Vg;uy; 7?k; ehs; cyf bghJ Rfhjhu

ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

Muk;g Rfhjhu epiya�;fs; kw;Wk; Jizr; Rfhjhu

epiya�;fs;. elkhLk; kUj;Jtf;FGtpd; Rfhjhuika�;fs;

Mfpait neha;j;jLg;g[ kw;Wk; neha;fisf;fisjy; nghd;w

gzpfis fpuhkg;g[w�;fspy; bra;J tUfpd;wd/

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jjjjjkpHfj;jpd; eythH;t[ jpl;l�;fspy; rpykpHfj;jpd; eythH;t[ jpl;l�;fspy; rpykpHfj;jpd; eythH;t[ jpl;l�;fspy; rpykpHfj;jpd; eythH;t[ jpl;l�;fspy; rpykpHfj;jpd; eythH;t[ jpl;l�;fspy; rpy :

1/ kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;. jLg;g{rpfs;

nghd;wtw;iw ey;y Kiwapy; tH�;f 1977 Mk;

Mz;oy; gy;nehf;F Rfhjhug;gzpahsh; jpl;lk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

2/ FHe;ij gUtj;jpy; Vw;glf;Toa VG bgUk;

neha;fshd. bjhz;il mHw;rp neha;. euk;g[j;jsh;r;rp.

mk;ik. fhrneha;. nghypnah nghd;w neha;fisr;

fl;Lg;gLj;j jLg;g{rpj;jpl;lk; 1979 Mk; Mz;L

jkpHf murhy; tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

3/ gy;ntW jdpg;gl;l jpl;l�;fspd; K:ykhf knyhpah.

ahidf;fhy; neha;. fhrneha; nghd;w bjhw;W

neha;fs; mfw;wg;gl;ld/ nkYk; kj;jpa murpd;

cjtpa[ld; njrpa knyhpah neha; jLg;g[j; jpl;lk;

njrpa ahidf;fhy; neha; jLg;g[ jpl;lk;. njrpa

fhrneha; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;. bjhGneha;

xHpg;g[j;jpl;lk; nghd;w jpl;l�;fs; jkpHfj;jpy;

bray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/

kUj;Jtkidfs;kUj;Jtkidfs;kUj;Jtkidfs;kUj;Jtkidfs;kUj;Jtkidfs;

1/ jkpHfj;jpy; cs;s muR kUj;Jtkidfs;.

khepyj ;jpd; jdpahh ; kUj;JtkidfSld;

nghl;oapLk; mstpw;F jukhd trjpfis

Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ btspehl;oypUe;J tUk;

nehahspfSf;Fr; rpwe;j nritfis mspf;f

jpl;l�;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,k;kUj;Jtkidfspy;

,e;jpa kUj;JtKiwfshd a[dhdp. Ma[h;ntjk;.

rpj;jh nghd;w Kiwfspy; rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/

nkYk; 2003 ? y; eilKiw rhh;e;j jpl;lkpl;l

bray;jpl;l�;fs; K:ykhf midtUf;Fk; eythH;t[

mspf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ/

2/ 20 khtl;l jiyikapl kUj;Jtkidfspy; cs;s

25 mWit rpfpr;ir Tl�;fSf;Fk;. 64 tl;l

jiyikapl kUj;JtkidfspYs;s 64 mWit

rpfpr;ir Tl�;fSf;Fk; Fsph;rhjd trjp bra;J

jug;gl;Ls;sJ/

3/ fpuhkg;g[w bghJkf;fSf;F Kiwahd brtpypah;

gapw;rpia tH�;ft[k;. fpuhkg;g[w�;fspypUe;J tUk;

khzth;fSf;F brtpypah; gzpia thH;f;ifj;

bjhHpyhf nkw;bfhs;s tha;g;gspf;ft[k; VG g[jpa

brtpypah; gs;spfs; bjhl�;fg;gl;Ls;sd/

4/ ,e;jpa kUj;Jt ,af;ffk; gy;ntW nritfis

g[hpe;J tUfpwJ/ jkpHfj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;

muR bghJkUj;Jtkid/brd;id.muR bghJkUj;Jtkid/brd;id.muR bghJkUj;Jtkid/brd;id.muR bghJkUj;Jtkid/brd;id.muR bghJkUj;Jtkid/brd;id.

rp.vk;.rp kUj;Jtkid. ntY}h;/rp/vk;/rp/kUj;Jtkid. ntY}h;/

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g[w�;fspy; mjpf mstpy; kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk;

kUe;J tH�;Fk; ika�;fs; tphpt[gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/

jkpHfj;jpy; 2000 Mk; Mz;od; g[s;sp tptug;go

muR kUj;Jtkidfs;. Muk;g Rfhjhu epiya�;fs;.

jdpahh; kUj;Jtkidfs; bkhj;jk; 52.237 ,a�;fp

tUfpd;wd/

kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyk;

14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l FHe;ijfs; kw;Wk; 15 taJ Kjy;

45 taJ tiuapyhd bgz;fSf;F nritfis bra;tjw;F

kfg;ngW kw;Wk; FHe;ij eyg;gzpfs; jpl;lk; bray;gl;L

tUfpwJ/ ,j;Jiw fUt[w;w jha;khh;fis ghpnrhjpj;jy;.

jLg;g{rp nghLjy;. ngWfhy guhkhpg;g[ kw;Wk; ngWfhy

gpd; guhkhpg;g[ mspj;jy; nghd;w gzpfis bra;J

tUfpd;wJ/ fUt[w;w kw;Wk; jha;g;ghY}l;Lk; jha;khh;fSf;F

neha; jLg;g{rp. kUj;Jt ghJfhg;g[. rj;jhd czt[ mspj;jy;

nghd;w gy;ntW gzpfis ,J bra;J tUfpd;wJ/

1964 Mk; Mz;L gs;sp khzth; eyj;jpl;lk;

Jt�;fg;gl;lJ/ ,j;jpl;lk; ghyh;fSk;. gs;sp bry;Yk;

FHe;ijfSk; neha[wh tz;zk; ghJfhj;J. Rfhjhu trjpfs;

mspj;J. ,wg;g[ tpfpjj;ij Fiwf;f ghLgl;L tUfpwJ/

FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghl;L jpl;lj;ij bray;gLj;Jtjpy;

jkpHfk; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ/ 1956 Mk; Mz;L gpwg;g[

t pf pjj ;ij fl ;Lg ;gLj ;j FLk ;g ey mWit

rpfpr;irj;jpl;lk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ/

,jd; rhh;ghf 1989 Mk; Mz;oy; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o

epidt[ kfg;ngW cjtpj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

,j;jpl;lj;jpd; thapyhf fUt[w;w ViH jha;khh;fSf;F

ngWfhyj;jpw;F Kd; ,uz;L khjKk; ngW fhyj;jpw;F

gpd; ,uz;L khjKk; gz cjtp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/

,j;jpl;lj;jpd; K:yk; Vuhskhd bgz;fs; gog;goahf

gad;bgw;W tUfpd;wdh;/

kfsph; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;kfsph; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;kfsph; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;kfsph; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;kfsph; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

kfsph; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; Mh;tk; bfhz;l jkpHf muR

gy trjpfisa[k;. epjp cjtpfisa[k; bra;J tUfpwJ/

1947 Mk; Mz;oy; kfsph; eyj;jpl;l�;fis bray;gLj;j

kfsph; eyj;Jiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l�;fs;

kfspUf;F Fiwe;jgl;r Rfhjhu trjpfisa[k; eyj;jpl;l�;

fisa[k; mspg;gij Fwpf;nfhshf bfhz;L bray;gl;L

tUfpwJ/

kfspUf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;jpl;l�;fs;kfspUf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;jpl;l�;fs;kfspUf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;jpl;l�;fs;kfspUf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;jpl;l�;fs;kfspUf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;jpl;l�;fs;

1/1/1/1/1/ kfps kz;ly; jpl ;lk ;kfps kz;ly; jpl ;lk ;kfps kz;ly; jpl ;lk ;kfps kz;ly; jpl ;lk ;kfps kz;ly; jpl ;lk ; : bgz;fspilna

tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;j eltof;if nkw;bfhs;

fpwJ/

2/ bgz;fs; Ml;rpg;gzpfspy; jPh;khd�;fis vLj;J

bray;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; �fpuhkg;g[w bgz;fSf;fhd

tpHpg;g[zh;t[ jpl;lk;� Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

3/ bgz;fs; gy;ntW Jiwfspy; ntiy tha;g;g[

bgWtjw;bfd ntiytha;g;g[g; gapw;rp cjtpj;

jpl;lk; 1986 Mk; Mz;oy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

4/ 1989 Mk; Mz;L bgz;fSf;fhf K:tY}h; ,uhkh

mkph;jk; mk;ikahh; jpUkz cjtpj;jpl;lk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;go 8 Mk;

tFg;g[ tiu goj;j ViH bgz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;

fhf ì/5000 epjp cjtp tH�;f tHptif

bra;ag;gl;lJ/ ,J gpd;dhspy; fy;tpj; jFjp 10?k;

tFg;g[ vd;Wk; muR tH�;Fk; cjtpj; bjhif

ì/10.000 vd;Wk; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;lJ/

5/ bgz;fspd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f 1990 Mk; Mz;L

jkpHf kfsph; Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ/

vdnt murh�;fj;jpd; jpl;l�;fspy; bgz;fSf;F

Kd;Dhpik mspf;f tif bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/

102 103

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Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;fhdMjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;fhdMjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;fhdMjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;fhdMjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;fhdtsh;r ;rpj;jpl;l�;fs;tsh;r ;rpj;jpl;l�;fs;tsh;r ;rpj;jpl;l�;fs;tsh;r ;rpj;jpl;l�;fs;tsh;r ;rpj;jpl;l�;fs;

,e;jpa murh�;fk; mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jkpHf muR

rKjhaj;jpy; gpd; j�;fpa[s;s Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk;

gH�;Foapdhpd; eyj;jpw;fhf gy;ntW eltof;iffis

nkw;bfhz;L tUfpwJ/

Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F fy;tp.

ntiy tha;g;g[ nghd;wtw;wpy; rktha;g;g[ fpilg;gjw;fhd

cj;jputhjj;ij ekJ murpay; mikg;g[ mspj;Js;sJ/

,th;fSf;F rK:f ghJfhg;g[ mspf;f lhf;lh; B.R/mk;ngj;fhh;

fod Kaw;rpfis vLj;jhh;/

jkpHf kf;fs; bjhifapy; Vwf;Fiwa 20/5

rjtPjj;jpdh; Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;Fo kf;fs; cs;sdh;/

,jpy; 70 rjtPj Mjpjpuhtpl kf;fs; kw;Wk; 85 rjtPj gH�;Fo

kf;fs; fpuhkg;g[w�;fspy; trpj;J tUfpd;wdh;/ vdnt

mth;fspd; rKjhag; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F jdp

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f ntz;oa epiy cs;sJ/ ,ij

czh;e;j muR mk;kf;fspd; Jhpj tsh;r;rpf;fhf gy;ntW

eyj;jpl;l�;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/

Kf;fpa eltof;iffs;Kf;fpa eltof;iffs;Kf;fpa eltof;iffs;Kf;fpa eltof;iffs;Kf;fpa eltof;iffs; :

1/ fy;tp tsh;r;rp/

2/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp/

3/ Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FofSf;fhd rpwg;g[

jpl;lk;/

4/ Mjpjpuhtplh ; kw ;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;fhd

bghUshjhu jpl;l�;fs; (jhl;nfh)

bghJthd vGj;jwpt[ tpfpjj;ij xg;gpLifapy;

Mjpjpuhtplh;. gH�;Foapdhpd; vGj;jwpt[ tpfpjk; Fiwthf

cs;sJ/ vdnt murh�;fk; mth;fsJ fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F

mjpf ftdk; brYj;jp 2004?2005 Mk; Mz;L epjp epiy

mwpf;ifapy; π/448/91 nfho xJf;fpa[s;sJ/ jw;nghJ

jkpHfj;jpy; 1018 Mjpjpuhtpl eyg;gs;spfSk; 277

gH�;FoapdUf;fhd ,Ug;gplg;gs;spfSk; ,a�;fp

tUfpd;wd/ fzpdp mwptpaiyg; gw;wpa mwpit

khzth;fsplk; tsh;g;gjw;fhf 31 cah;epiyg;gs;spfSf;F

jkpHf muR fzpdpfis tH�;fpa[s;sJ/ nkYk; 42

Mjpjpuhtpl eyg;gs;spfSf;F mwptpay; Ma;tfj;Jld;

Toa fl;ol trjpia mspj;J mk;khzth;fSf;F fy;tp

fl;lzj;jpypUe;J KGtpyf;F mspj;Js;sJ/

Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F gl;lg;gog;g[Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F gl;lg;gog;g[Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F gl;lg;gog;g[Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F gl;lg;gog;g[Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F gl;lg;gog;g[

tiu ,ytrf;fy;tp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/tiu ,ytrf;fy;tp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/tiu ,ytrf;fy;tp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/tiu ,ytrf;fy;tp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/tiu ,ytrf;fy;tp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/

1974 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J jhl;nfh vdg;gLk;

Mjpjpuhtplh;fs; tPl;L tsh;r;rp fHfk; bray;gl;L tUfpwJ/

,f;fHfj;jpd; bjhHpy;El;g gphpt[. tpLjpfs; fl;Ljy;. gs;sp

fl;olk; kw;Wk; tFg;giwfs; fl;Ljy; nghd;w gzpfis

bray;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ/ ,f;fHfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp gphpt[

,k;kf;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ/ ,f;fHfk; kf;fspd;

bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;fhd njitfspd; mog;gilapy;

jukhd thH;f;if thH eltof;iffs; vLj;J tUfpd;wJ/

gH�;Foapdh; eyk;gH�;Foapdh; eyk;gH�;Foapdh; eyk;gH�;Foapdh; eyk;gH�;Foapdh; eyk;

gH�;Foapdh; eyj;jpw;fhf jdp ,af;Fdufk; 2000

Mk; Mz;oypUe;J ,a�;fp tUfpd;wJ/ gH�;Foapdh;

mjpfkhf cs;s 13 khtl;l�;fspy; ,t;tpaf;fk; rpwg;g[

ftdk; brYj;jp tUfpd;wJ/ 36 tifahd gH�;Foapdhpd;

ml;ltizapy; njhlh;. nfhl;lh. FUk;gh;. ,Ush;. gspah;

kw;Wk; fhl;Leha;f;fd; nghd;nwhh; Mjpfhy gH�;Foapdh;

vd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ/ xU�;fpize;j gH�;Foapdh;

jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; ,e;j gphptpdUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/

gH�;Foapd bgz;fspd; nkk;ghl;ow ;fhf

Racjtpf;FGf;fs; Vw;gLj;j typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ/ 2002 Mk;

104 105

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Mz;oy; Jt�;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa kUj;Jt Muha;r;rp fHf

bray;jpl;lk; thapyhf ,e;j gH�;Fo kf;fSf;F kUj;Jt

trjpfis ,f;fHfk; bra;J tUfpwJ/ ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy;

trpf;Fk; gH�;Fo kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf kiythH; gFjp

tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; (HADP) eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

jPz;lhikia xHpf;ft[k;. Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk;

gH�;FoapdUf;F vjpuhd bfhLikfis mfw;wt[k; 1955

Mk; Mz;L chpikfs; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk;. 1989 Mk; Mz;L

Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;F vjpuhd

bfhLikfs; jilr;rl;lk; Mfpait ,k;khepyj;jpy;

rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ ,�;�zk;

murhy; vLf;fg;gl;l gy;ntW eltof;iffs; Mjpjpuhtplh;

kw;Wk; gH�;Foapdhpd; rK:f epiyia Vw;wkilar;

bra;Js;sd/

Kjpnahh; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;Kjpnahh; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;Kjpnahh; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;Kjpnahh; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;Kjpnahh; eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

Kjpnahh;fSf;F rKjha ghJfhg;g[ mspg;gjw;fhf

murh�;fk; gy;ntW jpl;l�;fis bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/

khje;njhWk; Kjpnahh; Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; gz cjtp

mspf;Fk; tifapy; 5 tiffshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

mitahtdmitahtdmitahtdmitahtdmitahtd :

1/ Kjpnahh; Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; (bghJ jpl;lk;) 1962/

2/ cly; CdKw;nwhUf;fhd Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk; (1974)/

3/ Mjutw;w tpjitfSf;fhd Xa;t{jpak; (1975)/

4/ Mjutw;w tptrha bjhHpyhsh;fs; Xa;t{jpak; (1981)/

5/ fztdhy; iftplg;gl;l bgz;fs; Xa;t{jpaj;jpl;lk;

(1986)/

nkw;fz;l jpl;lj;jpd; tHp gad;bgWnthh;f;F khjk;

π/200 tH�;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,g;gzk; khjj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpy;

gadhspf;F tH�;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,ijj;jtpu ,ytrntl;o.

,ytr nriy. rj;Jzt[f; Tl�;fs; K:yk; ,ytr czt[

nghd;wit tH�;fg;gLfpwJ/ nkYk; Mjutw;w kw;Wk;

vt;tpj tUkhdkpd;wp thGk; K:j;jFokf;fSf;F (SeniorCitizen) md;dg{h;zh jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; czt[ tH�;Fk;

gzpia fpuhktsh;r;rp mikr;rfk; bra;J tUfpwJ/ nkYk;

Vuhskhd Kjpnahh; ,y;y�;fs; murh�;fj;jhYk; jd;dhh;t

epWtd�;fshYk; K:j;j Fokf;fSf;F cjtp bra;a

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/

Mjutw;nwhh;fSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;Mjutw;nwhh;fSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;Mjutw;nwhh;fSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;Mjutw;nwhh;fSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;Mjutw;nwhh;fSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;

1992 Mk; Mz;L cly; CdKw;nwhUf;fhd kWthH;t[

,af;Fdufj;ij jkpHf muR mikj;jJ/ cly;

CdKw;nwhUf;F rk tha;g;g[fSk; rK:f ghJfhg;g[

mspg;gjw;fhft[k;. epjp cjtp mspg;gjw;Fk; murh�;fk;

1995 Mk; Mz;L cly;CdKw;nwhUf;fhd rl;lj;ij

,aw;wpaJ/ cly; CdKw;w FHe;ijfs; fy;tpbgw 25

rpwg;g[ gs;spfs; khepyk; KGtJk; Jt�;fg;gl;Ls;sd/

mth;fSf;F ,ytr fy;tp. czt[. ciwtplk;.

cjtpj;bjhif nghd;wit tH�;fg;gLfpwJ/

mth ;fSf ;F 3 rjt Pj ,lxJf ;f PL fy ;tp

epWtd�;fspYk; kw;Wk; ntiy tha;g;g[fspYk; muR

xJf;fPL bra;Js;sJ/ bjhHpy;El;g gphpthdJ. mth;fSf;F

rpwg;g[ gapw;rpfisa[k; ,ytr cgfuz�;fisa[k; tH�;F

fpwJ/ 2003 Mk; Mz;oy; kj;jpa murpd; epjp cjtpa[ld;

CdKw;nwhUf;fhd kWthH;t[jpl;lk; njdp. fh�;rpg[uk;.

jpUtz;zhkiy. ,uhkehjg[uk; Mfpa khtl;l�;fspy;

eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/ jkpHf muR 10 kWthH;t[

ika�;fis mikj;J CdKw;nwhhpd; eyj;jpw;fhf

ghLgl;L tUfpd;wJ/

tpjitfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fs;tpjitfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fs;tpjitfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fs;tpjitfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fs;tpjitfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fs;

jkpHf muR ViH tpjitfs;. iftplg;gl;l

bgz;fs;. Mjutw;w bgz;fs; mjhtJ 18 taJ Kjy; 40

106 107

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taJ tiuapyhdth;fSf;F jhk;guk;. flY}h;. nryk;.

jpUbey;ntyp. j�;rht{h;. fhiuf;Fo nghd;w 6 ,l�;fspy;

nrit ,y;y�;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ 1989 Mk; Mz;oy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l lhf;lh; jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh;

tpjit kWkzj;jpl;lk; ViH tpjitfspd; kfSila

jpUkzj;jpw;bfd π/10/000-? epjp cjtp bra;fpwJ/ Mjutw;w

bgz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;F epjp cjtp bra;a[k; tifapy;

md;id bjnurh jpUkzj;jpl;lk; g[Fj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

mz;ikapy;. ,e;jpa muR 2002 Mk; Mz;oy;

tpjitfs; kw;Wk; Mjutw;w bgz;fSf;fhf �Rthjh;

jpl;lk;� vd;w xd;iw Jtf;fpa[s;sJ/ ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPH;

,th;fSf;F rKjha. bghUshjhu. kWthH;t[ mspf;f

czt[. ciwtplk;. Milfs;. kUj;Jt cjtp.

fye;jhnyhridfs; nghd;w trjpfs; mspf;fg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd/

mdhijfSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;mdhijfSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;mdhijfSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;mdhijfSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;mdhijfSf;fhd jpl;l�;fs;

jkpHf muR mdhijfSf;Fbfd;W gy jpl;l�;fis

g[Fj;jpa[s;sJ/

1/ Mde;jk; vd;fpd;w jpl;lk; 1000f;Fk; nkw;gl;l

mdhij FHe;ijfs; trpf;Fk; mdhij ,y;y�;fspy;

E }yf� ;fis Vw ;gLj ;Jtij nehf ; fkhf

bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/

2/ bghUshjhu fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;FG gpd; j�;fpa

eyptile;j FHe;ijfspd; bghUshjhu fy;tp

tsh;r;rpf;F ghLgLfpwJ/

3/ 1983 Mk; Mz;oy; mikf;fg;gl;l fpuhkg;g[w

kf;fspd; eyr;r�;fk; (WARD) vd;fpw mikg;g[

xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspilna tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jp

tUfpd;wJ/

murh�;fj;jhYk; kw;Wk; gy;ntW jd;dhh;t

epWtd�;fshYk; Vuhskhd mdhij ,y;y�;fs;

elj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/ ,tw;Ws; rpthde;jh FUFyk;.

cjt[k; fu�;fs;. nrthyak;. nrth epiyak; kw;Wk; gpw

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;/

vdnt jkpHfmuR. rK:fj;jpd; gy;ntW gphpt[

kf;fSf;Fk; gy ey jpl;l�;fis bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ/

,k; Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf kf;fspd; rK:f bghUshjhu

epiy bgUkstpy; cah;e;Js;sJ/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;

1/ rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/1/ rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/1/ rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/1/ rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/1/ rK:f eyj;jpl;l�;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

2/ gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ gy;ntW jpl;l�;fspd; gad;fisa[k; g[hpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

3/ kfsph; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ kfsph; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ kfsph; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ kfsph; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J3/ kfsph; kw;Wk; FHe;ijfSf;fhd eyj;jpl;l�;fis g[hpe;J

bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPL

I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :1/ cyf Rfhjhu ehs; mDrhpf;fg;gLk; ehs;

(m) Vg;uy; 7 (M) etk;gh; 14

(,) khh;r; 8 (<) mf;nlhgh; 2

2/ Kj;Jyl;Rkpbul;o epidt[ kfg;ngW jpl;lk; mwpKfg;

gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1979 (M) 1989 (,) 1990 (<) 2002

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fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhr;ryk; nghd;nwhh; ,irf;fiyapy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;/

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jpiug;glj;Jiwjpiug;glj;Jiwjpiug;glj;Jiwjpiug;glj;Jiwjpiug;glj;Jiw :

20 ? Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jkpHfj;jpy; kpft[k; bry;thf;F

bgw;w fiyahf jpiug;glk; tps�;fpaJ/ rKjha murpay;

kw;Wk; kjr;rhh;ghd fUj;Jfis kf;fspd; kd�;fspy;

gug;g[k; rf;jp tha;e;j rhjdkhf jpiug;glk; tps�;FfpwJ/

jw;nghJ jpiug;glk; bghGJ nghf;fpw;fhf gad;gLfpwJ/

brd;idapy; 1931 ? Mk; Mz;oy; Kjd; Kjyhf ngRk;

glk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ brd;idapy; Vtp/vk;/

kw;Wk; tp$ath~pdp nghd;w jpiug; glg;gpog;g[

epiya�;fSk;. nfhak;g[j;J}h; gf;c&puh$h epWtdk;. nryk;

khlh;d; jpnal;lh; epWtdk; nghd;wit jpiug;glj;Jiwapy;

g[fH;bgw;w epWtd�;fshFk;/ jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; V/gp/

ehfuh$d;. o/ uhkz;zh. _jh;. nf/ghyre;jh;. v!;/gp/

Kj;Juhkd;. ghujpuh$h. ghf;fpauh$;. kzpuj;dk; nghd;nwhh;

g[fH;bgw;w ,af;Feh;fs; Mthh;/

jkpHpy; btspte;j Kjy; ngRk;glk;jkpHpy; btspte;j Kjy; ngRk;glk;jkpHpy; btspte;j Kjy; ngRk;glk;jkpHpy; btspte;j Kjy; ngRk;glk;jkpHpy; btspte;j Kjy; ngRk;glk; �fhspjh!;fhspjh!;fhspjh!;fhspjh!;fhspjh!;� MFk;/MFk;/MFk;/MFk;/MFk;/

vdnt jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; Ez;fiyfspYk;

Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp jkpHf kf;fspd; rK:f. murpay; fUj;Jfis

gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ/ bjhd;ikahd gHf;f�;fs;.

fUj;Jfisa[k; g[jpa g[ul;rpfukhd fUj;Jfshy; khw;wp;.

etPd fhy rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; fiyfs;

bgUk;g�;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;wd/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;fw;wy; tpist[fs;

1/ jkpHfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp gw;wp1/ jkpHfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp gw;wp1/ jkpHfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp gw;wp1/ jkpHfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp gw;wp1/ jkpHfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp gw;wp

mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

2/ jkpHfj;jpd; rkfhy ,yf;fpa gilg;g[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J2/ jkpHfj;jpd; rkfhy ,yf;fpa gilg;g[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J2/ jkpHfj;jpd; rkfhy ,yf;fpa gilg;g[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J2/ jkpHfj;jpd; rkfhy ,yf;fpa gilg;g[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J2/ jkpHfj;jpd; rkfhy ,yf;fpa gilg;g[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J

bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/bfhz;ldh;/

3/ jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; gytpj fiyfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; gytpj fiyfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; gytpj fiyfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; gytpj fiyfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; gytpj fiyfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPLRakjpg;gPL

I///// rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJfrhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJfrhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJfrhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJfrhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :1/ �jkpH;jhj;jh� vd;W nghw;wg;gLgth;

(m) fjpnurd; brl;oahh; (M) bt�;flrhkp ehlhh;

(,) c/nt/rhkpehj Iah; (<) kiwkiy mofs;

2/ �mfuKjyp� vd;Dk; brhw;fs�;rpaj;ij vGjpath;

(m) xsit Jiurhkp gps;is

(M) njtneag; ghthzh;;

(,) ekr;rptha Kjypahh;

(<) lhf;lh; K/ tujuhrdhh;

3/ rhz;oy;ad; vGjpa tuyhw;W g[jpdk;

(m) fly;g[wh (M) ntiyf;fhhp

(,) re;jpufhe;jh (<) FLk;g tpsf;F

4/ jkpH;ehlfj;jpd; je;ij vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lth;

(m) gk;ky; rk;ge;jk; Kjypahh;

(M) kndhd;kzpak; Re;juk;gps;is

(,) o/nf/v!;/ rnfhjuh;fs;

(<) Nhpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp

5/ brd;idapy; Kjy; ngRk; glk; btspaplg;gl;l Mz;L

(m) 1937 (M) 1931 (,) 1934 (<) 1947

II///// nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[fnfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[fnfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[fnfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[fnfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f :1/ rp/ uh$h$p vGjpa E}y; ____________2/ ____________ vd;Dk; E}y; njrpf tpehafk;

gps;isahy; vGjg;gl;lJ/

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3/ gj;kh Rg;ukzpak; ____________ Jiwapy; rpwg;g[

bgw;w xU fiy�h;/

4/ vk ; /v!; / Rg ;g [yl ;Rkp ____________ ,irapy ;

g[fH;bgw;w nkijfspy; xUth;/

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1/ Fd;df;Fo itj;jpaehjd; ehl;oaf;fiy�h;

2/ fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhryk; taypd;

3/ o/vk; brse;juuh$d; ehl;Lg;g[wf;fiy�h;

4/ g[c&;gtdk; Fg;g[rhkp ehj!;tuk;

5/ it$ae;jp khyh ghlfh;

IV///// RUf;fkhd tpilaspRUf;fkhd tpilaspRUf;fkhd tpilaspRUf;fkhd tpilaspRUf;fkhd tpilasp :1/ jkpH; ciueil tsh;r;rp gw;wp RUf;fkhf vGJf/

2/ jkpH;g[jpd Mrphpah;fs; rpyhpd; bgah;fis vGJf/

3/ jkpHfj;jpd; ehl;oaf;fiy�h;fspd; bgah;fis vGJf/

4/ jkpHfj;jpy; cs;s ,irf;fy;Y}hpfspy; ,uz;oid

Fwpg;gpLf/

V. tphpthd tpilasptphpthd tpilasptphpthd tpilasptphpthd tpilasptphpthd tpilasp :1/ jkpH;g;g[jpd�;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw;wp vGJf/

2/ jkpH;ehl;od; ftpij tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff/

3/ jkpH; rpdpkh tsh;r;rp gw;wp tphpthf vGJf/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rpbra;Kiwg; gapw;rpbra;Kiwg; gapw;rpbra;Kiwg; gapw;rpbra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

gy;ntW Jiwfspy; rpwg;g[ bgw;w fiy�h;fs; gw;wpa

glj;bjhFg;g[ xd;W jahh; bra;f/

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Foikapay;ghlk; 1

ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fs;

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;

1/ ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;sr;bra;jy;/ 2/ njrpa Fwpf;nfhs;fis vt;thW miltJ vd;gij mwpar;bra;jy;/ 3/ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fisg; gw;wp tpthpf;fr; bra;jy;/

,e;jpah 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;L khjk; 15 Mk;ehs; Rje;jpuk; mile;jJ/ ekJ njrj; jiyth;fs;. ,e;jpamurpayikg;ig cUthf;f xU murpay; eph;za rigiamikj;jdh;/ ekJ murpayikg;g[ 1950 $dthp 26 Mk;ehs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j ehis ehk; FoauRjpdkhff; bfhz;lhLfpd;nwhk;/ rkj;Jtf; bfhs;if bfhz;lxU Rje;jpu ehl;il cUthf;f ntz;Lbkd;W ekJ njrj;jiyth;fs; tpUk;gpdhh;fs;/ Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwFtWik. kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fk;. vGj;jwptpd;ik/ntiyapd;ik nghd;w rK:f bghUshjhu gpur;rpidfisekJ ehL vjph;nehf;f ntz;oapUe;jJ/ mnj rkaj;jpy;xt;bthU FokfDf;Fk; Rje;jpuk;. rkj;Jtk;. ePjpiaa[k;tH�;fntz;oa NH;epiyapy; ehL ,Ue;jJ/ ,ij ehk;ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fis jPtpukhf bray;gLj;Jtjd;K:ynk mila Koa[k;/ ekJ Fwpf;nfhs;fs; bjspthfeph;zapf;fg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw epiwntw;WtJk; kpfvspjhFk;/ ekJ ehl;L tsh;r;rpf;F njrpa Fwpf;nfhs;fs;xU tHpfhl;oahf cs;sJ/ murpay; mikg;gpd;Kft[iuapy; ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd/

kf;fshl;rp

cyfpy; epyt[k; Kf;fpa murpay; bfhs;ifapy;kf;fshl;rp Kiwa[k; xd;W/ kf;fshl;rp vd;w brhy;blkh!;. fpnu!p vd;w ,U fpnuf;fr; brhw;fspypUe;Jg;

bgwg;gl;lJ/ blkh!; vd;gJ kf;fs; vd;Wk; fpnu!pvd;gJ. murh�;fk; vd;Wk; bghUs;gLk;/ ekJ ehLkf;fshl;rp Kiw bfhz;l ehL/ mbkhpf;fhtpd; Kd;dhs;$dhjpgjp Mgpufhk; yp�;fdpd; fUj;Jg;go kf;fshl;rpvd;gJ/ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fns elj;Jk; Ml;rp MFk;/kf;fshl;rp ehLfspy; kf;fspd; fUj;jpw;F Kjyplk;mspf;fg;gLfpwJ/

kf;fshl;rp rkjh;kk;

njrpaf;Fwpf;nfhs;fs;

kjr;rhh;gpd;ik rKjhag;bghUshjhu murpay; ePjp

ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fs;

kf;fshl;rp bray;gLk; tpjk; : kf;fshl;rp eilbgWk;ehLfspy; Fokf;fs; rl;l hPjpahd mjpfhu�;fisa[k;murpay; mjpfhu�;fisa[k; bgWfpd;wdh;/ thf;Fhpik.mur pay ; fUj ;Jf ; fis btspa pLk ; ch pik.njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLk; chpik Mfpait rpy cjhuz�;fshFk;/

kf;fshl;rp eilbgWk; kw;w ehLfs; gw;wp cdJMrphpalkpUe;J bjhpe;J bfhs;/

ekJ kf;fshl;rpapy; taJte;njhUf;F thf;Fhpik vd;wepajp gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ/ ekJ Kd;dhs; gpujk mikr;rh;uh$Pt; fhe;jp mth;fs; 1985 Mk; Mz;L Xl;Lhpik taij21ypUe;J 18 Mff;Fiwj;jhh;/ ,e;jpaf; Fokf;fs; vtUk;murh�;fj;jpd; cah;e;j gjtpf;F njh;e;bjLf;fg;glyhk;/,iwika[s;s kf;fshl;rpapy;. Ml;rpahsh;fis kf;fs;

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cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;/ ekJ kf;fshl;rp kf;fspd; eyDf;fhfbray;gLfpd;wJ/

kf;fshl;rpapd; tiffs; : kf;fshl;rpapy; ,uz;Ltiffs; cz;L neuo kf;fshl;rp kw;Wk; kiwKfkf;fshl;rp/ neuo kf;fshl;rpapy; kf;fns rl;l�;fis,aw;wp. njitahd ,l�;fspy; jpUj;j�;fisr;bra;fpd;wdh;/ ,j;jifa Ml;rp Kiw Fiwe;j kf;fs;bjhif bfhz;l ehLfSf;Fg; bghUe;Jk;/ cjhuzk;Rtpl;rh;yhe;J/ Mdhy; kiwKf kf;fshl;rpapy; kf;fshy;njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; kf;fSf;fhf Ml;rpbra;thh;fs;/ ,e;jpahitg; nghd;w bghpa ehLfSf;FkiwKf kf;fshl;rp bghUe;Jk;/ kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; ehk;K:d;W mLf;F Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wfpd;nwhk;/ mit kj;jpamuR. khepy muR. cs;shl;rp mikg;g[fs;/ ,k;K:d;Wmikg;g[fSf;Fk; njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;L gpuepjpfs;njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/

kf;fshl;rpapd; nehf;fk; : kf;fs; eyid Kd;itj;JekJ Ml;rp eilbgWfpd;wJ/ rKjha bghUshjhu murpay;thH;f;ifapy; vy;nyhUf;Fk; rk chpik tH�;fg;gLfpd;wJ/cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa kf;fshl;rp ehlhf ,e;jpahtps�;FfpwJ/

njh;jy; Mizak; :ekJ kf;fshl;rp kug[fisg; ghJfhf;f kj;jpanjh ;thizak; xd;WepWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,jd;jiyik mYtyfk ;g[Jjpy;ypapy; cs;sJ/ehL KGtjpYk; njh;jy;fis neh;ikahd Kiwapy; elj;Jtnj njh;jy;Mizaj;jpd; gzpahFk;/njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyikj; njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk;

kpd;dQq thf;Fgjpt[ ,ae;jpuk;

,uz;L njh;jy; Mizah;fisa[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ ,th;fs;$dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;/ xt;bthUkhepyj;jpYk; khepy njh;jy; Mizak; cs;sJ/jkpH;ehl;od; njh;jy; Mizak; brd;idapy; cs;sJ/ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; khepy rl;l kd;w�;fSf;Fk; kf;fspd;gpujpepjpfis njh;e;bjLf;Fk; gzpia njh;jy; Mizak;bra;fpwJ/ efuhl;rp. g�;rhaj;J nghd;w cs;shl;rpmikg;g[fSf;Fk; njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ bghJj;njh;jy;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; ,ilj;njh;jy;fSk; ,ilg;gUtnjh;jy;fSk; njitahd NH;epiyfspy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd/,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpwF 14 bghJj; njh;jy;fs;elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/ 14tJ bghJj; njh;jypy; Kjd;KiwahfehL KGtJk; kpd ;dQq thf ;Fg ;gjpt [ Kiw/mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,jw;F Kd;dhy; ,k;Kiw xU rpygFjpfspy; kl;Lk; filgpof;fg;gl;lJ/

fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw : kf;fs; Ml;rp ey;y Kiwapy;eilbgw fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw rpwe;j Kiwapy; bray;glntz;Lk;/ K:d;W Kiwahd fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwfs; cz;L/mit (1) xU fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw (2) ,U fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw(3) gy fl;rp Ml;rp Kiw/ ,e;jpah gy fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwf;FxU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;/ ,e;jpahtpYs;s fl;rpfs; njrpaf;fl;rpfs; khepyf; fl;rpfs; vd ,U gphpt[fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/gy;ntW fl;rpap idr; rhh;e;j ntl;ghsh;fs;ghuhSkd;w mitfSf;Fk;. khepy rl;lrigfSf;Fk;nghl;oapLfpd;wdh;/

123 124

kpd;ddq thf;Fgjpt[

jiyik mjpfhup

thf;fhsu;

thf;Fgjpt[ mjpfhupfs;

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kf;fs; Ml;rp muR mikf;fg;gLjy; : VnjDk;xU fl;rpia rhh;e;j ntl;ghsUf;F kf;fs; j�;fsJ thf;ifmspf ;fpd ;wdh ; / ghuhSkd;wj ; njh ;jypy ; mWjpbgUk;ghd;ik bgw;w fl;rp kj;jpa muir mikf;fpd;wJ/,t;thnw khepy�;fspYk; mWjp bgUk;ghd;ik bgw;wfl;rp khepy rl;lkd;w�;fis mikf;fpd;wJ/ ,uz;Lnjh;jy;fspYnk ,uz;lhtJ bgUk;ghd;ik bgw;w fl;rpvjph;f;fl;rpahf bray;gLk; me;j!;ij bgWfpwJ/kf;fshl;rp rpwg;g[ld; bray;gl typikg; bghUe;jpavjph;f;fl;rp mtrpak;/ ,e;j vjph;f;fl;rpfs; MS�;fl;rpbra;a[k; jtWfisa[k;. Fiwfisa[k; Rl;of;fhl;Lfpd;wd/njrpa mstpy; ghuhSkd;wKk; khepy mstpy;rl;lkd;w�;fSk; rl;l�;fis ,aw;wp kf;fis Ml;rpbra;fpd;wJ/

II rkjh;kk;

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,e;jpahtpy; rkjh;k bfhs;ifapd; njit :M�;fpnyah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; tptrhaKk; bjhHpw;rhiya[k;g [wf ;fzpf ;fg ;gl ;ld/ ,e;jpa bghUshjhuj ;jpd ;KJbfYk;ghf tptrhak; tps�;FfpwJ/ ek; ehl;oy; 80rjtPj kf;fs; fpuhk�;fspy; thH;fpwhh;fs;/ mth;fspd;bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; tptrhapfshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;/ ekJrKjhaj;jpy; ViH. gzf;fhud; vd;w gphpt[fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd/gzf;fhuh;fs; j�;fspd; vy;yh njitfisa[k; g{h;j;;jpbra;af;Toa epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;/ Mdhy; viHfs; j�;fsJmog;gilj; njitfisa[k; g{h;j;jp bra;a Koahjepiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;/ ,t;tpU gphptpdiug; gphpf;Fk; nfhLtWikf;nfhL vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/ ,e;jpa kf;fs;bjhifapy; 1/3 gphptpdh; tWikf;nfhl;od; fPH;thH;fpd;wdh;/ ,t;tpU gphptpdUf;fpilna cs;s,ilbtspia rhp bra;a ntz;oaJ ekJ flik/ xUrkjh;kf; bfhs;iff; bfhz;l xU murhy; jhd; ,ijepiwntw;w Koa[k;/

rKjha eyj;jpl;l�;fs; :

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125 126

ey;y kf;fshl;rp eilbgwj; njitahd

fhuzpfs; :kf;fshl;rp ey;yKiwapy; bray;gl kf;fs;

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tPL fl;oj; jUjy; (,) xt;bthU ,e;jpaDf;Fk;ntiy tha;g;iga[k; fy;tp tha;g;iga[k; mspj;jy;/

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3/ rKjhaj;jpYk; bghUshjhuj;jpYk; gpd;j�;fpakf;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F rKjha ey Mizak;xd;iwa[k; epWtpa[s;sJ/

4/ mog;gil chpikfs; : (m) rkj;Jt chpik(M) Rje;jpu chpik (,) Ruz;lYf;bfjpuhd chpik(<) rka chpik (c) fy;tp fyhr;rhu chpik (C)murpayikg;g[f;Fl;gl;L ghpfhuk; bgWk; chpikMfpa ,t;t[hpikfs; midj;J ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk;rhjp. kjk;. ghy;. ,dk;. gpwe;j ,lk; vd;w ve;jntWghod;wp tH�;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

mog;gil chpikfs; ekJ murpay; mikg;g[ rl;lj;jpy;III tJ gphptpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ/

5/ muR bewpKiwf; bfhs;ifs; : muR bewpKiwf;bfhs;iffs; ekJ njrpaf; Fwp;f;nfhs;fis milarpy tHpKiwfis muRf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ/ muRbewp Kiwf;bfhs;iffs;; xU bghJ ey muRVw;gLtij nehf;fkhff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ mit (m)kf;fspd; thH;f;if juj;ij cah;j;Jjy;. (M) thH;f;iftrj pfisg ; bgUf ;Ftjw ;F njitahdtHpKiwfisr; bra;J jUjy;. (,) trjptha;g;gw;nwhhpd; eyid ftdpj;jy;. (<) bry;tk;Xhplj;jpy; Ftpahky; jLj;jy;. (c) ,aw;ifts�;fis rPhpa Kiwapy; vy;nyhUf;Fk; gadspf;Fk;tifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy; nghd;witahFk;/ ekJ muRmd;whl eph;thfj;jpw;fhd bfhs;iffisa[k;/rl;l�;fisa[k; cUthf;Fk; bghGJ ,t;tHpKiwfis kdjpy; epidt[ bfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;/

6/ ekJ muR kf;fspilna cs;s Vw;wj;jhH;t[fise Pf ;f gy;ntW bghUshjhuj ; jpl ;l� ;fismwpKfg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ mit (1) 10 Ie;J Mz;Ljpl;l�;fs;/ (2) 20 mk;rj;jpl;lk; (3) $t~h; ntiytha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (4) Rantiy tha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (5)bgz;fs; eyDf;fhd ,e;jpuh kfsph; ntiytha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (6) Kjpnahh;fSf;fhd md;d g{h;zhjpl;lk; (7) vy;nyhUf;Fk; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; (rh;t rpf;c&mgpahd;)/

muR bewpKiwf;nfhl;ghLfs; murpay;mikg;g[r;rl;lj;jpd; IV tJ gphptpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

,j;jifa jpl;l�;fs; rkjh;k murpd; btw;wpnjhy;tpia eph;zapf;Fk; mst[ nfhyhFk;/

III kjr;rhh;gpd;ik

ekJ murpay; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iuapy; ekJ muR,iwik bghUe;jpa rkjh;k kj rhh;gw;w kf;fshl;rp bgw;wFoauR vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;gJekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;/1976 Mk; Mz;L 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; go ekJ murpay;mikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iuapy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;Dk;bfhs;if ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;wbrhy; ‘brf;Fyk;’ vd;w ,yj;jPd; bkhHpapypUe;Jbgwg;gl;lJ/ brf;Fyk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F kjr;rhh;gpd;ikvd;gJ bghUs;/ ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; muruhdKfyha murh; mf;gUk;. k~h uh$h u�;rpj; rp�; vd;gtUk;19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; rK:f rka rPh;jpUj;jthjpfshd uh$huhk;nkhfd;uha;. Rthkp tpntfhde;jh ; nghd;nwhUk;kjr;rhh;gpd;ik bfhs;ifia Mjhpj;jdh;/

kjr;rhh;gpd;ikapd; njit : ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Jkjk;. fpUj;Jtk;. ,!;yhk;. rPf;fpa kjk;. i$d kjk;.

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g[j;j kjk; nghd;w gy kj�;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd/jw;nghJ gy kjj;jpdhpilna rkag; g{ry;fs; epytptUfpd;wd/ ,e;epiyapy; kj ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jkjr;rhh ;gpd;ikf; bfhs;ifia gpd;gw;WtJ kpfmtrpakhFk;/

,e;jpahtpy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik : ,e;Jf;fs;. K!;yPk;fs;.fpUj;Jth;fs; my;yJ ntW ve;j kjj;jpduhf ,Ue;jhYk;/mth ; fsJ kjj ;ij g pd ;gw ;w KGr ;Rje ; j p uk ;tH�;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;gnj ,e;jpa kjr;rhh;gpd;ikbfhs;ifapd; nehf;fkhFk;/ ,e;jpa muR ve;j xUjdpg;gl;l rkaj;ija[k; mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ my;y/,e;jpa kf;fs; midtUk; j�;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd kjj;ijj;njh;e;bjLf;ft[k;. gpd;gw;wt[k;. nghjpf;ft[k; chpikg;bgw ;Ws ;sdh ; / kf ;fsJ rka nfhl ;ghLfspYk;fUj;Jf;fspYk; muR jiyaplhJ/

chpik kf;fSf;F tH�;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy;. mnjrkaj;jpy; kf;fspd; ve;j eltof;iffSk; bra;iffSk;kw;w kj czh;t[fis ghjpf;ff;TlhJ vd;w xU epge;jidtpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,e;jpa kf;fspilna kjr;rfpg;g[j;jd;ik tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ/ kjr;rfpg;g[j;jd;ik vd;gJgz;ila ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;od; Kf;fpaf;TwhFk;/

,e;jpaf; Fokf;fs;. ve;j kjj;jpduhf ,Ue;jhYk;ekJ murh�;fj;jpd; cah;e;j gjtpia tfpf;fyhk;/ j�;fsJkj nghjidfisr; bra;at[k;. kjtsh;r;rpf;Fg; ghLglt[k;,e ;j pahtpy ; cs ;s vy ;yh kjj ; j pdUf ;Fk ;ghJfhg;gspf;;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy; ,j;jifa ghJfhg;igj;jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jp kjf; fytu�;fSf;F tHptFf;ff;TlhJ/ ,jdhy; kjr; rhh;gpd;ik bfhs;if gw;wpamwpit kf;fspilna tsur; bra;a ekJ muRk; Kaw;rpbra;fpd;wJ/ kj ey;ypzf;fj;ija[k;/ kjr;rhh;gpd;ikiaa[k;tsur; bra;tjpy; murh�;fj;Jld; xj;JiHg;gJ xt;bthU,e;jpahpd; flikahFk;/ kjr;rfpg;g[j;jd;ik bfhs;ifiatsh;g;gjpy; murpay; jiyth;fs;. fy;tpahsh;fs;.kjj;jiyth;fs; MfpnahUf;F bgUk; g�;Fz;L/kjr;Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ ekJ mog;gil chpikfSs; xd;whftiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

IV rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjp

ekJ murpay; mikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk;midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjptH�;FtJk;. rk me;j!;J mspg;gJk; vy;nyhUf;Fk;rpe;jpf;ft[k;. vz;z�;fis btspaplt[k; Rje;jpuk;mspg;gJk; MFk;/ $hjp. kj. ghypd ntWghod;wpvy;nyhUf;Fk; jdpf;Foa[hpik tH�;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ murpd;nritj;jpl;l�;fs; midj;Jk; vy;yh gphptpdiua[k;brd;wila tHptifr; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ kjr;Rje;jpuk;.jPz;lhik xHpg;g[. gy;ntW rK:f ey Miza�;fs;

kjr;rhh;gpd;ik

129 130

ekJ ehl;oy; rkak; vd;gJ muRf;bfhs;iffSf;Fmg;ghw;gl;lJ/ ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ve;j KiwapYk; tHpgLk;

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epWtg;gLjy; nghd;wit gy;ntW rK:fj;jpdhpd;Vw;wj;jhH;t[fis ePf;f tHptif bra;Js;sJ/ fhe;jp$p. </bt/uh bghpahh;. _ ehuhazFU nghd;nwhh; jPz;lhikiaxHpf;f mUk;ghLgl;ldh;/

rK:fj;jpy; bgz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;jt[k;.FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwiaj; jLf;ft[k; muR gyrl;l�;fis ,aw;wpa[s;sJ/ r�;f�;fis epWt[k; chpika[k;murpayikg;g[f;Fl;gl;L ghpfhuk; bgWk; chpika[k;.Ruz;lYf;bfjpuhd chpika[k; fy;tp fyhr;rhu chpika[k;.bfhj;joik Kiw xHpg;g[k; ekJ muR midj;Jkf;fSf;Fk; rK:f ePjp tH�;fpa[s;sJ vd;gij cWjpbra;fpd;wJ/

ekJ Kd;dhs; gpujk ke;jphp ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 1976y; ,e;jpahtpy;

bfhj;joik Kiw xHpa Kf;fpa g�;Ftfpj;jhh;/

,e ;j pah ; fs ; midtUk ; . ,e ;j pahtpd ;ve ;jg ;gFjpapYk ; Fonawyhk ; / midtUf ;Fk ;brhj;Jf;fis th�;ft[k;. tpw;ft[k; tpUg;ghd ntiyiar;bra;at[k;. thzpgk;. tpahghuj;ij nkw;bfhs;st[k; chpikcz;L/ jFjpapd; mog;gilapy; jpwika[s;sth;fSf;FmuRj; Jiwfspy; ntiy tha;g;gspf;f xU njh;t[ Mizak;epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/ kj;jpa njh;thizak; (U.P.S.C.) jkpH; ehLnjh;t[ Mizak; (T.N.P.S.C) buapy;nt njh;t[ thhpak; (R.R.B)nghd;w Miza�;fs; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRgzpfSf;Fg; gzpahsh;fisj; njh;e;bjLf;fpwJ/

ekJ muR. kf;fshl;rp murhf ,Ug;gjhy;thf;fspf;Fk; chpik midtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/,J taJ te;njhh; thf;Fhpik vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/,jd; mog;gilapy; rhjp. ,dk;. fy;tp. ghypdk;.cah;e;njhh;. jhH;e;njhh; vd;w ve;j ghFghLkpd;wp 18 taijmile;j midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik tH�;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/rl;lk; midtUf;Fk; bghJthdJ vd;gnj ekJ rkjh;kkf;fshl;rpapd; nehf;fkhFk;/ ekJ murpay; mikg;g[

cj;juthjk; mspj;Js;s bghUshjhu rK:f murpay;chpikfisg; ghJfhf;f Rje;jpukhf bray;gLk; ePjpj;Jiwxd;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;

1/ ekJ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fshd kf;fshl;rp. rkjh;kk;. kjr;rhh;gpd;ik. rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjp gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ njrpaf;Fwpf;nfhs;fis vt;thW miltJ vd;gija[k; mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ njrpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf tpsf;ft[k; mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;gPL

I / rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ kf;fshl;rp vd;gjw;F bghUj;jkhd tpsf;fk; Twpath;

(m) thc&p�;ld; (M) Mgpufhk;yp�;fd;

(,) bfd;do (<) cl;nuh tpy;rd;

2/ thf;Fhpik mspf;Fk; taij 21ypUe;J 18 MfFiwj;jth;

(m) ,e;jpuhfhe;jp (M) bkuuhh;$p njrha;

(,) uh$Pt;fhe;jp (<) tp/gp/ rp�;/

3/ ,J tiu ele;j ghuhSkd;w bghJj;njh;jy;fspd;vz;zpf;if

(m) 12 (M) 13 (,) 14 (<) 15

4/ gy fl;rp Ml;rp eilbgWk; ehl;ow;F Xh; cjhuzk;

(m) ,�;fpyhe;J (M) mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;

(,) ,e;jpah (<) M!;jpnuypah

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1/ ekJ murpay; mikg;g[r; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jMz;L _______________/

2/ ‘blkh!;’ vd;why; _______________ vd;W bghUs;/

3/ kf;fshl;rp rkjh;kk; vd;w bfhs;if 1955 k; Mz;L_______________ vd;w ,lj;jpy; ele;j ,e;jpanjrpa fh�;fpuR khehl;oy; epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/

4/ ekJ muR bewpKiwf; bfhs;iffs; murpay; mikg;g[rl;lj;jpd; _______________ gphptpy; cs;sJ/

5/ 1976 Mk; Mz;L _______________ jpUj;jj;jpd;gokj rhh;gpd;ik vd;w bfhs;if ekJ murpay; mikg;g[rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;g[iuapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ/

III / bghUj;Jf :m M

1/ fhe;jpaofs; rk chpik

2/ ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Mr;rhh;ah tpndhghghnt

3/ mog;gil chpikfs; bfhj;joik Kiw xHpg;g[

4/ g{kpjhd ,af;fk; thf;fspf;Fk; taJ 18

Mf Fiwj;jy;

5/ 1985 jPz;lhik xHpg;g[

IV / RUf;fkhd tpilasp : 1/ ,e;jpahtpd; njrpa Fwpf;nfhs;fs; ahit>

2/ kf;fshl;rp tiuaW/

3/ taJ te;njhh; thf;Fhpik vd;why; vd;d>

4/ ekJ murpay; rl;lk; mspj;Js;s mog;gilchpikfs; ahit>

5/ kf;fshl;rpapd; nehf;f�;fs; ahit>

6/ K:d;W tifahd fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwfs; ahit>

7/ kjr; rhh;gpd;ik vd;why; vd;d>

8/ jPz;lhik xHpf;fg;ghLgl;l rK:f rPh;jpUj;j thjpfisFwpg;gpLf/

9/ rkjh;kk; ? tiuaW/


1/ ,e;jpah xU kf;fshl;rp muR vd;gij tpthp/

2/ ,e;jpahtpd; kjr; rhh;gpd;ik bfhs;ifia tpthp/

3/ ,e;jpahtpd; rkjh;kk; gw;wp vGJf/

4/ ,e;jpa kf;fspd; rK:fg; bghUshjhu murpay; ePjpgw;wp vGJf/

bra;Kiwg;gapw;rp

1/ Mrphpahpd; Jiz bfhz;L kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; cdJtFg;g[ jiytid njh;e ;bjLf;f xU njh;jiyelj;jt[k;/

2/ khjphp ghuhSkd;wk; xd;iw bray;gLj;jt[k;/

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ghlk; 2

njrpa xUikg;ghL fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs; 1/ ekJ ghuk;ghpaj;ij mwpjy;/ 2/ njrPa xUikg;ghl;od; bghUis bjhpe;J bfhs;sy;/ 3/ ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik vd;w fUj;ij mwpjy;/

cyfpy; cs;s kpfg;bghpa kf;fshl;rp eilbgWk;ehLfspy ; xd ;W ,e ;j pah / cyf tuyhw ;w py ;,e;jpag;gz;ghL kpfr;rpwe;jjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ/ ,e;jpahgy tif ntWghLfs; bfhz;l xU ehL/ ,e;jpahtpy;gy g[tpapay; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ/

epytpay; ntWghLfs; : ,e;jpahtpy; epymikg;gpYk; fhy epiyapYk;. ,aw;ifj; jhtu tiffspYk;.kz; tiffspYk; ntWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/,e;jpahtpy; cah;e;j kiyfSk;. gPlg{kpfSk; ,Ug;gJnghy jhH;epy�;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ gy;ntW fhyepiyfs; ,e;jpahtpy; epyt[fpd;wd/ ,uh$!;jhdpy;Kl;g[jh;fisa[k;/ mrhkpy; mlh;e;j fhLfisa[k; ehk;fhz;fpnwhk;/

gz;ghl;Lf;TWfspy; ntWghLfs; : ,e;jpahtpy;bkhHp. ,dk;;. kjk;;. rhjp Mfpatw;wpy; ntWghLfs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;jpah;fs; vz;zw;w bkhHpfisg;ngRfpd;wdh;/ ,e;jp. kuhj;jp. F$uhj;jp. g�;rhgp. cUJ.t�;fhsp nghd;w Kf;fpa bkhHpfs; tl,e;jpahtpy;ngrg;gLfpd;wd/ jkpH;. kiyahsk;. bjY�;F/ xhpah/fd;dlk; Mfpait bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk; Kf;fpabkhHpfs; MFk;;/ gy;ntW bkhHpfspy; g[fH; bgw;w,yf;fpa�;fs; gy gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ tl bkhHpapy;vGjg;gl;l thy;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazk;. fhspjhrhpd;rhFe;jyk;. jkpH;bkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;l fk;ghpd;,uhkhazk;. jpUts;Sthpd; jpUf;Fws; Mfpait rhjp.kjk;. bkhHp vd;w ntWghod;wp vy;yh ,e;jpah;fshYk;

ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;jpahtpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gyrpWghd;ik kw;Wk; gH�;Fo bkhHpfs; ngrg;gl;LtUfpd;wd/ gH�;Fo kf;fs; ngRk; bkhHpfSf;F vGj;Jtotk; ,y;iy/ ,e;jpa ehl;L kf;fs; mth;fsJgz;ghl;ila[k;/ bkhHpiaa[k; ghJfhf;fpd;w chpikbgw;Ws;sdh ; / j Pghtsp. uk ;$hd;. fpwp!;Jk!;.FUehdf;b$ae;jp. g[j;j g{h;zpkh. kfhtPh; b$ae;jp nghd;w

gj pbdl ;L bkhH pfs ; ekJ mur payikg ;ghy ;m�;f Pfhuk; bgw;Ws;sd/

rka tpHhf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd/ gyntWghL fspUg;gpDk; ,e;jpah;fs; kjr;rfpg;g[j;jd;ikiagpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;/ fhyepiyapy; ntWghLfs; ,Ug;gjhy;gaphplg;gLk; gaph;fSk; khWfpd;wd/ gaphplg;gLk;gaph;fspd; mog;gilapy; czt[g;gHf;f tHf;f�;fs;,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgLfpd;wd/ vdnt bjd;dpe;jpakhepy�;fspy;; mhprp Kf;fpa czthft[k;/ tl ,e;jpakhepy�;fspy; nfhJik Kf;fpa czthft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/

ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wika[k;; njrPa xUikg;ghLk;:xU ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wpxw;Wik czh;t[ld; mikjpahf xU�;fpize;J thGk;xU czh;nt njrPa xUikg;ghL vd;gjhFk;/ ek; ehl;od;tsh;r;rpf;F kf;fs; midtUk; xU�;fpize;J gzpahw;wnjrPa xUikg;ghL tHptFf;fpd;wJ/ tFg;g[thjk;.jPtputhjk; nghd;w jPikfis vjph;j;Jg; nghuhLk;typikiaa[k; mspf;fpd;wJ/

,e;jpahtpy; njrPa xUikg;ghL : g[tpapay; kw;Wk;gz;ghl;L ntWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; xw;Wik vd;Dk;tpaf;fj;jf;f Mf;ff;TW midj;J kf;fisa[k; xd;whf,izf;fpd;wJ/ ,e;j xw;Wikna ,e;jpa gz;ghl;od;rpwg;g[ mk;rkhFk;/ ,ijna ehk; ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikvd;Wk; njrPa xUikg;ghL vd;Wk; miHf;fpd;nwhk;/

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,e;jpah;fs; midtUk; rhjp. kjk;. bkhHp Mfpatw;wpy;ntWgl;L ,Ue;jhYk; j�;fis Kjypy; ,e;jpah; vd;Wk;gpwF jkpHh;fs;. kiyahspfs;. fpwp!;Jth;fs;. K!;yPk;fs;vd;Wk; TWtjpy;jhd; bgUkpjk; milfpd;wdh;/ ,e;jpakf;fspilna cs;s ,j;jifa czh;t[ vy;yh ntw;Wikfisa[k; fise;J xw;Wika[ld; thH tHpbra;fpd;wJ/

xw;Wik vd;w E}yhy; fl;lg;gl;l gy;ntW kyh;fspd;

khiy vd;W ,e;jpah xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ/

njrPa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;Fk; fhuzpfs; :

1/ ekJ gHf ; f tHf ; f� ; fSk ; ghuk ;gh paKk ; : :tpUe;njhk;gy;. <if. el;g[. md;g[. Raeykpd;ik.

2 / mur payikg ;g [f ;Fl ;gl ;l ch pikfs ; : ekJmurpayikg;g[ njrPa xUikg;ghl;ow;F tpj;jpLfpwJ/murpayikg;g[ ,e;jpaf;Fokf;fs; midtUf;Fk;rkj;Jtk;. Rje;jpuk;. kw;Wk; ePjp tH�;fpa[s;sJ/ rhjp.kjk;. ,dk;. ghy;. bkhHp ntWghod;wp kf;fSf;Fmog;gil chpikfisa[k; tH�;fpa[s;sJ/ eyptile;jgphptpduhd Mjpjpuhtplh;fs; kw;Wk; gH�;FoapdUf;Fk;rpwg;g[ rYiffs; tH�;fg;gl;Ls;sd/

fhe;jpaofs; jPz;lhik xHpg;gjw;Fg; ghLgl;lhh;/

rkjh;kk; kw;Wk; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik gz;g[fs; njrpaxUikg;ghL bgUkstpy; tsu cjt[fpd;wd/,e;jpau;fs; xt;bthUtUk; nkw;go bfhs;iffs; tsuxd;wpize;J gzpg[hpantz;Lk;/

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138137

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I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

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145 146

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,uz;lhk; epiy gilg;gphpt[ : ,uz;lhk;epiyg;gilg; gphpt[k; ehl;ow;F cjt[fpd;wJ/mitahtd:(1) cs;ehl;Lg;gil.(2) vy;iyg;gil.(3) njrpa khzth; gil. (4) flw;fiu fhty;gil.(5) Ch;f;fhty;gil/

cs;ehl;Lg;gil : ,g;gil 1949 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ/ ,J jd; Mh;tKs;s gFjp neu gzp Mw;Wk;Fokf;fspd; gilahFk;/ ,is�h;fSf;Fg; gilg;gapw;rpmspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/ ,g;gapw;rp Fokf;fSf;F ehl;Lg;ghJfhg;gpy; g�;bfLf;Fk; tha;g;gpid mspf;fpd;wJ/

vy;iyghJfhg;g[g;gil (B.S.F): ,g;gil 1965y; ekJehl;L vy;iyfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf epWtg;gl;lJ/cs;ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;gpy; jiug;gilf;F ,J cjtpahfcs;sJ/ rl;l tpnuhjkhd thzpfj;ija[k; fs;sf;flj;jiya[k; ,J jLf;fpd;wJ/

njrpa khzth; gil (N.C.C): ,g;gilg;gphpt[fy;Y}hpfspYk; gs;spfspYk; gapYk; ,sk; khztpah;fis ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;gpw;F jahh; bra;fpwJ/ ,J xUjd;dhh;t mikg;ghFk;/ ,e;j mikg;g[ jPur; bray;ehl;Lg;gw;Wzh;t[/ rK:f nrit nghd;w gz;g[fis khztkhztpahpilna tsur; bra;fpd;wJ/

flnyhuf; fhty;gil (Coast Guard) : flnyhuf;fhty;gilapd; jiyik mYtyfk; g[Joy;ypapy;mike;Js;sJ/ ,J ,af;Feh; b$duy; jiyikapd; fPH;bray;gLfpd;wJ/ ,jd; K:d;W tl;lhuj;jiyikaf�;fs;Kk;ig. brd;id. nghh;l; gpnsh; Mfpa efu�;fspy;mike ;Js ;sJ/ ,jd ; Kjd ;ikahd gzpfs ;kPd;tsj;Jiwiag; ghJfhg;gJk; fs;sf;flj;jiy jLj;JepWj;JtJk; MFk;/

Ch;f;fhty;gil : khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xG�;if epiyehl;l,g;gil 1978 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ/ bts;sk; kw;Wk;epy eLf;fk; Vw;gl;l fhy�;fspy; ,g;gil nritbra;fpd;wJ/ ,J xU nrit mikg;ghFk;/

ekJ ghJfhg;g[g;gilapd; rhjidfs; :

1/ 1971Mk; Mz;L ele;j ,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; nghhpy;,e;jpah jdJ typikahd gil K:yk;ghfp!;jhid njhw;foj;J kpfg;bghpa btw;wpiamile;Js;sJ/ ,g;nghhpd; tpisthf Rje;jput�;fnjrk; njhd;wpaJ/

2/ khyj;jPt[ muR ekJ ghJfhg;g[ gilfSf;FmiHg;g[ tpLj;J m�;F Vw;gl;l uhQqt g[ul;rpiamlf;fp mikjpia epiyehl;oaJ/

3/ I/eh/ mikjpg;gila[ld; bfhhpah/ tpal;ehk;/fh�;nfh nghd;w ehLfspy; mikjp fhf;Fk; gilahfgzpg[hpa ekJ gilf;F miHg;g[ tplg;gl;Lgzpahw;wpaJ/

xt;bthU tUlKk; ork;gh; 7 Mk; ehs; ek; ehl;ow;fhf

caph;j; jpahfk; bra;j tPuh;fspd; epidthf bfho ehs;

bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ/

ve;j neuj;jpYk; ekJ ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f ekJghJfhg;g[ gilfs; vg;nghJk; jahh; epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ekJ ,is�h;fs; ghJfhg;g[ gilapy; nrh;e;Jehl ;ow ;F nrit bra ;J ehl ;ilg ; ghJfhf ;fKd;tuntz;Lk;/ midj;J ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;g[gilapy; ntiy bgw tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Fokf;fs;xt;bthUtUk; ehl;Lf;F nrit bra;tJ flikahFk;/

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fw;wy; tpist[fs;1/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ mikg;g[ gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ ekJ ghJfhg;gpd; K:d;W gphpt[fs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ njrpag;ghJfhg;g[ Kiw gw;wp tpsf;ff;fw;Wf;bfhz;ldh;/4/ ,uz;lhk; epiy ghJfhg;g[ gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;gPLI. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ ,e;njh rPdg; nghh; ele;j Mz;L

(m) 1962 (M) 1926 (,) 1962 (<) 1942

2/ ekJ Kg;gilfspd; jiyikj; jsgjp

(m) gpujk ke;jphp (M) FoauRj;jiyth;

(,) MSeh; (<) Kjd;ke;jphp

3/ flw;gilapd; jiyik mYtyh;

(m) fkhz;lh; (M) nk$h;(,) ml;kpuy; (<) Vh;rPg; khh;c&y;

4/ ,e;jpah kf;fshl;rp Foaurhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lMz;L

(m) 1947 (M) 1950 (,) 1940 (<) 1951


1/ jiug;gilapd; jiyik mYtyh; _______________Mthh;/

2/ nkw;F ,e;jpa jiug;gilapd; jiyik mYtyfk;__________ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ/

3/ ,e ;J!;jhd ; tpkhdk ; fl ;Lk ; bjhHpw ;rhiy ;_________________ y; cs;sJ/

4/ flnyhuf; fhty; gilapd; jiyik mYtyfk;___________________ y; cs;sJ/

III. bghUj;Jf :

1/ fpHf;F flw;gilg;gphpt[ rPd Mf;fpukpg;g[

2/ 1962 ml;kpuy;

3/ Ivd;v!; rf;uh tprhfg;gl;odk;

4/ mf;dp ePh; KH;fpf; fg;gy;

5/ flw;;gil Vt[fiz


1/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; K:d;W gphpt[fis Fwpg;gpL/

2/ jiug;gil gw;wp Fwpg;g[ vGJ/

3/ ekJ flw;gilapy; cs;s kpf cah;e;j mjpfhhp gw;wpvGJ/

4/ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghJfhg;g[ jsthl�;fs; cw;gj;jpbra;a[k; bjhHpw;rhiyfis Fwpg;gpLf/

5/ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghJfhg;g[ gapw;rp ika�;fs; gw;wpFwpg;gpLf/

151 152

jiug;gil flw;gil tpkhdg;gil b$duy; ml;kpuy; Vh; rPg; khh;c&y; byg;odd;l; b$duy; Jiz ml;kpuy; Vh; khh;c&y;

nk$h; b$duy; hpah; ml;kpuy; Vh; it!;; khh;c&y;

gphpnfoah; fk; nkhlhh; Vh; fk;nkhlhh;

fh;dy; nfg;ld; FU:g;nfg;ld;

byg;odd;l;fh;dy; fk;nkd;lh; tp�;fk;nkd;lh;

nk$h; byl;od;dk; !;fhl;ud; yPlh;

nfg;ld; fk;nkd;lh;; gpisl;

byg;odd;l; byl;odd;l; byg;odd;l;

,uz;lhtJ ? Jiz byg;odd;l; gpisap�; Mgp!h;

byg;odd;l; Mf;o�; igyl; Mgp!h;

Jiz byg;odd;l;

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1/ ,e;jpahtpy; ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; njitf;fhdfhuz�;fs; ahit?

2/ ,e;jpa flw;gilapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; eph;thfk; gw;wptpthp/

3/ ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; eph;thfk;gw;wp tpthp.

4/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ Kiwapd; ,uz;lhk; epiy gilgw;wp vGJ/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ ekJ ghJfhg;g[ mikg;g[ gw;wp xU glj;bjhFg;igjahh; bra;/

2/ bfhojpdj;ij c�;fs; gs;spapy; bfhz;lhlt[k;/

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ghlk; 4

ekJ rK:fg; gpur;ridfSk; jPh;t[fSk;

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;1/ bgz;fspd; gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw jPh;f;Fk; tHpfis mwpjy;/2/ vGj;jwptpd;ik gpur;ridiaa[k; mij vt;thW ePf;fntz;Lk; vd;gija[k; mwpjy;/3/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw ePf;Fjy; gw;wp mwpjy;/

tpLjiyf ;F gpwF ek ; ehL gy rK:fg ;gpur;ridfisr; re;jpj;jJ/ mitfspy; Kjd;ikahditvGj;jwptpd;ik. bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjp.FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid MfpaitahFk;/ ,e;jg;gpur;ridfSf;F cldo ftdk; njitg;gLfpwJ/

vGj;jwptpd;ik

gof;ft[k;. vGjt[k; bjhpahky; ,Ug;gnjvGj;jwptpd;ikahFk;/,J mwpahik. ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; tWikMfpatw;wpw;F tHptFf;fpwJ/ xU ehl;L kf;fspd;vGj;jwpt[ tPjk; kw;Wk;fy;tp me;ehl;od; tsh;r;rpia eph;zapf;fpwJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; epyt[k; rK:fg; gpur;ridfspy; vGj;jwptpd;ikxd;whFk;/ vdnt vGj;jwptpd;ik tPjj;jpd; tpfpjj;ij Fiwf;f ,e;jpah jPtpueltof;iffis vLj;JtUfpd;wJ/

Fiwthd vGj;jwpt[ tPjk; xU ehl;od; bghUshjhutsh;r;rpiaj; jil bra;fpwJ/ mJ kl;Lkpd;wp rK:f.bghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;ridfshYk; rKjhak;ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mJnghynt jdJ mwpahikapdhy;vGj;jwptpy ;yhjth ; muR mspj ;Js;s gy;ntWeyj;jpl;l�;fisg;gw;wp mwpa[k; tha;g;gpid ,Hf;fpd;wdh;/nkYk; vGj;jwptpd;ik. FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid.bgz; rpRf;bfhiy kw;Wk; kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fk; nghd;wgpur;ridfSf;F tHp tFf;fpwJ/ ,t;thW vGj;jwptpd;ikxU ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;. tsikf;Fk; jilahfcs;sJ/

vGj;jwptpd;ikia mwnt ePf;f tHpfs; : fy;tpfw;Fk; chpik vd;gJ ekJ murpay; mikg;g[r;rl;lk;cWjp mspj;Js;s mog;gil chpikfSs; xd;whFk;/

1/ vGj;jwptpd;ik mjpfhpf;fr;bra;a gy;fiyf; fHffy;tpf;FG (1948?1949) jha;bkhHp gapw;WbkhHpahf,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd typa[Wj;jpaJ/

2/ 1968 Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf; bfhs;if ehl;od;midj;Jg;gFjpfspYk; xnu khjpahd 10+2+3 fy;tpKiwiaf; bfhz;L te;jJ/ ,J vGj;jwptpd;ikiamwnt ePf;Ftij Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;lJ/

3/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L njrpaf; fy;tpf; bfhs;if fl;lhaMuk;gf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ/ ,ilapy;gog;ig epWj;jpa FHe;ijfs; bjhlh;e;J gof;fgs;sp rhuhf; fy;tp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

4/ 1991 Mk; Mz;L nguhrphpah; jnt mth;fspd; fy;tpf;FG Fiwe;j mst[ fw;wy; jpwd; (MLL ) vd;Dk;fy;tp Kiwia Muk;gf;fy;tpapd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;fhfmwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/

5/ 1992 Mk; Mz;L njrpaf;fy;tp bfhs;if/ gs;spfspy;mog;gil fl;likg;g [ trjpfisj; jUk;‘fUk;gyifj;jpl;lj;ij’ mKy;gLj;jpaJ/

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6/ njrpa vGj;jwpt[ ,af;fk; Kjpnahh; fy;tpf;FKf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;Js;sJ/

7/ Muk;gf;fy;tpia gs;spf;fy;tpapd; rKjhag;bghWg;ghsh; thapyhf gutyhf;Ffpd;w Kaw;rpnarh;t rpf;c&h mgpahd; (SSA) 2003 vd;w jpl;lk; MFk;/ehL KGtJk; jukhd fy;tpia mspf;fntz;Lk;vd;w nfhhpf;ifapd; tpisnt ,j;jpl;lk; MFk;/midj;Jf; FHe;ijfspd; kdj;jpwd;fis tsur;bra;a mspf;fg;gLk; xU tha;g;ng v!;/v!;/Vjpl;lkhFk;/

2001 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd;go,e;jpahtpy; vGj;jwpt[ tPjk; 65/38% ; Mz;fs; 75/85%;

bgz;fs; 54/16% /

jkpH;ehl;oy; vLf;fg;gl;l eltof;iffs; : nknyTwg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jpa muR bfhs;iffspd; mog;gilapy;jkpHf muR vGj;jwptpd;ikia mwnt nghf;f fPH;f;fz;lgy jpl;l�;fisj; jPl;oa[s;sJ/

1/ gs;sp taJ FHe;ijfs; midtiua[k; gs;spapy;nrh;j;jy;/

2/ 2007 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; midj;Jf; FHe;ijfSf;Fk;Ie;jhz;L Muk;gf;fy;tpia mspf;fr; bra;jy;/

1990 Mk; Mz;L gd;dhl;L vGj;jwpt[[ Mz;lhft[k; xt;bthU

Mz;Lk; brg;lk;gh; 8 Mk; ehs; cyf vGj;jwpt[ ehshft[k;

bfhz;lhg;gLfpd;wJ/

3/ 2010Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; midj;Jf; FHe;ijfSf;Fk;vl;L Mz;L fy;tpia mspf;fr; bra;jy;/

4/ 2010 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; gs;sp ,ilepw;wiy mwntjLj;jy;/

5/ midj;J FHe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; rK:f,ilbtspia 2007 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; mfw;Wjy;/

6/ kf;fs; bjhif 300f;F mjpfkhf cs;s midj;JFoapUg;g[fspYk; gs;sp trjpia Vw;gLj;JJy;/

2001 Mk; Mz;L kf ;fs ; bjhiff ; fzf ;bfLg ;gpd ;gojkpH;ehl;oy; vGj;jwpt[ bgw;nwhh; 73/5% mjpy; Mz;fs; 82/41% bgz;fs; 64/4%

bgz;fSf;fpiHf;fg;gLk; mePjpfs;

1991 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd;go. ,e;jpahtpy; 846/3 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; thH;fpd;wdh;/mth;fspy; 439/2 kpy;ypad; Mz;fs; 407/1 kpy;ypad;bgz;fs; Mth;/ kf;fs; bjhifapy; ghjpg;gphptpduhf,Uf;Fk; bgz;fs;. Mz;fSf;F epfuhf ekJ rK:fj;jpy;elj;jg;gltpy;iy/ tuyhw;wpd; VLfis nehf;Fk;nghJ.gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; bgz;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; khpahija[lDk;.bfsutj;JlDk; elj;jg;gl;ldh;/ mLj;J te;j fhy�;fspy;bgz;fspd; epiy gog;goahf rKjhaj;jpy; tPH;r;rpa[wj;bjhl�;fpaJ/

bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjpfs;

1/ Mz; Mjpf;fk; : je;ij tHp kuig ikakhff; bfhz;LekJ rKjhak; ,Ug;gjhy; rKjhaj;jpy; Mz;fspd;Mjpf;fk;. mjpfkhf cs;sJ/ bgz;fs; rikay; miwf;Fs;milgl;Lf; fple;jdh;/ bghUshjhu hPjpapy; bgz;fs;Mz;fisr; rhh;e;jpUf;f ntz;oa epiy ,Ue;jJ/

2/ rjp vd;Dk; gHf;fk; : xU bgz;zpd; fztd; ,we;jgpwF mf;fztdpd; rpijapnyna mg;bgz;iz capnuhLvhpf;Fk; gHf;fnk rjp vd;gjhFk;/

3/ tpjitfspd; epiy : FHe;ijj; jpUkzk; tHf;fpy;,Ue;jjhy; fztid ,He;j bgz;fs; ,sk; tajpnynatpjitfs; Mf ntz;oa epiy Vw;gl;lJ/ kWkzk;bra;J bfhs;s mDkjpf ;fg ;gltpy;iy/ nkYk;rKjhaj;jhy; mg;bgz;fs; ,Hpthf elj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;/

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4/ bgz; rpRf;bfhiy : rKjhak; bgz; FHe;ijfs;gpwg;gij xU rhgkhft[k;. Jd;gj;jpd; Cw;whft[k; fUjpaJ/,Jnt bgz; rpRf;bfhiyf;F tHptFj;jJ/

5/ tujl;riz Kiw :gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; jha;je;ijah;fs;jhkhf Kd; te;J j�;fsJ kfspd; jpUkzj;jpd; nghJrPjdk; mspj;jdh;/ Mdhy; ehsiltpy; ,g;gHf;fk;tujl;riz vd;w bgahpy; ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;bghpa rK:fg;gpur;ridahf khwpaJ/

6/ fy;tp kWf;fg;gly;: bgz;fSf;F Kiwahd fy;tpmspf;fg;glhjjhy; rK:fj;jpy; mth;fs; jhH;e;jth;fshfntfUjg;gl;lhh;fs;/

muR bewpKiwfs; kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy muRf;Fk; 14taJtiu fl ;lha ,ytrf ; fy ;t p tH� ;Fk ;gomwpt[Wj;jpa[s;sJ/

rK:f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;

uh$huhk;nkhfd;uha;. <!;ture;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;.jahde;j ru!;tjp. nf/rp brd;. vk;/$p/ uhdnl. gz;ojukhgha;. n$hjp g{ny. lhf;lh; Kj;J yl;Rkp bul;o.Rg;gpukzpa ghujp. </bt/uh bghpahh;. tPnuryp�;fk; ge;JYnghd;w rK:f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; bgz;fspd; epiyiacah;j;jg; bgUk; g�;fhw;wpa[s;sdh;/ ru;iraJ mfkJfhd;K!;ypk; bgz; fy;tpf;fhf gzpahw;wpdhh;/

1978 Mk; Mz;il I/eh/ gd;dhl;L bgz;fs; Mz;lhfmwptpj;jJ/

bgz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;j vLf;fg;gl;leltof;iffs; :

1/ 1829 Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lk; rjp vd;Dk; gHf;fj;ijxHpj;jJ/

2/ tpjitfs; kWkzr;rl;lk; 1856 Mk; Mz;Lepiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/

3/ lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;oapd; Kaw;rpahy;btspte;j 1929 Mk; Mz;L rhujhr;rl;lk; FHe;ijjpUkzj;ij jil bra;jJ/

4/ bgz; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ/

lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o jkpH;ehl;od; Kjy; bgz;

kUj;Jtuhthh;/

5/ 1956 Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lk;K:jhijah; brhj;jpy; rk g�;Fchpikia bgz;fSf;Fmspj;jJ/

6/ 1976 Mz;Lr; rl;lk; bgz;fs;j�;fsJ ciHg;gpw;nfw;wCjpak; bgw tHptFj;jJ/

7/ 1961k; Mz;L tujl;rizjLg;g[r;rl;lk; tujl;rizth�;Ftij jz;lidf;Fhpaf; Fw;wkhf khw;wpaJ/

8/ murh�;fk; bgz;fSf;F gy Ra ntiytha;g;g[j;jpl;l�;fis mwpKfg; gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ntiy kw;Wk; gapw;rpf;fhd Mjut[j; jpl;lk; (STEP)bgz;fspd; tUkhdj;ijg; bgUf;ftHp bra;Js;sJ/

9/ 1992 Mk; Mz;L jkpHf muR bjhl;oy;FHe;ijj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ/,j ;j pl ;lk ; bgz; FHe ;ijfis bgz;rpRf;bfhiyapypUe;J ghJfhj;Js;sJ/

lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o

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nkny Twg;gl;Ls;stHpfshy; bgz;fs; epiytpiuthf Kd;ndw;wkile;Js;sJ/ kUj;Jtk;. bghwpapay;.uhQqtk; kw;Wk; tpz;btspMuha;r;rp nghd;w midj;JJiwfspYk; bgz;fs; j�;fsJjpwikia epU:gpj; Js;sdh;/bgz ;fspd ; ch pikfisghJfhf;f jkpHf muR midj;Jkfsph; fhty; epiya�;fisjkpH;ehL KGtJk; epWtpa[s;sJ/

,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;J gpwF mbkhpf;f gpui$ahd fy;gdhrht;yh. bfhyk;gpah vd;Dk; tpz;btsp fyj;jpy; 5tpz;btsp tPuh;fSld; gazk; bra;j Kjy; bgz;kzpvd;w bgUikf;Fhpath;/

FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs;

FHe;ijfs; tsh;r;rpapy; mf;fiu fhl;lhj ve;j murk;Kd;ndw;wkilahJ/ vdnt FHe;ijfSf;fhd ey;thH;t[jpl;l�;fisa[k; fy;tpiaa[k; mspj;jy; ekJ murpd;bghWg;ghFk;/ rh;tnjr bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk;/ “j�;fsJcly; kw;Wk; kd eyk; ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; Fiwe;jCjpaj;jpw;F ePz;l neuk; ntiy bra;a[k; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;lFHe;ijfis FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh;;” vd tiuaWf;fpwJ/

FHe ;ij bjhHpyhsh ;fSf ;fhdf ; fhuz� ;fs ; :,e;jpahtpy; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; vd;gJ xU rK:fg;gpur;ridahFk;/ Vbddpy; ekJ ehl;oy; bgUk;ghd;ikFHe;ijfSf;F Kiwahd czt[. cil. ,Ug;gplk; kw;Wk;fy;tp fpilg;gjpy;iy/ mth;fs; rpW tajpnyna filfs;.cztfk; kw;Wk; bjhHpw ;rhiyfspy; ntiyiabra;fpd;wdh;/ tWik. Cl;lr;rj;jpd;ik. vGj;jwptpd;ik

fy;gdh rht;yh

Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;ridcUthfpwJ/

FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; gpur;ridiaj; jPh ;f ;Fk;tHpfs;:

1/ murpay ; mikg;g [ epthuz�;fs ; : ekJmurpay; mikg;gpd; 23tJ rl;lg;gphpt[ fl;lhakw;Wk; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwiaj; jilbra;Js;sJ/

2/ 45tJ rl;lg;gphpt[ 14 taJ Koa[k; tiu midj;JFHe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytrf; fl;lhaf;fy;tpiar;bray;gLj;j typa[Wj;jpa[s;sJ/

3/ 39tJ rl;lg;gphptpd; (F) gphpt[ vy ;yhtifr ;Ruz;ly;fspypUe;Jk; midj;J FHe;ijfSf;Fk;ghJfhg;gspf;fntz;Lk; vd;W Twpa[s;sJ/

rl;l�;fs; :

1/ 1949 Mz;L FHe;ijfs; ntiytha;g;g[r;rl;lk;FHe;ijfs; ntiy bra;tjw;fhd taij Kjypy;14 Mft[k; gpwF 15 kw;Wk; 17 Mf cah;j;jpaJ/

2/ 1951 Mk; Mz;L njhl;l bjhHpyhsh; rl;lk; 12taJf;F Fiwe;j FHe;ijfs; njhl;lg;gz;izfspy;ntiy bra;tij jLj;Js;sJ/

3/ FHe;ijfspd; cly;. kd kw;Wk; rK:f tsh;r;rpf;Fnjitahd trjpfis mspg;gjw;fhf 1974 Mk; Mz;Lnjrpaf;bfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/

4/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; jLg;g[ kw;Wk;xG�;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk; 14 taJ epuk;ghj FHe;ijfs;bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Ru�;f�;fspy; ntiybra;tij jil bra;fpd;wJ

5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia mwnt ePf;f 1987k;Mz;oy; njrpa FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh; bfhs;ifcUthf;fg;gl;lJ/

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jkpHf muR vLj;Js;s eltof;iffs; :

1/ 1986Mk; Mz;L FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; rl;lj;ijjkpHf muR jPtpukhf bray;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ/

2/ 1958 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehL czt[ jUtpg;g[bjhHpyfr;rl;lk; 16tJ taJ epuk;ghj FHe;ijfisntiy th�;Ftij jil bra;Js;sJ/

7/ jkpHf bjhHpyhsh; mikr;rh; jiyikapy; FHe;ijbjhHpyhsUf;fhf jkpH;ehL khepy Mnyhridthhpak; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

1987 Mk; Mz;L njrpa FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;bfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa nehf;f�;fs; :

1/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh; rl;lj;ijjpwk;gl bray;gLj;Jjy;/

2/ tUkhdj;ijg; bgUf;Fk; jpl;l�;fspd; fPH; FHe;ijj;bjhHpyhsh; FLk;g�;fisf; bfhz;L tUjy;/

3/ mghafukhd bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s FHe;ijj;bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F Kiw kw;Wk; Kiw rhuh fy;tpmspj;jy;/

4/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F bjhHpw;gapw;rp mspf;fjdpg;gl;l gs;spfis epWt[jy;/

rh;t rpf;c& mgpahd; elj;jpa fzf;bfLg;gpd; go khh;r;2003 Mk; Mz;oy; 2/12 ,yl;rk; gs;sp bry;Yk; khzth;fspy;70.344 ngh; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Mthh;fs;/

5/ FHe ;ijj ; bjhHpyhsh ; gpur ; rid gw ;w patpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia gy;ntW rK:fj;jpdhpilna tsur;bra;a muRk; muR rhuh epWtd�;fSk; Kaw;rpfs;vLj;J tUfpd;wJ/ ,j;jifa Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;vLj;j nghjpYk; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; vd;w,Hpepiy ,d;Dk; ePf;fg;gltpy;iy/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;1/ vGj;jwptpd;ikiag; nghf;f muR vLj;Js;s tHpfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ bgz;fs; epiyia cah;j;j vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tHpfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpiy xHpf;f nkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfis mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

162 163

3/ 1986 Mk; Mz;L FHe;ij bjhHpyhsh; rl;lj;ijkPWgth;fs; jz;of;fg;gl;lhh;fs;/ rptfhrp. jpUg;g{h;nghd;w ,l�;fspy; gd;dhl;Lj; bjhHpyhsh;epWtdj;jpd; FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia ePf;Fk;KGikahdj; jpl;lj;ij jPtpukhf bray;gLj;jptUfpd;wJ/

5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpy; KiwapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;lFHe;ijfSf;F Kiw rhuhf; fy;tpaspf;f jkpHfmurpd; njrpa FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; jpl;lk;bray;gLj;jg;gl;L;s;sJ/

6/ jkpH;ehL Foir khw;W thhpak; FHe;ijj;bjhHpyhsh; xHpg;g[j;jpl;lj;ij brd;id efhpy;bray;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/ 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; FHe;ijbjhHpyhsh ; Kiwia mwnt xHpg ;gijnehf;fkhff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/

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Rakjpg;g PLI /rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ jkpH;ehl;od; Kjy; bgz; kUj;Jth;

(m) gz;oj ukhgha;(M) lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l;(,) lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp(<) lhf;lh; rnuh$pdp eha[L

2/ fy;gdh rht;yh rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jiw(m) bghUshjhuk; (M) tpz;btspg; gazk;(,) mwptpay; (<) mQq Muha;r;rp

3/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia jLf;Fk; rl;lg;gphpt[(m) gphpt[ 23 (M) gphpt[ 45(,) gphpt[ 25 (<) gphpt[ 40

II / nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f : 1/ Ieh ______________ Mk; Mz;il gd;dhl;L

bgz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ/ 2/ ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lk; ___________ Mk; Mz;L

epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ/ 3/ bjhl;oy; FHe;ijj; jpl;lk; ____________ Mz;L

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ 4/ KG vGj;jwpt[ bgw ,aw;wg;gl;l fy;tpj;jpl;lk;;

____________ MFk; 5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; rl;lk; btspte;j Mz;L

____________ MFk;/

III / bghUj;Jf :m / M

1/ 1979 fy;tpj;jpl;lk;

2/ rh;t rpf;c&h mgpahd; rhujhrl;lk;

3/ 1975 jPagHf;fk;

4/ rjp gd;dhl;L FHe;ijfs; Mz;L

5/ lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp gd;dhl;L bgz;fs; Mz;L


1/ 1965 Mz;L njrpa fy;tpf;bfhs;if gw;wp vGJ/

2/ vk;/vy;/vy; (MLL ) vd;why; vd;d>

3/ fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

4/ vGj;jwptpd;ik vd;why; vd;d>

5/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;; vd;why; vd;d>

6/ bgz; tpLjiyf;fhf ghLgl;l jiyth;fs; ahh;>


1/ bgz;fSf;F ,iHf;fg;gl;l mePjpfs; ahit>

2/ vGj;jwptpd;ikiag; ePf;f nkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfs;ahit>

3/ vGj;jwptpd;ikia nghf;f jkpH;ehL muR vLj;Js;sKaw;rpfs; ahit>

4/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; Kiwia ePf;f jkpH;ehL muRvLj;Js;s eltof;iffs; ahit>

5/ ,e;jpa bgz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;j ekJ muRnkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfs; ahit>

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ bgz;fspd; bghUshjhu rK:f epiyiag; gw;wp xUtpthjk; elj;Jf/

2/ ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jjpypUe;J fy;tpapy; Vw;gl;lKd;ndw;wk; gw;wp xU gltpsf;fk; jahh; bra;/

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ghlk; 5

ekJ bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs;

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;1/ ehl;od; Kf;fpa bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfshd tWik. ntiyapd;ik. tpiy thrp cah;t[. kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ Mfpait gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/2/ bghUshjhu gpur;rpidfspd; fhuz�;fis mwpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/3/ ,g;gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gjw;fhd tHpKiwfis bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/

ehk; 1947 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;L 15 Mk; ehs; tiume;epahpd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPH; ,Ue;njhk;/ M�;fpnyah; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; fy;tp. bjhHpy;Jiw ntshz;ik Mfpaitkpft[k; gpd; j�;fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;jd/ tpLjiy mile;J57 Mz;Lfs; Mfpa[k; ,e;jpah ,d;Wk; gy bghUshjhugpur;rpidfis vjph;bfhs;fpwJ/ ,g;gpur;rpidfSs; rpytWik. ntiyapd;ik. tpiythrp cah;t[. kf;fs; bjhifbtog;g[ vd;gitahFk;/

tWik

rK:fj;jpy; xU gphptpdh; j�;fs; mog;gilj;njitfshd czt[. cil. ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iwf; Tlepiwt[ bra;a ,ayhj xU rK:f epiy tWik vdg;gLk;/,e;jpah;fspd; tWik epiyf;F M�;fpnyah;fspd;Ruz;lny fhuzkhFk;;/ ek; rKjhaj;jpy; mog;giltrjpfs; bgwhjth;fs; vd;Wk;. mog;gil trjpfs;bgw;wth;fs; vd;Wk;; ,Ugphpt[fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;j,U gphptpdUf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s ,ilbtsptWikf;nfhL vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhifapy; K:d;wpy; xU gFjpapdh;tWikf;nfhl;ow;F fPH; thH;fpd;wdh;/ tWikapdhy;kf;fspd; Mnuhf;fpak; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ kf;fspd; jpwikFiwfpwJ/ ,jdhy; ehl;oy; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J bghUshjhu

tsh;r;rp ghjpg;gilfpwJ/ bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Fd;wpaehLfs; kf;fspd; mog;gilj; njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a,ayhj epiyapy; cs;sd/ ,J efh;g[w�;fspYk; fpuhkg;g[w�;fspYk; VH;ik epiyia cz;lhf;FfpwJ/

tWikf;fhd fhuz�;fs;:

1/ mjpntf kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fk;/

2/ kf;fspd; Fiwthd tUkhdk;/

3/ kf;fspd; th�;Fk; jpwidf; Fiwf;Fk;tpiynaw;wk;/

4/ ntiyapd;ik gpur;rid/

5/ vGj;jwptpd;ik/

tWik xHpg;g[j;jpl;l�;fs; : tWikia mwnt ePf;fmurhy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l eltof;iffs; tWikxHpg;g[j;jpl;l�;fs; vdg;gLk;/ ,Jtiu xd;gJ Ie;jhz;Lj;j pl ;l� ;fs ; bray ;gLj ;jg ;gl ;Ls ;sd/ gj ;jhtJIe;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ/ ntshz;ikkw;Wk; bjhHpy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tnj,j;jpl;l�;fspd; Kjd;ik nehf;f�;fs; MFk;/ jdpkdpjtUkhd mjpfhpg;g[. tWik xHpg;g[. ntiy tha;g;igmjpfhpf;fr; bra;tJ Mfpait ,j;jpl;l�;fspd; Kf;fpaFwpf;nfhs;fs; MFk;/ rkj;Jtj;ija[k; rK:f ePjpiaa[k;bfhz;l xU rkjh;k rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Ftnj,j;jpl;l�;fspd; mog;gil nehf;f�;fs; MFk;/

1/ Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; ntshz;ikr; rhh;e;jjpl;lkhFk;/ czt[g; gw;whf;Fiwia ePf;Ftnj,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ/

2/ ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; tpiythrpapidfl;Lg;gLj;Jtij nehf;fkhff; bfhz;oUe;jJ/

3/ Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; tWikf;nfhl;od; fPH;thGk; kf;fspd; th�;Fk; rf;jpia cah;j;jeltof;iffs; nkw;bfhz;lJ/

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4/ VHhtJ kw;Wk; vl;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;pl;l�;fs;tWik xHpg;g[. czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwt[miljiy Fwpf;nfhs;fshff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/

5/ jdpkdpjd; jyh tUkhdj;ij bgUf;FtJ gj;jhtJIe;jhz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;nfhs; MFk;/

6/ tWikia xHpf;f $t~h; ntiy tha;g;g[j;jpl;l�;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd/

7/ VH;ikia mfw;wt[k;; rK:fj;jpy; eRf;fg;gl;lkf;fspd; thH;f;ifia cah;j;jt[k; fpuhkg;g[wkf;fSf;Fr; rK:f ePjp fpilf;fr;bra;a 1975Mk; Mz;L20 mk;rj;jpl;lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/

ghuj uj;dh tpUJ bgw;w ,e;jpa murpd; Kd;dhs; tptrhamikr;rh; C.Rg;ukzpak; mth;fs; I/eh/epWtpa FGtpd;jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wp. tsUk;; ehLfspd; tWik. grp,tw;iw nghf;f ghLgl;lhh;/

ntiyapd;ik

ntiyapd;ik tPjk; mjpfhpg;g[ ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpagpur;ridfspy; xd;whFk;/ ey;y cly; jpwDk; ntiybra;a[k; jFjpa[k; tpUg;gKk; ,Ue;Jk;. ntiyfpilf;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; epiyna ntiyapd;ikahFk;/xUth; jdJ jFjpf;F Vw;whw;nghy; ntiy fpilf;fhky;mjpDk; Fiwe;j ntiyia Vw;Wf;bfhs;Sjy; Fiwntiya[ilik vdg;gLk;/

bgUkst[ ntiyapd;ikf;Ff; fhuz�;fs; :

1/ ntshz;ik kw;Wk; ntshz;ikr ; rhh ;e ;jbjhHpy;fspy; ntiy tha;g;g[ kpff;Fiwthff;fhzg;gLfpwJ/ bgUkst[ kf;fs; tptrhaj;ijnaek;gpapUj ;jy ; ntiyapd;ikf;F Kf;fpaf ;fhuzkhFk;/

2/ ntiy tha;g;gpd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl kf;fs;bjhifapd; mjpfhpg;g[ tPjk; kpf mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJntiyapd;ikf;F xU fhuzk;/ bgUfp tUk; kf;fs;bjhif tsh;r ;rp ntiyapd;ikr; rpf ;fiykpFjpahf;FfpwJ/

3/ ehl;od; fy;tp tsh;r;rp. goj;j gl;ljhhpfspd;vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sJ/ ,jdhy;goj;j ntiyapd;ika[k;. Fiw ntiya[lika[k;mjpfhpf;fpwJ/

4/ tp�;�hd bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wj;jhy; bjhHpw;rhiyfspYk; tptrhaj;jpYk; ,ae;jpu�;fs; g[Fj;jg;gl;ld/ ,J kdpj ciHg;igf; Fiwj;J.ntiyapd;ik gpur;rpidiaj; jPtpug;gLj;jpa[s;sJ/

ntiyapd;ikg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;f muRvLj;JtUk; eltof;iffs; :

ekJ muR ntiyapd;ik gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;f gyeltof;iffis vLj;Js;sJ/ mtw;wpy; rpy Kf;fpaj;jpl;l�;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

1/ Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;l�;fSk; ntiytha;g;ig mjpfhpf;fr; bra;jiy nehf;fkhff;bfhz;Ls;sd/ ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; 10kpy;ypad; g[jpa ntiyfis cUthf;fp ntiytha;g;ig mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sJ/ 10tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; xU tUlj;jpw;F 10 kpy;ypad; ntiytha;g;g[fis mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tij nehf;fkhff;bfhz;Ls;sJ/

2/ 1980 Mk; Mz;L ekJ muR mwptpj;j njrpa fpuhkntiy tha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (NREP) 1000 kpy;ypad;ntiy tha;g;g[fis mjpfhpf;fr; bra;Js;sJ/

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3/ 1983 Mk; Mz;L Cuf epykpy;yh bjhHpyhsh; ntiytha;g;g[ cWjp bra;a[k; jpl;lk; (RLEGP) epykpy;yhtptrhapfspd; FLk;gj;jpy; xUtUf;F xUtUlj;jpw;F 100 ehl;fs; ntiyia cWjp bra;fpwJ/

4/ 1979 Mk; Mz;L Ra ntiy tha;g;g[ bgw fpuhk,is�h;fSf;fhd gapw;rpj ; jpl;lk; fpuhk,is�h;fSf;F bjhHpy; El;g mwpt[ bgw tHpbra;fpwJ/

5/ 1997 Mk; Mz;L efh;g;g[w ViH kf;fs; Rantiytha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; efh;g[w ViHfs;; ntiy tha;g;g[bgw tHp bra;fpwJ/

6/ 1989 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l $t~h;ntiytha;g;g[j;jpl;lk; (JRY) ntiy tha;g;igcWjp bra;tnjhL. fpuhk g�;rhaj;Jfs; K:yk; fpuhkkf;fSf;F epjp cjtpa[k; mspf;fpwJ/

ntiyapd;ikg; gpur;ridiaj;jPh;f;Fk; tHpfs;

1/ kdpj ciHg;ig ikakhff; bfhz;l Foirj;bjhHpy;fisa[k;. ifj;bjhHpy;fisa[k; Mjhpf;fntz;Lk;/

2/ bjhHpy; El;gf;fy;tpf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;fntz;Lk;/

3/ FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwia jPtpukhfr;bray;gLj;jp kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fj;ijf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;/

4/ tptrhaj;jpy; mwptpay; Kiwiag; g[Fj;jpntiytha;g;g[j; jpwid tsh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;/

5/ Rakhf bjhHpy; Kidnthiu Cf;Ftpj;J epjpa[jtpmspj;jy;ntz;Lk;/

nkw;Twpa tHpfSf;F Kd;Dhpik mspj;J rpwe;jKiwapy; bray;gLj;jpdhy; ntiyapd;ik vd;w rpf;fyhdgpur;ridiaj; jPh;f;fyhk;/

tpiynaw;wk;

,d;wpaikahj gz;l�;fspd; cw;gj;jpa[k; mjd;njit xU ehl;od; tpiyiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;/cw;gj;jp Fiwthft[k;. njit mjpfkhft[k; ,Ue;jhy;mg;gz;l�;fSf;fhd tpiy mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;/ ,e;jepiyna gztPf;fk; vdg;gLk;/ gztPf;fj;jpdhy; xUehl;od; bghUshjhu Kd;ndw;wk; jilgLfpwJ/gzf;fhuh;fs; nkYk; nkYk; gzf;fhuh;fshfpd;wdh;/ViHfs; nkYk; nkYk; ViHfshfpd;wdh;/

tpiynaw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuz�;fs; :

kf;fs; bjhif tsh;r;rp. ntshz;ikapd; Fiwthdcw;gj;jp. muR brytpd; mjpfhpg;g[ Mfpait ek; ehl;od;tpiynaw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuz�;fshFk;/ gUt kiHapd;ika[k;. Fiwthd tpisr;rYk; czt[ gw;whf;FiwiaVw;gLj;JfpwJ/ nkYk; fs;sf;flj;jy;. gJf;Fjy;. fs;sr;re;ij MfpaitfSk; tpiynaw;wj;jpw;F fhuz�;fshfpd;wd/

tpiy ? cah;it fl;Lg;gLj;jnkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l eltof;iffs; :

czt[ cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpg;gJk;. tpiy cah;itfl;Lg;gj;JjYk; ek; Ie;jhz;L jpl;l�;fspd; Kf;fpanehf;f�;fshFk;/ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l�;fspd; tpisthfntshz;ik kw;Wk; bjhHpw;Jiw gz;l�;fspd; cw;gj;jpmjpfhpj;Js;sJ/

1/ Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; ntshz;ik gz;;l�;fspd;cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jJ/ ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; bjhHpy;Jiwapy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ/

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K:d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; czt[ cw;gj;jpapy;jd;dpiwt[ milag;gl;lJ/ ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; tpiyapy; epiyg;g[j;jd;ik Vw;gl;lJ/

2/ bghJ tH�;fy; Kiw thapyhf ,d;wpaikahjgz;l�;fs; epahakhd tpiyapy; tH�;fplVw;ghLfs; bra;ag;gl;ld/

3/ ek; ehl;oy; gRikg;g[ul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/jPtpu rhFgo jpl;lk;. g[jpa cw;gj;jp Kiw. cah;uftpijfs; Mfpait gRikg;g[ul;rpapd; rpwg;g[f;TWfshFk ; / ,jd ; tpisthf ,Jtiugad ;gLj ;jg ;glhj e py� ;fs ; rhFgof ;Fbfhz;Ltug;gl;ld/ mhprp. nfhJik Mfpatw;wpd;cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ/ btz;ik g[ul;rpapd; tpisthfghy;. ghy; rhh ;e ;j gz;l�;fspd; cw;gj ;jpmjpfkhfpaJ/ ePyg;g[ul;rp fly; czt[ cw;gj;jpmjpfhpg;gpw;F tHp tFj;jJ/

4/ fs;sf;flj;jy;. gJf;Fjy;. kw;Wk; fs;sr; re;ijapy;tpw;wy; nghd;w bray;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fspd;kPJ muR fLikahd eltof;if vLj;J tUfpwJ/

5/ epaha tpiyf;fiilfs;. Tl;Lwt[ m�;fhofs;K:ykhf ,d;wpikahj gz;;l�;fs; Fiwe;jtpiyf;F tH�;fg;gLfpd;wd/

kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[

,e;jpah vjph; nehf;fpa[s;s rK:fg; gpur;ridfspnynakpfj; jPtpukhdg; gpur;rpid kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fkhFk;/xU Fwpg ;gpl ;l vy;iyf ;Fs ; thGk; kf ;fspd ;vz;zpf;ifna kf;fs; bjhif vdg;gLk;/ cyf kf;fs;bjhifapy; rPdhtpw;F mLj;J ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk;,lj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ/ cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 2/4% gug;igg;bgw;Ws;s ,e;jpah. cyf kf;fs; bjhifapy; 16% kf;fisf;bfhz;Ls;sJ/ 2001 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; bjhiff;

fzf;bfLg;gpd;go ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; bjhif 1.027.015/247; ngh; ,jpy; Mz;fs; 531.277.078; ngh;;; bgz;fs; 495.738.169ngh; MFk;/ xU ehl;od; tsh;r;rpf;F kdpj tsk; kpfmtrpak; murh�;fj;ij elj;jt[k; ehl;il ghJfhf;ft[k;.bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; gzpg[hpat[k; kdpj tsk; njit/ mnjrkaj;jpy; xU ehl;od; kf;fs; bjhif mr;RWj;Jk; mstpw;Ftsh;e;jhy; mJehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia kpfg;bghpamstpy; ghjpf;Fk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; ,g;gpur;rid kf;fs;bjhif btog;g[ vd;Dk; epiyia mile;Js;sJ/

2001 kf;fs; bjhiff; fzf;bfLg;gpd;go jkpH;ehl;L kf;fs;

bjhif 6.21.10.839 ngh; mjpy; Mz;fs; 3.12.68.654 ngh;

bgz;fs; 3.08.42.185 ngh;/

kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpw;fhdf; fhuz�;fs; :

1/ gpwg;g[ tPjk; mjpfhpj;jYk; kw;Wk; ,wg;g[ tPjk;FiwjYnk kf;fs; bjhif mjpfhpg;gpw;F Kf;fpafhuz�;fs; MFk;/ ,sikj; jpUkz�;fs; gpwg;g[tPjk; mjpfhpf;f fhuzkhfpwJ/

2/ bgz;fspilna vGj;jwptpd;ik mjpfkhff;fhzg;gLfpwJ/ bgz;fspd; vGj;jwptpd;ikmwpahikf;F tHptFf;fpwJ/ ,jdhy; jpl;lkpl;lFLk;gj;jpd; gad;fis ,th;fs; mwpahj epiycs;sJ/

3/ mjpf FHe;ijfs; ,Ue;jhy; mJ FLk;gj;jpd;tUkhdj;ij tsur; bra;a[k; vd;w ViH kf;fspd;jtwhd fUj;J. VH;ikia mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tnjhLkf;fs; bjhifiaa[k; mjpfhpf;fr; bra;fpd;wJ/

4/ Mz; FHe;ij ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk; FLk;gj;jpd;FHe ;ijfspd; vz;zpf ;ifia mjpfhpf ;fr ;bra;fpd;wJ/

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5/ kUj;Jt tp�;�hd tsh;r;rpahy; ,wg;g[ tPjKk;Fiwe;Js;sJ/ bjhw;W neha;fs; midj;Jk;monahL ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ caph; fhf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;gy fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ljhy;. xU kdpjdpd; caph;thGk; taJ 2001Mk; Mz;L. 60f;F nky; vdf;fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ gpwe;j FHe;ijfspd; ,wg;g[tPjk; kUj;Jt tsh;r;rpahy; kpff;Fiwe;Js;sJ.

$Piy khjk; 11 Mk; ehs; cyf kf;fs; bjhif jpdkhfmDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpdhy; Vw;gLk;tpist[fs; :

kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ xU ehl;od; bghUshjhutsh;r;rpiaj; jilbra;fpd;wJ/ nkYk; VH;ik epiyf;Fk;.

fhuzkhfpd;wJ/ ,d;Wk; 1/3 kf;fs; bjhifapdh; tWikf;nfhl;ow;Ff; fPH; thH;fpd;wdh;/ czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; ehk;.jd;dpiwt[ milahky; ,Uf;fpd;nwhk;/ ,jdhy; bgUfptUk; kf;fs; bjhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kpfmtrpakhfpd;wJ/

kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;tHpfs;:

kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRk; kf;fs; bjhifbgUf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gy jPtpukhd jpl;l�;fismwpKfg;gLj;jpa [s ;sJ/ ,tw;iwj; jtpu kf;fs;bgUf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;fr; rpy tHpKiwfs; fPnHjug;gl;Ls;sd/ mit/

1/ jpUkz taij mjpfhpj;jy; mtrpak;/

2/ rpW FLk;gj;jpd; ed;ikiia ghkukf;fs; mwpa[k;tz;zk;. fy;tp tha;g;g[ mth;fisr; brd;wilantz;Lk;/

3/ FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;l�;fspd; ed;ikiathbdhyp. bjhiyf;fhl;rpfspd; K:yk; fpuhkkf;fSf;F gpurhuk; bra;tJ mtrpak;/

4/ kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fj;jpd; jPa tpist[fisg;gs;sp bry;Yk; khzth;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;f kf;fs;bjhiff; fy;tpiag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpDs; nrh;f;fg;glntz;Lk;/

5/ ,tw;iwj ;jtpu rKjhak; gw ;wpa kf ;fsJfz;nzhl;lk; khw;wg;glntz;Lk;/ mjpf FHe;ijfs;Fwpg;ghf. Mz; FHe;ijfs; jhd; FLk;gj;jpd; brhj;Jvd;w xU vz;zk; monahL khwntz;Lk;/

VH;ik. ntiyapd;ik tpiythrp cah;t[. kf;fs;bjhif btog;g[ Mfpa gpur;ridfs; xt;bthd;Wk; xUehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf cs;sd/

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SUÕ IkRôiÓ §hPeLs ùTÚ¡ YWm UdLh ùRôûLdÏúTôÕUô]RôL CpûX.

tpiythrp cah;tpw;Fk;. ntiyapd;ik gpur;ridf;Fk;fhuzkhfpwJ/ tsh;e;J tUk; kf;fs; bjhif xU ehl;od;Rw;Wg;g[wj; J}a;ikf; nfl;ow;Fk;. Rfhjhukw;w epiyf;Fk;

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,tw;wpy; kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ gpur;ridf;F Kd;Dhpikmspj;jhy;jhd;. ehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp nkk;gLk;/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;1/ tWik. ntiyapd;ik. tpiythrp cah;t[. kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ nghd;w bghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ gRikg;g[ul;rp ePyg;g[ul;rp btz;ikg;g[ul;rp gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ ,e;jpahtpd; bghUshjhu gpur;ridfisa[k; mij ePf;Fk; tHpfisa[k; mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;gPLI . rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf : 1/ tWik vd;gJ

(m) rK:fg;gpur;ridfs;

(M) bghUshjhug;gpur;rid

(,) bjhHpyhsh; gpur;rid

(<) epjpg;gpur;rid

2/ mz;ikapy; kf;fs; bjhif fzf;bfLg;g[ eilbgw;wMz;L

(m) 2001 (M) 1901 (,) 2002 (<) 2003

II . nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f : 1/ 20 mk;rj; jpl;lk; _________________ Mz;L

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

2/ Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; ________________ f;FKd;Dhpik mspj;jJ/

3/ ntiy tha;g;gpw;F cj;jputhjk; mspf;Fk;___________________ jpl;lk; 1989 Mk; Mz;LeilKiwf;F te;jJ/

4/ cyf kf;fs; bjhifapy; ,e;jpah ______________,lj;ijg; bgw;Ws;sJ/

III . bghUj;Jf :m M

1/ fpuhkntiytha;g;g[jpl;lk; cyf kf;fs;

bjhif jpdk;

2/ gz tPf;fk; gRikg;g[ul;rp

3/ $Piy 11 Mk; ehs; 1980

4/ K:d;whtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; tpiythrp cah;t[

IV . RUf;fkhd tpilasp : 1/ tWikf;fhdf; fhuz�;fs; ahit? 2/ tWikf;nfhL vd;why; vd;d? 3/ gRikg;g[ul;rp vd;why; vd;d? 4/ ntiyapd;ik - tiuaW. 5/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ vd;why; vd;d? 6/ tpiythrp cah;itj;jLf;f muR nkw;bfhz;Ls;s

tHpfspy; VnjDk; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpL.

V. tphpthd tpilasp : 1/ tWikiag; nghf;f nkw;bfhz;Ls;s tHpfs; ahit? 2/ ,e;jpahtpy; ntiyapd;ikf;fhdf; fhuz�;fs; ahit? 3/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpw;fhdf; fhuz�;fs; ahit? 4/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tHpfs;

ahit?

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ cdJ Mrphpahpd; Jizf; bfhz;L kf;fs; bjhifbtog;g[ gw;wp xU tpthjk; elj;jt[k;/

2/ kf;fs; bjhif btog;gpd; jPa tpist[fs; gw;wpxU ehlfk; eof;ft[k;/

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ghlk; 6

kdpj chpikfs; ? bgz; chpikfs;

fw;wy; ; nehf;f�;fs;1/ kdpj chpikfspd; bghUs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp mwpar; bra;jy;/2/ bgz; chpikfs; gw;wp mwpar; bra;jy;/3/ kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gj;jpy; I/eh/ mitapd; g�;F gw;wp mwpjy;/

bghrh�;nf vd;w mwp�hpd; Tw;Wg;go. “rK:fj;jhy;m�;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L murhy; bray;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhhpf;iffnschpikfs;” vdg;gLfpwJ/ vh;bd!;l; ghh;f;fhpd; fUj;Jg;go.“murhy; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;litna chpikfs;”MFk;/ xt;bthU ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wk; me;je;j ehl;Lkf;fshy; mDgtpf;fg;gLk; chpikfisg; bghUj;njmikfpwJ/ xU kdpjdpd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpft[k; njitahdcs;shh;e;j chpikfns kdpj chpikfs; MFk;/ rpymog;gil chpikfshtd ntiy bra;a[k; chpik.elkhLk; chpik. ngr;Rhpik kw;Wk; caph; thGk; chpik.,e;j mog;gil chpikfs; ,aw;if chpikfs; vd;WmiHf;fg;gl;L gpwF mitna kdpjdpd; rl;lg;g{h;tchpikfshapd/

tuyhw;Wg;gpd;dzpg[fH;bgw;w Mtz�;fshd. ,�;fpyhe;jpd; 1215 Mk;

Mz;L kfhrhrdk;. mbkhpf;fhtpd; 1791 Mk; Mz;Lchpikfs; knrhjh. gpuhd;!; ehl;od; 1792 Mk; Mz;L kdpjchpikfs; gw;wpa gpufldk; uc&;a g[ul;rp. ekJ Rje;jpug;nghuhl;lk; nghd;w epfH;t[fspd; tpisthf kdpjchpikfSf;F murpayikg;g[ m�;fPfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ/rK:f bghUshjhu chpikfs; gpwF tsuj; bjhl�;fpd/fhydp Mjpf;fk;. Kjy; cyfg;nghh;. ~pl;yh;. KnrhypdpMfpnahhpd; rh;thjpfhu Ml;rp. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghh;.moik Kiw. ,d btwpf;bfhs;if Mfpa fhuz�;fshy;

20 Mk; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fj;jpy; ,j;jifa kdpjchpikfs; kf;fSf;F kWf;fg;gl;ld/ nkYk; rpy,l�;fspy; kdpj chpikfs; kPwg;gl;ld/ vdnt kdpjchpikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; bghWg;g[ I/eh/ mitf;FVw;gl;lJ/

xt;bthU tUlKk;/ mf;nlhgh; 24 Mk; ehs; I/eh/

jpdkhff; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/

If;fpa ehLfspd; kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; :

1945 Mk; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; 24 Mk; ehs; If;fpaehLfs; rig njhd;wpaJ/ kdpj chpikfisa[k;

mog;gilr; Rje;jpuj;ija[k; kjpj;J ghJfhg;gnj I/eh/rigapd; Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;nfhshFk;/

kdpj chpikfs; gw;wp totikf;f xU FGmikf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,f;FG kdpj chpikfs; gw;wpagd;dhl;L knrhjhit totikj;jJ/ 1948 Mk; Mz;Lork;gh; gj;jhk; ehs; I/eh/rig rh;tnjr kdpj chpikfs;gpufldj;ij Vw;Wf;bfhz;lJ/

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vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wp midtUk; rkk; vd;gij,e;j mwpf;if typa[Wj;Jfpd;wJ/ ,e;j kdpj chpikfs;rhrdj;jpy; 30 rl;ltpjpfs; cs;sd/ rpy Kf;fpa tpjpfshtd(1) midj;J kdpjh;fSk; Rje;jpukhft[k;. rk me;j!;JlDk;.rk chpik bgw;Ws;sdh;. (2) xt;bthUtUf;Fk; thH;tpay;.Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;g[ bgw chpik cz;L.(3) vtiua[k;moikg;gLj;Jjy; TlhJ. (4) rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk;rkk;. ntWghod;wp midtUf;Fk; rk rl;lg;ghJfhg;g[mspf;fg;gLk;. (5) vtiua[k; fhuzkpd;wp ifJ bra;anthrpiwapy; itf;fnth. ehL flj;jnth TlhJ. (6) mtuth;

xt;bthU tUlKk; ork;gh; 10 Mk; ehs; kdpj chpikfs;jpdkhff; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/

ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs; elkhlt[k; trpf;ft[k; xt;bthUtUf;Fk;chpika[z;L. (7) ehl;L Fokfd; xt;bthUtUf;Fk;Foa[hpik cz;L. (8) jpUkzk; bra;J bfhz;LthH;f;ifapy; <LgLk; chpik. (9) brhj;Jhpik. (10) rpe;jpf;Fk;chpik. bray;gLk; chpik kw;Wk; tHpghl;L chpik.(11) fUj;J bjhptpf;ft[k; vz;z�;fis btspaplt[k; chpik.(12) mikjpahd Kiwapy; Tl;lk; Tl;lt[k; r�;fk;mikf;ft[k; chpik. (13) mtuth; ehl;L murh�;fj;jpy;g�;bfLf;Fk; chpik. (14) ntiy bra;tjw;fhd chpik.(15) ntiyf;nfw;w Cjpak; bgWk; chpik. (16) vy;yhFHe;ijfSf;Fk; rK:fg; ghJfhg;g[ bgWk; chpik. (17)jha; nra; chpik/

,e;jpahtpd; kdpj chpikfs; : kdpj chpikfspy;cs;s gy mk;r�;fis ekJ murpayikg;gpy; cs;sKft[iu kw;Wk; mog;gil chpikfspy; nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/Rje;jpuk;. rkj;Jtk;. ePjp vd;w Kft[iuapy; cs;smog;gilf; bfhs;iffs; ekJ murpay; mikg;g[r;rl;lj;jpd; rh;tnjrj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ/ ekJmurpayikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; K:d;whk; gphptpy; mog;gilchpikfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd/ mitahtd : (1) rkj;Jtchpik. (2) Rje;jpu chpik. (3) Ruz;lYf;bfjpuhd chpik.

(4) rka Rje;jpu chpik. (5) fy;tp kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lch pikfs ; . ( 6 ) brhj ;Jh pik. ( 7 ) mur pay ;mikg;gpw;Fl;gl;L ghpfhuk; bgWk; chpik/

mog;gil chpikfspy; Rje;jpu chpik vd;gJngr;R/ vz;z�;fis btspg;gLj;Jk; chpik. xd;W TLk;chpik. r�;fk; mikf;Fk; chpik. elkhLk; chpik.Fonawp trpf;Fk; chpik. gzp bra;a[k; chpikMfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa[s;sJ/ nkny Twg;gl;lchpikfisa[k; Rje;jpuj;ija[k; ghJfhf;f. kdpj chpikfs;Mizak; xd;W ,e;jpahtpy; bjhl�;fg;gl;lJ/

njrpa kw;Wk; khepy kdpj chpik Miza�;fs;:

12/10/1993y; njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;ij,e;jpa muR g[Jjpy;ypapy; epWtpaJ Xa;t[ bgw;w cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp ,jd; jiytuhft[k;. kw;Wk; ehd;Fjpwikahd ty;Ydh;fis cWg;gpdh;fshft[k; bfhz;Lkdpj chpikfs; Mizak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,e;jcWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;/ kdpjchpikfisg; nghw;wt[k; ghJfhf;ft[k; rl;l hPjpahdmjpfhu�;fs; ,t;thizaj;jpw;F bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ/ kj;jpamurpd; Mnyhridfisg; gpd;gw;wp 1996 Mk; Mz;Lxt;bthU khepyj;jpYk; khepy kdpj chpikfs; Mizak;epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ/ jkpH ;ehL kdpj chpikfs;Mizaj;jpd; jiyik mYtyfk; brd;idapy; cs;sJ/kdpj chpik kPwy; gw;wpa tHf;Ffis ,t;thizak;tprhhpf;fpwJ/ njrpa kdpj chpikfs; MizaKk; khepykdpj chpikfs; MizaKk; ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjchpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Kf;fpa g�;fhw;wp tUfpd;wd/

kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhf;f ntz;oajpd;mtrpak;:

kdpj chpik kPwYf;fhdf; fhuz�;fs; khepyj;jpw;Fkhepyk; khWgLfpd;wJ/ kdpj chpikfs; Mizak;. kdpjchpikfs; gpufld tpjpfSf;Fk; ekJ mog;gil

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chpikfSf;Fk; Kd;Dhpik tH�;fpa[s;sJ/ mt;thwpUe;Jk;rK:fj;jpy; eyptile;j kf;fSk; kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;lkf;fSk; kdpj chpik kPwYf;Fg; gypahfpd;wdh;/ kj;jpakhepy muRfs; kdpj chpik kPwiyj; jLf;fg; gy jPtpueltof;iffis vLj;J tUfpd;wd/ cjhuzkhf 1955 Mk;Mz;L rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lKk; 1989 Mk;Mz;L Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; gH�;Foapdh; rl;lKk;,e;jpahtpy; rPhpa Kiwapy; bray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd/kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rK:f ePjpg; gphpt[ xd;W fhty;Jiw jiyik ,af;Fehpd; nkw;ghh;itapy; bray;gl;LtUfpd;wJ/ jkpH;ehl;oy; khepy mstpy; khepyfz;fhzpg;g[ kw;Wk; brayhf;ff; FGthdJ khz;g[kpFKjy; mikr;riuj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L ,a�;fp tUfpd;wJ/2003 ?2004 Mz;Lfspy ; 224 /72 ,yl;rk ; πgha ;brytHpf;fg;gl;L 1772 ngh; gadile;Js;sdh;/

bgz; chpikfs;

Rje;jpu ,e;jpah gy rKjha khw;w�;fisf; Fwpg;ghfbgz;fs; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; re;jpj;J te;Js;sJ/ bgz;fSf;F,iHf;fg;gLk; ntjidfs; kw;Wk; mePjpfisa[k; czh;e;j,e;jpa muR bgz;fSf;F neUk; mePjpfis ePf;fg; gyrl;l�;fis ,aw;wpa[s;sJ/ ,j;jifar; rl;l�;fs;bgz;fsJ epiyia cah;j;jt[k; Kd;ndw;wt[k; tHptifbra;Js;sJ/ ,e;jpa murpayikg;g[ Vw;wj;jhH;tw;w rkj;Jtk;kw;Wk; bgz;fSf;fhd rpwg;g[ rYiffSf;Fk; cj;jputhjk;mspj;Js;sJ/ (ekJ murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfs; 14. 15. 16)murpayikg;g[ cj;jputhjk; jtpu murh�;fk; bgz;fs;eyDf;fhf gy rK:f eyr;rl;l�;fis epiwntw;wpa[s;sJ/

bgz;fSf;fhd rK:f eyr; rl;l�;fs; :

1/ 1955 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lk;bgz;fSf;fhdj; jpUkz taij 17 Mf mwptpj;jJmJ jw;bghGJ 21 tajhf cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/

2/ 1956 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thhpRhpikr; rl;lk;bgw;nwhh;fspd; brhj;ij mila chpikiatH�;fpa[s;sJ/

3/ 1961 Mk; Mz;L (1984y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) tujl;rizjLg;g[r;rl;lk; tujl;riz th�;Fgth;fSf;F rpiwjz;lida[ld; Toa fLk; jz;lidfismspf;fpwJ/

4/ 1956 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjitfs; kWkzr;rl;lk;tpjitfs; kWkzj;ij m�;fPfhpj;Js;sJ/

5/ ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; (1967 Mk; Mz;od; jkpHfmurpd; jpUj;jg;gl;lr;rl;lk;) RakhpahijjpUkz�;fSf;F rl;l hPjpahd m�;fPfhuk;mspj;Js;sJ/

6/ 1989 Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thhpRhpikr;rl;lk; (jkpH;ehLmurpd; jpUj;jr;rl;lk;) bgz;fSf;F guk;giubrhj;jpy; rkg�;F fpilf;f tHptif bra;Js;sJ/

7/ jkpH;ehL muR 1999 Mk; Mz;L fz;zpakw;wKiwapy; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLtij jil bra;a[k; rl;lk;thu ,jH;fs;. gj;jphpiffs;. Rtbuhl;ofs;.ifnaLfs; Mfpatw;wpy; bgz;fis fz;zpakw;wKiwapy; tpsk;gug; gLj;Jtijj; jil bra;fpd;wJ/

bgz;fSf;fhd bjhHpyhsh; rl;l�;fs; :

gzpf;Fr; bry;Yk; bgz;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf,e;jpa muR gy bgz;fSf;fhd bjhHpyhsh; rl;l�;fis,aw;wpa[s;sJ/ 1948 Mk; Mz;L bjhHpw; rhiyr;rl;lk;.1952 Mk; Mz;L Ru�;fr;rl;lk;. 1951 Mk; Mz;L njhl;lj;bjhHpyhsh; rl;lk; bgz;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ mspf;ft[k;ve;jtpj ntWghod;wp bgz;fSf;F Cjpak; fpilf;ft[k;tHptif bra;Js;sJ/ 1961 Mk; Mz;L kfg;ngWeyr;rl;lk; gzpf;Fr; bry;Yk; fUt[w;wpUf;Fk; bgz;fSf;FKiwahd Cjpak; kw;Wk; gofSld; kfg;ngW tpLg;g[cWjp bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/

182 183

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nkny Twg;gl;Ls;s rl;l�;fs;. bgz;fspd; epiyiacah;j;jpa[s;sJ/ Mdhy; ,r;rl;l�;fs; rl;l rkj;Jtj;ijmspj;jhYk; mij jPtpukhd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jrK:f tpHpg;g[zh;it tsh;f;Fk; jPtpu ,af;f�;fspd; njitmtrpakhfpwJ/

bgz; jiyth;fs; :

f!;J}hpgha; fhe;jp. lhf;lh; md;dpbgrd;l;. rnuh$pdpeha[L. tp$ayl;Rkp gz;ol;. fkyh neU. gz;oj ukhgha;.lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o. Uf;kzp yl;Rkpgjp.mk;g[$k;khs;. rnfhjhp Rg;g[yl;Rkp nghd;w bgz;jiyth;fs; bgz;Qqhpikf;F nghuhoa[s;sdh;/ 1995 ,y;;rPdhtpd; jiyefh; bga;$p�;fpy; ele;j cyfg; bgz;fs;khehl;oy; ‘kdpj chpikfns bgz;zpd; chpikfs;.bgz;zpd; chpikfns kdpj chpikfs;’ vd;w bra;jpjPh;khdkhf Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/

xt;bthU tUlKk; khh;r; khjk; 8 Mk; njjp gd;dhl;Lbgz;fs; jpdkhff; bfhz;lhg;gl;L tUfpwJ/

bgz;fSf;fhd r�;f�;fs; :

bgz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;j ,e;jpahtpYk;.Kf;fpakhf jkpH;ehl;oYk; gy bgz;fs; r�;f�;fs; ,a�;fptUfpd;wd/ ,e;jpag; bgz;fs; r�;fk;. mfpy ,e;jpabgz;fs; khehL. ,e;jpa njrpa bgz;fs; mikg;g[/$dehafg; bgz;fs; r�;fk; kw;Wk; bgz;Qqhpik ,af;fk;Mfpait g[fH; bgw;w bgz; chpik r�;f�;fshFk;/,tw;iwj; jtpu muR rhuh jd;dhh;t epWtd�;fshd mhpkhr�;fk;. nuhl;lhp r�;fk;. ,d;dh; tPy; r�;fk; nghd;wita[k;bgz;fspd; epiy caug;ghLgl;L tUfpd;wd/

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bgz; (I/gp/v!;/) fhty;Jiw mjpfhhpahdfpud;ngo/ ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; ga�;fukhd ifjpfisf; bfhz;ljp~hh; rpiwr;rhiyapy; btw;wpfukhf gy rPh;jpUj;j�;fisg[Fj;jp ,e;jpa bgz;fs; rKjhaj;jpw;F xU Kd; khjphpahftps�;fpa[s;shh;/ 1994 Mk; Mz;L mth; Mrpa kpfg;bghpanehbgy; ghprhd uhnkhd; kf;n!n! vd;w kpfg;bghpatpUija[k; bgw;Ws;shh;/

fw;wy; tpist[fs;1/ I/eh/mit btspapl;Ls;s kdpj chpikfs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/2/ murpayikg;gpy; cs;s mog;gil chpikfs; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/3/ bgz; chpikfs; gw;wpa[k; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa[k; mwpe;J bfhz;ldh;/

Rakjpg;g PL

I / nfhol;l ,l�;fis epug;g[f :

1/ mbkhpf;fhtpd; chpik knrhjh btspaplg;gl;lMz;L ________________

2/ I/eh/ mit njhd;wpa Mz;L ________________

3/ I/eh/ rh ;tnjr kdpj chpikfs ; gpufldk;btspaplg;gl;l Mz;L ________________

4/ njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lMz;L ________________

5/ kfg;ngW eyr;rl;lk; ________________ Mz;Lbtspaplg;gl;lJ

6/ 1 9 9 5 Mk ; Mz;L cyfg ; bgz;fs ; khehL________________ vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ToaJ

II / bghUj;Jf :

m / M

1/ kfh rhrdk; 1955

2/ ~pl;yh; khh;r; 8 Mk; ehs;

3/ ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; rPdhtpd; jiyefuk;

4/ bga;$p�; rh;thjpfhhp

5/ fh;tnjr bgz;fs; Mz;L 1215

184 185

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III/ RUf;fkhd tpilasp :

1/ kdpjdpd; mog;gil chpikfs; ahit>

2/ kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj ;j gz;ilf;fhyg;gpufld�;fs; ahit>

3/ ,e;jpahtpd; kdpj chpik Miza�;fs; gw;wp vGJ>

4/ bgz;Qhpikf;fhfg; ghLgl;l bgz; jiyth;fs; gw;wpFwpg;gpLf/

5/ gzpahw;Wk; bgz;fSf;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;l bjhHpyhsh;rl;l�;fs; ahit>

IV / tphpthd tpilasp :

1/ I/eh/btspapl;Ls;s kdpj chpikfs; ahit>

2/ bgz;Qqhpikfis ekJ muR vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wJvd;gij tpthp/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

1/ kdpj chpikfs; gw;wpa xU tpthjj;jpw;F Vw;ghLbra;/

2/ bgz;fSf;fhdr; rl;l�;fs; gw;wpa xU ml;ltizjahh; bra;/

186

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1/g[tpapd; cs;sikg;g[

Nhpad; xU el;rj;jpuk;; Nhpa FLk;gj;jpy; xd;gJ nfhs;fs;cs;sd/ ,f;nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; jdJ re;jpud;fSld;(Jizf;nfhs;fSld;) Nhpaid tyk; tUfpd;wd/,f;nfhs;fis Nhpad; jdJ <h;g;g[ tpirahy; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ/ vy;yh nfhs;fSk; mtw;wpd; mr;rpy; RHd;Wf;bfhz;Lk;. mnjneuj;jpy; Nhpaid mtw;wpd; ghijapy;tyk; te;Jf;bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ekJ g[tpa[k; kw;wnfhs;fSk; NhpadplkpUe;Jjhd; j�;fSf;Fj; njitahdMw;wiy bgw;Wf; bfhs;fpd;wd/

Rkhh; 4/6 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; g[tp jdJthH;f;ifia Jt�;fpajhf mwptpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;/NhpadplkpUe;J gphpe;J te;j tpz;btsp J}Rfs; (CosmicDust) xd;Wld;xd;W ,ize;J bghpa Jfs;fshfcUbgw;wd/ gpd;dh; bghpa Jfs;fs; xU�;fpize;Jg[tpf;nfhsk; cUthfpaJ/ bjhlh;e;J g[tp Fspu Jt�;fpajhy;Rkhh; 4. 2 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; fz;l�;fs; njhd;wp,Uf;fyhk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy; ,Ugjhk;E}w;whz;od; Jtf;fj;jpy;jhd; ekJ g[tpf;nfhsk; K:d;WmLf;Ffshy; MdJ vd;gij mwptpayhsh;fs; cWjpr;bra;jdh;/ mitahtd: (m) fUtk;. (M)ftrk; kw;Wk;(,) nknyhL/

(m) fUtk;(Core):g[tpapd; ikag;gFjp fUtk; vdmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,t;tLf;F Rkhh; 7000 fp/kP tpl;lk;cilaJ/ fUt mLf;fpd; bgUk;gFjp ,Uk;g[ jhJtpdhy;MdJ/ ,t;tLf;fpy; ruhrhpahf 3000°br/ btg;gepiyepyt[fpwJ/ ,J ghiwapd; cUFepiy btg;gj;ijf;

g[tpapay;Kft[iu

Ke;ija tFg;g[fspy; goj;jtw;iw rpwpJ epidt[ TWnthk;/Nhpad; xU el;rj;jpuk;. mJ ~Pypak; kw;Wk; i~l;u$d;tha[f ;fisa[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ vd Mwhk; tFg;gpy;goj;jwpe;njhk;/ nkYk;. Rkhh; 5 gpy;ypad; tUl�;fSf;FKd;g[ tha[f;fSk; J}Rf;fSk; Nhpaid Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gl;ld/fhyg;nghf;fpy;. ,e;j tha[tisak; Fsph;e;J. Jz;Lfshfpg[jd;. bts;sp. g[tp. brt;tha;. tpahHd;. rdp. beg;oa{d;.a [nud!; kw ;Wk ; g [Sl;nlh Mfpa nfhs ;fshft[k ; .mf;nfhs;fSf;F 90 re;jpud;fSk; (Jiz nfhs;fSk;)cUthfyhapw;W/ Nhpa FLk;gj;jpy; xd;whd ekJ g[tpapd;miktplk; rpwg;ghdJ/ mjd; fhuzkhf. g[tp gug;gpy;caphpd�;fs; njhd;Wtjw;Fk; mit bgUFtjw;Fk; Vw;wbtg;gepiy epyt[fpwJ/ g[tp gug;gpy ; fhzg;gLk;caphpd�;fshy; jhd; ekJ g[tp jdp rpwg;g[g; bgw;w nfhskhff;fUjg;gLfpwJ/

tspkz;lyk; tha[f;fshy; Md xU nghh;it nghd;wJ/mjw;F eph ;zapf;fg;gl;l g[w vy;iy VJk; ,y;iy;gog;goahf Fiwe;J tpz;btspapy; fye;J tpLfpwJ vd;WVHhk; tFg;gpy; goj;Js;nshk;;/ tspkz;ly tha[f;fspy; Rkhh;80 rjtPjj;ij g[tp jdJ <h;g ;g [ tpirapdhy; mjd;nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 20 fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uj;jpw;Fs; jf;f itj;Jf;bfhz;Ls;sJ/ tspkz;lyj;jpd; ,ay;g[. ntjpapay; TWfs;kw ;Wk ; Nhpa xspa [ld ; tspkz;ly tha [f ;fspd ;brabyjph;t[fs; Mfpad xU�;fpize;J tspkz;lyj;ijg[tpj;bjhFjpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpahf khw;wpa[s;sJ/

bgUk;ghYk; . Mh ;tj ;ijj ; J}z;Lfpw kiyfSk;.jpiff;fitf;Fk; vhpkiy btog;g[fSk;. mr;RWj;JfpwepyeLf;f�;fSk;. Xa;tw;w bgU�;fly;fSk; kf;fSf;F Cf;fk;mspg;gitfshf cs;sd/ mhpg;g[ fhuzpfshy; g[tpapd;nkw;gug;gpy; g[jpa tot�;fs; ,iltplhky; totikf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ekJ nfhsj;ijg; gw;wpa g[jpa tptu�;fs; kw;Wk;g[tp nkw;gug;gpy; ,aw;if epyj;njhw;w�;fs; vt;thWnjhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gija[k; vl;lhk; tFg;gpy; tphpthfg;goj;J mwpayhk;/

187 188

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fhl;oYk; kpf mjpfkhdJ/ Mifahy; fUt mLf;fpy;ghiwfs; jplepiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ ,t;tLf;F ,uz;Lgphpt[fis cs;slf;fp cs;sJ/ mitahtd: (i) btspfUtg;gFjp (ii) cl; fUtg;gFjp

btsp fUtg;gFjpapd; btg;gepiy fhuzkhf m�;Fghiwfs; jput epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,g;gFjpapy;ry;gh; gj;J rjtPjk; cs;sJ/ btsp fUtg;gFjp cl;fUtj;ijr; Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ/ ,g;gFjp 2250 fpnyhkPl;lh;tpl;lj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ cl; fUtg;gFjpapd; kPJbrYj;jg;gLk; mjpfkhd mGj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf Rkhh;1220 fpnyh kPl;lh; MHk; tiuapy; ghiwfs; jpl epiyapy;cs;sd/

(M) ftrk;(Mantle): fUtj;ijr; Rw;wp ftrmLf;Fmike;Js;sJ/ ftr mLf;F ,Uk;g[. kf;dPrpak;.mYkpdpak;. rpypfhd; kw;Wk; Mf;!p$d; Mfpa rpypnfl;Tl;Lg;bghUs;fshy; MdJ/ ,J Vwj;jhH 2900 fpnyhkPl;lh;tpl;lj;ijf; bfhz;lJ; g[tpapd; bkhj;j bfhs;sstpy; 83

189 190

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rjt PjkhFk; / ftr mLf;F ,uz;L gFjpfshfgphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ mitahtd: (i) ftr nkyLf;F kw;Wk;(ii) ftrf; fPHLf;F

(i)ftr nkyLf;F: g[tp nknyhl;od; fPHpUe;J 670 fpnyhkPl;lh; MHk; tiuapy; mike;Js;s ftr mLf;Fg; gFjpftr nkyLf;F vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ftr nkyLf;fpy;100 Kjy; 200 fpnyh kPl;lh; tiu fhzg;gLk; nky;gFjpm!;jpndh!;gpah; (Asthenosphere) vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/m!;jpndh!;gpahpd; ,aw;g[ gz;g[fs; ftr nkyLf;fpd;,ju gFjpfspd; ,aw;g[ gz;g[fspypUe;J ntWgLfpd;wd/

(ii) ftrf;fPHLf;F: ftr nkyLf;fpypUe;J fPH; nehf;fp670 fp/kP Kjy; 2900 fp/kP MHk; tiu fhzg;gLk; gFjpftrf; fPHLf;F vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j mLf;F mjpfbtg;gj;ija[k; befpGk; (Plastic) jd;ikiaa[k; bfhz;ljhf,Uf;fpwJ/ ,t;tLf;fpd; kPJ brYj;jg;gLk; mjpfmGj;jj;jpd; tpisthf. ,�;F cUthfpw fdpk�;fs; ,jugFjpapy; cUthfpw fdpk�;fspypUe;J ntWgLfpd;wd/

,/ nknyhL (Crust) : nknyhL ftr mLf;fpd; kPJkpje;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. nknyhl;il ,ju mLf;FfSld;xg;gpLk;nghJ kpff; Fsph;r;rpahdJ; ,Wfyhft[k;behW�;Fk; jd;ikf; bfhz;ljhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/ g[tpapd;nknyhl;il ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;/ mitahtd:(i) bgU�;fly;XL kw;Wk; (ii) fz;l XL.

(i) bgU�;fly; XL: bgU�;fly; XL bky;ypaJ/ Rkhh;5 ? 10 fp/kP gUkd; bfhz;lJ/ bgU�;fly; XL 40 rjtpfpjrpypf;fhita[k; 40 rjtpfpj khf;dPrj;ija[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/v�;rpa 20 rjtpfpjk; ,Uk;g[ kw;Wk; ,ju fdpk�;fshy;MdJ/ bgU�;fly; Xl;oy; rpypfht[k; kf;dPrpaKk; mjpfmstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy;. rpypfh vd;w thh;j;ijapYs;srp (SI) vd;w vGj;ija[k; khf;dPrpak; vd;w thh;j;ijapYs;skh (MA) vd;w vGj;ija[k; nrh;j;J ,e;j XL rpkh (SIMA)vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ rpkh ghiwfs; grhy;l; tifiar;rhh;e;jit(glk; 1.2)/ ,it mlh;j;jp kpFe;jit; fdkhdit/

(ii) fz;l XL : fz;l XL 20 ? 70 fp/kP gUkDilaJ/fz;l XL 80 rjtpfpjk; rpypfhita[k; 15 rjtpfpjk;

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mYkdpaj;ija[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ v�;rpa 5 rjtpfpjk;Vida ghiwfshy; MdJ/ fz;l Xl;oy; rpypfht[k;mYkpdpaKk; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; rpypfh vd;wthh;j;ijapYs;s rp (SI) vd;w vGj;ija[k; mYkpdpak;vd;w thh;j;ijapYs;s my; (AL) vd;w vGj;ija[k; nrh;j;J,e;j XL rpahy; (SIAL) vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ rpahy;ghiwfs; fpuhidl; tifiar; rhh;e;jit/ ,g;ghiwfs;mlh;j;jpf; Fiwe;jit/ Mjyhy; ,nyrhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd/kiyj;bjhlh;fSf;F moapy; fz;l XL kpft[k;bky;ypajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ/ ,Wjpapy; ftr mLf;fpDs;gutp tpLfpwJ/

g[tpapd; nknyhl;oy; rpahy; ghiwfSk; mjdoapy;r pkh ghiwfSk ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd/ Vbddpy ;NhpadplkpUe;J gphpe;J te;j tha[f;fs; Fsph;e;J Kjypy;jput epiyia mile;jd/ mr;rkaj;jpy; mlh;j;jp kpFe;jfdkhd rpkh ghiw g[tp nknyhl;od; mog;gFjpapYk;.mjw;Fnkny mlh;j;jpf; Fiwe;j ,nyrhd rpahYk;

191 192

c�;fSf;Fj; bjhpa[kh>bgU�;fly; Xl;ow;Fk; fz;l Xl;ow;Fk; xU rpwg;ghd gz;g[

cs;sJ/ ,it nky;nehf;fp vHf;Toa Mw;wiya[k; fPH;nehf;fp mkpHf;Toa Mw;wiya[k; bfhz;lit/ ,e;epfH;r;rp In!h!;l!p (Isostacy)vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ePhpy; kpjf;fp;w xU I!;fl;oiag; nghyftr mLf;fpd; kPJ nknyhL kpje;Jf;bfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ/ kiyfs;cUthFk; bghGnjh my;yJ gdpg;gug;g[fs; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;bghGnjh mt;tpl�;fspy; nknyhl;od; kPJ Rik TLfpwJ/Rikapd; fhuzkhf mt;tpl�;fspy; nknyhL cUFiye;J ftrmLf;fpDs;; btF MHj;jpy; K:H;fp tpLfpwJ/ nknyhl;oy; mjd;TLjy; Rik mfw;wg;gLk; fhy�;fspy;. mjw;F kpjf;fp;w jpwd;mjpfhpj;J kPz;Lk; ftrg;gFjpapd; nkw;gFjpapy; kpjf;fpwJ/mz;ik fhyj;jpy; fdlh kw;Wk; !;fhd;Jnetpah gFjpfspy;flw;fiunahu�;fspy; cah;e;J tUk; fly;kl;lk; ,e;j bray;Kiwf;FxU tpsf;fkhff; Twyhk;/ cyfpy; fle;j gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf,t;tpl�;fspy; mike;Js;s rpy gFjpfspd; fly;kl;lk; Vwj;jhH

ftr efh;t[

ftr efh;t[

gdptphpg;g[1 kPl;lh; tiu cah;e;Js;sJ/ ~l;rd;tisFlhg; gFjpapy; 300 kPl;lh;tiu fly;kl;lk; cah;e;Js;sJ/Rkhh; 10.000 tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh;,e;j ,uz;L gFjpfSk; kpfg;bgh pa gdptph pg ;g [ fshy ;K:lg;gl;oUe;jd/ Vwj;jhH K:d;WfpnyhkPl;lh; gUkDf;F Ftpe;jgdpapd;; fhuzkhf mg;gFjpapd;nknyhL. ftr mLf;fpDs; btFMHj ;j pw ;F js ;sg ;gl ;lJ/,g;bgUk; Rik mfw;wg;gl;lgpwF mijj; bjhlh;e;J kWgoa[k;mg;gFjpapy; g[tp nknyhLgog;goahf md;wpUe;J ,d;Wtiunky;nehf;fp cah;e;J tUfpwJ/

bgUk;ghYk; g[tpapd; cs;mikg;gpy; btg;gk; mjpfkhf,Uf;fpw fhuzj;jpdhy; ghiwfs; cUFfpd;wd/ vhpfpwmLg;gpd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s ghy;bkJthf Nnlwp nkbyGe;J tHpfpwJ/ mJnghynt.g[tp nkw;gug;gpd; fPnH jputepiyapYs;s ghiwbtg;gkilfpwJ/ Nlhd ghypy; kpjf;fpw VL nghykpje;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; nknyhLk; khf;kht[ld; nrh;e;Jg[tpapd; nkw;gug;g[ kPJ tHpfpwJ/ khf;kh kpf mjpfkhdbtg;gepiyia bfhz;oUg;gpDk; g[tpapd; cs;nsepyt[fpw mGj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf mJ jputepiyiaKGikahf mila Kotjpy;iy/ vdnt. khf;kh

,j;jifa mikg;ig xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;od; K:ykhfehk; g[hpe;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/ xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePiu epug;gpf;bfhs;f/ mjd; kPJ rpwpJ vz;bzia Cw;W/ vd;depfH;fpwJ> ePhpd; kPJ vz;bza; kpjf;fpwJ/ Vbddpy;vz;bzapd; mlh;j;jp ePhpd; mlh;j;jpiatplf; Fiwt[/vdnt jhd; ePhpd; kPJ vz;bza; kpjf;fpwJ/ mJnghyntjput epiyapy; ,Ue;j bghGJ rpkh kPJ rpahy; kpje;jd/gpd;dh;. mt;tpl�;fspnyna ,Wfpg; ghiwfshf khwpd/vdnt jhd; g[tp Xl;oy; mlh;j;jpf; Fiwthd rpahy;ghiw mlh;j;jp mjpfkhd rpkh ghiw kPJ fhzg;gLfpwJ/rpkh ghiw mLf;F bgU�;fly; jiufspy; bjhlh;r;rpahffhzg;gLfpd;wd/ rpkh ghiwfSf;F nkny rpahy; ghiwmLf;F gy gphpt[fshfg; gphpe;Js;sJ/

ghlk; 1.2 g[tp nknyhL

rpahy;rpkh

flyo gug;g[epyk;goe;jJ/ fhyg;nghf;fpy;

rpkh kw;Wk; rpahy;Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mitgoe;j ,l�;fspnyna,Wfpg; ghiwfshfkhwpnghapd/

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tUlj;jpw;F xU rpy brd;okPl;lh;fs; vd efu;e;jgo,Uf;fpwJ/ ,t;thW gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshf kpfbkJthf efUfpw khf;kh. g[tp nknyhl;il jhf;FfpwJ/,jd; tpisthf nknyhL efUfpwJ/ nknyhl;od;efh;t[fisg; gw;wp mLj;J tUk; ghlj;jpy; tphpthfgoj;jwpnthk;/

193 194

fw;wypd; tpist[fs;1 / g[tp K:d;W mLf;Ffis bfhz;lJ vd mwpe;jdu;;;/2 / g[tp nknyhL jplkhft[k; mjd; cs; mikg;g[

jputkhf cs;sJ vd g[hpe;Jf; bfhz;ldu;;/

be�;rp;y; epWj;J�;fs; :1/ g[tp K:d;W Kf;fpa mLf;fshy; MdJ/ mit fUtk;.

ftrk; kw;Wk; nknyhL vdg;gLfpd;wd/ fUtk; g[tpapd;ikag;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ/ ftrk; fUtj;ij Rw;wpmike;Js;sJ / nknyhL ftrg; gFjpapd; nky; kpje;Jf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/

2/ ftr mLf;fpd; nky; gFjp m!;jpndh!;gpah; vdmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ftr nkyLf;fpd; ,ay;g[ gz;g[fs;,ju gFjpfspd; ,aw;g[ gz;g[fspypUe;J ntWgLfpd;wd/

3/ bgU�;fly; XL bky;ypaJ/ Rkhh; 5 ? 10 fp/kP gUkd;bfhz;lJ/ bgU�;fly; XL 40 rjtpfpj rpypf;fhita[k;40 rjtpfpj khf;dPrj;ija[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ v�;rpa 20rjtpfpjk; ,Uk;g[ kw;Wk; ,ju fdpk�;fshy; MdJ/

4/ nknyhl;od; fPH; mLf;fpy; cs;s ghiwfs; rpkh vdmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Vbddpy; mit rpypfh kw;Wk;kf;dPrpaj;jhy; Mdit/

5/ fz;l XL 20 ? 70 fp/kP gUkDilaJ/ fz;l XL 80rjtpfpjk; rpypfhita[k; 15 rjtpfpjk; mYkdpaj;ija[k;bfhz;Ls;sJ/ v�;rpa 5 rjtpfpjk; Vida ghiwfshy;MdJ

6/ nknyhl;od; nky; mLf;fpy; cs;s ghiwg;gFjp rpahy;vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Vbddpy; mit rpypfh kw;Wk;mYkpdpaj;jhy; MdJ/

gapw;rpI / rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLf;ft[k; : 1/ nfhs;fspd; ,af;f�;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; <h;g;g[ tpir

(m) Nhpad; (M) g[tp (,) epyt[ 2/ ftr mLf;fpd; nky; gFjp

(m) fUtk; (M)m!;jpndh!;gpah; (,)nknyhL 3/ g[tpapd; cs;sikg;gpy; khf;kh fhzg;gLtJ

(m)tha[epiyapy;(M)jputepiyapy;(,) jplepiyapy;

II / nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f: 1/ g[tpapd; kpf MHkhd gFjpapy; cUfpa epiyapy;

fhzg;gLk; mLf;F _________vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ 2/ g[tp nknyhl;oy; mlh;j;jp epiwe;j gFjp______ MFk;/ 3/ rpahy; mLf;fpy; _____ kw;Wk; _____ mjpf mstpy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ/ 4/ fUtk; ________ epiyapYs;s btspf;fUtj;ija[k;

_______ epiyapYs;s cl;fUtj;ija[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/III. bghUj;Jf : 1/ rpahy; m!;jpndh!;gpah; 2/ ftr nkyLf;F bgU�;fly; nknyhL 3/ rpkh cl;fUtk; 4/ Nhpad; fz;l nknyhL 5/ jplg;bghUs; el;rj;jpuk;

g[tpIV. RUf;fkhf tpilasp: 1/ cl;fUtk; jplepiyapy; fhzg;gLtJ Vd;> 2/ ftr mLf;fpd; Tl;Lg;bghUl;fs; ahit> 3/ m!;jpndh!;gpaiug; gw;wp Fwpg;g[ xd;W tiuf/ 4/ rpahy; ghiwfs; vd;why; vd;d> 5/ bgU�;fly; nknyhl;ilg; gw;wp Fwpg;g[ jUf/V. tphpthf tpilasp:

1/ g[tpapd; gy;ntW mLf;Ffisg; gw;wp ePtph; mwptdahit>

bra;Kiw gapw;rpbfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gl�;fspd; tptu Fwpg;g[fisvGJf/

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2/ g[tp efh;t[fs;

fle;j gj;jhz;Lfshfg; g[tp mwptpaypy; tpaf;fj;jf;fmstpy; gy Kd;ndw;w�;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd/ jw;rkak;g[tpia gw;wpa g[s;sptptu�;fs; Vuhskhf fpilf;fpd;wd/Mjyhy; g[tpapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; mjd; bray;ghLfisg;gw;wpa ekJ fUj;Jf;fSk; khwp tUfpd;wd/ Fwpg;ghfg[tpapd; nkw;;gug;g[ Xhplj;jpy; epiyj;J epy;yhky; efh;e;Jbfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij mwptpayhsh;fs; g[upe;Jf;bfhz;ldh;/ vdntjhd;. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fz;l�;fs;efUfpw jpwidg; bgw;Ws;sd vd;w g[jpa fUj;Jgj;bjhd;gjhtJ kw;Wk; ,UgjhtJ E}w;whz;Lfspy;btsptuyhapw;W/

1.fz;lg;nghf;Ff; nfhl;ghL (Continental Drift):My;`gpul; btf;dh; vd;w b$h;khdpa thdpiyMuha;r;rpahsh; 1912Mk; Mz;L fz;lg;nghf;Ff; nfhl;ghLvd;w xd;iw Kd;bkhHpe;jhh;/ mjd;;go. bjhd;ik fhyj;jpy;khbgUk; fz;lk; xd;W ,Ue;jJ vd;w g[jpa fUj;ijKd;bkhHpe;jhu;;/ mtupd; Tw;Wgo. ,g;bgUk; fz;lj;ij

kpjf;fj; Jt�;fp. mt;tplj;ij tpl;L efu;e;J jw;nghijamiktpl�;fis mile;jpUf;fyhk; vdf; Twpdhu;/,f;nfhl;ghl;od; Ke;ija fUj;J fPH;fhQqk; Mjhu�;fismog;gilahff; bfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ/

m/ xUrpy fz;l�;fspy; xnu khjphpahd gok�;fs;fhzg;gLfpdwd/ mj;jifa gok�;fs; fhzg;gLfpwfz;l�;fs; aht[k; fle;J nghd epytpay; fhyj;jpy;xd;Wld;xd;W bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUe;jpUf;fyhk;/

M/ jw;nghJ rpy fz;l�;fspy; fhzg;gLfpw btg;gkz;ly�;fs; Kd;fhyj;jpy; JUt fhyepiyiabfhz;l kz;ly�;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;Wbjhd;ik fhyepiy Mjhu�;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd/,jpypUe;J jw;nghija btg;g kz;ly�;fs; Kd;fhyj;jpy; khWgl;l ml;rf;nfhLfspy; mike;jpUe;J,Uf;fyhk;/

,/ Rkhh; 900 kPl;lh; MHj;jpy; bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpd;fpHf;Ff; flnyhuk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; nkw;Ff; flnyhuk;;bespthpg[jph; (Zig Zag Puzzle) nghd;W xd;Wld; xd;WbghUe;Jfpw mikg;igg; bgw;W cs;;sd/(glk; 2/2)

196

196

fw;wy; nehf;f�;fs;1 / g[tp efh;t[ nfhl;ghl;il g[hpe;Jf; bfhsy;/2 / g[tp efh;t[ tiffis bjhpe;Jf; bfhsy;/3 / kiyahf;f bray;Kiwia mwpe;J bfhsy;/

glk; 2.1 khbgUk; fz;lk;

bljp!;fly;

gh�;rpah

Mg;gphpf;fhbjd;mbkhpf;fh

glk; 2/2 bjd;mbkhpf;fh- Mg;gphpf;f mikg;g[

</ bjw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Fmbkhpf;fhtpd; fpHf;Fflw;fiunahu ghiwfspy;fhzg;gLfpw epytpay;got[fis nghd;nwInuhg;gpa. Mg;gphpf;fnkw;F flw;fiunahu�;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

fz;lnghf;F nfhl;ghl;ilg;gw;wpa tpthj�;fs; ,UgjhtJE}w;whz;od; Kjy; Kg;gJtUl�;fspy; mwptpayhsh;fs;

195

‘gh� ;r pah ’ vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/(glk; 2.1)nkYk;. Rkhh; 200kp/tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh;gh� ; r pah r pw pafz;l�;fshf cilglJt�;fpaJ/ mt;thWcile ;j g pd ;du ;mr;rpwpa fz;l�;fs;

,ilna kpfj; jPtpukhf eilbgw;Wte;jJ/ Mdhy;fz;lg;nghf;Ff; nfhl;ghl;od; bray;ghl;oid tpsf;fnjitahs fhuzpfs; vija[k; mwptpayhsh;fshy;Kd;bkhHpa ,aytpy;iy/ Mifapdhy; mLj;j Kg;gJtUl�;fspy; fz;lg;nghf;Ff; nfhl;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa

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tpthj�;fs; bkJthf kiwe;J nghapw;W/ btf;dh; ,we;jMz;lhd 1930 f;Fk;. 1950 Mk; Mz;od; bjhlf;fj;Jf;Fk;,ilg;gl;lf; fhyj;jpy; fz;lnghf;Ff; nfhl;ghl;il cWjpbra;tjw;fhd epfH;rpfs; VJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy;epfHtpy;iy/

II / fly;jiu tphpthf;fk;(Sea Floor Spreading): bjhHpy;El;g�;fs; 1950 kw;Wk;; 1960 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;; bgUkstpy;Kd;ndw;wk; milayhapw;W/ ,k;Kd;ndw;wj;jpd;tpisthfnt bgU�;fly;jiufis tphpthft[k;.tpsf;fkhft[k; nkg;g[fshf tiua Koe;jJ/ mj;jifankg;g[fspd; K:ykhf bgU�;fly;fspd; jiufspYk;epyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ nghynt kiy bjhlh;fs;;mike;jpUg;gJ bjhpa te;jJ/ ,jw;F kj;jpa ml;yhz;of;kiyj;bjhliu xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Twyhk;/ ,e;jg[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[f;Fj;[ njitahd Mjhu�;fs; 1960 Mk;Mz;od; Jtf;fj;jpy; xd;whfj; jpul;lg;gl;ld/ mt;thWjpul;lg;gl;l Mjhu�;fspd; mog;gilapy; fly;jiutph pthf ; fk ; vd ;w g [ j pa nfhl ;ghL xd ;WKd;bkhHpag;gl;lJ/

ftr mLf;fpypUe;J bgh�;fp vGfpw khf;kh gFjpfSf;Fneh; nkny fhzg;gLfpw g[tp nknyhl;Lg; gFjpapy;kiyj;bjhlh;fs; mikfpd;wd vd;W fly;jiu tphpthf;ff;nfhl;ghL(glk; 2/3) TWfpwJ/ ,f;nfhl;ghl;od;go ftrmLf;fpypUe;J nkbyGfpw khf;kh bgU�;fly; Xl;od;kPJ gf;fthl;oy; gut[fpwJ/ nkYk; gf;fthl;oy; gut[fpwkhf;khtpdhy; mt;tplj;jpYs;s bgU�;fly; XLefh;j;jg;gLfpwJ/ mt;thW efh;j;jg;gLfpw bgU�;fly;XLf;Fg; gjpyhf mt;tplj;jpy; g[jpa bgU�;fly; XLcUthfpwJ vd vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ/

xU rpy tUl�;fs; fHpj;J. fly;jiu tphpthf;ff;nfhl;ghl;il cWjp bra;tjw;Fj; njitahd Mjhu�;fs;btspna tuyhapw;W/ fz;l nghf;F kw;Wk; fly;jiutph pthf ; fk ; Mf pa ,uz ;L nfhl ;ghLfSk ;xU�;fpizf;fg;gl;L. 1968 Mk; Mz;L xU g[jpa nfhl;ghLbtspaplg;gl;lJ/ ,J ‘epytpay; gyiff; nfhl;ghL’(Theory of Plate tectonics) vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ/

III. epytpay; gyiff; nfhl;ghL: ekJ fz;fSf;Fg;g[yg;glf;Toa epytpay; epfH;;rpfs; gytw;wpw;fhdmwptpay; Mjhu�;fis epytpay; gyiff; nfhl;ghLMzpjukhf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ/ ,jd;go jpz;ikahdghiwnfhsj;jpd; btspgFjp jdpj;jdp ghiwj;Jz;Lfshfcile;Js;sJ vd bjupatUfpwJ/ ,g;ghiwj; Jz;Lfnsepytpay; gyiffs; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,JtiuVwf;Fiwa 12 bghpa gyiffSk;. Vuhskhd rpwpagyiffSk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd/ bgUk;ghYk;epytpay; gyiffspd;; xU gFjp fz;lkhft[k;. kw;bwhUgFjp bgU�;flyhft[k; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk (glk;2/4)/vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tl mbkhpf;fg;gyifia ghh;g;nghnkahdhy;. mjd; nkw;Fg; ghjpapy; tl mbkhpf;ff; fz;lKk;.mjd; fpHf;Fg; ghjpapy; ml;yhz;of; bgU�;fly;bfhg;giua[k; (basin) ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,g;gyifa[ld;xg;gpLk;bghGJ grpgpf; gyif KGtJk; bgU�;flyhfcs;sJ/

epytpay; gyiffs; xG�;fw;w tot[ld; ntWgl;lgUkidf; bfhz;Ls;sd/ nkYk;. epytpay; gyiffs;,iltplhJ efh;e;jgo cs;sd/ tUlj;jpw;F 15br/kP vdmjpntfkhf efUfpw gyiffSk;.tUlj;jpw;F 2/5br/kPf;Fk;Fiwthf Ch;e;J bry;fpw gyiffSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/ rpyneu�;fspy; gyiffs; xd;Wld; xd;W nkhjpf ;bfhs;fpd;wd; rpy neu�;fspy; gyiffs; xd;iwtpl;L xd;Wtpyfpr; bry;fpd;wd; rpy neu�;fspy; fpilahf efh;e;Jr;bry;fpw gyiffs; kw;bwhU gyifiaf; flf;Fk;bghGJ.mg;gyifa[ld; nkhjhky; eGtpr; bry;fpd;wd/

nkny Twpa efh;t[fspd; fhuzkhf g[tpgug;gpy; kiyfs;;.kw;Wk; gs;sjhf;Ffs;. vhpkiyfs;. epyeLf;fk; Mfpad

197 198

kj;jpa ml;yhz;of; bjhlh;ftrk;

fly;kj;jpa ml;yhz;of; kiyj;bjhlu;

nkbyGk; khf;kh

glk; 2/3 fly; jiu tphpthf;fk;

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epfH;t[fs; gy eilbgWfpd;wd/ bgUk;ghYk;. cyfpy;fhzg ;gLf pw kiyj ;bjhlh ; fs ; midj ;Jk ;fz;lg;gyiffspd; nkhjy; fspdhy; cUthditfns vdfUjg;gLfpwJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;Fvy;iyia xl;o mike;Js;s ,ka kiyj;bjhlh; ,uz;Lfz;lg;gyiffspd;; nkhjypdhy;; cUthdnjahFk;;/

I / kiyahf;fk;: kiy vd;gJ. mjd; Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpy;mike;Js;s epyg;gFjpapypUe;J jpObud caUfpw xUepykhFk;/ g[tpapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; kiyfs;xd;wd;gpd;xd;whf. beUf;fkhft[k;. bjhlh;r;rpahft[k;fhzg;gl;lhy;. mij kiyj;bjhlh; vd miHf;fpnwhk;/,j;jifa kiyj;bjhlh;fis vz;zw;w mstpy;bfhz;oUf;fpw kiyj;bjhlu;fshd ,uhf;fp!;. Mz;o!;.,kakiy. My;g;!; kw;Wk; mg;gnyr;rpad; nghd;wtw;iwkiyg;gpunjr�;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; Twyhk;;/ glk;2/4 ,y; fhl;oa[s;sgo bgUk;ghyhd kiyfs; epytpay;tpirfspdhy; cah;e;J. koe;J. ,ilKwpe;j (fault) ghiwbghUs;fspdhy; cUthdit/ ,j;jifa kiyfs; xnuxU bjhluhfnth (a{uy; kiyfs;) my;yJ gy bjhlh;fshy;Md xU gFjpahfnth (tl mbkhpf;f fhh;oyuh)mike;jpUf;fpd;wd/ g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; mike;Js;srpy Kf;fpakhd kiyj;bjhlh;fspd; miktpl�;fistiuglk; 2/2 vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ/

fle;j 150 Mz;Lfshf mwptpay; Muha;r;rpfs; Vuhskhfeilbgw;W tUfpd;wd/ Muha;r;rpfspd; K:ykhf/ fz;fth;kiyj;njhw;w�;fis cUthf;Ffpw mfr; bray;;Kiwfis

200199

nkg;g[ 2/1 epytpay; gyiffs;

epy eLf;nfhL

a{nurpad;

tl m

bkhpf;fh

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pad;

gpypg;igd;

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&pah

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grpgpf;

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bjd;

mbkhpf;fh

glk; 2/4 ,U fz;l gyiffspd; nkhjy;

kiyj; bjhlh;fs;

cah; gPl gPkp

ghiwf;nfhsk;

m!;jpndh!;gpah;Ke;ija bgU�;fly;

nknyhL

ghiwf;nfhsk;

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bkhpf;f

fhh;oyuh b

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gw;wpa tptu�;fs; mwpag;gl;ld/ xU kiyj;bjhFjpianjhw;Wtpf;fpw bray;Kiwfs; midj;Jk; (Orogenesis)Xnuhb$dp!p!; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ Xnuhb$dp!!;vd;gJ. xnuh!; (kiy) kw;Wk; b$dp!!; (tHf;fj;jpw;FtUjy;) vd;w fpnuf;f bkhHp brhw;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;/ cyfpYs;s kiyfs; ,uz;L tiffshfg;gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ mitahtd: (m) kog;g[ kiyfs;.(M) ,il Kwpt[ kiyfs;/

(m) kog;g[ kiyfs; (Fold mountains): kiyahf;fj;jpw;F(Orogenesis) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l epytpay;gyiffspd; nkhjy;fns. Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfshfmikfpd;wd vd;W Muha;r;rpfspd; K:ykhf bjupa tUfpwJ/g[tpapd; cs;;gFjpapypUe;J njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; epytpay;tpirapdhy;; fz;l nknyhl;Lg; gFjpfs; (nkg;g[2/2)nkhjpf;bfhs;fpd;wd/ ,j;jifa nkhjy;fs; eilbgWk;bghGJme;j ,uz;L fz;lg;gFjpfSf;F ,ilna mike;Js;sghiwfspy; kog;g[fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ kog;g[fisbfhz;l ghiwfs; nkYk; beWf;F tpirapdhy; mGj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ mt;thW mGj;jg;gLk; ghiwfspy;,ilKwpt[fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd/ ,ilKwpt[fs; Vw;gl;lghiwfs; nkny ce;jg;gl;L kog;g[ kiyfs; cUthfpd;wd/,t;thW cyfpy; epytpay; tpirfspdhy; cUthf;fpa[s;skiyfspy; fz;fth; njhw;wj;Jld; ,kakiy tpz;Qqah;e;Jfhl;rpaspf;fpwJ/

Rkhh; 45 kpy;ypad; tUl�;fSf;F Kd; ,e;jpa. Mrpafz;l�;fspd;; nkhjy;; Jt�;fpaJ/ ,j;jifa nkhjYf;FKd;dh; ,e;jpah mz;lhh;ofhtpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;Jte;jJ/ mz;lhh;ofhf; fz;lj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah gphpe;J.xUrpy Mapuk; fpnyh kPl;lu;fs;; tlf;F nehf;fp efuyhapw;W/,jd; tpisthf fz;ftu;; ,kakiya[k;/ jpbgj;jpa cah;epyKk;; cUthfyhapd/

jw;bghGJk; ,e;jpa fz;lk; Mrpa fz;lj;ijj; bjhlh;e;JmGj;jp tUfpwJ ; jpbgj;Jk; Mrpafz;lj;ij tlf;Fnehf;fpj; js;SfpwJ/ vdnt. ,g;gFjp epy miktpaiynghd;nw. epytpay; tpirfspd; bray;ghLfSk; kpfr;rpf;fyhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ rpf;fyhd mikg;igf;

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bfhz;oUf;fpw Mrpafz;lj;jpd;; rpy gFjpfs;. fpHf;fpy;grpgpf; bgU�;fliy nehf;fp ,d;wst[k; js;sg;gl;LtUtjhft[k; Twg;gLfpwJ/

nkYk; ,j;jifa fz;l nkhjy;fs; epfHe;;jjw;fhdrhd;Wfis cyfpYs;s gpw kiyj;bjhlh ;fSk;vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf cs;sd/ g[tpgug;gpypUe;J blj;jp!;fly; kiwe;j mnj neuj;jpnyna Mg;gp;hpf;f. $nuhg;gpafz;lg;gyiffspd; nkhjypdhy; My;g;!;kiy cUthdJvdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

(M) ,ilKwpt[kiyfs; (Fault Mountains): rpyneu�;fspy; fz;l nknyhl;Lg; gFjpapy; ,ilKwpt[fs;Vw;gLfpd;wd/ ,ilKwpt[fs; Vw;gl g[tpapDs; njhd;Wfpwepytpay; tpirfns fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd/ epytpay;tpirfspdhy; ghiwfs; j�;fspd; tYit ,Hf;fpd;wd/mg;bghGJ ghiwfspy; njhd;Wfpw ,ilKwpt[fspdhy;mg;ghiwfs;; tphpryilfpd;wd/ ,j;jifa tpupry;fs;vj;jpirfspy; ntz;LkhdhYk; Vw;glyhk;;/ mg;bghGJtpupryile;j ghiw Jz;Lfs; xd;iwtpl;L xd;W tpyf;fpr;bry;Yfpd;wd/ ghiw nfhsj;jpYs;s jplkw;w ghiwfspy;,Gtpir fpilahfr; bray;gLfpwnghJ. mg;ghiwfspy;,ilKwpt[fs; thpirahf epfH;fpd;wd/ mj;jifa epfH;r;rpxd;W eilbgWk; ntisapy; Jz;Lg;ghiw xd;WfPH;nehf;fpr; rhpfpwJ/ mt;thW ,lk;bgah;e;jg; ghiwJz;odhy; gs;sk; xd;W cUthfpwJ/ ,g;gs;sj;ijfpuhgd; vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ fpuhgDf;F ,izahfcile;Jnghd kw;bwhU ghiw Jz;L nkbyGfpwJ/,jdhy; njhd;Wfpw cah;epyj;ij ~hh;!;L vdmiHf;fpnwhk; (glk; 2/5)/

mz;ikapy; ,ilKwpt[fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l g[tpapd;nknyhl;oYs;s fpuhgd;fs; gpst[ gs;sj;jhf;FfshfcUkhwp tpl;ld/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fz;l Xl;oy; Vw;gl;lgpst[ fhuzkhf njhd;wpa fpHf;F Mg;gphpf;fg; gs;sjhf;iff;Twyhk;/ mJnghynt nkny cah;e;j ~hh;!;l; ghiwJz;L ePs; kiyj;bjhluhf cUthfpwJ/ ,j;jifa ePs;kiyj;bjhliu ‘,il Kwpt[ kiy’ vd miHf;fpnwhk;/vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nkw;F mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;oYs;s

203 204

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38kp/;

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55 kp/

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Rkhh; 225 kpy;ypad; tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh; M!;jpnuypa flw;fiuf;Fmg;ghy; ,e;jpah xU bghpa jPthf ,Ue;jJ/ bljp!; vd;WmiHf;fg;gl;l gue;jf; fly; xd;W ,e;jpahit Mrpafz;lj;jpypUe;Jg; gphpj;jJ/ ,e;jpah. Rkhh; 200 kpy;ypad;tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh; ghd;$pah vdg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; ,Ue;Jgphpe;J tlf;F nehf;fp efuyhapw;W/ ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F nehf;fpagazj;ij mwptpayhsh;fs; kWgoa[k; gpd;tUkhW fl;likj;jdh;/Rkhh; 80 kpy;ypad; tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh;Mrpa fz;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Vwf;Fiwa 6.400fpkP; bjhiytpy; ,e;jpah mike;jpUe;jJ/m�;fpUe;J xU E}w;wh z;Lf;F 9 kPl;lh;vd;w tPjj;jpy; ,e;jpah tlf;F nehf;fpefuyhapw;W/ Rkhh; 40?50 kpy;ypad;tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh; ,e;jpa epyg;gyifMrpaf ; fz ;lj ;Jld ; nkhj paJ/,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F nehf;fpa gaz ntfk;ghjpahf Fiwa yhapw;W/ ,t;tpuz;Lfz;l epyg;gug;g[fspd; ghiw mlh;;j;jpxnu jd;ikf; bfhz;lit/ Mjyhy; xUepyg;gyif kw;bwhU gyifia mjd;fPnH js;s ,aytpy;iy/ mjdhy;epytpay; gyiffspd; nkhjy; kw;Wk; ntfFiwg;g[ Mfpad ,kakiy mjpntfkhfcau;e ;jjw;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ/nkhjypdhy; Vw;gl;l mGj;jk; ,kakiytpz;nehf;fp nkbyGe;jjpdhy; jsh;e;jJ/,jd; tpisthf fly;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J7.300 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F jhWkhwhf 30f;Fk;nkw;gl;l rpfu�;fSld; ,kakiy cUthdJ/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfvtbu!;l;. f�;rd; $�;fh. kfhY kw;Wk; bjssfphp Mfpatw;iwTwyhk;/ ,jd; mfyk; bjw;F tlf;fhf 200 Kjy; 400 fpnyhkPl;lh;tiu ntWgLfpwJ/ jtpu ,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 6.100 kPl;lh; tiufhzg;gLfpwJ/ fle;j 50 kpy;ypad; tUl�;fspy; vtbu!;l; kiy8 fp/kPl;lUf;F nky; cah;e;Js;sJ/

gs;s�;fSk; bjhlh;fSk; epiwe;j khfhzj;ijf; Twyhk;/,k;khfhzj;jpy; gs;s�;fs; fpuhgd;fshft[k;. bjhlh;fs;~hh;!;Lfshft[k; khwpa[s;sd/

II. fPH;Kf tist[ gs;sjhf;Ffs; (Synclinal Valleys):fz;l�;fspd; kPJ mike;Js;s kiyj;bjhlh;fisg;gphpf ;fpw gs;sjhf;Ffs; ‘fPH;Kfg; gs;sjhf;Ffs; ’vdg;gLfpd;wd/ ,g;gs;sjhf;Ffs; ,uz;L fz;lnknyhl;Lg; gFjpfs; nkhJtjpdhy;; cUthfpd;wd/

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mt;thW nkhJf pwbghGJ mf ;fz ;l� ;fSf ;F,ilnaa[s;s ghiwfspy; kog;g[fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ rpykog;g[fs; fPH;nehf;fpa[k;. rpy kog;g[fs; nky;nehf;fpa[k;fhzg;gLk;/ fPH;nehf;fp tise;Js;s kog;g[fs; fPH;Kftist[fshFk;/,itna kiyj; bjhlh;fspd; ,ilnafhzg;gLk; gs;sjhf;FfshFk;/ nky; nehf;fp tise;Js;s

205 206

kog;g[fs; nky;Kf tist[fs; MFk;/ nky;Kf tisntkiyj;bjhlh;fspd; cr;rpg;gFjpahf mikfpwJ (glk;2/6)/

kuz gs;sj;jhf;F (Death Valley): xU rpy neu�;fspy;xU gs;sjhf;fpd; cUthf;fk; mijr; Rw;wp mike;Js;skiyfspd; cUthf;fj ;Jld; neuoahf bjhlh ;g [bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/ ,jw;F bjd; nkw;F mbkhpf;f If;fpaehl;oy; mike;Js;s kuz gs;sjhf;if vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff;Twyhk;;/ kuz gs;sj;jhf;fpd; fpHf;fpYk; nkw;fpYk; cs;s,uz;L rpwpa kiyfs; ,d;wst[k; cah;e;Jf; bfhz;:L,Uf;fpd;wd/ mnj neuj;jpy; mk;kiyfs; xd;iwtpl;Lxd;W tpyfpa[k;; bry;fpd;wd/ mjdhy; cUthfpa ,ilbtspapy; ghiwfs; fPH;nehf;fpj; jhH;fpd;wd/ vdnt. kuzgs;sj;jhf;Fg; gFjp mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;onyna kpft[k;jhH;thd gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;jg; gs;sjhf;FE}w;whz;L fhykhfj; jhH;e;Jf; bfhz;nl tUfpwJ/,ay;g[f;F rw;W khWgl;L cUthd kuzg;gs;sj;jhf;Fg[tpgug;gpy; rpwg;ghd njhw;wkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

,Jtiu epytpay; gyiffspd; ; nkhjy;fspdhy;,kakiy nghd;w kpfg;bghpa kiyfs; cUthapd vdgoj;jwpe;njhk;/ jtpu vhpkiyfs; btog;gjpdhYk;; kiyfs;njhd;Wfpd;wd/ g[tpapd; cs;spUe;J btspnaWfpwkhf;khtpdhy; vupkiyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ ,k;kiyfs;,�;Fk; m�;Fkhf kiyj;bjhlu;fSf;F ,ilapnyhmy;yJ ~tha; jPt[fspy; fhzg;gLtJnghy jybtg;gf;fhuzj;jpdhy; jdpj;njh fhzg;glyhk;/ vhpkiyfis gw;wptptukhf mLj;jg; ghlj;jpy; goj;jwpnthk;/

fw;wypd; tpist[fs;1/ fz;lg;nghf;F nfhl;ghl;oid g[hpe;Jf;bfhz;ldh;/2/ kiyahf;f tpirfis g[hpe;Jf;bfhz;ldh;/3/ ,kakiy njhd;w epy gyiffspd; nkhjny fhuzk;

vd g[hpe;Jf;bfhz;ldh;/be�;rpy; epWj;J�;fs; :1/gh�;�pah vd;w khbgUk; fz;lk; xd;W ,Ue;jJ vdfz;lg; nghf;F nfhl;ghL TWfpwJ/ Rkhh; 200 kpy;ypad;tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh;. ,f;;;fz;lk; rpwpajhf cilg;gl;L.kpje;J jw;nghija miktpl�;fis mile;jd/2/jpz;ikahd ghiwnfhsj;jpd; btspgFjp jdpj;jdpghiwj; Jz;Lfshy; MdJ/ ,tw;iw epytpay; gyiffs;vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ ,it ,iltplhJ efh;e;jgo cs;sd/3/kiy vd;gJ Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpy; mike;Js;s gFjpapypUe;JjpObud caUfpw xU epykhFk;/ g[tpapd; xU gFjpapy;kiyfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf beUf;fkhft[k;.bjhlh;fs;Mft[k; mike;jpUg;gpd; mj;njhw;wk; kiyj;bjhlh;vdg;gLk;;/ kiyj;bjhlh;fs; xd;Wf;bfhd;W ,izahffhzg;god; mJ kiyg;gpunjrk; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/4/epytpay; tpirapdhy; cUthd kiyfspy;. thdshtpa,kakiya[k; xd;whFk;/ Rkhh; 45kpy;ypad; tUl�;fSf;FKd;du;;. ,e;jpah Mrpaht[ld; nkhjpajd;; tpishfnt,kakiyfSk;. jpbgj;jpa cah;epy�;fSk; cUthapd/5/ghiwnfhsj;jpy; ,ilKwpt[fs; thpirahf eilbgWfpwfhyj;jpy; fpuhgd;fSk;; ~hh;!;LfSk;; cUthfpd;wd/fpuhgd;fs; fPH;nehf;fp rupa[[k; ghiwfshYk; ~hh;!;l;Lfs;nkbyGfpw ghiwj;Jz;LfshYk;; njhd;Wfpd;wd/

6/kiyfis mtw;wpdpila[s;s gs;sjhf;Ffs; gphpf;fpd;wd/gs;sjhf;Ffs;; fPH;Kftist[fs; vdt[k;. kiycr;rpfs;nky;Kftist[fs; vdt[k; miHf;fpnwhk;/

fpuhgd;~hh;!;L~hh;!;L

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fPH;Kf tist[

nky;Kf tist[

glk; 2/6 fPH;Kf. nky;Kf tist[fs;;

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gapw;rpI. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf:1/ Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpy;; mike;Js;s epyg;gFjpapypUe;J

jpObudcah;e;J epw;Fk; xU epyg;gug;g[(m)kiyfs; (M)kiyj;bjhlh; (,)kiyg;gpunjrk;

2/ ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F vy;iyapYs;s kiyj;bjhlh;(m) My;g;!; (M) Mz;o!; (,) ,kakiy

3/ My;g;bul; btf;dh; Kd;bkhHpe;jf; nfhl;ghL(m)fly;jiu tphpthf;fk; (M)epytpay; gyif(,) fz;lg;nghf;F

II. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f:1/ xU ____ vd;gJ g[tpapd; xU gFjpapy; bjhlh;e;J xd;wd;

gpd; xd;whf mike;jpUf;fpw kiyfshFk;/2/ kiyj;bjhFjpia cUthf;Ffpw bray;Kiw ____ vdg;gLk;/3/ bghpa fly; vd miHf;fg;gl;l ____ . ,e;jpahit Mrpaf;

fz;lj;jpypUe;J gphpj;jpUe;jJ/4/ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l epytpay; gyiffspd;

__________kiyahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;/5/ ePs;thf;fpy; thpirahf mikag;bgw;w kiyj;bjhlh;fs;

__________vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/III. bghUj;Jf:1/ epyg;gyif nfhl;ghL fPH;kojy;2/ nky;Kftist[ ePs;tot kiyj;bjhlh;fs;3/ fPH;Kf tist[ nky;Kfkojy;4/ kuzg;gs;sj;jhf;F ghiwf;nfhsk; nkhJjy;5/ ~hh;!;Lfs; m/I ehLfs;

IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp:1/ epyg;gyiffs; vd;why; vd;d>2/ epytpay; gytif nfhl;ghL gw;wp fl;Liu tiuf/3/ ,kakiyapd; gz;g[ eyd;fis tpthp/4/ ,ilKwpt[ kiyiag; gw;wp vGJf/

V. tphpthd tpilasp:1/ ,kakiyg; gw;wp brhe;j thu;j;ijfspy; vGJf/2/ g[tp efh;t[ gw;wpa btt;ntW nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;Ff/3/ efUk; g[tpf;nfhs; - tpsf;Ff

bra;Kiw gapw;rp1/ cyfnkg;g[ xd;wpy; kiyfspd; guty;fisf; Fwpf;ft[k;/2/ epytpay; gyif nfhl;ghL fUj;Jfis eoj;Jf; fhl;Lf/3/ ,kakiy cUthd tpjj;ijg; gw;wp fye;JiuahLf/

207

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3/vhpkiyfs;

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tuyhw ;Wf ; fhyj ;jpy ; eilbgw;w r PuHpt [fSs;vhpkiyapdhy; Vw;gl;l rPuHpt[fs; kpf nkhrkhditfshffUjg;gLfpd;wd/ vupkiyfspd; btog;g[fspdhy;gy;yhapuf;fzf;fpy; kf;fs; khz;L nghapdu;/ tuyhw;wpy;kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpw funfhl;lh vhpkiy1883Mk; Mz;L btoj;jJ/ ,e;j vupkiy $hth jPtpw;FmUfpYs;s Re;jh ePhpizg;gpy; mike;Js;sJ/ ,ijg;nghynt mz;ikapy; 1980 Mk; Mz;oy;; eilbgw;wbrapz;l; b~yd; vhpkiy (glk; 3/1) btoj;j epfH;r;rptuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;/ ,J mbkupf;fIf;fpa ehl;oYs;s thc&p�;ld; khepyj;jpy;. fh!;nfl;bjhlhpy; mike;Js;sJ/

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209

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fw;wypd; nehf;f�;fs;1/ vhpkiyapd; njhw;wj;ijg; g[hp;e;J bfhsy;/2/ gy tifahd vhpkiyfisj; bjhpe;J bfhsy;/3/ vhpkiyfspd; bray;ghLfis goj;jwpjy;/

208

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itf;fpwJ my;yJ khf;kh bry;FHha; (Conduit) Rtu;fiscUf;fp tpLfpwJ/ khf;kht[ld; tha[t[[k; nru;e;J bry;FHhapd;tHpna nknyGe;J g[tpapd; nkw;gug;ig te;jilfpwJ/mt;thW btspnaWfpw khf;kht[k; tha[t[k; g[tpapd;nkw;gug;gpy; btoj;Jr; rpjWk;nghJ mg;gug;gpy;; Jthuk;xd;W Vw;gLfpwJ/ ,j;Jthunk kj;jpa Kfl;Ltha;;(Central Vent) vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

btspnaWtjhy;. mitna me;jje;j vupkiyfspd;cr;rpapy; fUk;g[ifahf ekf;Fj; bjupfpd;wd/

vhpkiyahf cUthd gpwFk;. me;j vupkiyna kPz;Lk;btof;fyhk;/ mt;thW btof;Fk;bghGJ vhpkiyapd;Kfl;LthapypUe;J btspnaWfpw khf;kh. g[tpapd;nkw;gug ;ig KGikahf te;J miltjpy;iy/me;neu�;fspy; bry;FHha;;fis khf;;kh Jisj;Jf;bfhz;Lrpwpa fpisfshfg; gphpe;J tpLfpwJ/ ,f;fpis khf;khf;fs;vhpkiyfspd; gf;f Kfl;Lthapd; tHpahf btspnaWfpwJmy;yJ g[tp nkw;gug;gpw;Ff; fPnHna j�;fp tpLfpwJ/

g[tpapDila nkw;gug;gpy; tHpe;njhLfpw khf;khityhth vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ yhth bre;epwj;Jld;.1100°brd;ofpnuLf;Fk; nkyhd btg;gepiyald; fhzg;gLfpwJ/ tHtHg;g[j; jd;ikiaf; bfhz;oUf;fpw yhth.vhpkiy rhpt[fspy; kpf ntfkhf tHpe;njhLk;/ Mdhy;gpRgpRg;g[j; jd;ikiaf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; yhth. vhpkiyrhpt[fspy; kpf bkJthfnt tHpe;njhLk;. yhthf;fs;Fsph;e;J. jpz;ik mila[k;bghGJ. mit gy tifahdtot�;fis bgWfp;d;wd/

khf;khtpd; njhw;wk;: mwptpay; Muha;r;rp rhd;Wfspd;mog;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk;bghGJ. nknyhL kw;Wk; ftrk;Mfpa g[tpapd; mLf;Ffs; jplkhd ghiwfshy; Mditvd bjhpfpwJ/ nkYk;. ,Uk;g[ brwpe;J fhzg;gLk; btspfUtk; jput epiyapy; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[ld; cs;sJ vd;Wk;g[tpapdoapy; btF MHj;jpnyna j�;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;Wk;;goj;jwpe;njhk;/ ,J cz;ikbadpy;. g[tpapd; kPJeilbgWfpw vhpkiy btog;g[fSf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwkhf ;khtpw ;F K:yhjhu�;fs; vit> khf;khtpw ;FK:yhjhu�;fshtd: (m)btg;gepiy. (M) mGj;jk; kw;Wk;(,) ePh; bfhs;sst[/

m/btg;gepiy : jput epiyapYs;s btsp fUtk;kl;Lnk. khf;khtpd; K:yhjhukhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy vd;Wepymikg;gpayhsh;fs; ek;g[fpd;wdh;/ nkYk;. g[tpapd;nknyhoYk; ftr mLf;fpYk; mike;jpUf;fpw jplkhd

211

Kfl;;Lthapd; tHpahf khf;kht[k; ,ju vhpkiybghUs;fSk; btoj;Jr; rpjWfpd;wd/ mt;thW btoj;Jr;rpjWfpw bghUs;fs; mk;Kfl;Lthia xl;o gog;goahfgoe;J vhpkiy xd;iwnah my;yJ ty;fndh xd;iwnahfl;Lfpd;wd/ vhpkiy btoj;J Xa;e ;j gpd;dh ;mk;kiyapd; cr;rpapy; fpz;zj;ij xj;j njhw;wk; xd;Wfhzg;gLfpwJ/ mj;njhw;wk; bgUtha; (Crater) vdmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,g;bgUthapd; fPnH vhpkiyapd;Kfl;Ltha; mike;jpUf;Fk; (glk; 3/2)/

bgUk;ghYk; vhpkiyfs; btof;Fk;bghGJ mjpypUe;Jtha[f;fSk; btspnaWfpd;wd/ me;j tha[f;fspy; fhh;gd;ilMf;i!L. iel;u$d;. fe;jf ilMf;i!L kw;Wk; ,jutha[f;fSk; cs;sd/ Mdhy; vupkiy btog;gpd;;bghGJbtspnaWfpw tha[f;fspd; bgUk;gFjp ePuhtpahy; MdJ/,jDld; vhpkiy J}RfSk; btspnaWfpd;wd/ ,t;thWePuhtpa[ld;. tha[f;fSk; J}Rf;fSk; xd;W nru;e;J

gf;f Kfl;Ltha;

yhth tHpjy;bgUtha;

tha[f;fSk; vhpkiyrhk;gy;fSk;

Kjd;ik Kfl;Ltha;

yhth mLf;Ffs;

ftrk;

khf;kh fz;ziw

Tk;g[

glk; 3/2 xU vhpkiy mikg;g[

210

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ghiwfspy; ,Ue;nj khf;kh njhd;Wfpd;wd vdt[k;TWfpd;wdu;/ jplkhd ghiwfspy; ,Ue;J khf;kh njhd;wntz;Lbkdpy;. mg;ghiwfspd; btg;gepiy cUFepiyf;Fcau ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy/ rpypfh brwpe;Jfhzg;gLk; fpuhidl; ghiw 750° br/ btg;gepiyapnynacUfj; Jt�;fp tpLk;/ Mdhy; grhy;l; ghiw cUfj;Jt�;Ftjw;F mg;ghiwapd; btg;gepiy Rkhh; 1000°brd;ofpnuLf;Fk; nkyhf cau ntz;Lk;/ mt;thWghiwia cUf;fj; njitgLfpw btg;gj;jpw;F fhuzkhf,Ug;gJ vJ?

ftrj;jpYk; nknyhl;oYk; fhzg;gLk; ghiwfspy; cs;sfj p h paf ; ff ; TWfs ; r pijf ; fg ;gLk ;bghGJmg;ghiwfspypUe;J btg;gk; btspnaw;wg;gLfpwJ/vdnt jhd;. epyj;jpdoapy; MHk; bry;yr;bry;y btg;;gKk;mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ mt;thW cau;e;J tUfpw btg;gj;ijRu�;f�;fspy; gzpg[hpfpw bjhHpyhsh;fs; ePz;l fhykhfntczh;e;J tUfpd;wdu;/ g[tpXl;od; nky;gFjpapy;mjpfupf;Fk; btg;gepiyapd; tPjk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;khWgoDk;. ruhrupahf xU fpnyhkPl;lu; MHj;jpw;F 20°?30°br/ tiu btg;gepiy ntWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ/ vdnt.MHk; mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f btg;gKk; mjpfupf;fpwJ/,t;thW mjpfupf;fpw btg;gtPjj;ij g[tp btg;gr;rhptst[(Geothernal Gradient) vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ ,jd; fhuzkhf.,uz;L tHpfspy; khf;kh cw;gj;jpahfpwJ/

Kjyhtjhf/ ftr mLf;fpDs; cw;gj;jpahfpw khf;kh.g[tp Xl;ow;F ,lk;bgaUfpwJ/ mjd; tpisthf m�;Fs;sgrhy;l;ghiw cUfj; Jt�;FfpwJ/ cUfpa grhy;l;ghiwapypUe;J btspgLk; btg;gnk. g[tpXl;od;nky;gFjpapYs;s fpuhidl;ghiwfSk; cUf nghJkhdjhf,Uf;fpwJ/ ,t;thwhfnt. ftr mLf;fpDs; cw;gj;jp Mfpwkhf;khtpypUe;J btspgLk; btg;gkhdJ�g[tp xl;ow;Ff;gog;goahff; flj;jg;gLfpwJ/ Mjyhy; rpypfh brwpe;Js;sfpuhidl; ghiwfs; cuj;j xypa[ld; btoj;J. g[tpnkw;gug;gpy; fpuhidl; yhththf gut[fpwJ/

,uz;lhtjhf. (glk; 3/3) bgU�;flyhHj;jpy;. fz;lepytpay; gyifiaf;fhl;oYk; bgU�;fly; XLFsph;r;rpahdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ btg;gkhd ftr mLf;fpDs;mkpH;fpw bgU�;fly; Xl;il cUf;f. mijr; Rw;wpmike;Js;s ghiwfspypUe;J btspgLfpw btg;gnknghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,jd; tpisthf flyoapy;grhy;l;; khf;kh cw;gj;jpahfpwJ/

213

glk; 3/3/ bgU�;fly; gyif ftr mLf;fpDs; ,w�;Fjy ;

m!;jpndh!;gpah;;

ghiwf;nfhsk;

bgU�;fly; nknyhL

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; mfHp

M/mGj;jk;: ghiwfs; cUFtjw;F btg;gepiykl;Lnk Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ue;jpUg;gpd;;. g[tpahdJ.jplkhd bky;ypa Xl;odhy; K:lg;gl;l xU jputg;ge;Jnghy ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;;/ Mdhy;. cz;ikapy; ekJ g[tpmt;thwpy;iy/ Vbddpy; ghiwfs; cUFtjw;F mGj;jKk;xU fhuzpahf mikfpwJ/ g[tpapy;. MHk; mjpfhpf;fmjpfupf;f ghiwfspy; mGj;jKk; mjpfupf;fpwJ/ vdnt.ghiwfspd; cUFepiy (melting) btg;gKk; mjpfupf;fpwJ/mJnghynt. mGj;jk; Fiwa[k;bghGJ. ghiwfspd;;cUFepiy btg;gKk; FiwfpwJ/ mGj;jj;jpy; Vw;gLfpwtPH;r;rp fhuzkhf. tPH;r;rpa[Wfpw ghiw cUF btg;gepiy.mg;ghiw cUFtjw;F nghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,j;jifamGj;j Fiwt[. epytpay;gyiffs; nkbyGfpwfhy�;fspy; Vw;gLfpwJ/ ,jd; tpisthf. mg;ghiwfs;Fiwe;j mGj;j kz;lyj;jpw;Fs; efu;e;J tpLfpwJ/

,/ ePh;bfhs;sst[(Water content)[: ghiwapd; cUFbtg;gepiyia ghjpf;Fk; kw;bwhU fhuzp. mg;ghiwapd;ePh;bfhs;ssthFk;/ bghJthf. ePu;bfhs;sst[ mjpfkhf

212

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fhzg;gLk; ghiwfspd; cUF btg;gepiy. Fiwthfnt,Uf;Fk;/ jdpj;j Tl;Lg;bghUshyhd xU gz;lj;jpd;(Substance) cUF btg ;gepiyf ;Fk ; gyTl;Lg ;bghUshyhd xU gz;lj;jpd; cUF btg;gepiyf;Fk;,ilna fhzg;gLk; ntWghL kpf Kf;fpakhdJ/vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. jdpj;j Tl;Lg;bghUshyhd gdpfl;oapd;cUF btg;gepiya[k; gy;ntW Tl;Lg;bghUshyhd jPg;ghiwfspd; cUF btg;gepiya[k; bgupJk;; ntWgLfpd;wd/Vbddpy;. gdpfl;o xU Fwpg;gpl;l btg;gepiyapy; cUfptpLfpwJ/ Mdhy; bgUthhpahd jPg;ghiwfspd;; cUFbtg;gepiyapd; tPr;R vy;iy (Range) gy E}W ofphpbrd;ofpnul; MFk;/

vhpkiyapd; tiffs;: xt;bthU vhpkiyapd;tuyhWk; jdprpwg;g[ tha;e;jJ/ vhpkiyfs;. mjd; totk;kw;Wk; mst[ nghd;wtw;wpy; ntWgLfpd;wd/ vdpDk;vhpkiyfs; fhl;Lfpw btoj;jy; gh�;F (Pattern) Xustpw;Fxj;jpUg;gpd; ;. mjd; mog;gilapy; vupkiyfistifg;gLj;jyhk; vd ty;Yeh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;/ vupkiyfs;btof;fpw jd;ikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tot gz;g[fs;Mfpatw;iw mog;gilahff; bfhz;L vhpkiyfis K:d;Wtpjkhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;/ mitahtd: (m) nflavhpkiyfs;/ (M) fhp rpl;lf;Tk;g[fs; kw;Wk; (,) gyrpl;lf;Tk;g[fs;/

(m)nflavhpkiyfs; (Shield Volcanoes): vhpkiyapd;kj;jpapYs;s Kfl;L tha; xd;wpypUe;J yhth bgUkstpy;tHpe;J. tphpe;J gut[fpwbghGJ. me;j vupkiy Fk;kl;l(Dome) totj;ijbahj;jj; njhw;wj;ijg; bgWfpwJ/,t;tif vhpkiyfs; nflavhpkiyfs; (glk;3/4)vdmiHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ nflavhpkiyfs; grhy;of;yhthtpdhy; fl;lg;gLfpwJ/

M/fhp rpl;lf;Tk;g[fs; (Cinder Cones): fhpr;rpl;lf;Tk;g[fs; cUtj;jpy; kpfr; rpwpait/ Rkhh; 100 Kjy; 400kPl;lh; tiu cauj;ijf; bfhz;oUg;git/ kj;jpaKfl;Ltha; xd;wpypUe;J bgUj;j Xira[ld; mjpntkhf

btoj;Jr; rpjWfpw ghiw Jz;Lfshy; Mdit/ nknyvGfpw khf;khtpDs;; tha[f;fs; bgUk; mstpy; jpuSfpwbghGJ. fhp rpl;lf; Tk;g[fs;(glk; 3/5)cUthfpd;wd/ ,itgrhy;oypUe;J mjw;F ,ilg;gl;l Tl;Lg;bghUs;tiuapyhd khf;khf;fshy; tsh;r;rpg; bgWfpd;wd/ ,t;tifvhpkiyfs; mLj;jLj;Jf; Tl;lkhf fhzg;gLk;/fypnghh;dpahtpy; rpwpaVup vhpkiy. bkf;!pnfhtpy;;gpuhf;a{od; vhpkiyiaa[k; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Twyhk;/

214

,/gy;rpl;lf;Tk;g[fs; (Composite Cones): g[tpapd;gug;gpy;; fhzg;gLfpw vhpkiyfSs;. Xtpak; nghd;Wfz;izf;ftUfpw njhw;wj;ijf; bfhz;l vupkiyfis.‘gy;rpl;lf;Tk;g[fs;’ vd miHf;fpnwhk; (glk; 3/6)/ ,it

glk; 3/4 nfla vhpkiy

glk; 3/5 fhp rpl;lf;Tk;g[

gf;f Kfl;Ltha;Kfl;Ltha; cr;rp

fz;ziw

ghiw Jz;Lfshy;Md Kfl;Ltha;

bgUtha;

215

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217216

epyj;jpd; nky;tHpfpw yhthtpdhYk;; bgUk; Xira[ld;btoj;Jr; rpjWfpw ghiwfspdhYk; khwpkhwp mikf;fg;gl;l mLf;Ffshy; Mdit/ ,tw;wpd; cauk; 100 kP/-3500kPl;lh; tiu fhzg;gLk;;/ gy;rpl;lTk;g[fspd; khf;kh.grhy;l; Kjy; fpuhidl; tiuapyhd khWgl;l ntjpay;gz;g[fis bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/

bgUtha;

glk; 3/6 gy; rpl;lf;Tk;g[ vhpkiy

yhth

nkhdnyhth

gpuhf;a{od;

kpfmjpf btg;gepiyapy; ePuhdJ Jhpjkhf MtpahfptpLfpw jd;ikf; bfhz;lJ/ mjdhy; me;ePupd;; mGj;jk;mjpfhpj;J. btof;fpw ,ay;igg; bgWfpwJ/ fpuhidl;ghiwtif khf;khtpy; ePh;bfhs;sst[k; mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ/mJnghynt. btg;gKk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpw fhuzj;jpdhy;.fpuhidl; khf;kh Jhpjkhf Mtpahfp bgUk; Xira[ld;btoj;J rpjWfpw ,ay;g[f; bfhz;ljhf cs;sJ/

gy;rpl;lf;Tk;g[ vhpkiyfs; Xtpaj;ijg; nghd;Wfhl;rpaspg;gpDk; mit kpf jPtpukhfr; bray;gLfpwtifiar; rhh;e ;jitfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,t;tifvhpkiyfs; vjph;ghuhky; btoj;J bgUk; nrjj;ijtpistpf;f Toait/ brayhw;Wk; gy;rpl;l Tk;g[fs;bgUk;ghYk; kpff; FWfpa g[tpg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/,g;gug;g[ gprpgpf; bgU�;fliyr; Rw;wp mike;Js;sJ/,Jnt beUg;g[ tisak ; vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

Ig;ghdpy; cs;s gpa{$pahkh. gpypigd;!py; cs;skhahd; kiy kw;Wk; tlnkw;F mbkhpf;f If;fpaehl;oYs;s fh!;nfl; bjhlhpy; Xtpak; nghd;Wfhl;rpaspf;fpw brapd;l; b~yd; cl;gl cyfpYs;s


nkhdnyhth cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa vhpkiyahf ,Uf;fyhk;vd fUjg;gLfpwJ/ Ie;J nfla vhpkiyfs; xd;W nrh;e;J ~tha;jPt[fis cUthf;fpa[s;sd mtw;Ws; nkhdnyhth vhpkiya[k;xd;whFk;/ nkhdnyhthvhpkiyapd; mojsk; fly;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5000 kPl;lh;MHj ; j py ; bgU� ;fly ;jiuapy; mike;Js;sJ/mjd; cr;rpg;gFjp fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J 4170 kPl;lh;cauj;jp;w;F ePUf;F nkny

gaphpLtjw ;fhf nrhstaiy Maj;jg;gLj;j te;jmt ;taypd ; brhe ; jf ;fhuh;fs; ,e;j vhpkiybtog;ig fz;Tlhff ;fz;ldh;/ gpg;uthp 20 Mk;ehs; khiy 4 kzp mstpy;rpwpa Jis xd;wpy; ,Ue;Jfe ;jfbeoa [ld ; g [ifnkbyGe;jJ/ md;wput[

ghiw ;Jz;Lfs; mjpf gpufhrj;Jld; fhw;wpy; J}f;fp vwpag;gl;ld/mjd; Tk;g[ mLj;j ehs; 40 kPl;lh; cauk; tiu tsh;e;jJ/ Ie;jhtJehs; 100 kPl;lUf;Fk; nky; caukhf tsh;e;jJ/ me;j neuj;jpy;bgUtha; tpsk;gpypUe;J Rkhh; 1000 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F btg;gkhdghiw Jz;Lfs; bgUk; Xira[ld; btoj;Jr; rpjwpd/ jpObudbrayhw;w Jt�;fpaJ nghynt. xd;gJ tUl�;fSf;Fg; gpwFvupkiyapd; braYk; tpiuthfnt Kot[f;Fk; te;J tpl;lJ/jw;bghGJ ,ju vz;zw;w fhpr;rpl;lf; Tk;g[fisg; nghyntbkf;!pnfhtpd; epybtspapy; gpuhf;a{oDk; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ/ ,Jvjp;u;fhyj;jpy; ,dp btof;fhJ vdt[k; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

fhzg;gLfpwJ/ ,j;jifa vhpkiy ghiwfshy; Mdgpuk;khz;lkhd Ftpay; xd;iw fl;likf;f Vwf;Fiwa xUkpy;ypad; Mz;Lk; vz;zw;w btog;g[ RHw;rpa[k; njitg;gLk;;/nkw;F bkf;!pnfhtpy; mike;Js;s gpuhf;a{od; kpfg;gpurpj;jpg;bgw;w xU fhpr;rpl;lf; Tk;ghFk;/ ,e;j vhpkiy bkf;!pnfhefuj;jpw;F nkw;nf 1943 Mk; Mz;L Rkhh; 350 fp/kP bjhiytpy;xU nrhs taypy; Kjd;Kjypy; btof;fj; Jt�;fpaJ/

www.kalvisolai.com

vhpkiyfspy; gy rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd/mbkhpf;f $f;fpa ehl;oYs;s brapz;l; b~yd; 1980Mk; Mz;ow;F gpwF gyKiw btoj;Jr; rpjwpa[s;sJ/

218 219

brapd ;l ;b~yd;! ; vhpkiygFjpapy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;lepyeLf;fk; vhpkiy bray;ghLg[Jg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf milahsk;fhl;oaJ

(m) khh;r; 20.1980

epyeLf;fj;jpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;lbghpa mstpyhd epyr;rhpt[khf ;khtpd ; mGj ;jj ;ijFiwj;jJ/ mjdhy; bgUkst[Xira[ld; vhpkiy gf;fthl;oy; btoj;jJ/

xU rpy behofspy; kpfg;bghpamstpy; btog;g[ br�;Fj;jhfepfH;e;jJ. vhpkiy J}Rfs; Rkhh;19 fp/kP cauj;jpw;F vhpag;gl;lJ/,e;j epiy fpl;lj;jl;l 9 kzpneuk; ePoj;jJ/

tlf;F vy;iyg;gFjpapy;fhzg ;gLk ; bgUf ;fk ;mjpfhpf ;fpw khf ;khitmGj;jj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ/

(M) Vg;uy; 23. 1980

bgUf;fk;

beLf;fhf Vw;gl;lvhpkiy bray;ghL

gf;fthl;Lbtog;g[k;. rpjwYk;

epy rhpt[fSk;.rpijf;Ts�;fs;

(,) nk 18. 1980

(<) nk 18. 1980

brapd;l; b~yd;!; vhpkiy ? nk 18.1980/

glk; 3/7 brapd;l; b~yd;!;

vhpkiyfspd; guty;: ,d;wst[k; cyfj;jpy;. fpl;ljl;l800 vhpkiyfs; bray;gLfpw vhpkiyfshf cs;sd/my;yJ tuyhw;W fhye;bjhl;nl bray;gLgitfshfntfUjg;gLfpd;wd/ ,tw;Ws; 75# f;Fk; nkw;gl;l vhpkiyfs;grpgpf; bgU�;flypd; beUg;g[ tisa gFjpapy;mike;Js;sd/ bray;gLfpw vhpkiyfspy; xU gFjp tl

cyfpy; bray;gLfpw gyrpl;lTk; ;g [ vupkiyfSs;bra pz ;l ; b~yDk ;xd;whFk;/ glk; 3/7 brapz;l;b~yd ; btog ;igf ;fhl;LfpwJ/ ,e;j vhpkiyapd;gf ; fthl ;L btog ;g pd ;fhuzkhf 2/8 fd fpnyh kPl;lh;ghiwfSk;; got[fSk; mfw;wg;gl;ld/ ,jd; tpisthfvhpkiyapd; cauk; 400 kPl;luhfj; jhH;e;jJ/ vhpkiyiar;Rw;wp mjd; rhk;gy; Rkhh; 50.000 rJu fpnyh kPl;lh; tiugutpf; fhzg;gl;lJ/ ,t;thwhd btog;gpdhy; Rkhh; 600kP/MHk; bfhz;l bgUtha; xd;W bghpa mstpy; cUthdJ/,g;bgUthia glj;jpd; eLtpy; fhzyhk;/

rhy�;rh;

nghfhd; tpy;

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bjd; rhz;l;tpr;

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kw;Wk; bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpd; nkw;fpy; fhzg;gLfpw ,sk;kog;g[ kiyg;gFjpa[lDk;. tlf;F kw;Wk; nkw;F grpgpf;bgU�;fliyr; Rw;wp fhzg;gLfpd;w tpy;tot vhpkiyj;jPt[g;gFjpa[lDk;. xU�;fpize;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ rpyvhpkiyfs; kj;jpa jiuf;fly;- Mrpa kiyahf;fg; gFjpapy;mike;Js;sd/ mtw;Ws; gy ,e;njhndc&pahtpYk; kj;jpajiuf;fly; gFjpfspYk; brwpe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd/cyfpYs;s bgU�;fly;fspy;; cs;s kiyj;bjhlh;fis;xl;oa[k; vhpkiyfs; mike;Js;sd/ v�;rpait.Mg;gphpf;fg; gpst[ gs;sjhf;Fg; gFjpfspy;; mike;Js;sd/

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ghud;jPt[ (me;jkhd; ?epf ;nfhghh ;) ; ;

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btg;gepiya[k ; caUfpwJ/ Kfl;LthapypUe ;JbtspgLfpw tha[thdJ nkfj;ijg; nghy cauj;Jt�;FfpwJ/ ,j;jifabjhU vhpkiy btog;gpidKd;Tl;ona mwptpf;f mwptpayhsh;fs; fUtpfs;gytw;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;/ vhpkiyapd; tphpthf;fj;ijmsf;fr; rha;t[khdpiaa[k; (Tilt Meter). btg;gepiyiamsf;f btg;gkhdpiaa[k;. tha[f;fis msf;f tha[bghwpiaa[k; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;/

yhth gPlg{kp: g[tpapy; yhthtpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lgPlg{kpfns ek;ik ftUfpw kw;bwhU Kf;fpakhdnjhw;wkhFk;/ gPlg{kpfs; gy tHpfspYk; gy;ntWtifahd epytpay; gpd;dzpapYk; cUthfpd;wd/bgUk;ghYk;. vhpkiy bray;gLk;;bghGJ Ftpf;fg;gLfpwgrhy;l; yhthtpdhy; gPlg{kpfs; cUthfpd;wd/ ,jw;Fvj;jpnahg;gpah. nrhkhypah. nkw;F mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehL.guhdh tofhy;. I!;yhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; jf;fhzgPlg{kp Kjyhdtw;iw rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; Twyhk;/

MapDk; ,jd; bray;ghL $dthp 2000Mk; Mz;L kPz;Lk;g[Jgpf;fg; gl;Ls;sjhf(tha[ beoa[ld; yhth btspaPL)vd ,e;jpa flnyhug;ghJfhg;g[ gil apduhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ/

bgUk;ghYk; vhpkiy btog;gij Kd;Tl;onamwptpf ; f ,ayhJ/ ,Ug ;g pDk ; ~thapy ;mike;Js;sitfisg; nghd;W rpy vhpkiyfs; vr;rhpf;iffl;likt[ bjhFjp (built-in warning system) xd;iw j�;fsplk;bfhz;Ls;sd/ ,j;jifa vhpkiyfspy; xd;W btog;gjw;FKd; khf;kh. mtw;wpd; fz;ziwapy; nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/Mjyhy; me;j vhpkiy tphptila bjhl�;FfpwJ/nkbyGfpw khf;khtpdhy; mg;gFjpapy; gy epyeLf;f�;fs;rpwpa mstpy; Vw;gLfpd;wd/ mjdhy; Rw;Wg;g[w

grhy;l; yhthtpy; brJf;fpam$e;jh Fiffs;

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vhpkiyapd; ew;gad;fs;: : : :g[tpapy; fLikahd nrjj;ijVw;gLj;jf; Toa ,aw;ifr; rf;jpahf vhpkiyfs;tps�;Ffpd;wd/ MapDk; vhpkiyfs; ew;gad;fisa[k;jUfpd;wd/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf gy vhpkiyg; bghUs;fs;; ;bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;Fk; ntjpapay; gad;ghl;ow;Fk;Kf;fpakhfj; njitg;gLfpd;wd/ bghJthf. yhth ghiwfs;rhiyfs; nghl gad;gLfpd;wd/ fz;zho nghynjhw; ;wkspf;fpw goff;fy; (Pumice) yhthtpypUe;Jbgwg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;jf; fw;fs;. cnyhf�;fs; kw;Wk; ,jubghUs;fis gl;il jPl;Ltjw;Fk; bkUTl;Ltjw;Fk;gad;gLfpwJ/ vhpkiyfspypUe;J bgwg;gLk; fe;jfg;got[fs; ntjpg;bghUs;fis jahh; bra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ/rpijf;fg;gLfpw vhpkiy rhk;gy; kz;tsj;ij bgUkstpy;nkk;gLj;JfpwJ/

vhpkiy gpunjr�;fs; gytw;wpy; trpf;fpw kf;fs; Mw;wiycw;gj;jp bra;a moepyePuhtpia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;/,j;jhyp. bkf;rpnfh. epa{rpyhe;J kw;Wk; mbkhpf;f If;fpaehLfspy; ‘g[tp btg;gr; rf;jpia’ (Geothermal) gad;gLj;jpkpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fpd;wdh;/ I!;yhe;jpy; buapf;$htpf;(Reykjavik) vd;w ,lj;jpy; trpf;fpw bgUk;ghyhd kf;fs;j�;fspd; tPLfis btg;gg;gLj;j vhpkiy btg;g ePiuf;FHha;fs; K:ykhff; bfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;/

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be�;rpy; epWj;J�;fs;1/ fz;ziwfs; khf;kh njf;f�;fshf bray;gLfpd;wd/

,f;fz;ziwfspypUe;nj vhpkiybghUl;fs; btoj;Jr;rpjWfpd;wd/

223

2/ khf;kht[k; tha[t[k; g[tpapd; nkw;gug;ig mile;jt[ld;.btoj;Jr; rpjWfpd;wd/ mjdhy; cUthFk; Jthunk.Kfl;Ltha; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

3/ Kfl;Lthapd; tHpahf btoj;Jr; rpjWfpw khf;kht[k;,ju vhpkiy bghUs;fSk; mij xl;o gog;goahfg;gotjhy; vhpkiy xd;W cUthfpwJ/ vhpkiy btoj;JXa;e;j gpd;dh; mk;kiyapd; cr;rpapy; fpz;zj;ij xj;Jfhzg;gLfpw njhw;wnk bgUtha; vdg;gLfpwJ/

4/ g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tHpe;njhLfp;w khf;khnt yhthvdg;gLfpwJ/ ,J bre;epwj;Jld;. Rkhu; 1100° br/f;Fnky; btg;gepiyiaf; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/

5/ g[tpapdoapy; MHk; mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f caUfpwbtg;g tPjnk “g[tp btg;gr;rhptst[“ vdg;gLfpwJ/

6/ vhpkiyapd; kj;jpa Kfl;Ltha; tHpna bgUkstpy;yhth tHpe;J tphpe;J gut[tjhy; nfla vhpkiyfs;njhd;Wfpd;wd/ ,t;tif vhpkiy nkbyGfpwkhf;khtp;y; bgUkstpy; tha[f;fs; jpuSfpw bghGJcUthfpwJ/ gy fuprpl;lf; Tk;g[fspy; ePh; bfhs;sst[mjpfkhf ,Uf;fp;w fhuzj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfupf;fpwJ/mjdhy;me;ePu; Jhpjkhf Mtpahfp bgUj;j Xypa[ld;btoj;J rpjw Toa ,ay;igf; bfhz;ljhf cs;sJ/

7/ ,e;jpa Jizfz;lj;jpy; bray;gLfpw xnubahUvhpkiy ghud; jPthFk;/ ,j;jPt[ nghh;l; gpnsahpypUe;JfpHf;nf 135 fp/kP/bjhiytpy; fpHf;F me;jkhd; flypy;mike;Js;sJ/ ,J ,e;jpa bgU�;flypYs;s me;jkhd;epf;nfhghh; r�;fpypj;bjhlhpd; xU gFjpahFk;/

8/ vhpkiy bray;gLk;bghGJ Ftpf;fg;gLfpw grhy;l;yhthtpdhy; yhth gPlg{kpfs; cUthfpd;wd/

9/ vhpkiybghUs;fs; bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;Fk; ntjpapay;gad;ghl;ow;Fk; njitgLfpd;wd/ bghJthf yhthghiwfs; rhiyfs; mikf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd/

gapw;rpI. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLf;ft[k; :1/tuyhw;wpy; gjpthfpa[s;s fz;ftu; vupkiyfspy; xd;W(m)funfhlh (M)brapd;l; b~yd;!; (,)ghud; jPt[

2/bgUj;j xypa[ld; rpjwp btof;Fk; vhpkiy(m)fuprpl;lf;Tk;g[(M)gy rpl;lf;Tk;g[,) nfla vhpkiy

3/ml;yhz;of; fly; ePsj;ij xj;J mj;jiuapy; fhzg;gLk;xU kiyj; bjhlh;/

(m) kj;jpa ml;yhz;of; (M) ,kakiy (,) mg;gnyr;rpad;

222

fw;wypd; gad;fs;1 / vhpkiy cUthtij g[hpe;Jf; bfhz;ldh;/2 / vhpkiy tiffis mwpe;Jf; bfhz;ldh;/3 / ,e;jpahtpy; ; bray;gLfpw xnubahU vhpkiy

ghud;jPt[ vd;gijf; fw;W mwpe;jdh;/

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II. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f :1/ Kfl;L tha; tHpna bgUkstpy; yhth g[tp Xl;od;

kPJ gut[tij _________ vhpkiy vd;fpnwhk;/2/ Kfl;L tha; tHpna rpjWfpw ghiw Jz;Lfshyhd

vupkiyia __________ vd;fpnwhk;/3/ tha[t[k;;. khf;kht[k; btspgLfpw jpwg;g[___ vdg;gLk;/4/ g[tpnkw;gug;gpd; kPJ gut[fpw ___ yhth vdg;gLfpwJ/5/ rpije;j ___________ kz; tsj;jijf; Tl;LfpwJ/

III. bghUj;Jf : 1/ ghud; jPt[ jf;fhz gPlg{kp 2/ nkhdhyhth $hth 3/ khf;kh Kfl;Ltha; 4/ yhth gPlg{kp ~tha; 5/ vhpkiyg;bghUl;fs; yhth

,e;jpa Jizfz;lk;IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp: 1/ vhpkiy vt;thW cUthfpwJ> 2/ nfla vhpkiy vd;why; vd;d> 3/ vhpkiyfspd; ew;gad;fis TWf/ 4/ ghud; jPt[ vhpkiyia gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf/ 5/ g[tp btg;gr;rhptst[ vd;why; vd;d>

V. tphpthd tpilasp :1/ xU vhpkiyapd; FWf;F btl;Lj;njhw;wj;ij tiue;J

tpthp/2/ vhpkiyapd; tiffis gw;wp vGJf/3/ khf;kh vt;thW cUthfpwJ> tpthp/

bra;Kiw gapw;rpvhpkiyia gw;wp bra;jpj;jhs;fspy; btspahFk;

tptu�;fisa[k; gl�;fisa[k; nrfhpf;ft[k;/

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4/ epyeLf;f�;fs;

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epyeLf;f�;fisg; gw;wpa tptu Fwpg;g[fs; gy ek;kplkcs;sd/ mtw;Ws; Rkhh; 3000 tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dh; ‘rh�;’Koahl;rpf; fhy rPdf;Fwpg;g[fns kpfg; gHikahdit/mz;ikapy;. gpg;uthp 28. 2001 Mk; Mz;L mbkhpf;f If;fpaehl;oy; thc&p�;ld; khepyj;ijj; jhf;fpa epyeLf;fk;Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;/ epc&;Fthyp vd;W miHf;fg;gl;l ,e;jepyeLf;fk; mjd; mstpy; kpf bgupJ/ Mdhy;mjph;c&ltrkhf ,e;epyeLf;fk; epyj;jpdoapy; Rkhh; 65 fp/kPl;lu; MHj;jpy; cUthapw;W/ Mjyhy; mjph;t[ miyfspd;typik g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;jijf; fhl;oYk;. mJcUthd MHj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ/ MapDk; gyfl;ol�;fSk;. ghy�;fSk; nrjkile;jd; caph;nrjk;VJkpy;iy/ mJnghynt. mz;ikapy; 2001 Mk; Mz;L

225 226

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fhaKw;wdh;/

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epyeLf;f miyfs;: Mw;wy; miyfspd; (Energy Waves)xU totkhf epyeLf;f�;fs; btspgLfpd;wd/ ,itjha;;ghiw (Parent rock) tHpahff; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd/epyj;jpdoapy; VjhtJ xU ,lj;jpypUe;J mjph;thw;wy;jpObud;W btspgLfpwJ/ mt;thW Mw;wy; btspgLfpw,lj;ij ‘epyeLf;f ikak;’ (Focus) vd miHf;fpnwhk;/,e;j ikaj;jpypUe;J Mw;wy; miyfs; tl;l totpy;gazpf;fpd;wd/ epyeLf;f ikaj;jpw;F neh; vjpuhf g[tpapd;nkw;gug;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;ij btspikak; (Epi-Centre) vd miHf;fpnwhk;/

epymikg;gpayhsh;fs; mjph;tiyfis ,uz;Ltiffshfg; gphpf;fpd;wdh;;/ mitahtd: (I) cl;g[w miyfs;(Body waves). (II) nkw;g[w miyfs; (Surface Waves)/

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I. cl;g[w miyfs;: cl;g[w miyfs; ghiw nfhsj;ijCLUtp gazpf;ff; Toait/ cl;g[w miyfis; ,uz;lhfgpupf;fyhk;;/ mitahtd: (m) P miyfs; my;yJKjy;epiy miyfs; kw;Wk; (M) S miyfs; my;yJ,uz;lhk;epiy miyfs;/ ,t;tpuz;L miyfspypUe;JMw;wy; btspg;gLk; bghGJ epyk; mjpUfpwJ/

m)/Pmiyfs;: jha;ghiwfs; khwp khwp tphptile;JRU�;Ftjhy; P miyfs; cUthfpd;wd/ ,it ghiwnfhsj;jpy; tpdhof;F 5 fpnyh kPl;lupy; ,Ue;J 7 fpnyhkPl;lu; ntfj;jpy; gazpf;fpd;wd/ ,nj miyfs; m!;jpndh!;gpahpy; tpdhof;F 8 fpnyh kPl;lu; ntfj;jpy;

;bgaUk; mGj;j tpirapdhy; cUthfpd;wd/ ,t;tiyfs;CLUtp bry;fpw bghUs;fis br�;Fj;J jpirapy; (nkYk;fPGkhfnth my;yJ xU gf;fj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhUgf;fj;jpw;nfh) efh;j;Jfpd;wd/

II. nkw;g[w miyfs;: nkw;g[w miyfs; g[tpapd;nky;gFjpapnyh my;yJ mjw;F mUfhikapnyhgazpg;git/ ,t;tiyfs; CLUtp bry;fpw bghUs;fs;cUSfpd;wd my;yJ C�;ryhLfpd;wd/ ,jd; tpisthfg[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpYs;s bghUs;fSk; flyiyfisnghd;W mirfpd;;wd/ nkw;g[w miyfspd; ntfk; cl;g[wmiyfspd; ntfj;ijf; fhl;oYk;�FiwthdJ/ MapDk;mtw;wpd; Mw;wy; epyj;ijna jfu;ff; ToaJ/ Mjyhy;g[tp nkw;gug;gpy; kdpjh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l njhw;w�;fs;midj;Jk; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shfpd;wd/

g[tpgug;gpy; ePz;l FWfyhd mikg;igf; bfhz;lFwpg;gpl;l kz;ly�;fspy; epy eLf;f�;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd/xU epyeLf;f kz;lyk;. grpgpf; bgU�;fliyr; Rw;wpfhzg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j kz;lyk; tlf;F kw;Wk; bjd;mbkhpf;fhtpd; nkw;F flw;fiu gFjpapy; mike;Js;skiyg;gFjpia xl;oa[k; Mrpahtpd; jPt[ gFjpfspYk;mike;Js;sJ/ ,uz;lhtJ kz;lyk;. kj;jpa jiuf;fly;gFjpiar; rhh;e;j Inuhg;ghtpw;Fk; tl Mg;ghpf;fhtpw;Fk;,ilg;gl;l gFjp kw;Wk; Mrpahtpd; rpy gFjpfisa[k;cs;slf;fp cs;sJ/ ,J Fiwe;j mstpy; bray;gLfpwepyeLf;f kz;lykhFk;/

bghpa mstpy; epfH;fpw epyeLf;fk; cyfpy; vg;gFjpapy;eilbgwpDk;. mg;gFjp bgUkstpy; nrjkilfpwJ;kf;fs; khz;L nghfpd;wdh;; kpUf�;fs; koe;J nghfpd;wd;jtpu fl;ol�;fs;. ghy�;fs;. rhiyfs;. fHpt[ePh; FHha;fs;nghd;wit nrjkilfpd;wd/ nkYk;. epyrhpt[fSk; jPtpgj;JfSk; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd/ caph; gpiHj;jth;fs;czt[. ePh;. ,Ug;gplk; nghd;wtw;wpw;fhfj; Jd;g[Wfpd;wdh;/

g[tp nkw;gug;gpy; ,uz;L epytpay; gyiffSf;F,ilna eil bgWfpw kpfr; rhjhuz nkhjny ,t;thwhd

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229 230

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epyeLf;fj;jpdhy; cUthfpwepymirt[ Kjypy; xU jpiria

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miyfs;’ vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,t;tiyfis btFbjhiytpypUe;Jk; msf;f ,aYk;/ epyeLf;f miyfiskjpg;gPL bra;a “hpf;lh; msit” vd;w Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ hpf;lh; mst[nfhypy; Fwpf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;xt;bthU vz;Qqk; mjd; fPH; vGjg;gl;oUf;Fk; vz;izfhl;oYk; 10 kl�;F bghpajhFk;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf hpf;lh;msitapy; 6/0 vd;w msit bfhz;l epyeLf;fk; 5/0vd;w msit bfhz;l epyeLf;fj;ijf; fhl;oYk; 10 kl�;Ftypik tha;e;jJ/ hpf;lh; msitapy; 6/0 vd;w mstPl;Lf;Fnky; cs;s epyeLf;f�;fs; kpft[k; nguhgj;jhdit vdfUjg;gLfpwJ/ epyeLf;f�;fs; nguhgj;ij tpistpf;f

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epyeLf;f mr;Rwj;jy;fis vd;whtJ xU ehs; Fiwf;fKoa[bkd;W mwptpayhsh;fs; ek;g[fpd;wdh;/ mjw;fhfg[tpapd; cs; mikg;ig g[hpe;Jf; bfhs;s mwptpay;Muha ;r ; r pfs ; Vuhskhf nkw ;bfhs ;sgLfpd ;wd/Muha;r;rpfspd; fhuzkhf g[tp nkw;gug;gpypUe;J ikaj;ijnehf;fpr; bry;y bry;y ghiwfspd; mlh;j;jp mjpfhpf;fpwJvd bjhpa te;jJ/ ghiwfspd; mlh;j;jp gw;wpaMuha;r;rpapd; tpisthf g[tpapd; cs;sikg;gpy; cs;sTl;Lg;bghUs;fisa[k; mwptpayhsh;fshy; eph;zapf;fKoe;jJ/ mLj;J tUk; ghlj;jpy; ghiwfs; mtw;wpd;jd;ik kw;Wk; Tl;Lg;bghUs;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf;fg;goj;jwpayhk;/

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II. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f :1/ cl;g[w miy kw;Wk; nkw;g[w miy Mfpa

,uz;Lk; _________ miyfs; MFk;/2/ S miyfs; _________ tpirapdhy; cUthfpd;wd/3/ epy eLf;f miyfs; _________ vd;w msit Kiwapy;

msf;fg;gLfpwJ/4/ jha;ghiw khwpkhwp RU�;Ftjhy; _______ miyfs;

cUthfpd;wd/5/ S miyfs; P miyfistpl _________ gazpj;J

________ bghUs;fis CLUtpr; bry;Yk;/

III. bghUj;Jf : 1/ $dthp 26.2001 P miyfs; 2/ epyeLf;f�;fs; cg;g[ Vhp 3/ cUkhWk; ,ilKwpt[fs; nkw;g[w miyfs; 4/ cl;g[w miyfs; F$uhj; epyeLf;fk; 5/ fl;r; tisFlh miy Mw;wy;

eGt[k;; gyiffs;

IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp : 1/ epyeLf;f miyfs; vd vij TWfpnwhk;> 2/ epyeLf;f�;fs; vd;why; vd;d> 3/ hpf;lh; msit-tiuaW/ 4/ g{$; epyeLf;fj;ijg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vGJf/

V. tphpthd tpilaspf;ft[k; :1/ epytpay; gyiffSld; epy eLf;f�;fs; bjhlu;g[

cilait vd;gij jFe;j gl�;fSld; tpsf;ft[k;/2/ epy eLf;f�;fis fz;lwptJ vt;thW vd;gijg; gw;wp

tphpthd tpsf;fk; jUf/

bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp

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237

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5/ ghiwfs;

ghiwfns. g[tpia fl;likf;fpw bghUs;fshff;fUjg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;jg; ghiwfns g[tpapd; jpz;ikahdkw;Wk; cWjpahd gFjpfshft[k; tps�;Ffpd;wd/g[tpapDila nknyhl;od; fPnHa[s;s ghiwfs; jputepiyapy; (khf;kh) ,ilg;gs;s�;fshf (Pockets)mike;Js;sd/ bgU�;fly; jiuapYk;. JUtgdpftpg;g[fspd; moapYk; ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ gy,l�;fspy; ghiwapd; kPJ kz;; K:oa[s;sJ/ ,e;j kz;kPJjhd; brofSk;. ku�;fSk; tsUfpd;wd/ kz; vd;gJ.jhtu�;fsplkpUe;Jk;. tpy�;FfsplkpUe;Jk; bgwg;gLfpwcaph; rj;Jf;fs; fye;j Ez;zpa ghiw Jfs;fnsahFk;/jhtu bghUs;fis cs;slf;fpa epyf;fhpia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfTwyhk/ mJnghynt. fly;thH; caphpd TLfshYk;.vYk;g[fshYk; kw;Wk; jhtu�;fs;; cw;gj;jpr; bra;fpwRz;zhk;g[j; jpus;fshy; (Limy Mass) Md Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwfisa[k; vLj;Jiuf;fyhk;/

ghiwfs; cUthfpw tpj�;fspd; mog;gilapy; mtw;iwK:d;whf tifg;gLj;jyhk;/ mitahtd: (I)jPg;ghiw. (II)got[g;ghiw kw;Wk; (III) cUkhwpa ghiw/

(I) jPg;ghiw: ‘,f;dpa!; ’ vd;w brhy;. ‘jP’ vdbghUs;gLk; ,yj;jPd; bkhHpapypUe;J te;jjhFk;;/ Mdhy;cz;ikapy;. ,f;dpa!; ghiw vd;gJ vhpe;Jf; bfhz;L,Uf;Fk; beUg;g[ nghd;wJ vd bghUs; bfhs;sf; TlhJ/kpf mjpf btg;gj;ijf; cila jput epiyapYs;sbghUs;fshy; MdJ vd bghUs;gLk;/ grhy;l; ghiwa[k;;fpuhidl; ghiwa[k; jPg;ghiwapd; ,uz;L tiffshFk;/

grhy;l; ghiw ce;Jg;ghiwg; gphpita[k;/ fpuhidl; ghiwjiyaPL ghiwg; gphpita[k; rhh;e;jit/ grhy;l; jPg;ghiwvhpkiy jPt[fspy; cUthfpd;wd/ bgU�;fly; Xl;od;bgUk;gFjp Fwpg;ghf. kj;jpa?ml;yhz;of; bjhlu; grhy;l;tifg; ghiwapdhy; MdJ/ g[tp Xl;oy; fhzg;gLk;ghiwfspy; 95 rjtPjk;. jPg;ghiw tifiar; rhh;e;jitfshf,Uf;fpd;wd/ jPg;ghiwfis ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;/mitahtd: 1/ ce;Jg;ghiwfs; kw;Wk; 2/ jiyaPLghiwfs;/

1. ce;Jg;ghiwfs; : MHkhd tphpry;fspd; tHpahfg[tpapd; nkw;gug;ig te;jilfpw khf;khtpdhYk;. vhpkiyKfl;Ltha; mUfpYk; ce;Jg;ghiwfs; cUthfpd;wd/g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tHpe;J XLfpw khf;khit “yhth ”vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ g[tp gug;gpy; tHpe;njhLfpw yhth.rkkhd gue;j tphpg;g[fis; nghy cUthfpwJ/ my;yJKfl;L thapypUe;J mof;fo btoj;J btspnaWfpw

238 239

fw;wypd; nehf;f�;fs;1/ ghiwfs; cUthFk; fhuz�;fis mwpe;Jf; bfhsy;/2/ ghiwfspd; gy;ntW tiffis g[hpe;J bfhsy;/3/ ghiwfspd; gad;ghLfis goj;J mwpe;J bfhsy;/

yhth vhpkiyahf cUthfpwJ/bgUk;ghyhd yhth tiffs;mjpntfkhf Fsph;e;J tpLfpd;wd/,jd; tpisthf cUthfpd;wghiwfs ; k pf Ez ;zpagof�;fisf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/bgUk;ghYk; grhy;l; ghiwfs;ce;J tif jPg;ghiwfshFk;.~tha; kw;Wk; I!;yhe;J nghd;wgy vhpkiy jPt[fs; grhy;l;ghiwfis bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd/

2. jiyaPL ghiw : bghJthfjiyaPL jPg;ghiwfs;; rpytw;wpd;mikg ;g [ . tph pg ;g [ nghd ;wtotj;ijf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,ju jiyaPLg;ghiwfs;cUtj;jpy ; kpfg ; bghpjhf ,Uf;Fk;/ ,j;jifajiyaPLg;ghiwfs; Vw;fdnt mike;Js;s got[g;ghiwmLf;Ffspd ; ; FWf ;nf cUthfpd ;wd/ ntWrpyjiyaPLg;ghiwfs;. got[g;ghiw mLf;fSf;F cs;nsbrYj;jg;gLfpw khf;khtpdhy; cUthfpd;wd/

glk; 5/1 khf;khtHpjy ;

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jiyaPLg;ghiwfs; gy tifg;gLk;/ mitahtd: (m),ilg;ghiw (Dyke). (M) rkfpilg;ghiw (Sill). (,)Fk;kl;lg;ghiw (Laccolith). (<) ePs;thpg;ghiw (Batholith)(c) vhpkiy FHha; (Volcanic Pipe)

(m) ,ilg;ghiwfs;: g[tp nknyhl;oy; fhzg;gLk;tphpry;fspy;. bky;ypa euk;g[ nghd;W br�;Fj;jhfcUthFk; j Pg ;ghiwfns “,ilg;ghiwfs;” vdmiHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,g;ghiwfs; Jhpjkhf Fsph;r;rpmiltjhy; mtw;wpy; kpf Ez;zpa fdpk Jfs;fs;bgUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ kpfg; bghpa ,ilg;ghiwE}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fpnyhkPl;lh; ePsj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;/MapDk;. bgUk;ghyhd ,ilg;ghiwfs; xU rpy kPl;lh;gUkDld;. gf;fthl;oy; xU rpy fpnyhkPl;lh; tiu gutpfhzg;gLk;/

ePs;thpg;ghiwfs; gy fpnyh kPl;lh; ePsKk;. xU rpy E}Wfpnyh kPl;lh; mfyj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;/

(c) vhpkiyf;FHha; ;:g[tpapDila nkw;gug;igte;jilfpw ,ilg;ghiwfis vhpkiyf;FHha; vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ ,jdhy; cw;gj;jp bra;agLfpd;w jPg;ghiwgot[fs;; ce;Jg;ghiw jd;ikia bfhz;oUf;Fk;/

(II) got[g;ghiwfs;: ghiwfs; vg;bghGJnk xnukhjphpahfnt epiyj;J ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ xt;bthU ehSk;fhw;W. btg;gepiy. ePh; kw;Wk; gdpfl;o nghd;wtw;why;ghiwfs; rpijf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ X�;fy; nghd;wcah;gFjpapypUe;J kpfg;bghpa ghiwfs; rhpe ;JtpGk;bghGJ. mg;ghiw THh�;fw;fshfnth. kzyhfnth.nrwhfnth rpije;Jg;nghfpwJ/ rpije;jg; bghUs;fs;Mw;WePupy; fye;J tpLfpwJ/ MW. mg;bghUs;fis mjd;fiufis xl;og;gug;g[fpwJ/ nkYk; Vhpfisa[k;.fly;fisa[k; brd;wilfpw MW. mjd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpYk;goa itf;fpwJ/ ,t;thW VjhtJ Xhplj;jpy; epiybgWfpwbghUs;fns. got[fs; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

Kjypy; got[fs; kpUJthft[k;/ jsh;thft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd/,g;got[fs; xd;wd;nky;xd;whf mLf;Ffis nghy goaitf;fg;gLfpd;wd/nkyLf;fpd; Rikapdhy; fPHLf;fpYs;sbghUs;fs; mGj;jg;gLk; mnjneuj;jpy;. ghiwfspy; cs;sjhJf;fSk; ePupy; fiue;J. mg;ghiwapYs;s Jfs;fisRw;wpj; j�;Ffpd;wd/ jhJf;fspd; fiury; gotg;bghUs;fisXd;nwhLxd;whf cWjpahfg; gpizf;fpwJ/ ,jdhy;kpUJthd got[fs; jplkhdjhf khWfpwJ/ ,t;thW khwpagot[fns filrpahfg; got[g;ghiwahf cUbgWfpwJ/

kzw;ghiw (Sand Stone)kpfr; rhjhuzkhf fhzg;gLk; xUtif got[g;ghiwahFk;/ ,t;tifg; ghiwapy; kzy;bfl;oahf cs;sJ/ fspg;ghiw (Shale) vd;gJ bfl;oahdnrWk; rfjpa[k; my;yJ fspkz;zhy; cUthdjhFk;;/gy;Tl;Lg;ghiw(Conglomerate) THh�;fw;fs;;. ghiw Jz;Lfs;Mfpatw;whyhd cUeakw;w xU ghiwahFk;/ Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiw. fpsp�;ry;fshYk;. Rz;zePiu Ruf;fpw jhtu�;fshYk;tpy�;Ffspd; vYk;g[f;TLfshYk; Mdit/ epyf;fhpa[k;

240 241

glk; 5/2 jiyaPL ghiw

fpilghiw

ePs; thpg;ghiw

,ilg;ghiw

,ilg;ghiw

(M) rkfpilg;ghiwfs;: got[g;ghiw mLf;Ffspd;nkw;gug;gpy; mtw;wpw;F ,izahf fpilahf ,Wfpg;nghd khf;kh ‘rkfpilg;ghiw’ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/bgUk ;ghYk ; rkfpilg ;ghiwfs ; f pilahfntcUthfpd;wd; ,Ug;gpDk; br�;Fj;jhf cUthfpwghiwfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/

(,)Fk;kl;lg;ghiwfs;:rk fpilg;ghiwfis nghyntFk;kl;lg;ghiwfSk;. got[g;ghiwfspy; khf;khCLUt[k;nghJ cUthfpd;wd/ ,g;ghiwfs; Fk;kl;ltot[ld; fhzg;gLk;; Mdhy; xU rpy fpnyh kPl;lh;mfyj;jpw;F nky; ,Uf;fhJ/

(<)ePs;thpg;ghiwfs;: jiyaPLg;ghiwfspy; kpfg;bghpjhff; fUjg;gLtJ ePs;;thpg;ghiwfshFk;/ kpfg; bghpa

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xU tif got[g;ghiwna/ epyf;fhpf;F jhtu�;fnsMjhu�;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd/

got[g;ghiwfis ,uz;L tpjkhf milahsk; fhzyhk;/(m) jPg;ghiwfs; nghd;W gH�;fhyj;jpy; cUthd ghiwtifiar; rhh;e;j bghUs;fshy; Mdit/ (M) ePhpdhy; juthupahf gphpf;fg;gl;L. goa itf;fg;gl;l bghUs;fismLf;Ffshff; bfhz;oUg;git/ ,t;thwhd mLf;FfisgLiffs; (Strata) vd miHf;fyhk;/ vdnt got[g;ghiwfs;gLiffis bfhz;oUg;git vd Twg;gLfpwJ/ g[tpapd;nknyhl;oy; fhzg;gLk;; ghiwfspy;. got[g;ghiwfs; 5rjtPjnkahFk;/ MapDk;. epyg;gug;gpy; Vwj;jhH 75 rjtPjk;got[g;ghiwahf ,Uf;fpwJ

3/ cUkhwpag;ghiwfs;: cUkhwpag;hiwfs; vdmiHf;fg;gLk; ghiwfs;. K:d;whtJ tifg; ghiwahFk;/bklkhh;`gpf; vd;w ,r;brhy;. totkhw;wk; (Change ofform) vd bghUs;gLk; fpnuf ;fr ; brhy ;yhFk; /jPg;ghiwfspypUe;Jk;/ got[g;ghiwfspypUe;Jk; cUkhwpaghiwfs; cUthfpd;wd/ ,g;ghiwfis cUthff; fhuzkhdtpirfs;:

(1) g[tpXL RU�;fp. kog;g[fis bgw fhuzkhd mjd;mGj;jKk; btg;gKk;;/

(2) ghiwapYs;s jhJf;fis fiuj;J kWgoa[k;mg;ghiwfspnyna goaitf;fpw ePhpd; bray;/

(3) jplg;ghiw mLf;fspd; kPJ kpf btg;gkhdkhf;khtpd; bray;ghLfs;;/

bgUk;ghYk;. cUkhwpag;ghiw tiffspy; gutyhffhzg;gLtJ ‘ie!; ’(Gneiss) vdg;gLk; ghiwna MFk;/ie!; ghiw Kjypy; fU�;fyhf (fpuhdil;) ,Ue;jjhFk;/mjpYs;s fdpk�;fs; mGj;jj ;jpy; kWrPuikg;g [bra;ag;gLk;bghGJ ie!; ghiwahf cUkhWfpwJ/vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mGj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf gpl;Lkpd!;epyf;fhp (kpUJthd) Md;j;ui!l; epyf;fhpahf (fodkhd)khWfpwJ/ Rz;zhk;g[ ghiwapd; Cnl frpe;bjhGFfpwePhpdhy; ryitf;fw;fs; cUthfpd;wd/ ryitf; fy;ypy;ePhpy;; fiue;j Rz;zhk;g[f; fdpk�;fs; rpwpa gof�;fshfkWrPuikg;g[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/

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,j;jhJf;fspypUe;J fjpupaf;ff; TWfshd nuoaKk;/a[nudpaKk; bgwgLfpd;wd/ jhJg;got[fs; g[tpnkw;gug;gpw;F mUfhikapy; my;yJ btF MHj;jpy;fpilf;fpd;wd/

rpy ,l�;fspy; ,Uk;g[ my;yJ jhkpug;got[fs;mg;gFjpfspy; kiyfshff; fhzg;glyhk;/ rpy ghiwfspy;;bghhpfk; vd;w xU tif cg;g[k; (Borax). fhhPak; (Graphite)nghd;w cnyhfky;yhj tpiya[ah;e;j fdpk�;fSk; cs;sd/Mg;hpf;fh kw;Wk; mh;fd;rh!; Ru�;fspypUe;J btl;ovLf;fg;gLk; itu�;fs;. bghpnlhl; vd;w ghiwapypUe;Jfpilf;fpwJ/ bfhyk;gpahtpy;. xU tif fUg;g[ epwRz;zhk;g[g;ghiwapypUe;J kufjk; (Emerald) fpilf;fpwJ/

epytpayhsh;fs; g[tpapd; ghiwfis Muha;e;jwptjd;K:ykhfnt g[tpapd; tuyhw;Wr; RtLfis bjhpe;Jf;bfhs;sKofpwJ/ vdnt.ghiw mLf;Ffspd; mikg;g[[. fhyk;kw;Wk; Tl;Lg;bghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; goj;jwptjd;K:ykhf vz;izg;got[fis fz;lwpfpd;wdh;/ kpy;ypad;tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dhy; thH;e;jpUe;j caphpd tiffismwpe;Jf; bfhs;tjw;fhf gok�;fis (ghiwfspy; goe;Js;sjhtu�;fs; kw;Wk; tpy�;Ffs;) Muha;tjpy; mwptpayhsu;fs;;Mu;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;/

Mapuf;fzf;fhd rpWth;. rpWkpaUk;. ,sk; gUtj;jpdUk;ghiwfisa[k; fdpk�;fisa[k; kfpH;r;rpa[lDk;; bghGJnghf;fhft[k; nrfhpf;fpd;wdh;/ ,t;thW bghGJg;nghf;Fgtu;fs;;; j�;fis ‘ghiwia ntl;ilahLgth;;’vdt[k; miHj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;/ giHa jghy;jiyfisnrfhpj;J. ghpkhw;wk; bra;Jf; bfhs;gth;fis nghyntghiwfSk;;/ fdpk�;fSk; ghpkhw;wk; bra;Jf; bfhs;sg;;gLfpd;wd/

mbkupf;fhtpy;. yh!;Vd;$y!; efuj;jpy; thH;fpw ghiwnrfhpg;gth;. mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; mike;Js;s ghiw kw;Wk;fdpk r�;f cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;fpw kw;wtu;fSld;; ghpkhw;wk;bra;J bfhs;thh;; my;yJ epa{ahh;f;. khz;l;hpay; my;yJtpad;dh nghd;w bjhiyJ}uj;jpy; thH;fpw kw;w ghiwnrfhpg;gth;fSld;; ghpkhw;wk; bra;J bfhs;th;/ mbkhpf;fIf;fpa ehl;oYk; fdlhtpYk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd ghiw

kw;Wk;; fdpk r�;f�;fs; cs;sd/ ,j;jifa r�;f�;fspd;Tl;l�;fs; Kiwg;go Tl;lg;gLfpd;wd/ ghiwfisg; gw;wpgog;gth;fSf;F cjtpfs; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,r;r�;fj;jhy;fz;fhl;rpfSk; ghiwfis nrfhpf;Fk; ,l�;fSf;Ffsg;gzpfSk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ nkYk; tl;lhumstpy; mike;Js;s mU�;fhl;rpafj;ij nkk;gLj;jt[k;cjt[fpd;wd/

ghiwfisa[k;. fdpk�;fisa[k; nrfhpg;gJ gaDs;sJ/kfpH;r;rp juf;Toa bghGJnghf;Fk; MFk;/ ,j;jifabghGJnghf;fpd; K:ykhf btspg[w gapw;rpa[k;. gog;g[[k;xU�;nf brayhw;wgLfpwJ/ ghiwfspy; cs;s fdpk�;fismilahsk; fz;L bfhs;tjd; K:ykhf ntjpapay;/,aw;gpay;. epy mikg;gpay; kw;Wk; ,aw;g[tpapay; Mfpamwptpay; Jiwfspy; gzp g[hpa tha;g;g[ fpilf;fpwJ/ghiwfisa[k;. fdpk�;fisa[k;. fy; vLf;Fk; ,l�;fs;.fdpk Ru�;f�;fs; mUfpy;. rhiy nghLkpl�;fs;. fl;olepymfH;tha;t[ ,l�;fs;. flw;fiufs;. Mw;W gLiffs;Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;Jk; ghiwfisa[k;. fdpk�;fisa[k;vLj;Jr; nrfhpf;fyhk;/

,ay;ghfnt. ghiw my;yJ kz; Mfpad mfw;wg;gLnkahdhy; mr;bray; ‘mhpj;jy;’ vdg;gLfpwJ/ g[tpnkw;gug;g[ gy;ntW mhpj;jy; fhuzpfshy;; ,iltplhJmupj;bjLf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ mhpj;jy; fhuzpfspy;. MWfs;kpFe;j Mw;wy; tha;e;j fhuzpahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd/ MWfs;kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; bray;ghLfis mLj;j ghlj;jpy;bjhlh;e;J gof;fyhk;/

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fw;wypd; tpist[fs; :1 / ghiw njhd;w fhuzkhdtw;iw g[hpe;Jf;bfhz;ldu;/2 / ghiw K:d;W tifahf cs;sd vdj; bjupe;Jf;

bfhz;ldu; ;/3 / ghiwfspd; tuyhw;iw Ma;t[ bra;tjd;; fhuzkhfnt

mwpfpnehk;; vd bjupe;Jf; bfhz;ldu;;/

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be�;rpy; epWj;J�;fs;:1/‘,f;dpa!;’ vd;gJ ‘jP’ vd bghUs;gLk; ,yj;jPd; brhy;/Mjdhy; ,f;dpa!; vd;gJ vhpe;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpw ghiwvd;w bghUsy;;y/ cau; btg;gj;ijf; bfhz;l jputepiyapYs;s bghUs;fshy; Md jPg;ghiwfns Kjypy;njhd;wpaitfshFk;/2/g[tp nkw;gug;gpy; khf;kh tHpe;njhLfpw bghGnjh my;yJbgU�;fly; jiuapy; tHpe;njhLfpw bghGnjh Fsph;fp;wghiw ce;Jg;ghiw vdg;gLk;/ g[tpapd; cs;nsna tHpe;Jjplkhfpw khf;kh. jiyaPL ghiwfshFk;/3/g[tp nknyhl;oy; fhzg;gLk; tphpry;fspy; bky;ypa euk;g[nghy. cUthFk; br�;Fj;Jj; jPg;ghiw ,ilg;ghiwahFk;/4/got[g;ghiwfspd; nkw;gug;gpy; mtw;wpw;F ,izahf,Wfpg;nghd khf;khit rkfpilg;ghiw vd;fpnwhk;;/jiyaPLg;ghiwapy; ePs;thpg;ghiwna kpfg; bghpjhFk;/,g;ghiw gug;g[ gy r/fp/kP/nky; fhzg;gLfpwJ/,J nkw;gug;ig te;jile;jhy; mJ vhpkiyf;FHha; MFk;/,g;ghiwfs; ce;Jg;ghiwj; jd;ikia bfhz;oUf;Fk;/5/Kjypy; kpUJthft[k;. jsh;thft[k; ,Uf;fpw Mw;Wg;got[fs; mLf;Ffshf goa itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ nkyLf;fpd;Rikapdhy; fPHLf;fpYs;s bghUs;fs; mGj;jg;gLfpwJ/ePhpy; fiue;j jhJJfs;fis Rw;wp j�;Ftjhy; ,g;got[fs;jplkhfpd;wd/ ,Jnt xU got[g;ghiwahf khWfpwJ/6/bkl;lkhh;`gpf; vd;why; totkhw;wk; vd bghUs;gLk;/,J fpnuf;f brhy;ypUe;J bgwg;gl;ljhFk;/ cUkhwpaghiwfs; jPg;ghiwfspypUe;Jk; gotg;ghiwfspypUe;Jk;cUthfpd;wd/

gapw ;rp

I. rhpahd tpilia njh;e;bjLj;J vGjt[k;:1/ g[tpapDila nkw;g[wj;jpnyh my;yJ bgU�;flnyhL

gFjpapnyh khf;kh tHpe;njhLtjhy; cUthfpw ghiw(m)ce;Jg;ghiw (M) jiyaPLg;ghiw (,) jPg;ghiw

2/ g[tp nknyhl;oy; fhzg;gLk; tphpry;fspy; bky;ypaeuk;g[ nghd;W br�;Fj;jhf cUthFk; jPg;ghiw(m)ePs;thpg;ghiw (M)rkfpilg;ghiw (,) ,ilg;ghiw

3/ cUkhwpa vd;W bghUs;gLfpw brhy; bgwg;gl;l bkhHp (m) fpnuf;fk; (M) ,yj;jPd; (,) M�;fpyk;

II. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f:1/ ‘jP ’ vd;w bghUis Fwpf;fpw ,yj;jPd; brhy; ________2/ jPg;ghiwapy; kpfr; rhjhuzkhd ce;Jg;ghiw ___ MFk;/3/ got[ ghiwfspy; kpfr; rhjhuz tif __________ MFk;/4/ jhtu�;fspdhy; njhd;wpa epyf;fhp ___ ghiwahFk;/

III. bghUj;Jf: 1/ Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiw P miyfs; 2/ kufjk; cUkhwpa ghiwfs; 3/ gLiffs; fdlh 4/ ie!; bfhyk;gpah 5/ ghiwr;r�;f�;fs; got[g;ghiwfs;

xU�;fpizf;fg;gLjy;/IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :1/ ,ilghiw vdg;gLtJ vJ>2/ got[g;ghiwfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd>3/ ‘vhpkiy FHha;’ vd;gjid tpthp/4/ ce;Jg;ghiwfis gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf/5/ ‘ghiwfis ntl;ilahLgth;fs;’ gw;wp vGJf/

V. tphpthd tpilasp :1/ jiyaPL ghiwfs; cUthFk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;fp vGJf/2/ cUkhwpa ghiwfis gw;wp tpthp/3/ ‘ghiwfSk;/fdpk�;fSk; nrfhpj;jy; xU bghGJnghf;F’

tpsf;fk; TWf/

bra;Kiw gapw;rpghiw khjphpfis ckJ gs;spf;F mUfhikapypUe;J

nrfhpj;J. Mrphpah; cjtpa[ld; ‘ghiw mU�;fhl;rpafk;’xd;iw fl;Ltpf;ft[k;;/

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6/ MWfs;

epymikg;gpay; bray;ghLfSs; Mw;wpd; bray;fnskdpj thH;f;ifapy; bgUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp cs;sd/FoePUf;fhft[k;. ePh;ghrdj;jpw;fhft[k;. kpd;rhuj;jpw;fhft[k;.gazj;jpw;fhft[k; Mw;WePiu ek;gpna thH;fpnwhk;/ kdpjehfhPfk; tsh;e;j fhye;bjhl;nl Mw;wpd; bts;sr;rkbtspfs; kdpjh;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F nguhjuthf,Ue;J te;Js;sd/ nkYk; g[tpg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk;epybtspf;fhl;rpfis khw;wp mikg;gjpy; jiyrpwe;jfhuzpahf tps�;FtJ MWfns MFk;/ mJnghynt. ehk;thH;fpd;w ,aw;if Rw;Wg;g[wr;NHypd; bgUk; gFjpfisa[k;MWfns totikf;fpd;wd/

kiHbghHpt[. gdpg;bghHpt[. ePUw;W my;yJ cUFfpwgdpahW Kjyhdit Mw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpw;F Mjhukhf

mikj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ/ (glk; 6/1) rpw;whW jdJ tofhypy;bjhlh;e;J fPH;nehf;fpg; gha[k;bghGJ. mjDld; gpwrpw;nwhilfs; te;jpiztjhy;. mjd; bfhs;sst[ mjpfhpj;JxU Mwhf khWfpwJ/ MW K:d;W tpjkhd gzpfisbra;fpwJ/ mitahtd: (1) mhpj;bjLj;jy;; (2) flj;jpr;bry;Yjy;; (3) goaitj;jy;

(1)mhpj;bjLj;jy;: xU MwhdJ. ve;j epygug;gpd; kPJXLfpwnjh. me ;jg ;gug ;ig gy;ntW tHpfspy ;mhpj;bjLf;fpwJ/ mitahtd: (m) jsh;thf jpuz;L,Uf;fpw bghUs;fis J}f;fpr;bry;Yjy;. (M) cuha;e;Jnja;j;bjLj;jy;; (,) fiuj;bjLj;jy;;;/

nkw; Twpatw;Ws;. fiuj;bjLj;jy;; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy/ fiuaf;Toa jd;ikf;bfhz;l jha;ghiw kw;Wk; tofhypy; cs;s rpijTs�;fs;(debris) nghd;wit Mw;WePupdhy; fiuf;fg;gl;L.moepyePupy; fye;J tpLfpwJ/ gpd;du;. moepyePhpdhy;bgUk;ghyhd bghUs;fs; Mw;iw kPz;Lk; te;jilfpd;wd/

(m)J}f;fpr;bry;Yjy;(By lifting) :Mw;wpy; bts;sg;bgUf;FVw;gLk; fhy�;fspy;. me;j Mw;WePupy; rpWrpW RHy;fs;njhd;Wfpd;wd/ mj;jifa RHy; xd;W tYbgw;WmUfpYs;s ghiwfis bgah;j;bjLf;fpwJ; mt;thWbgah;j;bjLj;j mg;ghiwfis J}f;fp. XLfpw Mw;WePhpy;js;spa[k; tpLfpwJ/ vdnt Mw;WePhpd; Mw;wy;. me;jg;gLifapYk; fiufspYk; xd;Wjpuz;L fhzg;gLfpwjsh;e;jg;ghiwfis btF ntfkhf mhpj;bjLf;fpwJ/ xUMw;wpy;. mjd; ePnuhl;lk;; typik bgw bgw. me;jMw;Wf;F. ghiw Jz;Lfis J}f;Fk; jpwDk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ/rpy neu�;fspy;. Mw;WePh; mjpf mGj;jj;Jld;. mjd;fiufspYk; gLiffspYk; cs;s tphpry;fspy; cl;g[Fe;J.mg;ghiwfis jfh;;j;J. mtw;iw rpwpa Jz;Lfshfj; Jhf;fpr;bry;fpwJ/

(M) cuhae;;J nja;j;;bjLj;jy; (By abrasion): fy�;fpaMw;WePiu cw;Wnehf;fpdhy;. me;ePupy; rpijf;Ts�;fs;moj;Jr; bry;tijf; fhzyhk;/ ,Ug;gpDk; jplkhdghiwfis mhpj;bjLf;fpw jpwd; xU Mw;Wf;F ,Uf;fpwjh

249248

gha[k;bghGJ. mjDld; kw;w ePnuhilfs; te;Jr;nrUfpd;wd/ vdnt. ePnuhilfs; xd;Wnrh;e;J xU rpw;whWcUthfpwJ/ mr;rpw;whW mfd;W. jdf;bfd xU tofhiy

glk; 6 /1 kiyapilnagha;e;J tUfpw rpw;whW

fw;wypd; nehf;f�;fs; :1/ MWfns. mhpj;jy; fhuzpfspy; Kf;fpak;

vd;gij bjhpe;Jf;bfhsy;/2 / xU Mw;wpd; nghf;fpYs;s njhw;w�;fis

mwpe;Jf;bfhsy;/

t p s � ; F f p d ; w d /kiyr;rhptpd; kPJXLfpw MW. jdJgazj;ij kpfr;rpwpatoj hi ua h fnt hmy ;yJ e Pnuhilahfnth Jt�;FfpwJ/me;ePnuhil. kiymothuj;ij nehf;fpg;

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vd;gJ bjspthfj; bjhptjpy;iy/ ,Ue;jnghjpYk;. xUMw;wpdhy; vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gLk; jplg;bghUs;fs; me;jMw;wpd; tofhypYs;s gLifg;ghiwfspy; cuha;e;Jnja;j;bjLf;fpw jpwd; bfhz;litfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd/

MWfs;. mit Rke;J tUfpw ghiw Jz;Lfshy;gLiffisa[k; fiufisa[k; ,iltplhJ nkhjpj;jhf;Ffpd;wd/ ,jdhy;; Mw;wpd; tofhypy; mike;Js;sghiwfs; gpstile;J. td;rhpt[ila kiyapLf;FfshfkhWfpd;wd/ mt;thnw. Mw;wpdhy; Rke;J tug;gl;l ghiwJz;LfSk;. gLif kw;Wk; fiuapy; cs;s ghiwfspd;kPJ cuha;tjhYk;. xd;Wld;xd;W nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhYk;mg;ghiw Jz;LfSk; nja;tilfpd;wd/ ,jd; tpisthf.Mw;wpd; gLif kw;Wk; fiufspy; cs;s ghiwfs;mupj;bjLf;;fg;gLfpd;wd/ mnj neuj;jpy;. cuha;e;Jnja;j;bjLf;fpw ghiw Jz;LfSk; nja;e;J. mst[ Fiwe;JtGtGg;ghfp. THh�;fw;fshf khwp tpLfpd;wd/ ,r;bray;Kiw ‘cuha;e;J nja;j;bjLj;jy;’ vdg;gLfpwJ/

THh�;fw;fSk;. kzy;Jfs;fSk; cuha;e;J nja;f;fpwfUtpfshFk;/ ,it Mw;W gLifapy; Mw;Wr; RHYld;;nru;e;J. MH;Jis ,ae;jpu�;fisg; nghd;W bray;gLtjhy;.mg; gLifapy; rpwpJk; bgupJkhf Jisfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/fhy nghf;fpy;. THh�;fw;fs; kw;Wk; kzy; Jfs;fs;Mfpatw;wpd; RHw;rp ,af;fj;jpdhy;. rpwpa Jisfs; gy

mitahtd: m/ fiut[ epiy (rpije;j Rik) M/bjh�;Fepiy (kpjit Rik) ,/ jpOhpaf;f epiy (gLifr;Rik)/

m/ fiut[ epiy (In solution) : rpy bghUs;fis�Mw;WePu;; fiut[ epiyapy; vLj;Jr; bry;fpwJ/ ,g;bghUs;fs;Mw;wpdhy; mjd; gLifg; ghiwfis fiuj;J bgwg;gl;litahFk;;/ MapDk;. bgUk;ghYk; MWfspdhy;flj;jg;gLk; rpije;j Rik (dissolved load) moepyePhpd;K :ykhfg ; bgwg ;gl ;litfnsahFk ; / Kjyp ;y ; .epyj;jpdoapy; frpfpw ePu; ;. kz;zpYs;s fiufpwTl;Lg;bghUs;fis fiuj;J vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ/ ,ijj;jtpu.kz;zpw;F moapYs;s jha;ghiwapy; fhzg;gLfpwtphpry;fs;; kw;Wk; Jisfs; Mfpatw;wpd; tHpahf ePh;frpe;bjhGFk; bghGJ. me;j MHj;jpy; jhJ cg;g[fSk;;fiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,Wjpahf jhJf;fs; epiwe;j me;ePh;VjhtbjhU tifapy; MWfis kPz;Lk; te;jilfpd;wd/

jplg;bghUs;fis flj;Jtjw;F Mw;wpd;; ntfk; kpfKf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ Mdhy; rpije;j RikfisvLj;Jr;bry;tjw;F Mw;wpd; ntfk; mtrpakpy;iy/ Mw;wpd;ntfk; vt;thwpUg;gpDk;. MW bry;Ykpl�;fs; vy;yhk;.rpije;j Rik me;ePupy; fiuryhf bry;fpwJ/

M/bjh�;F epiy (In suspension) : xU MW. jdJRikapd; bgUk;gFjpia bjh�;Fepiyapnyna vLj;Jr;bry;fpwJ/ bghJthf. kzy;. nrW kw;Wk; fspkz; nghd;wbghUs;fs; kl;Lnk ePupy; bjh�;F epiyapy; vLj;Jr;bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ bgUk;ghYk; nrW. fspkz; nghd;wit.btF bjhiytpw;F bjh�;F epiyapnyna ePhpdhy; vLj;Jr;bry;ygLtjhy; (suspended load). mit kpf bkJthfntePhpy; K:H;Ffpd;wd/ bts;sg;bgUf;fpd; bghGJ. ePupy; kpfg;bghpa mstpyhd bghUs;fSk; bjh�;Fepiyapy; moj;Jr;bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/

,/ jpOhpaf;fepiy(Saltation): Mw;WgLifr; Rikapd;(bed load) xUgFjp. jpz;ikahd ghiw Jz;Lfisbfhz;oUf;fpwJ/ ghiw Jz;Lfis bjh�;F epiyapy;flj;Jtjw;F ,ayhjthW mj;Jz;Lfs; mstpy; bghpjhf

250 251

kPl;lh; mfyj;ija[k;. MHj;ija[k;bfhz;l tl;l tot gs;s�;fshfcU bgWfpd;wd/ ,tw;iw ‘ghidJisfs;’(Potholes) vd miHf;fpnwhk;glk; 6/2)/ ghid Jisfspy; cs;scuha;e ;J nja;f ;fpw bghUs;fs;KGikahf nja ; e ; j g pwF.mtw;wpw;Fg; gjpyhf g[jpa bghUs;fs;te ;J nru ;e ;J. mg ;gzpapidbjhlh;fpd;wd/

(

glk; 6/2

ghid Jisfs;

(2) flj;jp;r; bry;Yjy;;: xU MW flj;jpr; bry;Yfpwjplg;bghUs;fs; mjd; ‘Rik’(Load) vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/Mw;wpd; Rik K:d;Wtpj�;fspy; flj;jpr; bry;yg;gLfpwJ/

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,Uf;fpd;wd/ Mfnt. mg;ghiw Jz;Lfis gLifiaxl;o jhtp Fjpj;Jf; bfhz;Lk;. cUz;Lf; bfhz;Lk;.eGtpf; bfhz;Lk; bry;tjw;F Vw;wthW. MW mtw;iwefh;j;JfpwJ/ ,t;thW Mw;WgLifia xl;o jpObud,af;fg;gLfpw epiyapy; efh;fpw bghUs;fs;. ghh;g;gjw;FFjpj;J my;yJ jhtpr; bry;tijg; nghd;w njhw;wj;ijmspf;fpwJ/ bghUs;fspd; jpOhpaf;fepiy. Mw;wpdhy; Rke;Jtug;gl;l bghUs;fspd; nkhjy;fspdhy; Vw;gLfpw ce;Jtpirapdhnyh my;yJ bghUs;fs; Mw;WePupdhy;cwp�;rg;gl;L cs;spGf;fg;gLk; bghGnjh Vw;gLfpwJ/jpObud ,a�;Ffpw bghUs;fs;. g[tp<h;g;g[tpirapdhy;Mw;WgLifia nehf;fp kPz;Lk; fPHpGf;fg;gLk;; tiuMw;wpd; nghf;fpnyna Fiwe;j J}uj;jpw;F. me;j Mw;WePupdhy; bfhz;L bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ kpfg;bghpa my;yJkpff;fdkhd bghUs;fs;. Mw;WgLifia xl;o mtw;wpd;msita[k; totj;ija[k; bghWj;J Mw;WePupdhy;cUl;lg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ js;sg;gLfpd;wd/

kpjit Rika[k;; rpijt[ Rika[k; ,iltplhJ Mw;wpy;efh;e;Jf; bfhznl ,Uf;Fk;/ Mdhy;. gLifr;Rik eLeLnt epWj;jg;gl;L vLj;Jr; bry;ygLfpwJ/ gLifr;Rikapd; efh;t[ ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfshy;; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd/ mitahtd: (m) jpwdst[ kw;Wk; M)Mw;wyst[/

(m) Mw;wpd; jpwdst[ (Competence): bghUs;fisflj;Jfpw mjpfgl;r Mw;wpd; bray;jpwd; mjd; ‘jpwdst[’vdg;gLfpwJ/ Mw;wpd; jpwdsit mjd; ntfnkeph;zapf;fpwJ/ Mw;wpd; ntfk; mjpfhpf;Fk; bghGJ. me;jMW bghpa mst[ila bghUs;fis kpjit Rikahfnthmy;yJ gLifr; Rikahfnth vLj;Jr; bry;fpwJ/

xU Mw;wpd; ntfj;ijg; bghWj;J. me;j Mw;wpd; jpwd;kpirg;bgUf;f (Square) Kiwapy; mjpfhpf;Fk; vd;gJbghJtpjp/ vdnt. Mw;wpd; ntfk; ,ul;og;ghdhy;.jpwdst[ ehd;F kl�;fhf mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ Mw;wpd; ntfk;K:d;W kl�;fhdhy;. jpwdst[ xd;gJ kl�;fhfmjpfhpf;fpwJ/

(M) Mw;wpd; Mw;wyst[ (Capacity): MW flj;jpf;vLj;J tuf;Toa Rikapy;. mjpfgl;rkhf vt;tst[jplg;bghUis me;j Mw;wpdhy; flj;jpf;bfhz;L tu,aYnkh. me;j msnt Mw;wyst[ vdg;gLfpwJ/Mw;wyst[. Mw;wpd; Rikapwf;fj;Jld; (discharge) bjhlh;g[bfhz;lJ/ xU Mw;wpy; ePh; mjpfhpf;Fk;bghGJ. mjd;Rikia ,Gj;Jr; bry;Yk; Mw;wYk; me;j Mw;wpw;Fmjpfhpf;fpwJ/

Mw;wpy; ePh;kl;lk; Fiwa[k;bghGJ bghpa ghiwJz;Lfs; bjhpfpd;wd/ mg;ghiw Jz;Lfis Mw;W ePu;bfhz;L bry;tJ kpf fodkhd brayhfj;; njhd;WfpwJ/Mdhy; Mw;wpy; bts;sg;bgUf;F Vw;gLk; fhy�;fspy;.me;j MW bfhe;jspg;gjhy;. kpfg; bghpa bghUs;fisa[k;vspjhff; flj;j KofpwJ/ rhjhuzkhf. xU Mw;wpy;khjf;fzf;fpy; ePh ; XLfpwbghGJ. me;e Pupdhy;flj;jg;gLfpw bghUs;fisf; fhl;oYk;. mnj Mw;wpy;bts;sg;bgUf;F Vw;gLk;bghGJ. mijtpl mjpf mst[bghUs;fis xU rpy ehl;fspnyna my;yJ xU rpykzp neuj;jpnyna flj;jp tpLfpwJ/

(3)goaitj;jy;: Mw;wpDila ntfk; vg;bghGJvy;yhk;; Fiwfpwnjh. mg;bghGbjy;yhk; mjd; jpwdst[k;FiwfpwJ/ Mw;wpd; ntfk; Fiwa Fiwa. bghUs;fs;mtw;wpd; mstpw;F Vw;g goa itf;fg;gLfpd;wd/Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ (Size) bfhz;l xU bghUs;; gofpwntfj;ijf;fhl;oYk;. Mw;wpd; ntfk; Fiwa[k;bghGJ.mj;jifa mst[ila bghUs;fs; goaj; Jt�;Ffpd;wd/vdnt. btt;ntW mst[ila jplg;bghUs;fisgphpj;bjLf;fpw bray;jpl;lj;ij MW jdJ bghUs;fisflj;Jjy; Kykhf mspf;fpwJ/ ,e;j bray;jpl;lnk‘juk;gphpj;jy;’ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jpypUe;J xnukhjphpahd bghUs;fs; Xhplj;jpy; xd;whf fhzg;gLtJVd; vd;gJk; ekf;Fj; bjspthfpwJ/

xU Mw;wpdhy; ed;F juk; gphpf;fg;gl;L gofpw xnukhjphpahd gotg;bghUs; ‘tz;ly;’vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

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tz;lyhy; cUthd got[ njhw;w�;fs; gy tifahdit/bghJthf. tz;ly; got[fis K:d;W ,l�;fspy;fhzyhk;/ mitahtd: (m)kiyaothug; got[fs;.(M)Mw;W gLifg; got[fs;. (,)rkbtsp got[fs;/

(m) kiyaothug; got[fs; : kiyapYs;s FWfpags;sjhf;if tpl;L btspnawp. gue;j rkgug;g[ xd;iw.Fwpg;ghf gPlg{kpia my;yJ gs;sjhf;Fj; jiuia jpObudmila[k;bghGJ Mw;wpd; ntfk; FiwfpwJ/ kiygh�;fhdgpunjrj;jpy; FWfpa tofhiy mikj;J gha;fpw rpw;whW.rkbtspr; rhpt[fspy; tphpe;J mfd;W gha;fpwJ/ vdnt.jpObud epyg;gug;gpd; rha;tst[ Fiwa[k;bghGJ. Mw;wpd;ntfk; jpObud tPH;r;rpa[Wtjhy;;. MW jd; Rikiakiyao thuj;jpnyna goaitf;fpwJ/ ,g;got[fs; Tk;g[my;yJ tprpwp totj;ijg; bgWfpd;wd/ ,Jnt‘kiyaothug;got[’ my;yJ tz;ly;tprpwpfs; vdmiHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;j got[fs; td;rhpt[ilags;sjhf;fpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; mikfpd;wd (glk;6/3)/

,e ;j got[fis ‘Mw;W gLifg ;got [fs ; ’ vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ ,g;got[fspy;. kzYk;; guy;fSk;fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,j;jifa cUeakw;w bghUs;fs; Mw;Wr;Rikapd; xU gFjpahFk;/ bghJthf ,g;bghUs;fs;‘jpl;Lfs;’(glk; 6/4) vdg;gLfpd;wd/ jpl;Lfs; jw;fhypfj;njhw;w�;fshFk;/ ,it Mw;wpdhy; kPz;Lk; vLf;fg;gl;Lmg ;bghUs ;fs ; mjd; jhH ;e piyf ;Ff ; bfhz;Lbry;yg;gLfpd;wd/

,/rkbtspgot[fs;: rkbtspf;Fs; EiHtjw;F Kd;dh;MW. bghpa bghUs;fisa[k; kw;w rpwpa bghUs;fisa[k;kiyao thuj;jpw;F mUfpy; Mw;W gLifapy; goa

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tz;ly;tprpwp. mjd; cr;rpg;;gFjpapypUe;J tpy;totpy;mfd;W btsp nehf ;f pr ;rhpfpwJ/ ,jd; cr;rpg;gFjpapy;cUeakw;w (coarse) bghUs;fs;tplg;gl;L. eakhd (fine)

bghUs;fs; mjd; mojsj;jpw;Ff; bfhz;L bry;yg;gLfpd;wd/ ,j;jifa tz;ly; tprpwpfis jkpH; ehl;oy;kJiu khtl;lk;. fk;gk; gs;sjhf;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzyhk;/

M/ Mw;W gLifg;got[fs;: xU Mw;wpd; bfhs;sst[epiyaw;wJ/ kiHfhyj;jpy; xU Mw;wpy;. mjd;; bfhs;sst[kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;/ mjw;F neh;khwhf. twz;lfhyj;jpy; mnj Mw;wpy; ePh; kpff; Fiwthfnth my;yJKGtJkhfnth twz;L tpLfpwJ/ Mw;wpy; ; e Ph ;Fiwa[k;bghGJ mjd; ntfKk; FiwfpwJ/ me;j Mw;Wf;FcUeakw;w bghUs;fis flj;Jfpw Mw;wy; mst[k;FiwfpwJ/ ,jd; tpisthf. cUeakw;w bghUs;fspy;rpytw;iw. MW jdJ gLifapnyna goa itf;fpwJ/

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glk;6/3 tz;ly; tprpwp

itf;fpwJ/ kpf eakhd bghUs;fs;kl ;Lnk rkbtsp gFjpf ;Ff ;flj ; jg ;gLf pwJ/ rkbtspbkd;rhpit bfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy;Mw ;w pd ; ntfKk ; btFthfFiwf;fg;gLfpwJ/ MW flypy; glk; 6/4 jpl;Lfs ;fyf;fpw ,l�;fspy;. mjd;; Kd;ndhf;fpa efh;t[ btFthfj;jLf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jd; tpisthf. Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpw;FmUfpnyna eakhd bghUs;fs; goaitf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

c�;fSf;Fj; bjhpa[kh>bghpa MWfspd; bly;lhf;fspd; gug;g[ Mapuf;fzf;fhd rJu

fpnyh kPl;lu; tiu gutp fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ mj;jifa njhw;wj;ijf;bfhz;Ls;s kp!p!pgp MWk; mjd; Jiz MWfSk; bfhz;Ls;sd/kp!p!pgpa[k; mjd; Jiz MWfSk; gha;fpw gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jmupj;J vLf;fg;gl;l bghUs;fis Vuhskhfr; Rke;J te;Jmg;bghUs;fis goa itf;fpd;wd/ mjdhy; fle;j 5000 ? 6000tUl�;fshf VG Jiz bly;lhf;fs; thpirahf cUthf;fpa[s;sd/glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;svz;fs;. Jiz bly;lhf;fs; cUthd thpiriaf;fhl;LfpwJ/ mz;ikapy;cUthd gwitg; ghjbly;lh (vz;/ 7) Rkhh;5 0 0 tUl fhykhfkp!p!pgp MW gotpdhy;fl;lg; ;gl;lij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ/ bkf;rpnfh tisFlh

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kiHkz;ly�;fspy; bghHpfpw kiHapdhnyh my;yJcUFfpw gdpapdhnyh njhd;Wfpd;wd/ bfd;ahd;fspd;Rth;fs; fuLKulhft[k; br�;Fj;jhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/Vbddpy;. ,it mike;jpUf;fpw kz;ly�;fspy;. mof;fokiHa[k; nkw;gug;g[ tofhYk; ,y;yhj fhuz�;fspdhy;;.bfd ;ahd ;fspd ; Rtu ;fs ; mupj ;bjLf ;fg ; gl ;L.eag;gLtjpy;iy/

256 257

,j ;jifa got [fis ‘ rkbtsp got [fs ; ’ vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ rkbtsp got[fspd; xU totnkbly;lhf;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd/

Mw;wpd; epiyfSk; mtw;wpd; njhw;w�;fSk;: vy;yhMWfSf;Fk; K:d;W epiyfs; cs;sd/ mitahtd: nky;epiy. kj;jpa epiy kw;Wk; jhH;;epiy/,e;epiyfs;midj;Jk; jdpg;gl;l gz;g[fisf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/

m/ nky;epiy: Mw;wpd; nky;epiy cau;epy�;fspy;Jt�;FfpwJ/ ,�;F MW kpfr; rpwpjhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ bghJthfbfhe;jspj;J. ntfkhf gha;fpw MW. ghiwf;Fd;Wfisa[k;kiyfisa[k; CLUtp kpff; FWfyhd tofhiymikf;fpwJ/ Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfshf. kz;iza[k;;ghiwfisa[k; mhpj;J. rpijj;;J MHkhd ‘V’ totgs;sjhf;if cUthf;FfpwJ/ ,g;gs;sjhf;F. MWfspd;Mw ;wysita[k ; . mhpj ;bjLf ;Fk ; bghUs;fspd ;jd;ikiaiaa[k; bghWj;J mikfpwJ/

‘V’ totg;gs;sjhf;F: Mw;wpd; mhpj;bjLf;Fk; braiyvjph;bfhs;fpw jpz;ikahd (Rigid) ghiwfis MWfs;CLUtp gpse;J. ‘V’ tot gs;sjhf;Ffis (glk; 6/5)cUthf;Ffpd;wd/ ,g;gs;sjhf;F kpf MHkhf br�;Fj;Jr;rhpt[ld; fhzg;gLk;/ ,it “bfd;ahd;fs;’ (Canyon) vdmiHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ bfd;ahd; vd;gJ. bfdhd; (Canon)

c�;fSf;Fj; bjhpa[kh>cyfpYs;s mjpra�;fspy; xd;whd ‘fpuhz;l; bfd;ahd;’

,aw;ifapd; ifntiyghlhFk;/ ,aw;ifapd; rpw;gf;fiyf;F rpwe;jvLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tps�;Ffpw fpuhz;l; bfd;ahd; m/I/ehl;oy;. tlmhpnrhdhtpy; mike;Js;sJ/ cyfstpy; ek;ik ftUfpwnjhw;w�;fspy; fpuhz;l; bfd;ahDk; xd;whFk;/ 446 fp/kP ePsKilaJbfhyuhnlh Mw;wpdhy;. mJ gha;fpw gPlg{kpia mhpj;bjLj;jjhy;cUthdJ/ ,J tprpj;jpukhd tot�;fSf;Fk;. epw�;fSf;Fk;bgah;nghdJ/ Rth;fspy; rpfu�;fSk; rpwpa bfd;ahd;fSk;.fztha;fSk; cs;sd/ bghJthf rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ/Mdhy; xt;bthU mLf;Fk; my;yJ gy mLf;Ffshd xU gphpt[k;.jdpj;j epw�;fis Fwpg;ghf. rhk;gy;. Jsph;gr;ir my;yJ btsph;rptg;g[ Mfpa epw�;fisa[k;. mjd; MHj;jpy; gGg;g[. rhk;gy; epwk;my;yJ Cjh epw�;fisa[k;; bfhz;Ls;sd/ fpnyh kPl;lh; fzf;fpy;MHKila fpuhz;l; bfd;ahdpd; epytpay; gjpt[fis g[tpapYs;sntW ve;j ,lj;JlDk; xg;gpl KoahJ/ ,jd; ghiwfspy; rpy.Rkhh; ehd;F gpy;ypad; tUl�;fSf;F Kd;dnu njhd;wpait/jpifg;g{l;Lk; bfhyuhnlh Mw;wpd; mupj;bjLfFk; jpwDf;F. mjd;ntfKk;. me;j Mw;wpy;; btl;Lf; fUtpfisg; nghd;W bray;gLfpwkzYk;. guYk;. nrWnk fhuz�;fshf mikfpd;wd/

glk;6/5 “V”gs;sjhf;F

vdg;gLk; !;ghdpa brhy;yhFk;;/ ,r;brhy;;‘FHha; ’ vd;w bghUis jUfpwJ/ ,t;tifgs;sjhf;Ffs; Mw;wpd; nky;epiyapy;fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;epiyapy;. Mw;wYld;ntfkhf gha ; f pw e Pnuhl ;lj ;ijf ;bfhz;oUf;Fk; MW. jdJ gs;sjhf;ifMHkhfj; njhz;LfpwJ/ ,g;gs;sjhf;Frpwpjhf ,Ug;gpd;;. mJ kiyapLf;F(Gorges) vdg;gLfpwJ/

bgUk ;ghYk ; . cyf g [fH ;bgw ;wbfd;ahd;fs; twz;l my;yJ ghjp twz;lgFjpfspy ; cs ;sd/ bfd ;ahd ;fs ;njhdWtjw;Ff ; fhuzkhd MWfs;.

M/kj;jpa epiy: jhH;epyj;ij nehf;fp fPHpw�;Ffpw MW.mjd; kj;jpa epiyapy; bkd;rhpt[ila gug;gpd; kpfbkJthfr; bry;fpwJ/ ,e;epiyapy; me;j Mw;Wf;Ffw;fisnah my;yJ guy;fisnah Rke;Jr; bry;yf; ToaMw;wy; fpilahJ/ Mjyhy; MW jdJ Kjy;epiyapy;Rke;J te;j bghUs;fis. mjd; gLifapnyna tpl;Lr;bry;fpd;wd/ mg;bghUs;fs;. kzyhYk; guy;fshYk; MdePs; jpl;Lfshf cUthfpd;wd; my;yJ jPt[fshffl;lg;gLfpd;wd/ goaitg;gJ my;yJ mhpj;bjLg;gJnghd;w Mw;wpd; bray;fshy;. jpl;Lfspd; tot�;fs;khw;wkilfpd;wd/ ,jd; tpisthf. Mw;wpd; nghf;Fk;

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mt;tg;bghGJ khWtjhy;. Mw;WePUk; xU fiuapypUe;Jkw;bwhU fiuf;F C�;ryhlj; Jt�;FfpwJ/ Mfnt. Mw;wpd;fiufs; gog;goahf mhpj;bjLf;fg;gl;L mfykhfpwJ/fhynghf;fpy;. me;j Mw;wpdhy; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lgs;sj;jhf;F ‘U’ totg; gs;sjhf;fhf khw;wkilfpwJ/

MW mjd; nghf;fpy;. kpf bkd;rupt[ila gug;gpd; kPJbjhlh;e;J Xl Jt�;FfpwJ/ Mw;wpd; nky;epiyiafhl;oYk;. kj;jpa epiyapy; me;j MW. mjd; Rikapy;bgUk;gFjpia m�;nfna tpl;Lr; bry;fpwJ/ ,e;epiyapy;.MW. jdJ gLifia mhpj;bjLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mg;gLifia fl;Ltpf;fpwJ/ ,jdhy; Mw;Wgs;sjhf;F. gue;jrkbtspahf khWfpwJ/ mr;rkbtspapy;. MW ‘S’ totpy;tise;J bespe;J bry;fpwJ/ me;j tisa�;fis“tisbespt[fs;”(Meanders)vd miHf;fpn;whk;/m/ Fsk;g[ Vhpfs;: rPuhd epybtspapy;. xU gue;jbts;sr;rkbtspapy; gha;fpw MwhdJ. mg;gug;gpy; tisbespt[fisf; bfhz;l tofhy;fis cUthf;F fpd;wd/Mw;wpy; bts;sg; bgUf;F Vw;gLk;; fhy�;fspy; kpff;FWfyhd tisag; gFjpfspd; FWf;nf bts;sePh; gha;e;J.tisa�;fis Jz;oj;J. g[jpa tofhiy mikj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ/ mt;thW Jz;of;fg;gl;l tisak; xU Vhpnghy fhl;rp mspf;Fk;/ ,ij ‘Fsk;g[ Vhp’ ;(glk; 6/6)vd miHf;fpn;whk;/,/jhH;epiy: rpy neu�;fspy;. Mw;wpd; Kjy; epiyapnyh

my;yJ kj;jpa epiyapnyh bghHpfpw fdj;j kiH my;yJgdpcUfp jpObud Mw;wpy; bts;sg;bgUf;F Vw;glyhk;/

bgUf;F. gUtfhyj;ij xl;o epfGkhapd;. Fwpg;gpl;lfhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF MW jdJ got[fis Ftpj;J. mfd;wtskhd rkbtsp xd;iw fl;Ltpf;fpwJ/

bts;sr;rkbtsp : bgaUf;F Vw;g. Mw;Wg; gs;sjhf;fpy;ve;jg;gFjp bts;sePhpdhy; K:H;fof;fg;gLfpwnjh me;jg;;gFjpna bts;sr;kbtspahFk; (glk; 6/7)/ bgUk;ghYk;bts;sr;rkbtspfns MWfspd; vy;iyfshf mikfpd;wd/xU rpy rkbtspfs; gy fpnyh kPl;lu; mfyj;Jld;fz;izf; ftuf;Toa njhw;wj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;/ ntWrpyxUrpy kPl;lh; mfyj;Jld; vspikahf fhl;rpaspf;Fk;/

miz fiufs; (Levees) : rkjiufis bfhz;l mfd;wgs;sjhf;Ffspy; MWfs; gha;fpwbghGJ mfykhd,aw;if ? mizfiufis (Natural Levees) cUthf;Ffpd;wd/ ,it Mw;wpd ; tofhYf;F ,izahfmikfpd;wd/ gy tUl�; fshf bjhlh;e;J Vw;gLfpwbts ;sg ;bgUf ;f pdhy ; . ,aw ;if mizfiufs ;fl;lg;;gLfpd;wd/ Mw;wpd; tofhy;fis xl;o mjd;gf;f�;fspy; kz; my;yJ guy; nghd;witfshy;fl;lg;gLtnj ,aw;if ? miz fiufshFk;/ ,it.Mw;wpd; tofhy; mfyj;ijf; fhl;oYk; 1/2 kl�;fpypUe;J4 kl�;F tiuapyhd tpl;lj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;/ ,aw;if? mizfiufSf;F mg;ghy;. bts;sePu ; tHpe;Jr;bry;tjpy;iy/ Mjyhy; mjw;F mg;ghy; cs;s epygug;gpy;.Mw;WePu; gha;tjpy;iy/ Mifahy; me;epygug;gpy; tofhy;

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glk; 6/6/ tis bespt[fSk;.Fsk;g[ tot Vhpa[k;/

bts ;se P u ; . Mw ;w pd ;jhH;epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwMHkw ;w tofhiyr ;brd;wilfpwJ/ ,jdhy;Mw;iwr; Rw;wpa[s;s gFjpfs;bts;sePhpy; K:H;fpd;wd.vdnt MW. m�;F jhd;Rke;J te;j got[fis kpfbky ;y pa mLf ;Ffshftpl;Lr; bry;fpwJ/ bts;sg;

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epyg;gug;gpy; bts;sePu;toa[k;bghGJ Mw;wpd;ntfk; Fiwe;J. tz;ly;goa itf;fg;gLfpwJ/ gyfhykhfj; jpUk;g jpUk;gbts ;se P u ; gha ;tjd ;

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fhuzkhfnt. tz;ly;got[fs; xd;wd;kPJ xd;whf gymLf;Ffshfg; goe;J tpLfpd;wd/ Mw;wpdhy; ed;F juk;gphpf;fg;gl;L goa itf;fg;gl;l xnu khjphpahdbghUs;fns ‘tz;ly;’ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,r;brhy;.Mw;wpdhy; goa itf;fg;gLk; got[fs; midj;ija[k;Fwpf;fg; gad; gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ ,tw;wpy; rpy. Mw;Wtofhypd; cs;nsa[k;. ntWrpy. tofhy;fisbahl;ogs;sjhf;Ffspd; jiuapYk; kw;Wk; rpy. Mw;wpd;Kfj;Jthuj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,Jtiu. MW vt;thWbrayhw;WfpwJ. mjd; gy;ntW njhw;w�;fisg; gw;wp

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tphpthf goj;jwpe;njhk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; gha;fpw Kf;fpaMwhd. fhnthpia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; bfhz;L Mw;wpd;gy;ntW epiyfis g[hpe;Jf;bfhs;nthk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy;gha;fpw MWfspy; Kjd;ikahdJ fhnthp MwhFk;;/ ,Jkhepy�;fSf;fpilna gha;fpw xU MwhFk;/ ,jd;JizahWfspy; gy. fh;ehlfhtpYk; jkpH; ehl;oYk;;mike;jpUf;fpd;wd/ ,jd; ePh;gpo gug;g[ 80.290 r/fP/kPl;lu;/,g;gug;gpy; Vwf;Fiwa 44/000 r/fp/kP/ gug;g[ jkpH;ehl;oy;mike;Js;sJ/fhnthp Mw;wpd; cah;epiy: fhnthp MW fh;ehlfkhepyj;jpy; ‘Th;f;’ vd;w ,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ/ mk;kiygpunjrj;jpy; MHkhd gs;sjhf;if mikj;J mjpygha;fpwJ/ ,�;F fhnthp Mw;wpd; gs;sjhf;F kpf FWfyhf,Uf;pfwJ/ Mjyhy;. MLfs;Tl ,g;gs;sjhf;if vspjhfjhz;otplyhk;;; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ/ ,�;F fhnthp Mw;Wld;mjd; Jiz MWfshd n~khtjp. yf;c&;kzjPh;j;jh kw;Wk;fgpdp Mfpait ,izfpd;wd/ kiyg;gFjpia fle;JtUfpw fhnthp. jf;fhz gPlg{kp gug;gpd; kPJ gha;fpwJ/,e;j MW. jh;kg[hp khtl;lj;jpy; b~hfndf;fy; ePh;tPH;r;rpf;FmUfpy; jkpH;ehl;ow;Fs; EiHfpwJ/fhnthp Mw;wpd; kj;jpa epiy: fhnthp MW. jf;fhz

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be�;rpy; epWj;J�;fs;: 1/ Mw;Wr;RHYld;; kzYk; THh�;fw;fSk; btl;Lf;

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2/ Mw;wpd; ghijapy; mike;Js;s jpz;ikahdghiwfis CLUtp. gpse;J. br�;Fj;Jr;rhpt[ila.MHkhd ‘V’ tot gs;sjhf;Ffis MWfs; jdJmupj;bjLj;jy; brayhy; fl;Ltpf;fpd;wd/ ,ij‘kiyapLf;F’ vdyhk;;/

3/ gue;j bts;sr;rkbtspfspy; MW ‘S’ totpy; tise;Jbespe;J gha;fpw Mw;iw ‘tisbespt[fs;’ vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/

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bjhiytpy; flypy; fyf;Fk; Kd;. fhnthp gl;odj;jpy;xU bly;lhit cUthf;FfpwJ/

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264

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265 266

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kzy;. guy;fs; nghd;wit epyj;joePiu jd;dpr;irahfflj;Jfpd;wd/ vdnt CLUt ,le;jUk; ,g;ghiwfismy;yJ got[fis ‘cwp�;Rg;ghiwfs;’ (aquifers) vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ fspkz; nghd;wit epyj;joePhpd;CLUtiy jLf;fpd;wd my;yJ jilahf ,Uf;fpd;wd/CLUt ,le;juhj fspkz;ghiwfis my;yJ got[fis‘cwp�;rhg;ghiwfs;’(aquicludes) vd miHf;fpnwhk;/

vdnt epyj;jpdoapy; cw;gj;jpahfpw epyj;joePupd;msit bjhpe;Jf;bfhs;tjw;F mt;tplj;jpYs;s ghiwfspd; Ez;Jis ,ay;g[ kl;Lnk ek;gpf;ifj; juf; ToaMjhukhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ mjw;F. CLUt ,le;jUfpw,ay;g[k; Kf;fpa fhuzpahf tps�;FfpwJ/

epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk;(Water Table): g[tp gug;gpd; kPJ kiHbga;a[k; bghGJ. mjpy; xU gFjpia kz; <ukhfjd;dplk; jf;f itj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ/ mk;kz;zpy; cs;sme;j <uj;ijr; brofs; j�;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F Mjhukhfg;gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wd/ kz; brwpt[w;w gpwF mk;kz;zpy; ,Ue;J cghpePh; kz;zpw;F fPnH frpfpwJ/ ,e;ePh;got[fspYk;. ghiwapYk; cs;s Ez;Jis ,l�;fisepug;g[fpwJ/ mt;thW ePh; epuk;gpa Ez;Jis ,l�;fisbfhz;oUf;fpw gFjpia “brwpt[ kz;lyk;”(Saturation zone)vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ ,jpy; j�;Ffpw ePiuna epyj;joePh;vd;fpnwhk;/ epyj;joePu; kz;lyj;jpd; nky; vy;iy “ePh;kl;lk;” (Watertable) vdg;gLk;(glk; 7/2)/ me;ePh; kl;lj;jpy;,Ue;J nky; nehf;fp tphptilfpw kz;lyj;ij‘,ilg;gl;lkz;lyk;’ (Intermediate zone) vd;fpnwhk;/

epyj;jo ePh; kl;lj;ij ek;khy; neuoahff; fhz KoahJ/vdpDk;.xU miktplj;jpy; Vuhskhd fpzWfs;mike;jpUf;nkahdhy;;. mt;tplj;jpd;; epyj;jo ePh;kl;lj;ij

267 268

fpzW

brwpt[ kz;lyk;ePh;kl;lk;

,ilgl;l kz;lyk;

epyj;joePh;;

glk; 7/2 ePh;kl;lk;

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nkg;ghf tiue;J. mijf; bfhz;L epyj;jo ePhpd; mst[g;gw;wp Muhayhk;/ nkYk;. epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; mt;tg;bghGJ Vwpapw�;Ftija[k; ghh;j;Jj; bjhpe;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/,t;thW epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; Vwpapw�;Ftjw;F gyfhuz�;fs; cs;sd/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kiHast[ntWghLfs;. CLUt ,le;jUk; ,ay;gpy; fhzg;gLfpwntWghLfs;; Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf epyj;joePhpd;CLUtYk; xnurPuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ epyj;jo ePupDilarPuw;w CLUty; fhuzkhf mjd; ePu;kl;lj;jpYk;; Vw;wjhH;t[fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ Xuhz;oy; epyj;jo ePh;kl;lj;jpy;Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F Vw;wj;jhH;t[fs;; fhzg;glyhk;/twz;l fhyj;jpy; tPH;r;rpa[Wk; epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; mLj;JtUfpw kiH fhyj;jpy; nkbyGe;J tpLfpwJ/

epyj;joePhpd; mhpj;bjLj;jy; bray;fs;: mhpg;g[f;fhuzpfspnyna. epyj;joePh; jdpj;jd;ik bgw;wjhFk;/epyj;joePh;. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ghiwia fiug;gjd;K:ykhfnt jdJ mhpj;bjLj;jy; gzpia brt;tndbra;fpwJ/ ePhpy; vspjhff; fiuaf;ToaJ Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Twyhk;/ vdnt Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiw gpunjr�;fspy; epyj;joePhpd; g�;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ/rhjhuzkhfr; Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiw Rj;jkhd ePupy;;; fiuahJ/vdpDk;. fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L fye;j ePupy; Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiw btF vspjhff; fiue;J tpLfpwJ/

fhw;wpypUe;Jk; rpije;j jhtu�;fspypUe;Jk; btspgLfpwfhh;gd; ilMf;i!L kiHePUld; fye;J ePh;j;j fhh;ghdpf;mkpykhf khWfpwJ/ ,J epyj;joePuhf CLUtp.Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwa[ld; bjhlh;g[f;bfhs;Sk; neu�;fspy;.mjpypYs;s fhh;ghdpf; mkpyk; mg;ghiwfspYs;sfhy;irl;Lld; vjph;tpid g[hpfpwJ/ mjd; tpisthf.Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwfs; fhy;rpak; fhh;gndl;LfshfkhWfpd;wd/ ,J ePhpy; fiua[k; jd;ikf;bfhz;lJ/ Mjyhy;epyj;joePhpy; fiue;J. m�;fpUe;J brd;WtpLfpwJ/

epyj;jof; Fiffs;(Caverns): epyj;joePhpd; fiuj;jpwdhy; cUthfpw mhpj;jy; njhw;w�;fspy; fz;izf;ftuf;Toa xd;W Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiw gFjpapy;; fhzg;gLfpwepyj;jof; FiffshFk;/ bgUk;ghYk;. mstpy; rpwpjhf

269 270

,Uf;fpw ,f;Fiffspy; xU rpy. ek;ik tpag;gpy;MH ;j ;Jf pw gh pkhz� ;fs py ; mike ;Js ;sd/vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;oy;. bfz;lfpvDkplj;jpy; mike;Js;s nknkhj; (Mammoth) vDk; Fifkpft[k; gpurpj;jpg; bgw;wJ/ ,f;Fif cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpJ/ ,f;Fiff;Fs; Ie;jpw;Fk; nknyhd eilg;gFjpfs;(Passage) xd;Wld;xd;W ,ize;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

bgUk;ghYk;. epyj;jof;Fiffs; brwpt[ kz;ly�;fspy;epyj;jo ePh;kl;lj;jpw;F mUfpnyh my;yJ rpwpJ fPnHhcUthfpd ;wd/ ,k;kz;lyj ;j pYs;s ghiwapd ;,izg;g[fs; kw;Wk; gLifj;js�;fs; nghd;w tYtw;wgFjpfis. epyj;joePu ; bkJthff; fiuj;J rpwpabghe;Jfis cUthf;F fpd;wd/ gpd;dh; ,r;rpwpa bghe;Jfs;gog;goahf moepyf; Fiffshf bghpjhfpd;wd/e pyj ; joe P h pdhy ; fiuf ; fg ;gl ;l bghUs ;fisme;ePhpdhnyna vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gl;L nkw;gug;gpy; XLfpwMw;wpy; fyf;fpwJ/

epyj;jof; Fifisg; ghu;f;f tUfpw Rw;Wyhg;gazpfspd;; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Lfpw tifapy;.mf;Fiffspy; cs;s fy;tot�;fs; fz;fth;njhw;w�;fshf mikfpd;wd/ ,e;j tot�;fs;.e Pz ;l beoafhyj ;j pw ;F ,iltplhJmoepyj;jpw;Fs; brhl;Lr;brhl;lhf tPH;e;jePupdhy;; cUthdit/ ,e;j Fifg;got[fis‘brhl;Lf;fw;fs;’(Drip stones) vdg;gLfpd;wd/

; glk; 7/3brhl;Lfw;fs;

(glk;7/3)/ ,tw;why; xUrpy epyj;jof;Fiffs; tpe;ijcyfj;ijg; nghd;w njhw;wj;ijg; bgWfpd;wd/cyfpy;gpurpj;jpg; bgw;w brhl;Lf;fw;fs; bjh�;F Crpg; ghiwfs;(Stalactites) vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

Fiffspy; nky; jsj;jpypUe;J bjh�;Ffpw bjh�;Trpg;ghiwfs; (glk;7/4);. kpd;Dfpw gdpj;Jspfshy; Mdgjf;f�;fis nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd/ nky; jsj;jpy;fhzg;gLfpw tphpry ;fspy ; e Ph ; frpe ;bjhGFfpwneu�;fspbyy;yhk; bjh�;F Crpg;ghiwfs; cUthfpd;wd/frpe ;bjhGFfpw e Ph ; Fiff ;Fs; ,Uf;fpw fhw ;Wkz;lyj;Jld; bjhlh;g[f; bfhs;Sk;nghJ. mr;brhl;L ePhpy;

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fiue;jpUe;j fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L btspnaWfpwJ/ me;ePu;tpspk;gpy; fiuahj fhy;rpak; tz;lyhf (calcite pricipitate)xU tisak; nghy goe;J tpLfpwJ/ Fifapd; jiuapy;tPH;fpw brhl;L ePu;; xt;bthd;Wk; kpf Ez;zpa fhy;rpaRtLfis tpl;Lr; bry;fpd;wd/ ,jdhy; cl;g[iHahdRz;zhk;g[g; ghiwf;FHha; (hallow lime stone tube) xd;WcUthfpwJ/ ,f;FHhapd; tHpahf ePu; bjhlu;e;J xGfj;Jt�;FfpwJ/ me;ePu; mf;FHhapd;; Kotpy; rpwpJ neuk;j�;fp. fhy;rpa tisak; xd;iw kpfr; rpwpa mstpy;cUthf;Ftjpy; g�;Fk; bgWfpwJ/

nkw;Twpa tifapy; cUthd bjh�;Trpg;ghiwia‘nrhlhcwp� ;Rfs ; ’ (Soda Straw) vd miHg;gnjbghUj;jkhFk;/ rpyneu�;fspy;. nrhlhcwp�;rp nghycl;g[iHahd ghiwf;FHha;fs; milgl;L nghfyhk;

nghd;w mikg;gpy;iy/ ,it gpuk;khz;lkhdnjhw;wj;JlDk;. cUz;ilahd cr;rpg;gFjpa[lDk; fhl;rpmspf;fpd;wd/ epyj;jof; FiffspYs;s bjh�;F Crpg;ghiwfs; kw;Wk; bgh�;F Crpg; ghiwfs; nghd;w gy;ntWbrhl;Lf; ;fw;fis Fiff;fdypfs; vd;W (Speleotherms)miHf;fpnwhk;;/

fhh ;! ;l ; epyj ;njhw ;wk ; (Karst topography): gygs;s�;fSld; gyt[ld; xG�;fw;W fhl;rpaspf;Fk; xURz;zhk;g [g ; gug;g [ [ fhh ;!;l ; epyj;njhw;wk; vdmiHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ bgUk;ghYk;. ,e;epynjhw;w�;fs;cyfpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ,l�;fspy; epyj;joePhpd;mhpj;bjLj;jy; Mw;wypdhy; totikf;fg; gl;litfshFk;/me;j ,l�;fs; fhh;!;l; epyj;njhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lgitfshfcs;sd vd fUjg;gLfpwJ/

ekJ fUj;ijf; ftUk; tifapy; fhh;!;l; epyj;njhw;wk;xd;W Vl;hpahl;of; flypd; tlfpHf;Ff; flw;fiuia xl;omike;Js;s gPlg{kpapy; mike;Js;sJ/ ,g;gPlg{kp.a[nfh!;nyhtpahtpy;. !;nyhntdpah vd;w ,lj;jpYs;sJ/,g;gPlg{kpapy; tHf;fj;jpypy; ,Ue;J tUfpw brhy;ny‘fhh;!;l;’ vd;gjhFk;/ fhh;!;l; epyj;njhw;wk; ed;F cUbgwntz;Lnkahdhy;. mt;tplj;jpd; nkw;gug;gpw;F mUfpy;Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwa[k;. mjw;F fPnH kz;Qqk; epymikg;gpay; jskhf mika ntz;Lk;/

mkpH;Jisfs;(Sink holes): fhh;!;l; epygug;gpy; fuLKulhd epymikg;g[ld; tl;l totg;gs;s�;fs;; fhl;rpmspf;Fk;/ ,g;gs;s�;fis ‘mkpH;Jisfs;’ my;yJmkpHpfs; vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ bghJthf. mkpH;Jisfs;xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L tiffspy; cUthfpd;wd/ rpymkpH;Jisfs;. ghiwapd; mikg;gpw;F ve;jtpj ,ila{Wkpd;wp gy Mz;Lfshfg; gog;goahf tsh;r;rpg; bgWgit/fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L fye;j kiHePu; kz;Qqf;Ff; fPnHmike;jpUf;fpw Rz;zhk;g[g; ghiwapy; frpe;bjhGfpmg;ghiwia fiuf;fpwJ/ fhyg;nghf;fpy;. jha;ghiwapd;nkw;gug;g[ jhH;e;JtpLfpwJ/ ePh; cl;g[Ffpw tphpry;fs;tsu;e;J. mit bghpjhfpd;wd/ mjdhy; mfykhfpwbtw;wplj;jpDs; kz; rhpa Jt�;FfpwJ/ ,t;thW rhpfpw

271 272

glk;7/5bgh�;F Crpg;ghiwfs;

glk; 7.4bjh�;FCrpg;ghiwfs;

my;yJ mjd; tHpna btspnaWfpw ePhpd; mst[mjpfhpf;fyhk;/ ,tw;wpy; vJ epfH;e;jhYk; mjpypUe;J ePh;btspnaw;wg;gLfpwJ/ mt;thW btspnaWfpw ePu;mf;FHhia xl;o. mjd; btspgf;fj;jpy; goe;J tpLfpwJ/ghiwf;FHhapd; btspgf;fj;jpy; bjhlh;e;Jg; gotjhy;.bjh�;FTrpg;ghiw Tk;g[ totj;ijg; bgWfpwJ/

bgh�;F Crpg;ghiwfs;: epyj;jof;Fifapd; jiuapy;cUthfp. mjd; jsj;ij nehf;fp tsUfpw brhl;Lf; fw;fisbgh�;F Trpg;ghiwfs; (Stalagmites) vd;fpnwhk;/ Fifapd;nky; jsj;jpypUe;J tPH;e;J mjd; jiuapy; bjwpf;fpwfhy;irl; fye;j ePnu bgh�;Trpg;ghiw cUthf (glk;7/5)Mjhukhf mikfpwJ/ bgh�;Trpg;ghiwf;F kj;jpapy; FHha;

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mojskhff; bfhz;oUf;fpw flw;iunahug;gFjpapd; FWf;Fbtl;Lj; njhw;wkhFk;/ cth;ePiuf; fhl;oYk; ed;dPUf;Fmlh;j;jpf; Fiwt[/ Mjyhy; ed;dPh;. cth;ePhpd; kPJ kpjf;fpwJ/fly; kl;lj;jpw;F fPnH Fwpg;gplj;jf;f (glk;7/6) MHk;tiu ed;dPu;. xU FHpahoapd;; mikg;igg; nghd;WtpuptilfpwJ/ ,j;jifa NHypy;. fly;kl;lj;jpw;F nky;

273 274

fly;kl;lk;

fly;

ed;dPu;

epy nkw;gug;g[

ed;dPu;

epy nkw;gug;g[fly;kl;lk;

fly;

glk; 7/6 cth;ePh ; CLUty;

epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; xU kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gpd;.ed;dPupd; mokl;lk; Rkhh; 40kP/ MHk; tiu fhzg;gLk;/vdnt epyj;joePiu mghpkpjkhf cwp�;rp nknyvLg;gjpdhy; mjd; ePh;kl;lk;. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;FtPH;r;rpa[WfpwJ/ epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; jhH;fpw mst[f;F Vw;ged;dPupd; mokl;lk; 40kl�;F caUfpwJ/ Mifahy;moepyePh; vLf;fg;gLfpw tPjk;. nrkpf;fg;gLfpwtPjj;ijf;fhl;oYk; mjpfhpf;Fnk Mdhy;. ed;dPh;kz;lyj;jpy; cth;ePh; EiHe;J tpLfpwJ/ bghJthf.flnyhuj;ij xl;o mike;Js;s MH;f;;FHha; fpzWfSk;.rhjhuz fpzWfSnk Kjypy; ghjpf;fg; gLfpd;wd/

epyj;joePh; khriljy;:bgUkstpy; epyj;joePiu jUfpwcwp�;Rg; ghiwfSs;s ,l�;fspy;. me;ePh; khrile;JtUtJ kpf Kf;fpa gpur;ridahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;ePu;gy tiffspy; khrilfpwJ/ mtw;Ws;. epyj;jo ed;dPupy;rhf;;filePu; fyg;gJ xd;whFk;;;;/ ,jw;F mjpfhpj;J tUfpwvz;zw;w rhf;filj;bjhl;ofns (Septic Tanks) K:yhjhukhf

kz;iz epyj;jof;Fifapd; eilg;gFjpapy; gha;fpwepyj;joePh; mfw;wp tpLfpwJ/ ,t;thW njhd;WfpwmkpH;gs;s�;fs; bkd;rhpt[ld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

vjph;khwhf. moepyf;Fiffspd; jsk;. mjd; gSfhuzkhf. vt;tpjkhd Kd;bdr;rhpf;ifa[k; ,d;wp jpObudcile;J tPH;tjhy;; cUthfpw mkpH;Jisfs; kw;bwhUtifahFk;/ ,t;thW cUthfpw gs;s�;fs; br�;Fj;Jgf;f�;fSld; kpf MHj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;/ ,it kf;fs;brwpt[kpf;f ,l�;fspy; njhd;Wnkahdhy; me;epfH;t[.kpft[k; nkhrkhd xU epytpay; rPuHpthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/

tpiykjpg;gw;w ,aw;if ts�;fs;; gytw;iw nghyntepyj;joePUk; ek;khy; Ruz;lg;gLfpwJ/ epyj;joePu;cwp�;rg;gLfpw tPjk; mjpfhpj;Jf; bfhz;L tUtjhy;. gy,l�;fspy; cth;ePh; cl;g[Fjy;. epyj;joePh; khriljy;nghd;w gpur;rpidfs; gy vGe;Js;sd/ ,g;gpur;ridfs;vt;thW vGfpd;wd vd;gij ,dp tphpthfg; goj;jwpnthk;/

cth;ePh; CLUty;: flnyhug;gFjpfspy; cth;ePhpd; mj;JkPwpa CLUtyhy;. mg;gFjpfspYs;s epyj;joePhpd; tsk;mr;RWj;jYf;F Mshfp tUfpwJ/ ,ij g[hpe;Jf;bfhs;sepyj;jo ed;dPh;Uf;Fk; epyj;jo ePUf;Fk; ,ilnafhzg;gLfpw bjhlh;gpid Muha;e;jwpa ntz;Lk;/,j;bjhlh;g[ glk; 7/6 ,y; tiuglkhf rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/,g;glk; CLUt ,lk; jUk; xnu rPuhd bghUs;fis

epy nkw;gug;g[

ed;dPu;;

ed;dPu;;


gpshhplhtpy;. tpd;lh; ghh;f;vDkplj;jpy; nk khjk; 8k; ehs;.1981Mk; Mz;L bgUtha; nghd;Wkpfg; bghpa mkpH;Jis xd;WcUthfpaJ/ ,J gy E}WkPl;lh;fs; mfyKilaJ/ ,e;jmkpH; Jisahy;. xU bjUtpy; mike;jpUe;j K:d;W gLf;ifmiw bfhz;l g�;fsh. ghjp ePr;ry; Fsk; kw;Wk; Mlk;gukhdg�;fshf;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; tpG�;fg; gl;L tpl;lJ/ ,e;jgs;sk; 135 kPl;lhpypUe;J 180 kPl;lh; mfyKk;. 38 Kjy; 50 kPl;lh;MHKk;. 2 Kjy; 3 kP tiuapYk; tsu;e;Js;sjhft[k; fzf;fplg;;gl;Lcs;sJ/ ,g;gs;sj;jpy; ePu; epuk;gpa[s;sJ/

glk; 7/6

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mikfpd;wd. jtpu. gw;whf;Fiwahd my;yJ cile;Jg;nghd rhf;filj;bjhFjpfSk; (Sewage System). bghUs;fisvhpf;Fk; ,l�;fspypUe;J nrUfpw fHpt[g;bghUs;fSk;fhuz�;fshf mikfpd;wd/

rhf;filePupYs;s ghf;Ohpahf;fs; epyj;joePhpy; fyg;gjhy;me;ePh ; mRj;jkilfpwJ/ me;ePiu. ,aw;if jdJtHpapnyna Rj;jpfhpj;Jf; bfhs;st[k; bra;fpwJ/ mjhtJ.epyj;jpDs; CLUt[fpw mRj;jePupYs;s ghf;Ohpahf;fiskz;zpYs;s got[g;bghUs;fs; ,ay;ghfnt tofl;otpLfpd;wd/ mt;thW tofl;lg;gLfpw ghf;Ohpahf;fs;ntjpapay; capuf ,izt[ (Chemical Oxidation) Kiwapdhy;rpijf;fg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd; ,ju caphpd�;fspdhy;xd;wpizf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,j;jifa Rj;jpfhpj;jy; epfH;r;rpeilbgw ntz;Lbkdpy; cwp�;rpg;;ghiwfs; jFe;jTl ;Lg ;bghUs ;fis bfhz ;oUf ; f ntz;Lk ; /vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. ghiwg;gpst[fs;. cUeakw;w got[fs;.Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwapdhy; Md epyj;jof;Fiffs; Mfpadkpfg;bghpa mstpy; btw;wpl�;fisf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/vdnt. ,g;ghiwfSf;F CLUt ,le;jUk; ,ay;g[k;kpFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,jd; tpisthf khrile;jepyj;joePh; Rj;jhpf;fg;glhknyna btF bjhiytpw;F

275 276

Rj;jpfhpf;fj; njitg; gLfpw tiu ePoj;jpUg;gJ ,y;iy/mRj;j ePh; btF bjhiyt[ fle;J tUfpwJ/me;ePu;Rz;zhk;g[g;ghiwia btF ntfkhf CLUtpr; brd;WtpLtjhy; mJ Rj;jpfhpf;fg; glhkny Kjy; fpzw;iwbrd;W milfpwJ/

kzy; my;yJ CLUt ,le;jUk; ,ay;g[ bfhz;lkzw;ghiw kPJ xLfpw mRj;jePh; xUrpy gj;J kPl;lUf;Fcs;shfnt Rj;jhpf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ/ kzy;Jfs;fSf;F,ilnaa[s;s jpwg;g[fspy;; ePh; cl;g[Fe;J bry;Yfpwmstpw;F mit bghpjhf ,Uf;fpwJ/ MapDk;.mRj;j�;fis ePf;fp Rj;jpfhpf;fj; njitg;gLk; fhymstpw;Fme;ePiu Rw;wpa[s;s bghUl;fs; me;ePiu bkJthfr; bry;ymDkjpf;fpd;wd/ Mjyhy;.(glk; 7/8) rhf;filj;bjhl;oapy;,Ue;J btspnaWfpw fHpt[ePh; CLUt ,le;jUk;kzw;ghiw tHpahf rpwpa J}uj;ijf; fle;jhYk;,uz;lhtJ fpzw;iw mila[k; Kd;dh; Rj;jpfhpf; fg;gl;LtpLfpwJ/

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fhw;W ,U tHpfspy; bghUs;fis mhpj;bjLf;fpd;wd/mitahtd: (m) g[ilj;bjLj;jy; kw;Wk; (M) cuha;e;Jj;nja;j;jy;;

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tPRfpw jpiria nehf;fp ,Uf;fpw fy;ypd; gf;fk;. mf;fhw;WvLj;J tUfpw bghUs;fspdhy;; cuha;j;J nja;f;fg;gLfpwJ/mjdhy; mf;fw;fs; tGtGg;ghft[k;. Fz;LFHpa[ld;Th;ikahd tpspk;g[ bfhz;litfshf khWfpd;wd/ khwpame;j fw;fis m�;nfna tpl;Lr;bry;fpwJ/ fhw;W tPRk;jpir epiyaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; ntisfspYk;. THh�;fw;fs;mtw;wpd; fhw;W Kfj;jpiria jpUj;jp mikj;Jf;bfhz;lhYk; mj;jifa fw;fs; gy gl;il gug;g[fisf;bfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

2. flj;Jjy;: XLfpw ePiu nghynt. efUfpw fhw;wpYk;bfhe;;jspg;g[ Vw;glyhk;/ me;neu�;fspy; fhw;W. jsh;e;jfw;Ts�;fis mjDld; vLj;Jr; bry;yf; Toa jpwidbgWfpwJ/ vdnt. mf;fw;Ts�;fis ntbwhU ,lj;jpw;Fflj ;j pr ; bry ;f pwJ/ xU Mw ;w py ; mjpfu pf ;f pwntfj;ijg;;nghynt. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J cauk;mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f fhw;wpd; ntfKk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ/ nkYk;Mw;iwg; nghynt fhw;Wk; eakhd bghUs;fisbjh�;Fr;Rikahft[k;. rpwpJ fdkhf bghUs;fisgLifr;Rikahft[k; flj;jpr; bry;fpwJ/ vdpDk;. XLfpwePUld; xg;gpLk;bghGJ fhw;wpdhy; flj;jg;gLk; got[fs;,uz;L tiffspy; ntWgLfpwJ/ Kjyhtjhf. ePiufhl;oYk; fhw;wpd; mlh;j;jpf; Fiwt[/ Mjyhy; cUeakw;wbghUs;fis vLf;fnth my;yJ flj;jnth njitgLfpwmstpw;F fhw;Wf;F jpwd; fpilahJ/ mLj;jjhf. tha;fhy;nghd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU vy;iyf;Fs; fhw;WtPRtjpy;iy/ vdnt. fhw;W Rke;J tUfpw bghUs;fidbgUk;gug;g[fspy; goaitf;f KofpwJ/�,g;bghUs;fisrpy neu�;fspy; fhwW mjpf cauj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; brd;Wtspkz;lyj;jpw;F cs;nsa[k;; g[Fj;jp tpLfpwJ/

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Jfs;fSnk. fhw;wpy; jhtp Fjpf;fpd;wd/ ,t;thWfhw;wpy;fyf;fpw kzy; Jfs;fis mf;fhw;nw Kd;nehf;fp vLj;Jr;bry;fpwJ/ Kd;nehf;fp efufpw kzy;Jfs;fs;. g[tp<h;g;g[tpirapdhy; epyg;gug;ig nehf;fp kPz;Lk; ,Gf;fg;gLk;tiu mj;Jfs;fs; fhw;wpy; efh;e;jthW ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,jdhy;me;epygug;ig nehf;fp tpGfpw kzy;. Js;sp Fjpj;JkPz;Lk; fhw;Wld;; fyf;fpwJ/ my;yJ ,ju kz; Jfs;fis,lk; bgau bra;fpwJ/ ,lk; bgaUfpw kz; Jfs;fSk;nky; nehf;fpf; Fjpf;fpd;wd/ ,j;jifa vjph;bray;fs; xUr�;fpyp bjhluhf epiyf;fpwJ/ ,t;thW jpObud ,a�;Ffpwkzy;Jfs;fs;. epygug;gpw;F btF mz;ikapYs;s fhw;Wkz;lyj;jpy; rPf;fpukhfnt fye;J tpLfpd;wd/

fhw;wpy; jhtp Fjpj;Jr; bry;fpw kzy; Jfs;fshy;;.g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpypUe;J mjpf cauj;jpw;F bry;y KotJ,y;iy/ fhw;W mjpf tYt[ld; tPRk; fhy�;fspy;TljpObud ,a�;Ffpw kzy; Jfs;fis xU kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;Fnky; bfhz;L bry;y Kotjpy;iy/ fhw;W rhjhuzkhftPRk; fhy�;fspy;. ,k;kzy;Jfs;fis mf;fhw;W miukPl;lUf;Fk; Fiwthd cauj;jpnyna vLj;Jr; bry;fpd;wd/rpy kzy; Jfs;fs;. kw;w bghUs;fspd; jhf;fj;jpdhy;;fhw;wpy; fyf;f ,ayhjthW mtw;wpd; mst[ bgupjhf,Uf;fpwJ/ ,r;R{H;epiyapy;. jpOupaf;f mzy; Jfs;fspd;jhf;fj;jpypUe;J btspgLfpw ,af;f Mw;wny bghpa kzy;Jfs;fs; Kd;ndhf;fp efu;j;JfpwJ/ ,t;tpjkhfnt kzy;;g[aypy;; Rkhh; 20 ypUe;J 25 rjtPjk; tiuapyhd kzy;flj;jg;gLtjhf fzf;fPL bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/

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(ii) kpjitr;Rik: kziy nghyd;wp J}Rfis fhw;W.tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjpf cauj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; bry;fpwJ/fhw;wpdhy; eakhd bghUs;fis kpf vspjhff; flj;jKofpwJ/ Mdhy; mg;bghUs;fs; RHYfpw mf;fhw;Wf;F,ay;ghff; fpilg;gjpy;iy/ Vbddpy;. epyj;jpw;FmUfhikapYs;s fhw;wpd; ntfk; g{$;$pakhf ,Uf;fpwJ/vdnt. fhw ;wpdhy; ,ay;ghf ve ;jbthU got[bghUisa[k; J}f;f ,ayhJ/ J}Rfis fhw;W flj;jpr; bry;yntz;Lkhapd;. me;j JhRf;fs; epygug;gpypUe;Jbtspnaw;wg;gl ntz;Lk; my;yJ fhw;W kz;lyj;jpw;Fs;tPrg;gl ntz;Lk;/ ,ij. fpuhkj;jpYs;s fg;gpnghlhjtwz;l kz; rhiyapy; RHy; fhw;W tPRfpw xU ehisvLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; bfhz;L tpsf;fyhk;/ fpuhkj;J kz;rhiyapy; goe;Js;s J}Rfs; fiyahj tiuapy;.mj;J}Rfis brhw;g mstpnyna mf;fhw;wpdhy;nkbyGg;g KofpwJ/ vdpDk;. xU Ch;jpnah my;yJxU tz;onah mf;fpuhk rhiyapy; bry;Yk;;nghJ.mr;rhiyapy; Vw;fdnt goe;Jg;nghd me;j eakhd got[mLf;F fiyf;fg;gLtjhy;. J}Rglyk; xd;W nknyGfpwJ/nknyGfpw J}Rglyj;ij m�;F tPRfpw fhw;W vspjhfflj;jpr; brd;W tpLfpwJ/(m) g[[Gjpg;g[ay; (Dust Storm) : g[Gjpg;g[ay;fs; ntshz;;epy�;fSld; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;lit/ twl;rpf; TWfSf;FMl;gLfpw my;yJ twz;L nghfpw ntshz;; epy�;fspy;;g[Gjpg;g[ay;fs; cUthfpd;wd/ nkbyGfpw fhw;W twz;lkz;iz E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd J}uj;jpw;F J}f;fp vLj;J. mijf;flj;jpr; bry;fpwJ/ mt;thW flj;jg;gLfpw kz;zpd;epwj;ijg; bghWj;J mtw;iw J}f;fpr; bry;fpw mf;fhw;WfWikahfnth. bre;epwkhfnth my;yJ k�;rs; fye;j

305 306

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mz;ikapy; gj;jhz;L fhykhf jkpH;ehl;oy; njdp khtl;lj;jpy;bfhk;ig kw;Wk; ngho ehaf;fD}Uf;F ,ilna cs;s fpuhk�;fs;kzy; g[ayhy; jPtpu ghjpg;g[f;F Mshfp tUfpd;wd/ ,f;fpuhk�;fs;

nkw ;Fj ;bjhlh ;r ; r pkiyapd; kiHkiwt[gpunjrj;jpy; mike;Jcs;sd/,e;jpahtpy; xt;bthUMz;Lk; $%d; Kjy;brg;lk;gh; khjk; tiu<ukpf;f bjd;nkw;F;gUtfhw;W. nfuskhepyj;jpy; nkw;Fflnyhu gFjpf ;FfdkiH bgWfpwJ/,f;fhw;W jd;dplj;jpy;cs ;s <uj ;ijkiHahf nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyapd; nkw;Fr; rhpt[fspy; ,He;jgpd;dh;. twz;l fhw;whf kiyfSf;fpilna cs;s tHpfspd; Cnlmjd; fpHf;Fr; rhptpy; ,w�;FfpwJ/ bjd;nkw;F gUtf;fhyk; KGtJk;,f;fhw;W bjd;nkw;fpypUe;J kzpf;F 101-105 fp/kP ntfj;jpy;; tPRfpwJ/,J Rke;J tUk; kziy kiHkiwt[ gFjpapYs;s epy�;fspy;goa itf;fpd;wd/ ,e;epfH;r;rp xt;bthU Mz;Lk; eilbgWtjhy;.fpuhk ntshz; epy�;fspd; tsk; Fiwayhapw;W/ jw;bghGJnkw;Fbjhlu;r;rp kiyaothuj;jpy; 120 r/fp/kPl;lh; gug;;g[f; bfhz;lkzw;Fd;W Rkhh; 20 fp/kP ePsj;jpw;F gutpa[s;sJ/ ,f;Fd;wpidmfw;w bghpa mstpy; eltof;iffs; vLf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;/ mittpisepy�;fshf khw;wg;gl ntz;oa mtrpak; epyt[fpwJ/jw;bghGJ ,g;gFjpapy; ghiytd tphpthf;fk; epfH;e;J tUfpwJ;1986 fspy;�110 rJu fp/kP ghiygug;g[ 1994 fspy; 120r/fp/kP Mftphptile;Js;sjhf fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ/

gGg;ghfnth njhw;wkspf;Fk;/ J}Rf;fspYs;s eakhdbghUs;fs;. ,Wf;fkhf g{l;oa tPLfs;. ,ae;jpug;gFjpfs;.g{l;oa mykhhpfs; vd midj;ija[k; CLUtp mtw;wpd;kPJ g[Gjpahfg; goe;J tpLfpwJ/ gw;fspd;; ,ilna kzy;

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beULtij g[Gjpf;fhw;W tPRfpw ntisfspy;. cl;g[wk;jhHpl;l tPl;ow;Fs; ,Uf;fpw kf;fshy;Tl czu KofpwJ/

3. goa itj;jy;: fhw;wpd; mhpj;bjLj;jypdhy; cUthFk;epyj;njhw;w�;fs; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff;fUjg;gLtjpy;iy/ Mdhy; rpy gFjpfspy; fhw;wpdhy; goaitf;fpw got[fspdhy; cUthfpw epyj;njhw;w�;fs; mjpfKf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWfpd;wd/ cyfpYs;s twz;lgFjpfspYk; kzw;gh�;fhd flnyhu�;fspYk; fhw;wpdhy;Ftpf;fg;gLfpw got[fs; kpfj; bjspthfj; bjhpfpd;wd/fhw;W got[fs; ,Utpjkhdit/ mitahtd: (m) kzy;Fd;WfSk;; (M) fhw;wo tz;lYk;/

(m) kzy; Fd;Wfs; (Sand Dunes) : XLfpw ePiunghy.fhw;Wf;Fk; ntfk; FiwfpwJ/ vdnt. mf;fhw;Wf;FbghUs;fisf; flj;Jk; jpwdst[k; FiwfpwJ/ mt;thWFiwa[k;bghGJ mf;fhw;W Rke;J tUk; bghUs;fism�;nfna tpl;Lr; bry;fpwJ/ fhw;W tPRk; jpirapy;.jilVJk; ,Ug;gpd; mj;jil mf;fhw;wpd; Kd;efh;itjLg;gjhy; mjd; ntfk; FiwfpwJ/ mjdhy; mf;fhw;wpdhy;vLj;J tugLfpw bghUs;fs;; me;j jilf;F mUfpnynaFtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ bgUk; gug;g[fspy; nghh;itg; nghd;Wnjhw;wkspf;fpw gy tifahd nrw;W got[fisg; nghymy;yhky;. fhw;W vLj;J tUfpw kziy mf;fhw;W xUFd;W nghy goa itf;fpwJ/ ,ijna ‘kzy; Fd;W vdmiHf;fpnwhk;(glk; 10/1)/

bkJthf efUfpw fhw;W-kiwt[ gFjp xd;iwa[k;. mnjjilapd; Kd;g[wj;jpy; rpwpa mstpy; fhw;W-mikjpg;gFjp xd;iwa[k; m�;F tPRk; fhw;W tpl;Lr; bry;fpwJ/fhw;wpd; nghf;fpy; Fjpj;J jhtpr; bry;fpw kzy; Jfs;fspy;rpy. mf;fhw;;wpd; kiwt[ gFjpapy; te;J j�;Ffpd;wd/mJnghy kzy; bjhlh;e;J j�;Fk;nghJ mk;kzy;. tPRfpwfhw;wpw;F bgUe;jilahf mikfpwJ/ mJnt nkYk;kziy Ftpg;gjw;F Vw;w gaid jUfpw xU bghwpapd;(A Trap) mikg;igg; nghd;W bray;gLfpwJ/ nghJkhdmst[ kzYk;. njitahd fhyk; tiu epiyahf tPRfpwfhw;Wk; ,Uf;Fnkahdhy;. me;j ,l�;fspy; kzy; Ftpe;J.tsh;e;J xU kzy; Fd;whf khWfpwJ/ kzy; Fd;Wfs;K:d;W tifg;gLk;/ kzy; Fd;Wfs;

(i) gpiw kzy; Fd;Wfs; (Barchan Dunes) : tiuaiwf;Fcl;gl;l kzy; got[fSk;;. brhw;g jhtu�;fSld; rkkhdjplkhd epygug;g[fSk; fhzg;gLfpw ,l�;fspy; gpiwkzy; Fd;Wfs; cUthfpd;wd/ gpiw tot[ld;;/ fPH;nehf;fpa Kidfisa[k; bfhz;oUf;fpw jdpj;j kzy;Fd;iw gpiw kzy; Fd;W vd miHf;fpnwhk;/fhw;W tPRfpwjpir epiyahf ,Ug;gpd; ,k;kzy; Fd;wpd; Kidfs;rPuhf mika[k;;/ Mdhy; fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F neuoahfbghUj;jhtpoy;. kzy; Fd;wpd; xU Kid kw;bwhUKidia tpl ePskhf mika[k;;/

307 308

kzy; Fd;Wfspd; cUthf;fk;: fhw;W tPRfpw jpirapy;bfhj;jhf mike;Js;s jhtu�;fs; my;yJ ghiwnghd;wtw;wpy; VjhtJ xd;iw vjph;bfhs;syhk;/ Mfntfhw;W. m�;Fs;stw;iw Rw;wpnah my;yJ mtw;wpd;; kPnjhtPrj; Jt�;FfpwJ/ vdnt vjpu;gLfpw jilf;Fg; gpd;g[wj;jpy;;

; 10/1 kzy; Fd;Wfs;

( ii ) FWf ;F kzy;Fd;Wfs; (TransverseDunes): nfhs;fhw;Wfs;.xnu r P uhf t PRfpwnghJk ; . kzy ; .mghpkpjkhf ,Uf;fpwnghJk ; . k pf

glk; 10/2 gpiw kzy; Fd;Wfs;

brhw;gkhf my;yJ jhtu�;fsw;w epyg; gug;g[fspy;. FWf;Fkzy; Fd;Wfs; ePz;lj; bjhluhf thpirahf cUthfpwJ/,it nfhs;fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;Fr; br�;Fj;J nfhzj;jpy;cUthfpd;wd/ ,itna‘FWf;F kzy;Fd;Wfs;’ vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ bgUk;ghYk;. flnyhuj;jpYs;s kzy;Fd;Wfs; ,t;totj;jpnyna fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

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(iii) ePs;kzy;Fd;Wfs; (Longitudinal Dues): epiyahdfhw;W jpira[k;. gofpw kzy; tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;Lk;,Ug;gpd;. mg;gFjpfspy; ePs;kzy;Fd;Wfs; (LongitudinalDunes) njhd;WfpwJ/ ,it fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F ,izahfmiktjhy;. ,f;Fd;Wfs; kzyhy; Md bjhlh;fis nghyfhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd/ ,itna ePs;kzy;Fd;Wfs; vdmiHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

(M) fhw;wo tz;ly; (Loess) :cyfpy; rpy gFjpfspy;cs;s nkw;gug;g[ epyj;njhw;wk; fhw;wpdhy; bfhz;L tug;gl;lgot[fspdhy; K:lg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mapuf ;fzf;fhdMz;Lfshf. g[Gjpg; g[ay;fspdhy; bfhz;L tug;gl;L.goa itf;fg;gLfpw bghUs;fis fhw;wo tz;ly; vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ ,e;j got[ bghUs;fSf;F ghiytd�;fSk; gdpahw;Wg; got[fSk; Kf;fpa Mjhu�;fshfcs;sd/ cyfj;jpYs;s fhw;wo tz;ly; gFpjfspypnynakpfg; gue;Jk; tpupe;Jk; fhzg;gLfpw fhw;wo tz;ly;.nkw;F kw;Wk; tlf;F rPdhtpy; cs;sJ/ ,J Rkhh; 30kPl;lh; gUkid bfhz;lJ/ ,jd; epwj;jpd; fhuzkhfntrPdhtpYs;s k�;rshWk; (Hawang Ho) k�;rs; flYk;mg;bgau;fis bgw;wd/ rPdhtpy; 800.000 r/fp/kP/gug;gpYs;s fhw;wo tz;lYf;F kj;jpa Mrpahtpd;ghiytdg;gug;ng MjhukhFk;/ rPdhtpYs;sJ nghyd;wp.mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehL kw;Wk; Inuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gLk;fhw;wo tz;ly; gdpahw;wpd; kiwKf braypdhy;njhd;wpajhFk;/ ,e;j fhw;wo tz;lYf;F gdpahw;WgLiffspy; goe;j gdpf;Ftpany Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ/Vbddpy;.,�;Fs;s fhw;wo tz;lypy; ,ay;ghfntrpije;Jnghd bghUs;fs;. gdpahw;wpd; cuha;e;jhpj;jy;braypdhy; cUthFk; ghiwkhit xj;Js;sJ/

,Jtiu mupj;jy; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mit njhw;Wtpf;fpwepyj;njhw;w�;fisg; gw;wp tpupthfg; goj;jwpe;njhk;/ mLj;jg;ghlj;jpy;. g[tpapd; kpf Kf;fpa gFjpahf tps�;FfpwbgU�;flypd; moepyj; njhw;wk;. ePnuhl;lk; kw;Wk;gtsg;ghiw Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp gof;f ,Uf;fpnwhk;/

fw;wypd; tpist[fs;1 / fhw;W ,UtHpfspy; bghUs;fis mhpj;bjLf;fpwJ vd

g[hpe;Jf;bfhz;ldh;/2 / kzy; kw;Wk; g[Gjpg;g[ay;fspd;; ntw;Wikia bjupe;Jf;

bfhz;ldh;/3 / kzy; Fd;Wfspd; njhw;wj;ijg; goj;J g[hpe;Jf;bfhz;ldh;/

309 310

be�;rpy; epWj;J�;fs;:1/fhw;W g[ilj;bjLg;gjhy; njhd;Wfpw MHkw;w gs;sk;CJ gs;sk;; vdg;gLk;/ fhw;W bfhz;L tUfpw kzy;Jfs;fs;; cauha;e;J mhpj;J vLg;gjhy;; cUthfpw fw;fisgl;ilf;fw;fs; vd miHf;fpnwhk;/

2/kzw;;g[ay;fs; ghiytdj;JlDk; g[Gjpg;g[ay;fs; ntshz;epyj;JlDk; bjhlh;g[f; bfhz;lit/ twl;rpf; TWfSf;FMl;gLjy;;; my;yJ twz;L nghjy;; Mfpatw;why; me;jepy�;fspy;; g[Gjpg;g[ay;fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/

3/fhw;WtPRk; jpirapy; jilVw;god; mjd; ntfk; FiwfpwJ/vdnt mf;fhw;W jhd; vLj;J te;j kziy mj;jiliaxl;o gofpw kzy;; Ftpaiy my;yJ bjhliu kzy;Fd;Wfs; vd;fpnwhk;/

4/cyfpYs;s rpytw;wpd; nkw;gug;g[ epyj;njhw;wk;. fhw;wpdhy;bfhz;L tug;gl;l got[ bghUs;fshy;; K:lg;gl;Ls;sJ/Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfshf g[Gjpg;g[ay;fspdhy; bfhz;Ltug;gl;L goe;j bghUs;fs; fhw;wo tz;ly; vdg;gLk;;/

5/gpiw tot[ld;. fPH;nehf;fpa Kidfis bfhz;l jdpkzy;Fd;iw gpiw kzy;Fd;W vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ePz;l bjhlh; nghy njhd;wf;Toa nfhs;fhw;wpd; jpirf;Fbr�;Fj;J nfhzj;jpw;F FWf;fhf thpirahf njhd;Wfpwkzy; Fd;Wfs; bjhlh; kzy;Fd;Wfs; vdg;gLk;/fhw;W jpirepiyahft[k; njitahd mstpy; kzYk;,Ug;gpd; mj;jpirf;F ,izahf ePs;kzy; Fd;Wfs;njhd;Wfpd;wd/

6/rPdhtpYs;s fhw;wo tz;ly; nghyd;wp mbkhpf;f If;fpaehl;oYk; Inuhg;ghtpYs;s fhw;wotz;ly; gdpahwhy;cUthdJ/

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gapw;rpI. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf:1/ fhw;W vLj;J tUfpw kzy; Jfs;fspd;; cuha;e;jhpj;jy;

braypdhy; cUthFk; njhw;wk;(m)CJgs;s�;fs; (M) kzw;Fd;Wfs;(,)gl;ilf;fw;fs;

2/ kzw;g[aYld; bjhlh;g[ila epyj;njhw;wk;(m) ghiytd�;fs; (M) rkbtspfs; (,) kiyfs;

3/ g[Gjpg;g[aypdhy; goa itf;fg;gLk; bghUs;fspd;njhw;wk;(m)gl;ilfw;fs; (M) fhw;wo tz;ly;(,) kzy;;Fd;Wfs;

II. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f:1/ fhw;Wj; jpwikahfr; bray;gl _____ .____ jhtu�;fns

mtrpakhfpd;wd/2/ fhw;W ____ kw;Wk; ______ tHpfspy; mhpj;bjLf;fpd;wd/3/ fhw;W vLj;J tUk; kzy; Jfs;fs;; cuha;e;jhpg;gjhy;

cUthfpw fw;fs; _________/4/ m/I/ehL kw;Wk; Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk;

fhw;wo tz;ly; _____kiwKf braypdhy; cUthfpwJ/III. bghUj;Jf:1/ CJgs;s�;fs; mHpj;jy;2/ kzw;Fd;Wfs; fhw;wo tz;ly;3/ gl;ilfw;fs; ghiyfs;4/ fhw;wo tz;ly; kzw;bjhlh;fs;5/ kzw;g[ay; g[Gjpg;g[ay;

IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp:1/ kzy; g[ay; kw;Wk; g[Gjpg;g[ay; - ntWgLj;Jf/2/ gl;il fw;fs; vd;why; vd;d>3/ kzw;Fd;Wfis; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vGJf/4/ fhw;wo tz;ly; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf/5/ CJgs;s�;fs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd>

V. tphpthd tpilasp:1/ fhw;wpd; braypdhy; Vw;gLk; kzy;got[fisg; gw;wp

fl;Liu tiuf/2/ kzy; Fd;Wfisg; gw;wpa tphpthf vGJf/

bra;Kiw gapw;rp1/ ,aw;if Mw;wy;; Mjhu�;fspy; fhw;Wk; xd;W -

fye;JiuahLf/2/ fhw;whiyfis gw;wpa tptu�;fis nrfhpf;ft[k;/

311

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11/ bgU�;fly;fs;

313312

mLj;jjhf. ml;yhz;of; kpfg; bghpa flyhFk;/ ,f;fly;fz;l�;fSf;F ,izahf mtw;wpd; ,ilna mike;Js;smfykw;w xU ePh;gug;ghFk;/ MHkw;w fly;fs; gytw;iwml;yhz;of; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ ,tw;Ws; fhPgpad;. ghy;of;;.Mu ;f ;of ; kw;Wk; bkf;!pnfh tisFlh MfpadFwpg;gpljf;fit/ gy rpw;whWfSk;. MWfSk; bgUk;Rikfis bfhz;Lte;J ml;yhz;of; bgU�;flypy;fyf;fpd;wd/ cyfpYs;s kpfg; bghpa MWfshd mnkrhd;.kp!p!pgp. brapd;l;yhud;!; kw;Wk; fh�;nfh Kjyhditml;yhz;of; bgU�;flypy; fyf;fpd;wd/

cyfpYs;s bgU�;fly;fSs;. ,e;jpag; bgU�;flnykpfr; rpwpjhFk;/ ,f;fly; Mg;gphpf;fh kw;Wk; Mrpaf;fz;l�;fspdhy; NHg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,jpy;; xU rpy jPt[fSk;.MHkw;w fly;fSk; mike;Js;sd/ ,e;jpag; bgU�;;fly;epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfhikapy; mike;jpUg;gjhy;;,f;flypd; nkw;gug;g[ btg;gepiy mjpfkhf cs;sJ/

nkg;g[ 11/1 bgU�;fly; fly; kw;Wk; fly;fspd; guty;

tlfly;

tlgrpgpf;

tlml;yhz;of;

Mh;f;of;

bjd;ml;yhz;of;

tlgrpgpf;

,e;jpabgU�;fly;

btl;bly;fly;;

bjd;grpgpf;

uh!;fly;

Mh;f;of;

nkw;Twpa K:d;W bgU�;fly;fis jtpu bjd; miuf;nfhsj;jpy; 55° bjd; ml;rnuifapy; mike;Js;s ePh; gug;g[midj;ija[k; bkhj;jkhf bjd; bgU�;fly;fs; (SouthernOceans) vd miHf;fpnwhk;/ ,jd;; bkhj;j gug;gpy; ghjpf;Fk;nkny. Fsph;fhyj;jpy; gdpfl;oahy; K:lg;gl;oUf;Fk;/

bjd;grpgpf;

g[tpg;gug;gpy; Rkhu; 360 kp/r/fp/kP/gug;g[. bgU�;fly;gug;g[fshf cs;sd/ ,g;gug;g[fns khbgUk; ePu;njf;f�;fshf,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,jpYs;s ePupd; mst[. g[tpapDila bkhj;jePhpd; mstpy; 97% MFk;/ cyfj;jpYs;s bgU�;fly;fspd;MHk; ruhrhpahf 3.9 fp/kP/ ,Uf;fyhk;/ vdpDk;. rpyfly;fspd; MHk; 11 fp/kP/f;Fk; nkyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd/g[tpg;gug;gpy; bgU�;fly;fSk; fz;l�;fSk;; rPuw;W gutpcs;sJ/ tl miuf;nfhsj;jpy; epyk; kw;Wk; bgU�;fly;tpfpjk; 1:1.5 vdt[k; bjd; miuf;nfhsj;jpy; epyk; kw;Wk;bgU�;fly; tpfpjk; 1:4 vdt[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/ bjd;miuf;nfhsj;jpy; gutpa[s;s mjpfg;goahd ePu;gug;gpdhy;mg;gFjpapd; Rw;Wg;g[wr;NHypy; gy gaDs;s tpist[fs;Vw;gLfpd;wd/

cyfpYs;s bgU�;fly;fs; K:d;W gphpt[fshf tifaPLbra;agl;Ls;sd/ mitahtd: (1) grpgpf;. (2) ml;yhz;of;(Mh;of;fly;cl;gl) kw;Wk; (3) ,e;jpa bgU�;fly;(nkg;g[1.1)/

bgU�;fly;fSs;. grpgpf; kpfg;bghpJ/ ,J ml;yhz;of;fliyf;fhl;oYk; ,U kl�;F bghpJ/ g[tpg;gug;gpy; 1/3g�;F. grpgpf;flypdhy;; K:lg;gl;Ls;sJ. g[tpapd; bkhj;jePhpy; ghjpast[. grpgpf;;flypy; cs;sJ/ ,jd; ruhrhp MHk;4.3 fp/kP/ MFk;/ ,g;bgU�;fly;; MHkw;w vy;iynahuf;fly;fs; rpytw;iwf; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy; ,f;;flypy;gy jPt[fs; cs;sd/ grpgpf; bgU�;flypy; xU rpy MWfnste;J fyf;fpd;wd/ ,f;flypd; te;J fyf;fpw MWfspd;tofhy; gug;igf; fhl;oYk; grpgpf;fpd; nkw;gug;g[ Rkhh;1000 rjtpfpjk; mjpfkhFk;/

fw;wypd; tpist[fs; :1 / fly; jiuapd; epynjhw;w�;fis mwpe;Jf;bfhsy;/2 / fly; ePnuhl;lj;ij g[hpe;Jf;bfhsy;/3 / gtsj; bjhliu goj;J mwpe;Jf;bfhsy;;/

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I. bgU�;fly; epyj;njhw;wk;

bgU�;fly;fspYs;s�epyj;njhw;w�;fs; K:d;whf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ(glk;11/1)/mitahtd: (m) fz;l jpl;L(2) fz;l rhpt[ (3) bgU�;fly; jhH;r;rp

(1) fz;l jpl;L(Continental Shelf) : fz;l vy;iyfSf;FmUfhikapy; mike;Js;s bgU�;fly; gFjpia fz;ljpl;L vd;fpnwhk;/ bgU�;flypy; fz;l jpl;L 150-200 kP/MHk; tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ/ mJnghynt mjd; mfyKk;,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ntWgLfpwJ/ mfd;w fz;ljpl;Lfs;kpfr; rpwe;j kPd;gpo js�;fshFk;/ Vbddpy; fz;ljpl;L.gpsh�;ld;fs; brHpj;J tsu njitahd NHiybfhz;oUf;fpwJ/ gpsh�;ld;fs; kPd;fSf;F czthfg;gad;gLfpd;wd/ Mjyhy; fz;ljpl;Lfspy; kPd;fSk; bgUk;vz;zpf;ifapy; thH;fpd;wd/ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. tlmbkhpf;fhtpd; fpHf;Ff; flw;fiu. Inuhg;ghtpd; tlnkw;Ff;flw;fiu kw;Wk; $g;ghd; jPt[fis Rw;wpa[s;s fz;ljpl;Lg;gFjpfs; rpwe;j kPd;gpo js�;fshf cs;sd/

(2) fz;l rhpt[(Continental Slope): fz;ljpl;il mLj;J.bgU�;flypd; jiuia nehf;fpr; br�;Fj;jhf rhpfpw gFjpfz;lrhpthFk;/ ,J fz;ljpl;ila[k;. MHj;jpYs;s fly;;jiuiaa[k; ,izf;fpwJ/ ,jd; MHk; ruhrhpahf 3000 ?6000 kPl;lh; tiu ntWgLfpwJ/ fz;lrhpt[ Kotila[k;gFjpapy;. bgU�;flypy; MHk; jpObud mjpfhpf;fpwJ/

(3)bgU�;fly; jhH;r;rp (Ocean trough): fz;lrhpt[bgU�;fly; jhH;r;rpahf KotilfpwJ/ ,J flyoapYs;sMHkhd ePuorkbtsp nghd;wJ/ ,jpy; kiybjhlh;fSk;;.

314 315

gPlg{kpfSk;;. MHkhd gs;sjhf;FfSk;; rkbtspfSk;;cs;sd/ bgU�;fly; jhH;r;rpapd; bkhj;jg;gug;gpy; 40#bfhz;oUf;fpw ,g;gug;gpy;. Ez;zpa caphpfSk; ghiwgok�;fSk;;; cs;sd/

bgU�;flypy;. kj;jpa ml;yhz;of; kiyj;bjhlnu kpfg;bghpjhFk;;/ ,J 14.000 fp/kP/ ePsj;ijf; bfhz;lJ/ ,jpYs;sMHkhd gs;sjhf ;Fg; gFjpfspy; vhpkiyfSk;epyeLf;fKk;; gutyhf cUthfpd;wd/ epyj;jpYs;sJnghynt flYf;F moapYk; vhpkiyfs; btof;fpd;wd/grpgpf; bgU�;flypYs;s ~tha; jPt[fSk;. ml;yhz;of;bgU�;flypYs;s mn$hu;!; jPt[fSk; flyoapypUe;Jbtoj;J cUthditfns/

bgU�;fly; jhH;r;rpfspYs;s FWfpa FHpfns mfHpfs;(Trench) vdg;gLk;/ ,it grpgpf;flypy; Vuhskhf cs;sd/mtw;Ws;. khpahdh mfHp (11033kP) cyfpnyna kpfMHkhdJ/ ,jpy;; vtbu!;l; rpfuk; (8848kP) Tl KGikahfK:H;fp tpLk;;/

c�;fSf;Fj; bjhpa[kh>15 kw;Wk; 16Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; nkw;bfhz;l fly;tHp fz;L

gpog;g[fspdhnyna bgU�;fly;fs; kpfg;gue;J tphpe;Js;sd vdbjhpayhapw;W/ tuyhw;W rpwg;g[ kpf;f 3.6 Mz;L H.M.S. rhy�;ru;;fg;gypd; gazj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dnu fly;jiuapYs;s gy tifahdepyj;njhw;w�;fspd; tptu�;fs; ekf;Fg; g[hpayhapw;W/ cyfj;jpYs;sbgU�;fly;fisg;; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp.Kjd;Kjypy; ork;gh; 1872 Kjy;nk 1876 tiu rhy�;rh; fg;gypy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ ,Jntxnu epWtdj;jpduhy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l KjyhtJk;; tpupthdJkhdMuha;r;rp vd ,d;wst[k; fUjg;gLfpwJ/ Rkhh; 110.000 fp/kPl;lh;fly;gazk; rhy�;rh; fg;giya[k;. mwptpayhh;fisa[k;mYtyu;fisa[k; mjd; FGtpduhf Mh;f;of; fliy jtpu kw;wvy;yh bgU�;fly;fSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;brd;wJ/

flyoapYs;s kw;bwhU njhw;wkhd MH;fly; rkbtspek;g[tjw;F ,ayhjJ/ ,J Vw;wjhH;t[fs; VJkpd;wp xnukhjpupahd epygug;igf; bfhz;ljhFk;/ ,g;gug;gpy;g[ije;Jg;nghd vhpkiyapd; cr;rpg;gFjpfs; M�;fh�;nfePl;of; bfhz;oUf;Fk;/ MH;fly; rkbtspfs; vy;yhbgU�;fly;fspYk; cs;sd/ vdpDk;. grpgpf; bgU�;fliyf; fhl;oYk; ml;yhz;of; bgU�;flypy; kpfg; gue;jMH;fly; rkbtspfs; gy cs;sd/

fz;lrhpt[ fz;ljpl;L

fz;l vy;iy

ePuo rkbtsp

fz;lXLbgU�;fly;XL

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,f;fhw;Wfs; bgU�;fly; gug;g[fspd; kPJ epiyahdePnuhl;l�;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd/ nfhs;fhw;Wfisg;nghynt bfhhpnahyp!; tpirapdhy; (Coriolis) nkw;gug;g[ePnuhl;l�;fs; tl miuf;nfhsj;jpy; fly;ePh; fhw;WtPRk;jpirf;F tyJg[wk; jpUg;gg;gLfpwJ/ epfutpisthf.nkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;l�;fs;. fhw;WtPRk; jpirf;F 45° nfhzj;jpy;efUfpd;wd/

cyfstpy;. bgU�;fly;fis NH;e;Js;s epyg;gug;g[fs;me;ePnuhl;l�;fSf;F Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Uf;fpd;wd/vdnt. nkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;l�;fs; xU tl;ltotpy;KGikahd tsh;r;rpia bgWfpd;wd/ mj;jifa tsu;r;rpf;FbgU�;fly;fspd; vy;iyfshf mike;Js;s fz;lg;gug;g[fns fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd/ tl;ltotpy; cUthfpwnkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;lnk RHy; (Gyre) vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

xU RHypd; mikg;g[: xU RHypy; ehd;F tifahde Pnuhl ;l� ;fs ; cs ;sd/ mit ,uz;ouz;lhf,izf;fg;gl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ mitahtd: (M)/tlf;F?bjw;fhf fz;l vy;iyfSf;F ,izahf gha;fpw,uz;L vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs;/ kw;Wk; (M)/ fpHf;F?nkw;fhfgha;fpw ,uz;L vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs;/ ,jpYs;s ,uz;LePnuhl;l�;fSk; Kiwna. RHypd; nky; kw;Wk; fPH;gFjpfspy; gha;fpd;wd/ml;rf;nfhLfSf;F ,ilna btg;gMw;wiy gug;g[tjpy; vy;iyePnuhl;l�;fs; bgUk;g�;Ftfpf;fpd;wd/ Jiz btg;gkz;ly RHy; xd;iwvLj;Jf;fhl;lhf bfhz;L ePnuhl;l�;fspd; ,af;f�;fisg[upe;Jf; bfhs;syhk;;/

m/ Jizbtg;gkz;ly RHy;: Jiz btg;g kz;lygFjpapy; 30° tl kw;Wk; bjd; ml;rf;nfhLfspy;mike;Js;s bgU�;fly;fs; xt;bthd;wpYk; bghpamstpy; xU RHy; mike;Js;sJ/ ,r;RHy;fspy;fhzg;gLk; ePnuhl;l�;fs;. Jiz btg;gkz;ly cauGj;jbjhFjpfspdhy; njhd;Wfpw tspkz;ly nfhs;fhw;wpdhy;Kd;nehf;fp efh;j;jg;gLfpd;wd/

(i)nkw;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs; : epyeLf;nfhl;oypUe;Jcah; ml;r�;fis nehf;fp gha;fpw ePnuhl;l�;fs; nkw;Fvy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fshFk;/ bghJthf. ,e;j ePnuhl;l�;fs;

316 317

fly;ePhpd; ,ay;g[ kw;Wk; ntjp gz;g[fs;: bgU�;;fly;fSk;. fly;fSk; cth; ePiuna bfhz;Ls;sd/ ,e;ePupy;fiufpw jd;ikf;bfhz;l tha[f;fSk;; rpwpa mstpy;cs;sd/ ,t;tha[f;fSk;; tspkz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;njbgwg;gLfpd;wd/ bgUk;ghYk;. fly;ePupdhy; fiuf;fg;gLfpw tha[f;fspd; mst[fis. me;ePupd; btg;g epiya[k;mjd; cg;gst[nk epu;zapf;fpd;wd/ fly;ePupy; btg;gepiykw;Wk; cg;gst[ mjpfupf;Fnkahdhy;. me;ePhpdhy;fiuf;fg;gLk; tha[f;fspd; mst[ Fiwa[k;/

fly;ePhpy; fiue;Js;s tha[f;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit:iel;u$d;. Mf;!p$d;. fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L. Mh;fhd;.ypak; kw;Wk; epahd;/ kw;w tspkz;ly tha[f;fSld;xg;gpLk; bghGJ mrhjhuzkhf. fhh;gd; ilMf;i!Lfly;ePhpy; kpf mjpfkhf fiue;Js;sJ/

gy;ntW cg;g[fSk; ePUk; fye;j xU fyitna fly;ePuhFk;;/ Rkhh; 99 # fly;cg;g[fs; MW tif jdpk�;fshYk;.nrh;k�;fshYk; Mdit/ mitahtd: Fnshhpd;/ nrhoak;.ry;gh;. bkf;dPrpak;. fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; bghl;lhrpak;/ fly;ePhpy; fhzg;gLk; 50# cg;gstpy; Fnshhpd; madpfnsKf;fpa g�;F tfpf;fpwJ/

II / bgU�;fly; ePnuhl;l�;fs;

xU ePh;epiyapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhw;W FWf;fhf tPRk;bghGJ. me;ePh; efuj; Jt�;FfpwJ/ Kjypy; (Capillary Waves)Ez; miyfshf njhd;wp. J}hpiff;fPwy; (brush stroke)nghd;w rpw;wiyfshf ePu ; ;gug;gpy; cUthfpd;wd/me;ePu;gug;gpy; bjhlh;e;J fhw;W tPRnkahdhy; mg;bghGJmg;gug;gpy; bghpa miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ ,e;jmiyfspd; ce;Jtpir mf;fly;;ePUf;F flj;jg;gLtjhy;me;ePh; efuj; Jt�;FfpwJ/ ,t;thwhf. bgU�;flypy;efUfpw ePiuna ePnuhl;l�;fs; vd (Currents) miHf;fpnwhk;/bgU�;fly; ePnuhl;l�;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;/ mitahtd(m) nkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;lk;. (M) MH;fly; ePnuhl;lk;/

(m) nkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;lk;: g[tpg;gug;gpd; kPJ epyt[fpwbtg;g khWghLfspdhy; nfhs;fhw;Wfs; cUthfpd;wd vdVHhtJ tFg;gpy; goj;njhk;/ g[tpg;gug;gpd; kPJ nfhs;fhw;Wfs; bjhlh;e;J ePof;Fk; ,ay;g[f; bfhz;lit/ Mjyhy;

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midj;Jk; ehbshd;Wf;F 40?120 fp/kP/ tiu b$l; nghd;WgPwpl;Lg; gha;git/nkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;l�fspy;;. nkw;Fvy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fns kpf MHj;jpy; bry;yf;ToaePnuhl;l�;fshFk;;/ ,it bgU�;fly; gug;gpw;F fPnH Rkhu;Mapuk; kPl;lh; MHk; tiu tphptilfpd;wd/ ,j;jifabtg;g ePnuhl;l�;fs; mtw;wpd; miktplj;ijg; bghWj;Jr pwg ;ghd bgah ; fis bfhz ;Ls ;sd/ 1 )tlml;yhz;of;?fy; g; ePnuhl;lk;. 2)tl grpgpf;?fpa{nuhc&pnah;3)bjd; ml;yhz;of;?gpnurpy;. 4)bjd; grpgpf;?fpHf;FM!;jphpnyah. 5),e;jpabgU�;fly;? mFy;~h!; ePnuhl;lk;;/

ii) fpHf;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs; : cah; ml;rj;jpypUe;Jepy eLf;nfhl;il nehf;fp gha;fpw ePnuhl;l�;fs; fpHf;Fvy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs; MFk;/ fpHf;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs;mfykhdit; MHkw;w gFjpapy; ehbshd;Wf;FK:d;wpypUe;J VG fp/kPl;lh; ntfj;jpy; gha;fpd;wd/ ,e;jFsph;ePnuhl;l�;fs; mtw;wpd; miktplj;ijg; bghWj;Jrpwg;ghd bgah;fis bfhz;Ls;sd/ 1)tl ml;yhz;of;?fhdhp; 2)tlgrpgpf;?fypnghh;dpah; 3)bjd; ml;yhz;of;?bg�;Fyh; 4)bjd;grpgpf;?bgU; 5),e;jpag;bgU�;fly;?nkw;FM!;jpnuypa ePnuhl;lk;/

iii) fpHf;F?nkw;F ePnuhl;l�;fs:;: tl miunfhsj;jpy;.nkw;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs; Rke;J tUfpw ePiu. fpHf;Fnehf;fpg; gha;fpw tlgrpgpf; ePnuhl;lKk;. tlml;yhz;of;ePh;gphpt[k;. fpHf;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs; Jt�;Ffpw,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; bry;fpd;wd/ mJnghynt. bjd; miunfhsj;jpy; fpHf;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs; Rke;J tUfpwePiu. bjd; grpgpf; ePnuhl;lKk;. bjd; ,e;jpa ePnuhl;lKk;bjd; ml;yhz;of; ePnuhl;lKk; nkw;F vy;iy ePnuhl;l�;fs;Jt�;Ffpw ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; bry;fpd;wd/

tl ml;yhz;of; kw;Wk; grpgpf; bgU�;fly;fspy; 50°tlf;fpy; rpwpa RHy;fs;�fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,g;gFjpapy;fhzg;gLk; ePnuhl;l�;fs;. JUt jhH;mGj;j ikaj;jpdhy;cUthfpw fhw;W RHw;rpapdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wd/ ,t;thwhdRHy;fs; bjd; miunfhsj;jpy; tsh;r;rpg; bgWtjpy;iy/Vbddpy;. mg;gFjpapy; gha;fpw ePnuhl;l�;fis jLj;Jmtw;wpd; jpiria jpUg;g[k; mstpw;F epyg;gug;g[fs;bgupjhf mikatpy;iy/

318 319

glk; 11/2 bgU�;fly; RHy;fs; (1)

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(2)

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(3)

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M) MH;fly; ePnuhl;l�;fs;: cyfpYs;s bgU�;fly;fspy; mjd; nkw;gug;g[f;Ff; fPnHa[k; ePnuhl;l�;fs;gha;;fpd;wd/ MH;fly; ePnuhl;l�;fs; fly; ePhpd; mlh;j;jpntWghLfspdhy; ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd/ bgU�;fly;fspd;btg;gepiya[k;/ cg;gst[k; khWgLtjhy; me;ePhpd; mlh;j;jp;ntWgLfpwJ/ cah; ml;r nfhLfspy; kpff; Fiwe;jbtg;gepiy epyt[tjhy; m�;F fly;ePhpd; mlh;j;jpmjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;/ ,jdhy; m�;F fly;ePh; kpft[k; Fsph;e;JMH;fly; mfHpfis nehf;fpf; fPHpw�;FfpwJ/ ,t;thWfPHpw�;Ffpw Fspu;ePiuna MH;fly; ePnuhl;lk;; vdmiHf;fpnwhk;/ ,e;ePnuhl;l�;fns. bgU�;flypYs;s ePupy;;90# ePiu Mf;fpukpj;;J cs;sd/ MH;fly; ePnuhl;l�;fs;bfhhpnahyp!; tpirapdhy; ghjpg;giltjpy;iy/

bghJthf. nkw;gug;g[ ePnuhl;l�;fSld; xg;gpLk;bghGJMH;fly; ePnuhl;l�;fs; kpf bkJthfnt XLfpd;wd/ ,ijj;jtpu bgU�;fly; jiuapy; fhzg;gLfpw epybtspj;njhw;w�;fshd bjhlh;fSk;. gs;s�;fSk; MH;fly; ePh;Xl;lj;ijj; jhkjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ MH;fly; ePnuhl;lk; mjd;Xl;l ghijapy; xU Rw;iw KGikahf Kof;f Rkhu; 1000tUl�;fs; Mfyhk; vd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ/

III. gtsj; bjhlh;fs;

Mwhk; tFg;gpy; Vw;fdnt gtsj;ijg; gw;wpgoj;jwpe;jtw;iw rpwpJ epidt[f; Tw;f/ jdpj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;gts caphpd�;fs; ghypg;g[fs; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/,g;ghypg;g[fspd; Tl;lnk gtsk; vdg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;jgtsghypg;g[fs; xt;bthd;Wk; xU Kjd;ik ghypg;gpy;,Ue;J xnu mr;rhf cUthditfns/ kpy;ypad; kpy;ypad;fzf;fhd ghypg;g[fspd; Tl;l�;fSk;. Rz;zhk;igg;goa itf;fpw kw;w caphpd�;fSk; nru;e;J mtw;wpd;Kd;ndhofspd; vYk;g[ TLfspd; nky;. mtw;wpd; cs;nstsu;r;rpg; bgWfpd;wd/ ,t;capupd�;fSk;. kzYk; nrWk;nru ;e ;J gtsj;bjhlu ;fs ; cUthfpd ;wd/ muz;gtsbjhlh;fs; tsUfpw ,l�;fis bghWj;J mit. fz;ljpl;L tpspk;g[fspy;; ehlhbjhlh; vdt[k;. fz;l rhpt[fspy;;nkil bjhlh; vdt[k;. fz;l jPt[fs; my;yJ Kjd;ikfz;l gFjpfisbahl;o tpspk;g [bjhlh; vdt[k;miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

btg;g kw;Wk; Jiz btg;g kz;ly bgU�;flypd;;ePh;gug;gpy;. gtsbjhlh;fs; brwpe;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/bgUk;ghyhd gtsapd�;fSf;F 18° Kjy; 30° br/ tiubtg;gepiy njitgLfpwJ/ ,e;j btg;gepiy tPr;Rvy;iyapypUe;J fly;ePhpd; btg;gepiy khWgl;L. mnjbtg;gepiy btF fhyj;jpw;Fj; bjhlUnkahdhy; gtsbjhlu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd; gtsghypg;g[fSk; koe;Jg;nghfpd;wd/

gts�;fspd; guty;: btg;g kz;lyj;jpypUe;J JUtkz;lyk; (nkg;g[11/3) tiu. cyfpYs;s bgU�;fly;fspy;vy;yhk; gts�;fs; gy tiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ nkw;Fml;yhz;of; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa?grpgpf; bgU�;fly;fspd;btg;g. Jiz btg;gg;gFjpfspy; gts bjhlh;fisfl;Ltpf;fpw gts�;fs; rpjwp fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ bghJthf.30° tl kw;Wk; 30° bjd; ml;rf;nfhLfSf;F ,ilnafhzg;gLfpd;wd/

m/ nkw;F ml;yhz;of; bjhlh;fspYs;s bgh;Klh. g~hkh!;. fhPgpad; jPt[fs;. gpiy!;. g;shhplh kw;Wk; bkf;!pfs; tisFlh/

M/ ,e;jpa?grpgpf; bgU�;fly; gFjpapy; br�;flYk; ,e;jpabgU�;flYk;;.; grpgpf; bgU�;fly; tHpahf bgh;rpad; tisFlhtpypUe;Jnkw;F gdhkh flnyhuk; tiu ml�;Fk;/ fyp h;dpahtpy; rpy ,l�;fspy;flypy; ePl;o bfhz;oUf;Fk; ghiwfspd; kPJk; gtsk; tsUfpwJ/

320 321

nkg;g[ 11/3 gtsghiwfspd; guty;

gts bjhlh;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; : tspkz;lyj;jpy;fhzg;gLfpw fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L tha[tpd; msiteph;zapg;gjpy; gts bjhlh;fs; Kf;fpa g�;F tfpf;fpd;wd/

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Nrhd;njy; vd;w flw;ghrp fhw;wpYs;s fhh;gd; ilMf;i!Ltha[it xspr;nrh;f;ifapd; K:ykhf mfw;wp tpLfpwJ/mjdhy;; Nrhd;njy; ghrpf;Fk; gts ghypg;g[f;Fk;njitahd czt[g;bghUs; fpilf;fpwJ/ filrpahf.fhw;wpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLfpw fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L tha[tpd;bgUk;gFjp. gts ghypg;g[fshy; Rz;zhk;ghf cw;gj;jpbra;ag;;gl;L. mr;Rz;zhk;g[ flyoapy; j�;fp tpLfpd;wd/vdpDk;. Nrhd;njy; ghrpa[k; gtsghypg;g[fSk; Rthrpf;fMf;!p$id (kdpjh;fs; j�;fspd; Rthrpj;jYf;F Mf;!p$idgad;gLj;JtJ nghd;W)gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ ,r;braypdhy;;tspkz;lyj;jpYk;; bgU�;flypYk; fhh;gd; ilMf;i!LbrYj;jg;gLfpwJ/ ,utpy;Rthrpf;Fk;bghGJ btspnaWfpwfhh;gd; ilMf;i!od; msit fhl;oYk;. gfypy;xspnrh;f;ifapd;bghGJ btspnaWfpw Mf;!p$dpd; mst[mjpfkhFk;/ Mdhy; ,utpy; xspr;nrh;f;if KGtJkhfepWj;jg;gl;L Rthrpg;gJkl;Lnk eilbgWfpwJ/ gtsbjhlh;fs; fhw;wpy; brYj;Jfpw fhh;gd; ilMf;i!Lmsit fhl;oYk;. mj;bjhlh;fs; mf;fhw;wpypUe;Jmfw;Wfpw fhh;gd; ilMf;i!L mst[ mjpfkhFk;/

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328

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,e;jpahtpd; mjph;tiy kz;ly�;fs;: ,e;jpah ehd;Fmjph;tiy kz;ly�;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ mitahtdII, III, IV kw;Wk; V kz;ly�;fs;/ mtw;Ws; kz;lyk; Vmjpmgha neu;t[ ( high risk) kz;lyk; MFk;/ ,kakiya[k;;mij Rw;wpa[s;s gFjp kw;Wk; fl;r; tisFlht[k; Vkw;Wk; IV tJ kz;lyj;jpy; mike;Js;sd/ epymikg;gpay; hPjpahf jf;fhz gPlg{kp. vt;tpj ,lh;fisa[k;vjph;bfhs;fpw jpwDila jplkhd ghiwfshy; MdJ/Mfnt ,e;jpahtpd; ,g;gFjp epymjph;t[ bray;fis kpff;Fiwthff; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ vdnt. II tJ kz;lyk; Fiwe;jmghaneu;t[ kz;lykhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ/jkpH;ehL kpj kw;Wk; Fiwe;j mghaneu;t[ kz;lykhf

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kw;Wk; brd;id Mfpa khtl;l�;fs; kpjmghaneu;t[kz;lyk; III vd tifaPL bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ fh�;rpg[uk;;.jpUtz;zhkiy. ju;kg[up. nryk; kw;Wk; nfhak;gj;J}u;khtl;l�;fspd; rpy gFjpfs; kpjmghaneu;t[ kz;lyk;III ,d; fPH; tUfpd;wd/ ,ju khtl;l�;fs; Fiwe;jmghaneu;t[ kz;lyk; II ,d; fPH; tifaPL bra;ag;gl;;Lcs;sd/epyeLf;f�;fspdhy; neuplf;Toa nguplu;fspdhy; capu;

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,e;jpa bgU�;flypy; Vw;gl;l flw;nfhshy; cyfj;jpy;100.000 f;Fk; nkw;gl;nlhu; ,we;Jg; nghapdu;/ ,J nghd;W1896y; $g;ghdpa flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; Vw;gl;lepyeLf;fj;jhy; 27.000 kf;fs; K:H;fp nghapdu;/ Mdhy;. ,e;jpabgU�;fly; flw;nfhSf;F epfuhf cyf gjpntl;oy; ntWvJt[kpy;iy vdyhk;/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa�;fspy; rpytw;wpy;fhtpupg{k;gl;odk; kw;Wk; fghlg[uk; nghd;w tuyhw;Wrpwg;g[kpf;f JiwKf�;fs; flw;nfhs;fshy; K:H;fpg;nghapdvd;w Fwpg;g[fs; gy cs;sd/jkpH;ehl;od; flnyhug;gFjpfspy; kPl;g[gzpa[k; epthuz

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fl;LgLj;j ,aYk;/ cz;ikapnyna. mt;tg;bghGJnjitgLfpw Maj;jepiyf;F ekJ ftdj;ij brYj;Jtjd;K:ykhfnt. capu; kw;Wk; clik ,Hg;g[fis bgUkstpw;FFiwf;f ,aYk;/

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1/ jzpj;jy; (Mitigation): nguplu; xd;W Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;du;.mjd; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;f vLf;fg;gLk; eltof;iffshd.jahu;epiy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy mghaneu;t[ Fiwg;g[ Kiwfs;nghd;w midj;Jk; nguplu; jzpg;gpy; ml�;Fk;/ jzpg;g[eltof;if ew;gaidj; juntz;Lbkdpy;. ngupliug; gw;wpatptu mwpt[. jy tuyhW. gy tpjkhd ,lu; ghjpg;g[fs;kw;Wk; TWfs; gw;wpa tptu�;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ/,y;iybadpy;. jzpg;g[ Kiwfs; gaidj; juhJ/ vdnt.nguplu; jzpg;g[ vd;gJ. “nguplupd;; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;fvLf;fg;gLk; eltof;iffshd. jahu;epiy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhymghaneu;t[ Fiwg;g[ Kiwfs; nghd;w midj;Jk; nguplu;jzpg;gpy; ml�;Fk;” / nkYk; kdpj?bray;fspdhy; tpisfpwnguplupd; mgha neu;t[fis Fiwg;gjw;fhf ew;gaidj;juf;Toa jpl;ltiut[fs; kw;Wk; brayhf;fk; Mfpagpujpbray; KiwfSk; ml�;Fk;/ mog;gilahf capu;.clik. kw;Wk; mog;gil trjpfs; Mfpatw;wpd;,Hg;g[fisj; jLf;ft[k;. Fiwf;ft[k; nguplu; jzpg;g[ kpfmtrpakhfpwJ/

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364

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4/epu;khzpj;jy; (Reconstruction)kWrPuikg;g[k;( Rehabili-tation): nguplu; epfH;tpw;F gpd;du;. kWrPuikg;g[ kw;Wk;g[zuikg;g[ Mfpad nguplu; nkyhz;ik bray;fshf,Uf;fpd ;wd/ mJkl;Lkd;wp. mit nkk;ghl ;Leltof ;iffshft [k ; fUjg ;gLfpd ;wd/ ngu plu ;nkyhz;ikf;Fk;. nkk;ghl;ow;Fk; ,ilnaahd bjhlu;g[fisvLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhft[k; mikfpd;wd/ nkYk;. nguplu;fshy;ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tPL fl;Ljy;. fl;ol�;fiscWjpahf;Fjy;. mog;gil trjpfspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; rK:f

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c�;fSf;F bjupa[kh>fly;nfhspd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;JghJfhg;g[ mspf;f fpH;fhdqk;,uz;L tpUg;g�;fspy; ,Ue;Jnju;e;bjLj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/

m/ fodkhdJ ? bgU�;bryt[? (v/fh/) fly;Rtu;.braw;if gtsj;bjhlu;

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bghJthf. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Jd;g�;fs; nkYk;bgUFtjwF gy fhuzpfs; cs;sd/ VH;ik. kf;fs;bjhiftsu;r;rp. efukakhjy;. fyhr;rhu gHf;f epiyjpupt[.Rw;Wg;g[wr;R{Hy; rPuHpt[. tpHpg;g[zu;tpYk; rupahdtptu�;fspYk; cs;s FiwghLfs; Mfpad rhjhuz ,lu;

366

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gapw;rpI. rhpahd tpilia njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf:1/ bgUk;ghYk; jP kw;Wk; fhl;Lj;jP epfH;t[fSf;F

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2/ tPl;ow;fhd nguplu; jut[g;bgl;o (Disaster supplies kit)xd;W jahu; epiyapy; itj;jy;/

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