Sandhi

Sanskrit

for

Vedanta Students

Sandhi Handbook

Medh Michika AVG Anaikkatti, 2014

All rights reserved. The contents of this work may not in any shape or form be

reproduced without permission from Medh Michika

Sanskrit for Vedanta Students Sandhi Handbook

i

Table of Contents

Topic I ............ Page 1 1. (Mhevarastrs) ........ Page 1 2. (Pratyhra) abbreviations ....... Page 2 3. How to use the chart ........ Page 2

Topic II Basics of ............ Page 5 1. The Basic Concepts of (sandhi) ....... Page 5

Topic III (Phonetics) ............ Page 6 1. (Place of pronunciation) ........ Page 6 2. (Efforts in pronunciation) ........ Page 8

(Internal efforts) ....... Page 8 (External efforts) ........ Page 8

3. Varieties of vowels ............ Page 9 4. (Similar letter) ............ Page 10

Topic IV - (visarga sandhi) ....... Page 11 0. - Overview Chart ........ Page 12 1. + + - ........ Page 13 2. + + / , - ....... Page 14

+ + - ........... Page 15 3. + + - ....... Page 16 4. + + - , ....... Page 18 5. + + /// - , ....... Page 20 6. + + other hard consonants - , , ..... Page 22 7. Practise of all visarga sandhi ....... Page 24

Sanskrit for Vedanta Students Sandhi Handbook

ii

Topic V - (vowel sandhi) ......... Page 30 0. - Overview Chart ........ Page 31 1. The basics of understanding Sandhi stras in Pinistras ... Page 32 2. - - ............ Page 33 3. - - ............ Page 35 4. - - ............ Page 38

a. and relationship between the rules .... Page 40 5. - - ............ Page 41 6. - - ............ Page 43 7. - ............ Page 46 8. - - ............ Page 47

Topic VI - (consonant sandhi) ...... Page 49 1. - ............ Page 50 2. - ............ Page 51 3. - ............ Page 52 4. - ............ Page 53 5. - ............ Page 54 6. - ............ Page 55 7. - ............ Page 56 8. - - ............ Page 58 9. - ............ Page 59 10. - ............ Page 60 11. / - ............ Page 62 12. - ............ Page 64 13. - ............ Page 65 14. - ............ Page 66 15. - ............ Page 68 16. - ............ Page 70 17. - ........ Page 71 18. - ............ Page 72

Topic I

1

Topic I

1. (Mhevarastrs)

s are 14 in number. Each ends with an (an indicatory letter) which is circled in the above chart.

E.g.

V O W E L S

Simple vowels

Diphthongs

CONSONANTS

SOFT

+ Semivowels

5th of the class (= Nasals)

4th of the class 3rd of the class

HARD

2nd of the class 1st of the class

Sibilants

+

Topic I

2

2. (Pratyhra) - abbreviations

s are for making (an abbreviation). (an abbreviation)

o A is named by the first letter, followed by (an indicatory letter.) o A represents a group of letters starting from the beginning letter and

including all of the following letters up to the , excluding the .

e.g. = , , , , o is the beginning letter. o is an (an indicatory letter). o represents all the letters starting from to . o (an indicatory letter) is not counted.

3. How to use the chart In the chart, 14 s are listed in the original order with breaking of lines.

Each line contains 4 or 5 letters. Vowels come in the first two lines.

o Simple vowels are in the first line. o Diphthongs are in the second line.

Consonants o Semivowels are in the third line. o 5 x 5 consonants are listed from nasal/class 5 in descending order. o Sibilants are in the last line. o appears twice.

This arrangement allows the contents of a to be found quickly. e.g. The first letter is class 4. The is . = all the letters from class 4 downwards up to class 1, where is the

Topic I

3

= Exercise = 1. List the of the following:

All vowels = ______ All consonants = ______ All simple vowels = ______ All soft consonants = ______ All diphthongs = ______ All hard consonants = ______

All letters = ______ All sibilants = ______ 2. List the number of letters, types of letters, and all the letters of the following s: _ 5_ _All the simple vowels ________ _, , , , _________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ * 1 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ * 2 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ * 3 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____ _____________________________ ______________________________ * 1 is usually formed with the first . * 2 There is only one Pini-stra in which is formed with the second . * 3 is always formed with the second .

Topic I

4

3. Find out and type (guttural, palatal, etc.) of each letter in . Colour the letters in the chart according to the following colour scheme:

guttural blue palatal green cerebral yellow dental orange labial pink

This is to help one be aware of the particulars of the sound when pronouncing the .

Topic II Basics of

5

Topic II Basics of

1. The Basic Concepts of (sandhi)

(sandhi) is a phonetic change which takes place when two sounds come in contact.

is purely phonetic. Even when words are phonetically joined by sandhi, and written without a space between them, the meaning of each word is not affected. They do not become one word.

s are grouped into three categories, based on the type of sound that is replaced.

1. - (visarga sandhi)

Visarga is replaced

2. - (vowel sandhi)

Vowel is replaced

3. - (consonant sandhi)

Consonant is replaced

Topic III (Phonetics)

6

Topic III

Phonetics

comes first among the --, six limbs or disciplines auxiliary to the study of . Because of the nature of the teaching tradition, which is - (orally passed down), it is very important to be aware of how the sounds are produced by the organ of speech before studying any other disciplines. As deals with phonetic changes, is very much relevant and thus should be understood properly by the students.

1. (Places of pronunciation/points of articulation)

- (ik-stri) The following s explain the of each of the letters. []


7

Explanations of the -s - -- 6/3 [] 1/1 1/1 (place of pronunciation/point of articulation) of (all types of ), = (, , , , ), , and ( ) is (throat). Similarly, of (all types of ), = ( , , , , ), is (lips). is a sound to pronounce the before or . The sound is made by blowing through rounded lips. of nasal sounds (, , , , ) is (nose) also. The (also) is there because these nasal sounds are already introduced with respective s. 6/2 of and is the combination of and . 1/1 + 1/1 = 1/2, 6/2 6/2 Note that is added after and for easy pronunciation ( ). Similarly, of is the combination of and . of is (the root of the tongue). is a sound to pronounce the before or . The sound is produced by the vibration of the root of the tongue. of (the dot above vowel, such as ) is (nose).


8

2. (Efforts of pronunciation)

There are 2 types of effort: 1. (internal efforts) = The efforts made before producing a sound. = how much the is contracted 2. (external efforts) = The efforts made while producing a sound. = how the air goes out 1. They are 5 in number. 1) (touched) = 5 x 5 consonants, 2) (slightly touched) = 4 semi-vowels 3) (slightly open) = 3 sibilants and 4) (open) = vowels 5) (open and contracted) = short in usage Try to make the sound of each letter in the alphabet chart but stop before you produce

the sound and see which is contracted and how much the contraction is. 2. They are 11 in number, which are in 3 categories. 1 - hard/soft

1) , 2) , 3) (hard) 4) , 5) , 6) (soft)

2 - non-aspirated/aspirated 7) (non-aspirated) 8) (aspirated)

3 - accents 9) 10) 11)

Make the sound of each letter in the alphabet chart to see: the difference between soft and hard sounds observe where and how the vibration is. the difference between non-aspirated and aspirated sounds observe how strongly the

air comes out.


9

3. Varieties of Vowels

Vowels vary by 3 factors: 3 Lengths

1. (short) = 1 (1 count) e.g., , , 2. (long) = 2 s (2 counts) e.g., , , 3. (elongated) = 3 s (3 counts) e.g., , ,

3 Accents 1. (middle) 2. (down) 3. (up)

Nasalized or non-nasalized 1. (nasalized) 2. (non-nasalized)

o has 18 varieties. (3 lengths x 3 accents x 2)

o Similarly, and have 18 varieties. o and are considered to be (similar sound, see the next section) to each other.

Thus, they both have 30 varieties. ( has 18 = 3 lengths x 3 accents x 2, and has 12 = 2 lengths x 3 accents x 2, because of the absense of )

o , , , have 12 varieties (2 lengths x 3 accents x 2, because of the absense of )

Certain expressions are used to indicate letters. To indicate only 6 varieties of (short) , a word or is used. To indicate only 6 varieties of (long) , a word or is used. To indicate all the 18 varieties of , a word or is used.


10

4. - Similar letter Letters are considered (similar sound) to each other when they share two characteristics: 1. (place of pronunciation) 2. (internal effort)

s 18 varieties of short in 18 varieties of 18 varieties of 18 varieties of and 12 varieties of

12 varieties of 12 varieties of 12 varieties of 12 varieties of ( has no ) and and ( has no ) and ( has no ) ( has no ) ( has no ) (with the second ) in represent all of their s.

Topic IV - - (visarga sandhi)

11

Topic IV -

Visarga sandhi

(visarga) is the aspirated guttural sound which is represented by : or when nothing follows the .

When immediately followed by any sound, the is replaced by another sound. This change is called -.

This change of the is determined by the sound which precedes the and the sound which follows the .

Since comes only after vowels, the letter which precedes ( ) should be one of the nine vowels.

The letter which follows () the can be any letter. The chart on the next page shows every possible combinations of and letters for

. The corresponding change to the is shown on the chart at the intersections of the

and letters. These changes are grouped into 6 areas. These areas are numbered #1, #2, etc. and are

given nickname based on their typical examples. Each area is explained with examples in the following section. is also called (visarjanya).


12

0. - Overview Chart

/

(vowels other than )

(soft consonants)

(hard consonants)

/ // // // /

- #1

(visarga drops) - #2

- #3

not born of & on -

or : - #5

- #6

- #6

- #6

or : - #5

-

(visarga drops) - #2

- - - #4

& on -

(excep-tion)

/ -

- - -

Optionally : for - - -

If is followed by , : only -


13

1. +

#1

+ =

When a is preceded by short , and followed by short , all together become . = Exercise = 1) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = +

2) Apply the sandhi rule. 1. = 2. = 3. = 4. = 5. = 6. = 7. = 8. = 9. = 10. = 11. = 12. = 13. = 14. =


14

2. + / and +

#2 (Elision of Visarga)

+ / = + /

When a is preceded by short , and followed by / (any vowel other than short ), the is elided.

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) = =

e.g. 3) e.g. 4) = =

e.g. 5) e.g. 6) = =

e.g. 7) e.g. 8) = =

= Exercise = 1) Apply sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = +


15

#2 (Elision of Visarga)

+ = +

When a is preceded by , and followed by (all the vowels and soft consonants), the is elided.

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) = =

e.g. 3) e.g. 4) = =

e.g. 5) e.g. 6) = =

e.g. 7) e.g. 8) = =

e.g. 9) e.g. 10) = =

= Exercise = 1) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = + 13. = + 14. = + 15. = + 16. = +


16

3. +

#3 (Change into )

+ = +

When a is preceded by short , and followed by (soft consonants), the

combination of and the becomes .

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) = =

e.g. 3) e.g. 4) = =

e.g. 5) e.g. 6) = =

e.g. 7) e.g. 8) = =

e.g. 9) e.g. 10) = =


17

= Exercise = 1) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = +

7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = + 13. = + 14. = + 15. = + 16. = + 17. = + 18. = + 2) Apply sandhi. 1. = 2. = 3. = 4. = 5. = 6. =

7. = 8. = 9. = 10. = 11. = 12. = 13. = 14. = 15. = 16. = 17. = 18. =


18

4. + +

#4 (Change into )

+ + = + +

When a is preceded by (any vowel other than , and followed by (all the vowels and soft consonants), the becomes .

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) = =

e.g. 3) e.g. 4) = =

e.g. 5) e.g. 6) = =

e.g. 7) e.g. 8) = =

e.g. 9) e.g. 10) = =

= Exercise = 1) Apply sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + =


19

7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + = 21. + = 22. + =

23. + = 24. + = 25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = + 13. = + 14. = + 15. = + + 16. = + +


20

5. + + ///

#5 (Change into )

+ / = + /

When is followed by or , the becomes optionally. (For explanation of , see page 9)

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) = =

When is followed by , the does not become .

e.g. 3) = Exercise = 1) Apply sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + = 21. + = 22. + =


21

#5 (Change into )

+ / = + /

When is followed by or the becomes optionally. (For explanation of , see page 9)

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) = =

= Exercise = 1) Apply sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + =


22

6. + + other hard consonants

#6 (change into , , )

+ // = + //

+ // = + //

+ // = + //

When is followed by hard consonants in , , and , there is a substitution of , , , respectively, the sibilants belonging to the same .

When is followed by , , , the substitution is optional.

e.g. 1) e.g. 2) e.g. 3) = = =

(optional) e.g. 4) e.g. 5) e.g. 6) = = =

(optional) e.g. 7) e.g. 8) e.g. 9) = = =

(optional)


23

= Exercise = 1) Remove the sandhi. 1. = 2. = 3. = 4. = 5. = 6. = 7. = 8. = 9. = 10. =

11. =

13. = 14. = 15. = 16. = 17. = 18. = 19. = 20. = 2) Apply sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + =

9. + = 10. + =

11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + =


24

7. Practise of all visarga sandhi 1) + all possible combinations

1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + =

21. + = 22. + = 23. + = 24. + = 25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 31. + = 32. + = 33. + = 34. + = 35. + = 36. + = 37. + = 38. + = 39. + = 40. + =


25

2) + all possible combinations

1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + =

21. + = 22. + = 23. + = 24. + = 25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 31. + = 32. + = 33. + = 34. + = 35. + = 36. + = 37. + = 38. + = 39. + = 40. + =


26


1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + =

21. + = 22. + = 23. + = 24. + = 25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 31. + = 32. + = 33. + = 34. + = 35. + = 36. + = 37. + = 38. + = 39. + = 40. + =


27


1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + =

21. + = 22. + = 23. + = 24. + = 25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 31. + = 32. + = 33. + = 34. + = 35. + = 36. + = 37. + = 38. + = 39. + = 40. + =


28


1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + =

21. + = 22. + = 23. + = 24. + = 25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 31. + = 32. + = 33. + = 34. + = 35. + = 36. + = 37. + = 38. + = 39. + = 40. + =


29


1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + = 19. + = 20. + = 21. + = 22. + = 23. + = 24. + =

25. + = 26. + = 27. + = 28. + = 29. + = 30. + = 31. + = 32. + = 33. + = 34. + = 35. + = 36. + = 37. + = 38. + = 39. + = 40. + =

Topic V - - (vowel sandhi)

30

Topic V -

Vowel sandhi

The (abbreviation) of vowel is . Thus vowel sandhi is called -. - is a phonetic change when a vowel is followed by another vowel. The letter which comes first is called . And the letter which comes later is called . Since there are 9 vowels, the chart on the next page is a 9 x 9 matrix which covers every

possible combinations of the vowels. In the intersection of the and letters, the corresponding change is shown. The changes are grouped into 5 areas. These areas are named by the type of the letters of the

change, namely, (, , , ), (, , ), (, , ), ( , , , ), ( , , , )

and letters are grouped by s, with the letters in the pentagons. After studying - rules, observe the following points:

, , and are the substitute in the place of both and . and are the substitute in the place of only. Notice that and are the substitute only when is (all 18 types of ). If is (the remainder of the simple vowels), the substitute is , except when the

substitute is . And if is (diphthongs), the substitute is , with some exceptions.


31

0. - Overview Chart

/ / / /

/

/

/

/

*1 When / at the end of a is followed by short , only / remains. ( ) * 2 / at the end of a optionally drops. ( )

* 1

* 2

+ +


32

1. The basics of understanding Sandhi stras in Pinistras

Sandhi rules are described in the form of stra given by Pini. Stras are minimized and precise sentences. (We will study the definitions of stra in the later volume.)

In his metalanguage system of using the words in stras, Pini assigned extra meanings to 5th, 6th, and 7th case nominal suffixes. These artificial s are used only in his stras, and only when the meanings of the found in the natural language do not bring about the proper meaning.

In a Pinistra, a noun in the:

1st case is the substitute. () There is a substitution of

6th case is the occupant of the place of substitution. () In the place of

7th case follows the place of substitution. () When follows.

5th case precedes the place of substitution. ( ) When precedes.

In this book, study of the stras can be skipped by beginners. Only the rules and

exercises will be studied first. Later, stras can be studied as revision.

6 5 7

1


33

2. - - When a simple vowel is immediately followed by a similar simple vowel, they together become one long vowel.

o / + / = o / + / = o / + / = o // + // =

6.1.101 5/1 7/1 1/1 ~ 6/2 1/1 7/1 7/1

When is immediately followed by a similar sound (, Ref. page 11), there is a substitution of a long vowel in the place of the two.

o =

e.g. 1) + =

e.g. 2) + =

e.g. 3) + =

/

/

/

/

/

/

5 7

6 1


34

e.g. 4) + =

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi rule between the two words. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi.

1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = +

11. = + 12. = + 13. = + 14. = + 15. = + 16. = +

17. = + 18. = + 19. = + 20. = +

//

//


35

3. -

When / is immediately followed by , (gua) is the one substitute of the two letters.

6.1.87 5/1 1/1 ~ 7/1 6/2 1/1 7/1 When (any type of ) is immediately followed by , a is the substitute in the

place of the two.

o = o =

(gua) is a name for these 3 letters: , , is guttural. is guttural-palatal. is guttural-labial. Which one of the letters becomes the substitute is decided according to the of

the original letters.

/ is guttural / is palatal The letter is guttural-palatal

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + = e.g. 3) + =

e.g. 4) + =

5 7

6 1

/

/


36

/ is guttural / is labial The letter is guttural- labial

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + = e.g. 3) + = e.g. 4) + =

There is an additional rule. When / or are substituted by , the substitute

should be followed by or , respectively.

/ is guttural / is cerebral The letter is guttural follows the letter

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + =

/ is guttural is dental The letter is guttural follows the letter

e.g. 1) + =

/

/

/

+

/

/

+


37

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi between the two words.

1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + =

11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + =

17. + = 18. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi between the two words.

1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = +

9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = + 13. = + 14. = + 15. = + 16. = +

17. = + 18. = +


38

4. -

When / is immediately followed by , (vddhi) is the one substitute of the two

letters.

6.1.88 1/1 7/1 ~ 5/1 6/2 1/1 7/1

When (any type of ) is immediately followed by , a is a substitute in the place of the two.

o = o =

(vddhi) is a name for these 3 letters: , , is guttural. is guttural-palatal. is guttural-labial. Which one of the letters becomes the substitute is decided according to the of

the original letters.

/ is guttural is guttural-palatal The letter is guttural-palatal

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + =

5 7

6 1

/


39

/ is guttural is guttural-labial The letter is guttural- labial

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + =

/ is guttural is guttural-palatal The letter is guttural-palatal

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + =

/ is guttural is guttural-labial The letter is guttural- labial

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + =

/

/

/


40

(general rule) and (exception) relationship between the rules Among , , and , there are relationships called and .

o When as is followed by (any vowel) as , the substitute is . This is the general rule ().

o When is , the substitute is . This is an exception (). o When is , the substitute is . This is another exception ().

In this case rule is called (by-default general rule), and rule and rule are called (exceptional rules).

/ / / /

/

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi between the two words. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + =

5. + = 6. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi between the two words. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = +

7. = + 8. = +


41

5. -

6.1.77 6/1 1/1 7/1 ~ 7/1 When is immediately followed by there is a substitute in the place of .

* is an of -. The substitution is decided by the of the sounds.

o / (palatal) => (palatal) o / (labial) => (dental-labial) o / (cerebral) => (cerebral) o (dental) => (dental)

o = o = o =

e.g. 1) + =

e.g. 2) + = e.g. 3) + = e.g. 4) + =

e.g. 1) + =

e.g. 2) + = e.g. 3) + =

6 7

1

/

/


42

e.g. 1) + = e.g. 2) + = e.g. 3) + =

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi between the two words.

1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + =

9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + =

15. + = 16. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi between the two words.

1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = +

7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = +

13. = + 14. = +

/


43

6. -

6.1.78 6/1 --- 1/3 ~ 7/1 7/1

When is immediately followed by , is substituted by , , , . The substitution is decided by the order of appearance in the stra.

1) => 2) => 3) => 4) =>

o = o =

, , ,

6 7

1


44

e.g. 1) + 1/3 e.g. 2) + + + = =

e.g. 3) + e.g. 4) + + + = =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) +

+ + = =

e.g. 3) + + =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + + + = =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + + + = =


45

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi.

1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + =

5. + = 6. + =

7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + =

11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi.

1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = +

5. = + 6. = +

7. = + 8. = +

9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = +


46

7.

8.3.19 1/1 6/1 ~ 6/2 6/2 6/1 7/1

When / is at the end of a , and is preceded by (any kind of ), and is immediately followed by , there is an optional elision of that / .

o =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + + (by ) + (by ) = / (2 forms) = / (2 forms)

After applying this rule, further sandhi rules, such as (guasandhi) or (drghasandhi), cannot be applied.

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi between the two words. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi between the two words. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = +

/

6 7

1


47

8. -

6.1.109 5/1 5/1 7/1 ~ 1/1 6/2 1/1 7/1

When (/) at the end of a word is immediately followed by a short , the is the substitute in the place of the two.

o = /

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + = =

* The - may be, or may not be written as , which is called (avagraha).

/

5 7

1

6

/

/


48

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + =

9. = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + =

2) Remove the sandhi rule. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = + 7. = + 8. = + 9. = + 10. = + 11. = + 12. = +

13. = + 14. = + 15. = + 16. = +

Topic VI - - (consonant sandhi)

49

Topic VI -

Consonant sandhi

0. Overview of -

All the sandhi rules of - in this book are found in the last 3 quarters of Chapter 8 of the book of Pinistras. The section consisting of those 3 quarters is called .

Once a stra in the is applied, only the sutras with bigger number will be applicable. This is told in the sutra 8.2.1 , which governs all the stras in the last 3 quarters.

Because of this, - rules in this book are listed in the order of stra number. Another stra to be noted is 8.2.108 , which governs all sandhi rules from

8.2.108 until the end. The meaning of the stra is: in the topic of sandhi, where two sounds meet and have to be pronounced together without a gap. This has to be taken into consideration in the sutra 8.3.7 under the section of 6. 2nd onward.

-s in this section should be studied along with the -ending nominal

declension starting from in the Volume 1. Later as revision, -s can be studied in the order of stra number from the beginning in this section.


50

1.

8.2.7 6/1 1/1 6/1 6/1 ~ 6/1

When is at the end of a and , it is elided.

e.g. 1) => e.g. 2) => e.g. 3) + =>

= Exercise = Identify the which has undergone - at and . 1. = 2. = 3. = 4. = 5. = 6. = 7. = 8. = 9. = 10. = 11. = 12. = 13. = 14. = 15. = 16. = 17. = 18. = 19. = 20. = 21. = 22. = 23. = 24. =

6

1


51

2. 8.2.30 6/1 1/1 ~ 6/1 7/1

There is (substitution of - ) in the place of (- ) when is at the end of a or is followed by .

o (- ) = o (- ) = o =

or

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + = + = + 8.2.30

= + 8.4.55

e.g. 1) + = +

= 8.2.30

6 7

1

6

1


52

3. 8.2.36 -------- 6/3 1/1 ~ 7/1 6/1 7/1 0

There is a substitution of at the end of these 7 s listed in the stra and s ending with or when followed by or when the comes at the end of a .

o =

or

e.g. 1) + = + 8.2.36 -

= + 8.4.41 =

e.g. 2) +

= + 8.2.36 - = + 8.4.41

=

6

1

7 s or / ending

Last letter

6

1

7 s or / ending

Last

letter

7


53

4. 8.2.39 6/3 1/3 7/1 ~ 6/1

There is - in the place of at the end of a .

o = o =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + = = + 8.2.39

= 8.2.39 = 8.4.56

= Exercise = 1) Apply the - sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. = 2) Resolve the - sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = +

6

1


54

5. 8.2.40 5/1 6/2 1/1 6/1

There is - in the place of or when the or is preceded by .

o =

e.g. 1) + = + 8.2.40

= + 8.4.53 =

e.g. 2) + = + 8.2.40

= + 8.4.53 = = Exercise = 1) Apply the - sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 2) Resolve the - sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = +

/

6

1

5

6

1

5

6

1

5


55

6. 2nd 8.3.7 6/1 7/1 6/1 ~ 6/1 7/1 1/1

at the end of a , when followed by which is followed by , undergoes the changes as follows;

o = o =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + e.g. 3) + / / /

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = 2. = 3. = 4. =

or (with /) or (with /) or (with /)

1

7

6

/ / /


56

7. 8.3.23 6/1 1/1 ~ 7/1 6/1

is the substitute for at the end of a , when the is immediately followed by .

o =

e.g. 1) +

= + 8.3.23

= Exercise = 1) Apply the rule. 1. + = 2. = 3. + = 4. = 5. = 6. = 7. = 8. =

2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + +

6 7

1


57

8.3.24 6/1 6/1 7/1 ~ 6/1 1/1

is the substitute for and , not at the end of , when they are immediately followed by .

o =

e.g. 1) +

= + 8.3.24

= Exercise = Apply the sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 13. + = 14. + = 15. + = 16. + = 17. + = 18. + =

/

1

6 7


58

8. - 8.3.32 6/1 5/1 7/1 1/1 0 0 ~ 6/1

When // at the end of a is preceded by a short vowel (), and followed by any vowel (), // is added to that // (i.e., // is doubled.)

o =

e.g. 1) + = + 8.3.32

1) Apply the sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + =

2) Remove the sandhi. 1. = 2. = / 3. = 4. =

//

Addition of //

6 7

1

5

Addition of


59

9. 8.3.59 - 6/2 ~ 6/1 1/1 6/1 5/1

() is substituted in the place of , when the following conditions are fulfilled; 1. The as an (replacement), or a part of 2. When the is preceded by or - 3. When the is not at the end of

o = o ( ) =

e.g. 1) + e.g. 2) + = + = +

= Exercise = Apply the - - sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + + = 12. + =

as of

()

6

1

/ 5

of

()


60

10. 8.4.1 - 5/2 6/1 1/1 7/1

is the substitute for when the is immediately preceded by or in the same word.

8.4.2 - - -- - 7/1 0

The takes place even when / and are intervened by one or more of the following letters in any order.

o = o ( ) = o ( ) = o = one of s o = a type of augment

8.4.37 6/1 ~ 0 6/1 1/1

This change of should not happen at the end of .

6

1

/ 5

/ Any of // //

1

6 5


61

= Exercise = 1) Examine whether is applicable to the following nominal bases, write forms of the following masculine s in 3/1 and 6/3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

2) Write forms of the following neuter words in 1/3, 3/1 and 6/3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.


62

11. / 8.4.40 6/1 3/1 1/1

When or - immediately precedes or follows or - , or - is substituted by or - .

o (- ) = o (- ) =

or

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + = 9. + = 10. + = 11. + = 12. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = +

/

/

/ 6 3

1

/

/

/ 6 3

1 The sound most similar to the original becomes the substitute.

o (sibilants) o (class 1) o (class ) o (class ) o (class ) o (class )


63

8.4.41 3/1 1/1 ~ 6/1

When or - immediately precedes or follows or - , or - is substituted by or - .

o (- ) = o (- ) =

or

= Exercise = 1) Apply the - sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 7. + = 8. + =

2) Resolve the - sandhi rule. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = +

/

/

/

6 3

1

/

/

/ 6 3

1 The sound most similar to the original becomes the substitute.

o (sibilants) o (class 1) o (class ) o (class ) o (class ) o (class )


64

12. 8.4.45 6/1 7/1 1/1 0 ~ 6/1

(nasal sound) is the substitute for when the is at the end of a and is followed by .

o = o =

o becomes o becomes o becomes o becomes o becomes o , , become , , respectively. o , , , remain as they are because of the absence of similar nasal sounds

e.g. 1) + = + 8.4.45

= Exercise = 1) Apply the - sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 2) Resolve the - sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = +

6 7

1


65

13. 8.4.53 6/3 1/1 7/1

is the substitute for , when the is immediately followed by .

o = o = o =

e.g. 1) + = + 8.2.40

= + 8.4.53

e.g. 2) + = + 8.2.40

= + 8.4.53 = Exercise = Apply the sandhi rule.

1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + =

6 7

1


66

14. 8.4.55 7/1 0 ~ 6/3 1/1

is the substitute for , when the is immediately followed by .

o = o = o =

e.g. 1) + = + 8.2.39 = + 8.4.55

e.g. 2) + = + 8.2.30 )

= + 8.2.39 = + 8.3.59 = + 8.4.55 = Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi rule. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = +

6 7

1


67

8.4.56 0 7/1 ~ 6/3 1/1

The substitution of is optional, when the is immediately followed by (absence of letter/full stop).

o = o = o = Absence of letter

e.g. 1) + = Elision of = 8.2.39

= / 8.4.56

= Exercise = Apply the optional sandhi rule before . 1. = or 2. = or 3. = or 4. = or 5. = or 6. = or 7. = or 8. = or 9. = or 10. = or

Optional

6 7

1

Optional


68

15.

8.4.58 6/1 7/1 1/1

(similar sound to the following) is the substitute for when the is immediately followed by .

o =

(similar letter) of (what is following, told in the 7th case, here it is ) is . s are found in page 10. Among the s, the most similar sound in terms of has to be the substitute. In

this case, being a nasal, the nasal sound among s should be the substitute.

* The remains as it is when letters other than follow.

, the following letter ()

, similar letters () of the following letter ()

The substitute for , the most similar letter among

, , n/a n/a , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

6 7

1


69

8.4.59 0 6/1

This rule is optional at the end of a .

= Exercise = Apply the sandhi rule, and tell whether the sandhi is optional or compulsory. 1. + = optional / compulsory 2. + = optional / compulsory 3. + = optional / compulsory 4. + = optional / compulsory 5. + = optional / compulsory 6. + = optional / compulsory 7. + = optional / compulsory 8. + = optional / compulsory 9. + = optional / compulsory 10. + = optional / compulsory

Optional

6 7

1


70

16.

8.4.60 6/1 7/1 ~ 1/1

(similar sound to the following) is the substitute for when the is immediately followed by .

o ( ) = o of () = and

Among the s, the most similar sound in terms of has to be the substitute. In this case, the substitute for , , , is because they all have as their . Whereas, the substitute for is because they both have and as their .

e.g. 1) + = + 8.2.39 = + 8.4.60

e.g. 2) + = + 8.4.60 = Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = 2. = 3. = 4. =

6 7

1


71

17.

8.4.62 5/1 6/1 0 ~ 6/1 1/1 Letters of 4th of the class ( , , , , ) are the optional substitutes for , when the is

preceded by .

o =

In this case, the substitute among the s cannot be determined in terms of .

When this is the case, the most similar sound in terms of (hard or soft, and or ) is the substitute. of is soft and . Thus the letters in the 4th of the class, which are soft and , are the substitutes for .

= Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + =

2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = +

() letters s The substitute for , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Optional

6 5

1


72

18. 8.4.63 6/1 1/1 7/1 ~ 5/1 0

is optionally the substitute for , when the is preceded by , and followed by .

o = o =

e.g. 1) + = + 8.2.39 = + 8.4.40 = + 8.4.53 = + 8.4.55

= + 8.4.63 = Exercise = 1) Apply the sandhi. 1. + = 2. + = 3. + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. + = 2) Resolve the sandhi. 1. = + 2. = + 3. = + 4. = + 5. = + 6. = +

Optional

5

6

1

7

Optional

5

6

1

7

Documents

Sandhi