Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 2 a[1]

7/27/2019 Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 2 a[1]

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SUPORT CURS GRAMATICA SEM 2

THE PRONOUN

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a

noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's

antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text.

Pronouns are classified in six different categories.

They are personal pronouns, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns,

indefinite pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different

form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence.

There are three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive.

Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who.

Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom

Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, i ts,

your, ours, your, yours, their and theirs.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns join dependent clauses to independent clauses. They are

who, whose, whom, which, and that.

John ordered the pizza thatwe liked..


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She is the girl who answered correctly..

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point out. They are this, that,

these, and those.

I like these.

Thatis my coat.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not point out specifically. They

point out generally. They include such words as another, any, anybody,

anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything,

many, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, others, some, somebody,

and someone.

Everybody loves someonesometime .

Somebody said that one should touch neitherof them.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

Interrogative pronouns ask questions. Who, whom, whose, which, and what

are interrogative pronouns.

Whatis that?

Who is going with me?


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SELF PRONOUNS

Also called reflexive pronouns, self pronouns indicate that the person who

realizes the action of the verb is the same person who receives the action.

They did it themselves.

I cut myself.

THE ADJECTIVE

Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us

which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they

modify. They generally come before the noun or pronoun they modify, but

there are exceptions to that rule. They tell us which, whose, what kind,

and how many. There are seven (7) words in the English language that are

always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives

my, our, your, and their.

Types of Adjectives

Following are the kinds of adjectives which are commonly used:

Adjectives of Quality:

Adjectives of Quality answer the question Of what kind

Examples : Large, Small, Intelligent, Beautiful

Adjectives of Quantity:

Adjectives of Quantity answer the question How much

Examples : Some, Little, Any, Enough


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Demonstrative Adjectives:

Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question Which

Examples : This, That, These, Those

Adjectives of number or numeral adjectives

They answer the question 'how many?' Numeral adjectives are of three

kinds:

Definite numeral adjectives (e.g. one, two, three, first, second, third etc.)

Indefinite numeral adjectives (e.g.several, few, all etc.)

Distributive numeral adjectives (e.g. each, every, either, neither)

Possessive Adjectives

A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it belongs to. It

answers the question "Whose?"

Examples are: his, her, its, my, our, their, and your.

You can share my rice.

Have you seen their house?

This is his room.

They are our friends.

Interrogative Adjectives

The interrogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions.

Examples are what, which and whose.

What movie do you want to see?

Which leaves turn color first?

Whose son is he?
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An interrogative adjective may look like an interrogative pronoun, but it is

used differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or

pronoun.

Indefinite Adjectives

An indefinite adjective gives indefinite, or general, information. Often, it

answers the question "How much?" Some common indefinite adjectives are

all, any, each, every, few, many, and some.

Many children like dinosaurs.

Did you want some bananas?

Is there any water in the bottle?

An indefinite adjective may look like an indefinite pronoun, but it is used

differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or

pronoun.

Adjectives can be used in comparisons which means we change the form of

the adjective as follows: they change either by adding erorestto the

adjective or by using the words more or mostbefore the adjective. Some

are irregular in their form and must be memorized or looked up in the

dictionary. The dictionary gives the forms for most words using er or est

to form comparisons. The three degrees of comparison are called (1)

positive which states a quality of one thing or person, (2) comparative

which compares two things or persons, and (3) superlative which compares

more than two things or persons.

Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richerthan Gladys, and Sadie is the

richestwoman in town.
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POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

rich richer richest

lovely lovelier loveliest

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

Irregular forms

good better best

bad worse worstlittle less least

Some adjectives do not have a comparative or superlative form.

absolute impossible principal

fatal final universal

adequate inevitable stationary

chief irrevocable sufficient

complete main unanimous

THE ADVERB

An adverb is usually defined as a word that gives more information about a

verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbsdescribe verbs, adjectives

and adverbs in terms of such qualities as time, frequency and manner.


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Adverbs generally answer one of four questions: how, when, where, or to

what extent.

Adding the suffix -ly to an adjective commonly turns the word into an adverb.

Adverbs can:

modify a verb:- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)

- Mary liveslocally. (Where does Mary live?)

- She neversmokes. (When does she smoke?)

modify an adjective:- He is really handsome.

modify another adverb:- She drives incredibly slowly .

But adverbs have other functions, too. They can:

modify a whole sentence:- Obviously, I can't know everything.

modify a prepositional phrase:- It's immediately outside the door.

Types of adverbs

Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner provide information on how

someone does something.

For example:Jack drives very carefully.

Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time provide information on when somethinghappens.

For example: We'll let you know our decision next week.

Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency provide information on how oftensomething happens.


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For example: They usuallyget to work at eight o'clock.

Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much

of something is done. For example: They like playing golfa lot.

Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment provide a comment, or opinion abouta situation.

For example: Fortunately, there were enough seats left for the concert.

The compar ison of adverbs

There are three forms:

- positive- comparative

- superlative

Comparison with -er/-est

hard - harder - (the) hardest

We use -er/-est with the following adverbs:

1) all adverbs with one syllable

fast Faster fastest

high Higher highest

2) The adverb: early

Comparison with more - most

carefully - more carefully - (the) most carefully

adverbs ending on -ly (not: early)


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Irregular adverbs

well better best

badly worse worst

much more most

little less least

late later last

farfarther

furtherfarthestfurthest

THE NUMERAL

What is the difference between a number and a numeral? A number is

an abstract concept while a numeral is a symbol used to express that

number. Three, 3 and III are all symbols used to express the same

number.

The grammatical category ofnumerals can be sub-divided into: cardinal

numerals, ordinal numerals, fractional numerals, collective numerals,

roman numerals but the most common subdivisions are the cardinal and

ordinal ones.Cardinal numerals are the numbers, which state quantity.

Mathematical form Literal form


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0 ero; naught; null

1 one

2 two

3 three

10 ten

11 eleven

Ordinal numerals are adjectives derived from cardinal numerals, whichindicate order. The ordinal numerals indicate number serially or relatively.

Mathematical form Literal form

1st irst

2nd econd

3rd third

4th ourth

5th ifth

11th eleventh

12th twelfth

13th thirteenth

Fractional numerals are used to express parts of a whole: , , 12.5.


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Collective numerals are abstract nouns derived from the corresponding

cardinals by means of special suffixes to express groups of units, such as

dozen, pair, couple.

Multiplicative numerals express the extent to which a quantity grows:

single, double, triple, tenfold.

Distributive numerals express distribution in groups: one at a time, two by

two, by tens.

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Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 2 a[1]