TARPTAUTINĖS VYRIAUSYBINĖS IR NEVYRIAUSYBINĖS ORGANIZACIJOS

Lekt. dokt. Eglė Elena Šataitė

Politikos mokslų katedra

Lietuvos karo akademija

Tarptautinės VYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos: sudaro min 3 valstybės, veikia keliose šalyse, valstybes nares sieja formalus tarpvyriausybinis susitarimas

Tarptautinės NEVYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos: sudaro atskiri asmenys ar jų grupės, dažnai turi aiškų tikslą (žmogaus teisės, aplinkosauga, taika, humanitarinė pagalba, etc.) arba yra multifunkcinės

Tarptautinės VYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos: tipai Pagal geografiją: globalios, regioninės, etc. Pagal tikslą: specializuotos, bendros, etc.

Tarptautinės VYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos: tipai Globalios: Jungtinės Tautos, Pasaulio

prekybos organizacija, Pasaulio bankas, TVF, UNESCO

Regioninės: Europos Sąjunga, NATO, Afrikos sąjunga

Tarptautinės VYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos: tipai Specializuotos: UNICEF, Tarptautinė darbo

organizacija, Tarptautinė pašto sąjunga, UNESCO

Bendros: Jungtinės Tautos, ES

Tarptautinės VYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos: funkcijos Informacijos rinkimas, analizė ir dalijimasis; Forumas, kuriame valstybės narės keičiasi

nuomonėmis ir priima sprendimus; Normatyvinė Normų priežiūros + įgyvendinimo priemonės Operacinė: taikos operacijų pajėgumų

dislokavimas

Tarptautinės NEVYRIAUSYBINĖS organizacijos Tarptautinis Raudonasis kryžius, Oxfam,

Medecins Sans Frontieres (Medikai be sienų), Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Greenpeace, etc.

JUNGTINĖS TAUTOS

Jungtinių Tautų ištakos

1945 m. birželio 26 d. pasirašyti JT Įstatai; Pasirašiusios valstybės: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia,

Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Yugoslavia

1945 m. spalio 24 d. Įstatai įsigaliojo.

JT tikslai

1. Palaikyti tarptautinę taiką bei saugumą ir imtis veiksmingų kolektyvinių priemonių, siekiant užkirsti kelią grėsmei taikai ir ją pašalinti, sustabdyti agresijos veiksmus arba kitus taikos pažeidimus bei taikiomis priemonėmis, remiantis teisingumo ir tarptautinės teisės principais, sureguliuoti arba išspręsti tarptautinius ginčus arba situacijas, dėl kurių gali būti pažeista taika.

2. Plėtoti draugiškus santykius tarp valstybių, grindžiamus tautų lygiateisiškumo ir laisvo apsisprendimo principu, taip pat imtis kitų reikiamų priemonių visuotinei taikai stiprinti.

JT tikslai

3. Įgyvendinti tarptautinį bendradarbiavimą sprendžiant ekonominio, socialinio, kultūrinio ir humanitarinio pobūdžio tarptautines problemas, ugdant ir skatinant pagarbą visoms žmogaus teisėms ir pagrindinėms laisvėms, nepaisant skirtingos rasės, lyties, kalbos bei religijos.

4. Būti centru, vienijančiu tautų veiksmus šiems bendriems tikslams įgyvendinti.

JT veiklos kryptys

1. tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymas;2. žmogaus teisių apsauga; 3. ekonominės ir socialinės plėtros skatinimas;4. dekolonizacija;5. tarptautinės teisės kodifikavimas ir jos pažangios plėtros skatinimas.

 

JT struktūra

Saugumo Taryba; Generalinė Asamblėja; Ekonominė ir socialinė taryba; Globos taryba; Tarptautinis teisingumo teismas; Sekretoriatas

Saugumo Taryba

24 straipsnis: “Siekdamos užtikrinti, kad greitą ir veiksmingą Jungtinių Tautų veiklą, jos narės patiki Saugumo Tarybai pagrindinę atsakomybę už tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymą ir susitaria, kad, vykdydama savo pareigas, susijusias su šia atsakomybe, Saugumo Taryba veikia jų vardu”.

25 straipsnis: :Jungtinių Tautų narės, remdamosi šia Chartija, sutinka paklusti Saugumo Tarybos nutarimams ir juos vykdyti”

 

Security Council Resolutions &Presidential Statements: 1988-2009 March

Security Council

both permanent and non-permanent members 5+10; permanent members: China, France, the Russian

Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States;

veto power for permanent members

Non-permanent seats

Afrika ir Azija – 5 vietos: Marokas, Pakistanas, Korėjos Respublika, Ruanda, Togas

Lotynų Amerika – 2 vietos: Argentina, Gvatemala

Vakarų Europa – 2 vietos: Liuksemburgas, Australija

Rytų Europa – 1 vieta: Azerbaidžanas

Regioniniai susitarimai

54 str.: Saugumo Taryba visada turi būti visiškai informuota apie visus veiksmus, kurių imtasi ar ketinama imtis pagal regioninius susitarimus arba regioninėse institucijose tarptautinei taikai bei saugumui palaikyti.

Vetoes in the Security Council, 1946 - 2008

UN and Security Council

enforcement authority is unique in the history of inter-governmental cooperation;

All UN members states agree to accept decisions of 15 SC members as binding;

its efforts to maintain international peace and security has been spotty at best - some kinds of conflicts and some regions are tackled only;

degree of consensus among its more influential members has been changing constantly – case of Iraq;

UN and Security Council

Are states interested in participating in Councils work?: annual competition to be elected a non-permanent member, the lines of member states seeking to speak at open sessions, endless debate over ways to recast and broaden its composition sending of top diplomats suggest an affirmative result;

Do states care about the content of the Council’s resolutions and presidential statements?: long negotiations over the wording of sensitive resolutions or a new peacekeeping operation.

Kolektyvinio saugumo samprata JT

Visos narės tarptautinius ginčus sprendžia taikiomis priemonėmis taip, kad nekeltų grėsmės tarptautinei taikai bei saugumui ir teisingumui;

Visos narės tarptautiniuose santykiuose susilaiko nuo grasinimo jėga ir jos panaudojimo tiek prieš kurios nors valstybės teritorinį vientisumą arba politinę nepriklausomybę, tiek kuriuo kitu būdu, nesuderinamu su Jungtinių Tautų tikslais.

6 skyrius - TAIKUS GINČŲ SPRENDIMAS 7 skyrius - VEIKSMAI, KAI KYLA GRĖSMĖ

TAIKAI, JI PAŽEIDŽIAMA AR ĮVYKDOMI AGRESIJOS AKTAI

6 skyrius, 33 straipsnis

1. Šalys bet kurį ginčą, kuriam užtrukus gali kilti grėsmė tarptautinei taikai ir saugumui, pirmiausia turi stengtis išspręsti derybomis, tyrimu, tarpininkavimu, sutaikinimu, arbitražu, teismo sprendimu ir kreipdamosi į regionines institucijas ar vadovaudamosios regioniniais susitarimais bei kitomis jų nuožiūra pasirinktomis taikiomis priemonėmis.

2. Saugumo Taryba, kai, jos nuomone, tai yra būtina, reikalauja, kad šalys ginčą spręstų šiomis priemonėmis.

7 skyrius, 39 straipsnis

Saugumo Taryba nustato grėsmės taikai, jos pažeidimo ar agresijos akto pavojų ir teikia rekomendacijas arba sprendžia, kokių reikia imtis priemonių pagal 41 ir 42 straipsnius siekiant palaikyti arba atkurti tarptautinę taiką bei saugumą.

7 skyrius, 41 straipsnis

Saugumo Taryba gali nuspręsti, kokių priemonių, nesusijusių su ginkluotosios jėgos naudojimu, turi būti imamasi jos sprendimams vykdyti, taip pat gali pareikalauti, kad Jungtinių Tautų narės taikytų šias priemones. Tai gali būti visiškas arba dalinis ekonominių santykių, geležinkelio, jūrų, oro, pašto, telegrafo, radijo ir kitokių ryšių bei susisiekimo nutraukimas, taip pat diplomatinių santykių nutraukimas.

7 skyrius, 42 straipsnis

Jeigu, Saugumo Tarybos nuomone, 41 straipsnyje numatytų priemonių gali nepakakti arba jau nepakanka, ji, pasinaudodama oro, jūrų bei sausumos pajėgomis, gali imtis veiksmų, kurių reikia tarptautinei taikai bei saugumui palaikyti arba atkurti. Tokie veiksmai gali būti demonstracijos, blokada ir kitokios Jungtinių Tautų narių oro, jūrų bei sausumos pajėgų operacijos.

7 skyrius, 48 straipsnis

1.Visos Jungtinių Tautų narės arba Saugumo Tarybos sprendimu kai kurios iš jų turi imtis veiksmų, kad būtų įgyvendinti Saugumo Tarybos sprendimai dėl tarptautinės taikos bei saugumo palaikymo.

2. Jungtinių Tautų narės įgyvendina šiuos nutarimus tiesiogiai, taip pat savo veiksmais per atitinkamas tarptautines institucijas, kurių narės jos yra.

Regioniniai susitarimai, 53 straipsnis

1. Saugumo Taryba, jei tai tikslinga, naudojasi tokiais regioniniais susitarimais ar institucijomis vykdydama prievartos veiksmus. Tačiau jokių prievartos veiksmų pagal šiuos regioninius susitarimus arba per regionines institucijas, jei tam nepritarė Saugumo Taryba, nesiima tol, kol Organizacijai, suinteresuotoms vyriausybėms prašant, gali būti suteikta teisė sustabdyti tolesnę priešiškos valstybės agresiją, išskyrus 107 straipsnyje numatytas priemones prieš bet kurią priešišką valstybę, kaip ji apibūdinta šio straipsnio 2 dalyje, arba priemones, numatytas regioniniuose susitarimuose, sudarytuose tam, kad būtų užkirstas kelias bet kurios tokios valstybės agresyvios politikos atnaujinimui.

51 straipsnis

Jokia šios Chartijos nuostata neriboja prigimtinės teisės imtis individualios ar kolektyvinės savigynos, jei įvykdomas Jungtinių Tautų narės ginkluotas užpuolimas, tol, kol Saugumo Taryba nesiima būtinų priemonių tarptautinei taikai ir saugumui palaikyti. Valsybės narės nedelsdamos praneša Saugumo Tarybai apie priemones, kurių jos ėmėsi, įgyvendindamos šią savigynos teisę, ir kurios jokiu būdu nedaro įtakos Saugumo Tarybos įgaliojimams bei atsakomybei pagal šią Chartiją bet kuriuo metu imtis veiksmų, kurie, jos manymu, yra reikalingi tarptautinei taikai ir saugumui palaikyti ar atkurti.

tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymas yra pirmasis ir pats svarbiausias JT tikslas;

šioje veiklos srityje JT turi didžiausią ir pagrindinę atsakomybę: kitų tarptautinių institucijų ir valstybių veiksmai, palaikant tarptautinę taiką ir saugumą, turi atitikti JT Įstatus, neretai tokiems veiksmams būtini JT įgaliojimai.

Tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymo veiksmų kryptys

1. Prevencinė diplomatija

2. Taikdarystė (angl. – peacemaking)

3. Taikos palaikymas (angl. – peacekeeping)

4. Taikos atstatymas (angl. – peacebuilding)

Tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymo veiksmų kryptys 1. prevencinė diplomatija (angl. - preventive

diplomacy) - JT veikla, kuriant pasitikėjimą tarp valstybių ir ankstyvo konfliktų įspėjimo sistemą, kuri neleistų konfliktams kilti ir padėtų šalinti potencialių konfliktų priežastis;

Tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymo veiksmų kryptys 2. taikdarystė (angl. - peacemaking) - JT

veikla sprendžiant taikiomis priemonėmis konfliktus, šalinant jų priežastis bei ekonominėmis ir karinėmis sankcijomis atkuriant taiką;

Tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo palaikymo veiksmų kryptys 3. taikos palaikymo operacijos (angl. -

peacekeeping) - JT vadovaujamų ginkluotųjų pajėgų dislokavimas konfliktų zonose, siekiant užkirsti kelią konfliktui ar jį nutraukti, atskirti konfliktuojančias šalis ir sudaryti sąlygas taikiai konfliktą sureguliuoti ir įtvirtinti taiką po konflikto.

4. taikos atstatymo operacijos (angl. – peace-building) - veiksmai, kuriais įtvirtinami taikdarystės ir taikos palaikymo operacijų uždaviniai.

Taikos darbotvarkė

1992 m. JT Generalinio Sekretoriaus B. Boutros-Ghalio pateikta Taikos darbotvarkė - pranešimas, kuriame išdėstyta kompleksinė pasiūlymų programa, skirta padidinti JT veiklos efektyvumą, išaiškinant potencialius konfliktus, siūlant trumpalaikius ir ilgalaikius jų sprendimus ir stiprinant taiką tarp buvusių priešininkų po konflikto.

Taikos darbotvarkė: JT tikslai

siekti, kad kaip įmanoma anksčiau būtų identifikuotos situacijos, kurios gali sukelti konfliktą ir stengtis diplomatiniais būdais pašalinti pavojaus šaltinius dar prieš konfliktui įsiplieskiant;

ten, kur iškyla konfliktas, vykdyti taikdariškus veiksmus, kuriais būtų išsprendžiamos problemos, kurios privedė prie konflikto;

naudojant taikos palaikymo operacijas stengtis atstatyti taiką ir padėti įgyvendinti konfliktuojančių šalių pasiektus susitarimus;

būti pasirengus įtvirtinti taiką įvairiomis formomis: atstatant institucijas ir infrastruktūrą, atstatant buvusius ryšius tarp konfliktuojančių pusių;

padėti nugalėti konflikto pasekmes: ekonominį nusivylimą, socialinę neteisybę, politinę priespaudą.

Taikos darbotvarkė: priemonės

1. prevencinė diplomatija (preventive diplomacy) - veiksmai, kurių imamasi, kad būtų užkirstas kelias konfliktui tarp šalių taip pat veiksmai, kurie padeda sustabdyti konflikto, kuris jau būna įsiplieskę, plitimą;

2. taikdarystė (peacemaking) - veiksmai, kuriais konfliktuojančios šalys, pusės raginamos susitarti taikais būdais, tokiomis priemonėmis, kurios numatytos 6 įstatų skyriuje;

3. taikos palaikymas (peace - keeping) - JT taikos palaikymo dalinių dislokavimas konflikto vietoje sutarus visoms konflikto pusėms, paprastai būna įtraukiami kariškiai ir/arba policijos personalas, dažnai ir civilis personalas. Politiniai kariniai veiksmai, skirti konflikto kontroliavimui.

 

Taikos darbotvarkė

<...> vienas iš JT tikslų turi būti atstatyti konfliktų ar civilinio karo metu valstybių sugriautas institucijas ir infrastruktūrą bei pačia plačiausia prasme atsiliepti tinkamomis priemonėmis į konflikto priežastis: ekonominį nusivylimą, socialinę ir politinę nelygybę. Visa tai tapo taikos atstatymo operacijų bendraisiais uždaviniais.

Taikos darbotvarkė

priemonės: konfliktavusių pusių nuginklavimas ir tvarkos atstatymas, ginklų saugojimas ir/arba sunaikinimas, pabėgėlių sugrąžinimas, saugumą užtikrinančio personalo mokymas ir parama patarimais, rinkimų priežiūra, rūpinimasis žmogaus teisių apsauga, vyriausybinių institucijų reforma ir/arba stiprinimas, formalių ir neformalių dalyvavimo politikoje procesų sukūrimas.

Vystymosi darbotvarkė

Taikos atstatymas susiejamas su ekonominiu, socialiniu, kultūriniu vystymusi;

Taikos palaikymo operacijų priemonės suprantamos kaip „veiksmai, kuriais identifikuojamos ir palaikomos struktūros, kurios stiprina ir konsoliduoja taiką ir užtikrina, kad konfliktas neatsinaujintų“;

Vystymosi darbotvarkė

uždaviniai: naujų politinių, socialinių, teisinių institucijų kūrimas arba jau esančių sustiprinimas, žemės reforma ir panašūs socialinį teisingumą galintys atkurti žingsniai, demobilizacija ir gynybos reforma;

Vieni pirmųjų taikos atstatymo operacijų uždavinių: maisto tiekimas, parama sveikatos sistemai, teritorijų išminavimas ir logistinė parama konflikto vietoje esančioms organizacijoms.

Supplement To An Agenda For Peace

peace-building „can also support preventive diplomacy“ – „demilitarization, the control of small arms, institutional reform, improved police and judicial systems, the monitoring of human rights, electoral reform and social and economic development can be as valuable in preventing conflict as in healing the wounds after conflict has occurred“.

Brahimi Report

more emphasis should be given to such goals like support in elections, reform, restructuring and training of the police, training military, police and other civilian personnel on human rights issues and on the relevant provisions of international humanitarian law, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants (Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,

http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/594/70/PDF/N0059470.pdf?OpenElement) ; Brahimi report both in terms of scope and relevance stressed

the meaning of all four concepts – preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace-building – on the United Nations agenda and practice.

In Larger Freedom

“if we are going to prevent conflict we must ensure that peace agreements are implemented in a sustained and sustainable manner. Yet at this very point there is a gaping hole in the United Nations institutional machinery: no part of the United Nations system effectively addresses the challenge of helping countries with the transition from war to lasting peace. I therefore propose to Member States that they create an intergovernmental Peacebuilding Commission, as well as a Peacebuilding Support Office within the United Nations Secretariat, to achieve this end“ (In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/270/78/PDF/N0527078.pdf?OpenElement)

JT taikos operacijos

Peacekeeping operations since 1948: 68 Current peacekeeping operations: 15 Uniformed personnel: 96,887 (troops: 82,318;

police: 12,705; military observers: 1,864) Civilian personnel: 16,822 (international: 5,128;

local: 11,694 UN Volunteers: 2,001 Contributing countries: 117 Total fatalities: 3,149

JT taikos operacijos

Approved resources for the period from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014: about $7.54 billion

Estimated total cost of operations from 1948 to 30 June 2010: about $69 billion

UNFICYP

Nuo 1964 m. Supervise ceasefire lines, maintain a buffer

zone, undertake humanitarian activities and support the good offices mission of the Secretary-General;

991 total uniformed personnel (923 troops, 68 police), 38 international civilian personnel, 109 local civilian staff

UNMIK

Humanitarian Assistance, led by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR);

Civil Administration, under the United Nations; Democratization and Institution Building, led by the

OSCE, Reconstruction and Economic Development,

managed by the EU. 4,519 police personnel; 38 military liaison officers;

1,178 international civilian personnel; 3,397 local staff

UNAMA

2014 m. prezidento ir provincijos tarybų rinkimų organizavimas, techninė pagalba rinkiminiam procesui apskritai;

greater coherence, coordination, efficiency among relevant UN agencies, funds and programmes in Afghanistan;

coordination and facilitation of the delivery of humanitarian assistance, etc.

2,096 civilian staff (international civilian 389; local civilian 1,637 and UN volunteer 70), 14 military advisors and 3 police advisors

1st and 2nd generation peacekeeping

“traditional”: a military operation deployed in support of a political activity; involve military tasks such as monitoring ceasefires and patrolling buffer zones;

“multidimensional”: include military, civilian police; tasks - political, civil affairs, rule of law, human rights, humanitarian, reconstruction, public information and gender issues.

Tasks for military personnel

Assist in implementing a comprehensive peace agreement; Monitor a ceasefire or cessation of hostilities to allow space

for political negotiations and a peaceful settlement of disputes;

Provide a secure environment encouraging a return to normal civilian life;

Prevent the outbreak or spillover of conflict across borders; Lead states or territories through a transition to stable

government based on democratic principles, good governance and economic development; and

Administer a territory for a transitional period, thereby carrying out all the functions that are normally the responsibility of a government.

Tasks for civilian personnel Helping former opponents implement complex peace agreements by

liaising with a range of political and civil society actors; Supporting the delivery of humanitarian assistance; Assisting with the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration

(DDR) of former combatants; Supervising and conducting elections; Strengthening the rule of law, including assistance with judicial

reform and training of civilian police; Promoting respect for human rights and investigating alleged

violations; Assisting with post-conflict recovery and rehabilitation; and Setting up a transitional administration of a territory as it moves

towards independence.

Political requirements for peace operations Impartiality; Consent of the parties involved in the conflict; Non-use of force.

NATO

NATO sukūrimas

1949 balandžio 4 d. pasirašoma Šiaurės Atlanto sutartis; 14 straipsnių;

12 valstybių steigėjų: Belgija, Kanada, Danija, Prancūzija, Islandija, Italija, Liuksemburgas, Nyderlandai, Norvegija, Portugalija, Jungtinė Karalystė, JAV;

Įkuriama Šiaurės Atlanto taryba

NATO tikslai

Kolektyvinė gynyba5 str.: Šalys susitaria, kad vienos ar kelių iš jų ginkluotas

užpuolimas Europoje ar Šiaurės Amerikoje bus laikomas jų visų užpuolimu, ir todėl susitarė, kad tokio ginkluoto užpuolimo atveju kiekviena iš jų, įgyvendindama individualios ar kolektyvinės savigynos teisę, pripažintą Jungtinių Tautų Chartijos 51 straipsnyje, nedelsdama suteiks pagalbą užpultai ar užpultoms Šalims, individualiai ir kartu su kitomis Šalimis, imdamasi tokių veiksmų, kokie atrodys būtini, įskaitant ginkluotos jėgos panaudojimą, Šiaurės Atlanto regiono saugumui atkurti ir palaikyti.

Kolektyvinė gynyba

3 str.: Kuo efektyviau siekdamos šios Sutarties tikslų, Šalys, kiekviena atskirai ir kartu, nuolatinėmis ir veiksmingomis savo pačių bei tarpusavio paramos priemonėmis palaikys ir plėtos individualų ir kolektyvinį pajėgumą ginkluotam užpuolimui atremti.

NATO tikslai

Politinis ir karinis bendradarbiavimas2 str.: Šalys prisidės prie tolesnio taikių ir draugiškų

tarptautinių santykių plėtojimo stiprindamos savo laisvas institucijas, siekdamos geresnio principų, kuriais grindžiamos tos institucijos, supratimo bei plėtodamos stabilumo ir gerovės sąlygas. Jos stengsis pašalinti prieštaravimus savo tarptautinėje ekonominėje politikoje bei skatins bet kurių iš jų arba jų visų ekonominį bendradarbiavimą.

4 str.: Šalys tarpusavyje konsultuosis, jeigu bet kurios iš jų nuomone, kiltų grėsmė bet kurios Šalies teritoriniam vientisumui, politinei nepriklausomybei ar saugumui

NATO tikslai

Plėtra• 1949 m. (12 valstybių steigėjų): Belgija, Kanada,

Danija, Prancūzija, Islandija, Italija, Liuksemburgas, Nyderlandai, Norvegija, Portugalija, Jungtinė Karalystė, JAV;

• 1952 m.: Graikija ir Turkija• 1955 m.: Vokietija;• 1982 m.: Ispanija;• 1999 m.: Čekija, Vengrija, Lenkija;• 2004 m.: Bulgarija, Estija, Latvija, Lietuva, Rumunija,

Slovakija, Slovėnija;• 2009 m.: Albanija, Kroatija • Valstybės kandidatės: Bosnija ir Hercegovina,

Gruzija, Juodkalnija, Makedonija

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” 3 NATO’s essential core tasks (3 C’s): collective defence; crisis management; cooperative security.

emphasis on solidarity, the importance of transatlantic consultation and the need to engage in a continuous process of reform.

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” Collective defence. NATO members will

always assist each other against attack, in accordance with Article 5 of the Washington Treaty. That commitment remains firm and binding. NATO will deter and defend against any threat of aggression, and against emerging security challenges where they threaten the fundamental security of individual Allies or the Alliance as a whole.

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” Crisis Management. NATO has a unique and robust

set of political and military capabilities to address the full spectrum of crises – before, during and after conflicts. NATO will actively employ an appropriate mix of those political and military tools to help manage developing crises that have the potential to affect Alliance security, before they escalate into conflicts; to stop ongoing conflicts where they affect Alliance security; and to help consolidate stability in post-conflict situations where that contributes to Euro-Atlantic security.

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” Cooperative security. The Alliance is affected by,

and can affect, political and security developments beyond its borders. The Alliance will engage actively to enhance international security, through partnership with relevant countries and other international organisations; by contributing actively to arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament; and by keeping the door of membership in the Alliance open to all European democracies that meet NATO’s standards.”

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” Threats: the proliferation of ballistic missiles and nuclear

weapons, terrorism, cyber attacks, fundamental environmental problems, etc.;

Directions: Promotion of international security through cooperation - by

reinforcing arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation efforts;

NATO’s open door policy for all European countries; Enhancement of partnerships; Continuation of reform and transformation process.

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” All 3 tasks are equally important; security = art. 5 + crisis management + cooperative

security; Gynybos aljansas → saugumo institucija; 5 str. grėsmės – bet kokios grėsmės saugumui

valstybėms narėms arba aljansui; Naujos grėsmės – kibernetinės atakos, grėsmės

infrastruktūrai, kt. Grėsmėms atremti reikia ne tik ekspedicinių pajėgų,

bet ir krizių valdymo pajėgumų

2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” Comprehensive Approach = karinių ir civilinių

problemų sprendimas politiniais, civiliniais ir kariniais instrumentais + bendradarbiavimas su ES ir JT;

“The comprehensive approach not only makes sense – it is necessary. NATO needs to work more closely with our civilian partners on the ground, and at a political level – especially the European Union and the United Nations” - SG Rasmussen

NATO Institutions

Civilian institutions: NAC, Nuclear Planning Group, International Staff and Secretary – General;

Military institutions: Military Committee, International Military Staff, 2 Strategic commands (ACO, ACT)

North Atlantic Treaty, art. 9

The Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented, to consider matters concerning the implementation of this Treaty. The Council shall be so organised as to be able to meet promptly at any time. The Council shall set up such subsidiary bodies as may be necessary; in particular it shall establish immediately a defence committee which shall recommend measures for the implementation of Articles 3 and 5.

The New Command Structure

ALLIED COMMAND OPERATIONS (Mons - Belgium)

ALLIED COMMAND TRANSFORMATION (Norfolk, Virginia, USA)

DIRECT OPERATIONAL ADVICE TO THE NAC WHEN REQUESTED

PLANS NORMALLY TO THE COUNCIL THROUGH MILITARY COMMITTEE

The Strategic Commands

ALLIED COMMAND

OPERATIONS

ALLIED COMMAND

TRANSFORMATION

Allied Command Transformation (ACT) Responsible for Transformation• Commanded by SACT• Develops capabilities, doctrine, defence planning and training• Supports ACO on training, interoperability, lessons learned• Supports Nations on Transformation and Defence Planning

Allied Command Operations (ACO) Responsible for all Operations• Commanded by SACEUR• Exercises command & control over all NATO

operations

New NATO Command Structure is based on function not geography

Partnerships

EAPC: 28 member states + 22 partners PfP: 22 countries Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative “partners across the globe” – Australia, Japan, the

Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan.

NATO – Russia Council NATO – Ukraine Commission NATO – Georgia Commission

EAPC: partner countries

Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyz Republic, Malta, The Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Mediterranean Dialogue

Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia

Istanbul Cooperation Initiative(ICI) Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab

Emirates; Istanbul summit June 2004

PfP

Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyz Republic, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, the former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

NATO current operations and missions ISAF since 2003 KFOR - Peace-support operation in Kosovo

since June 1999; Active Endeavour - ships patrol in

Mediterranean sea since October 2001; Ocean shield - Horn of Africa since October

2008; Support to African Union since 2005

ISAF

the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) has been under NATO leadership since August 2003;

130 000 troops, 50 different countries; mission - to extend the authority of the Afghan central

government in order to create an environment conducive to the functioning of democratic institutions and the establishment of the rule of law;

establishment of professional Afghan National Security Forces; the Afghan army currently comprises approximately 175,000 soldiers, and has begun taking the lead in most operations.

the development and reconstruction through 28 PRTs.

KFOR

Approx. 5,500 troops; In June 2008 - training of a multi-ethnic,

professional and civilian controlled KSF.

Active Endeavour

maritime surveillance operation; since October 2001; is focused on detecting and deterring terrorist activity

in the Mediterranean sea; Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey (naval assets),

Denmark, Germany and Norway (fast patrol boats for escort operations in the Straits of Gibraltar);

have hailed over 100,000 merchant vessels. boarded 155 suspect ships

Ocean shield

Operation is focusing on at-sea counter-piracy operations off the Horn of Africa;

pirate attack success rate has been reduced from 44 % in 2004 to 16 % in 2011.

Support to AU

providing airlift and sealift support for AU peacekeepers;

ES BENDROJI SAUGUMO IR GYNYBOS POLITIKA (BSGP)

ES istorija

1951 m. Europos anglių ir plieno bendrija, Prancūzija, Vokietija, Belgija, Nyderlandai, Liuksemburgas, Italija

1957 m. Romos sutartis, tikslas – sukurti bendrą rinką

1973 m. įstoja Jungtinė Karalystė, Danija, Airija 1981 m. įstoja Graikija 1986 m. įstoja Ispanija ir Portugalija 1993 m. sukuriama bendroji rinka 1993 m. Mastrichto sutartimi įsteigiama Europos

Sąjunga 1995 m. įstoja Austrija, Švedija ir Suomija

ES istorija

2004 m. įstoja Lenkija, Čekija, Vengrija, Slovėnija, Slovakija, Estija, Latvija, Lietuva, Kipras, Malta

2007 m. įstoja Rumunija ir Bulgarija 2013 m. įstoja Kroatija Valstybės kandidatės: Makedonija (derybos

nepradėtos), Islandija (11 uždarytų sk.), Juodkalnija (2 uždaryti sk.), Serbija (derybos nepradėtos), Turkija (1 uždarytas sk.)

Potencialios kandidatės: Albanija, Bosnija ir Hercegovina, Kosovas*

the failure of the European Defence Community in 1954; The Treaty of Rome 1957: foreign policy was not addressed; Hague summit 1969: completion, deepening and enlargement; Davignon report 1970: regular meetings of foreign ministers,

eventual meetings of the heads of states, regular consultayions on matters of foreing policy, regular meeting of political directors;

European Political Cooperation: Objectives – harmonization of positions, consultations and, where necessary, joint action.

The Maastricht Treaty

includes for the first time a reference to CFSP; one of the Union’s objectives is “to assert its identity

on the international scene, in particular through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy including the progressive framing of a common defence policy, which might lead to a common defence”.

Maastricht Treaty; article J.1

to safeguard the common values, fundamental interests and independence of the Union;

to strengthen the security of the Union and its Member States in all ways;

to preserve peace and strengthen international security, to promote international cooperation;

to develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The Treaty of Lisbon

partially amends the Treaty of European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community;

signed on 13 December 2007; entered into force on 1 December 2009;

Lisbon Treaty, art. 42

The common security and defence policy shall be an integral part of the common foreign and security policy. It shall provide the Union with an operational capacity drawing on civilian and military assets. The Union may use them on missions outside the Union for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter.

Lisbon Treaty, art. 42.2

The common security and defence policy shall include the progressive framing of a common Union defence policy. This will lead to a common defence, when the European Council, acting unanimously, so decides.

Sent Malo 1998

“…must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the means to decide to use them, and a readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises….. The European Union must be given appropriate structures and a capacity for analysis of situations, sources of intelligence, and a capability for relevant strategic planning, without unnecessary duplication, taking account of the existing assets of the WEU and the evolution of its relations with the EU. In this regard, the European Union will also need to have recourse to suitable military means”.

June 1999: Cologne European Council

“the European Union shall play its full role on the international stage. To that end, we intend to give the European Union the necessary means and capabilities to assume its responsibilities regarding a common European policy on security and defence … the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed up by credible military forces, the means to decide to use them, and a readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to actions by NATO”.

December 1999: Helsinki European Council set out the ESDP process's Headline Goal objectives; aim was to put at the Union's disposal forces capable of

carrying out all the Petersberg missions, including the most demanding, in operations up to army corps level, i.e. 50 to 60,000 troops. Member states undertook, by 2003, to deploy forces “militarily self-sustaining with the necessary command, control and intelligence capabilities, logistics, other combat support services and additionally, as appropriate, air and naval elements. Member States should be able to deploy in full at this level within 60 days, and within this to provide smaller rapid response elements available and deployable at very high readiness. They must be able to sustain such a deployment for at least one year.

HELSINKI HEADLINE GOAL (1999)

• up to 50 - 60.000 troops

(additional air and naval elements)

• Deploy within 60 days

• Sustainable for at least 1 year

by 2003 EU-led military operations Corps levelCorps level

15 Bdes15 Bdes

Operational capability

2001 Laeken European Council: "the Union is now capable of conducting some crisis-management operations“;

2003 General Affairs and External Relations Council: "the EU now has operational capability across the full range of Petersberg tasks ... “;

CCC 2000: 100.000 personnel; 400 combat aircraft; 100 naval vessels

“EU civilian and military capability development beyond 2010” two major stabilisation and reconstruction operations, with a suitable civilian

component, supported by up to 10 000 troops for at least 2 years; two rapid-response operations of limited duration using inter alia EU battle

groups; an emergency operation for the evacuation of European nationals (in less than

ten days), bearing in mind the primary role of each Member State as regards its nationals and making use of the consular lead State concept;

a maritime or air surveillance/interdiction mission; a civilian-military humanitarian assistance operation lasting up to 90 days; around a dozen CSDP civilian missions (inter alia police, rule-of-law, civilian

administration, civil protection, security sector reform, and observation missions) of varying formats, including in rapid-response situations, together with a major mission (possibly up to 3000 experts) which could last several years.

Military Headline Goal 2010 Establishing a civil-military cell within the European Union Military Staff

(initiated summer 2005). Establishing a European Defence Agency (July 2004). Completing development of the rapidly deployable EU Battlegroups (force

package of approximately 1,500 troops) (January 2007) Ensuring the availability of an aircraft carrier with its associated air wing

and escort by 2008. Improving the performance of all levels of EU operations through appropriate

compatibility and network linkage of all communications equipment and assets (terrestrial and space based) by 2010.

Developing quantitative benchmarks and criteria that national forces declared to the Headline Goal have to meet in the field of deployability and training.

Strategic transport

"Strategic Airlift Interim Solution" (SALIS) - quick access to Russia and Ukraine owned AN-124-100 aircraft for the airlift of heavy equipment and/or outsized cargo. Contract signed by Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and UK.

"Strategic Airlift Capability" (SAC) - consortium to field three C-17. Participating nations: Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden.

Battlegroups – Main Characteristics

effective, credible, rapidly deployable, coherent force package;

stand-alone operations, or of being used for the initial phase of larger operations;

Basis BG = +/- 1500 troops BG Readiness 5-10 days;

from Jan 2009: 5-30 days Sustainability: 30 days,

extendable to 120

Battlegroups Sweden, Finland, Norway, Estonia, Ireland; France; France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain, France, Belgium; United Kingdom; United Kingdom, Netherlands; Germany, Netherlands, Finland; Germany, Austria, Czech Republic; Poland, Germany, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania; Italy; Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal; Italy, Hungary, Slovenia; Spain; Greece, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania.

Niche Capabilities

Cyprus (medical group) Lithuania (a water purification unit) Greece (the Athens Sealift Co-ordination

Centre) France (structure of a multinational and

deployable Force Headquarters)

Reaction time

Tasks

European Security Strategy Terrorism; Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); Regional conflicts; They pose a threat to minorities,

fundamental freedoms and human rights. They can lead to extremism and terrorism and provoke state failure.

State failure. Civil conflict and bad governance - corruption, abuse of power, weak institutions and lack of accountabilityl can lead to a collapse of state institutions;

Organised crime. Europe is a prime target for organised crime, which has an important external dimension, namely trafficking in drugs, women, children and arms, which does not stop at the Union's borders. Such criminal activity is often associated with weak or failing states.

European Security Strategy Addressing the threats: Union responded after 9/11 September with

measures that included the adoption of the European Arrest Warrant and steps against terrorist financing; it continues to pursue its policies against arms proliferation, in part by strengthening international treaties and their verification provisions; it has intervened to help deal with regional conflicts and to put failed States back on their feet. Restoring good government promotes democracy and is a way of tackling organised crime;

Building security in its neighbourhood: task is to promote a ring of well-governed countries to the east of the European Union and on the shores of the Mediterranean;

Developing an international order based on effective multilateralism: security and prosperity increasingly depend on an effective multilateral system. The Union aims to develop a stronger international society, well-functioning international institutions - such as the United Nations.

Petersberg Tasks

humanitarian and rescue tasks; peacekeeping tasks; tasks of combat forces in crisis management,

including peacemaking.

Lisbon Treaty, art. 43

joint disarmament operations; humanitarian and rescue tasks; military advice and assistance tasks; conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks; tasks of combat forces in crisis management,

including peace-making; post-conflict stabilisation.

June 2000: Feira European Council

police cooperation: possibility of providing up to 5 000 (5 761) policemen, including 1 000 within 30 days, for tasks ranging from restoring order in cooperation with a military force to the training of local police;

strengthening the rule of law: possibility of providing up to 200 (631) judges, prosecutors, prison officers and other experts in the field;

June 2000: Feira European Council

civilian administration: possibility of providing a team to establish or guarantee elections, education, water provision, etc.; 565 staff;

civil protection:a) 2 or 3 assessment and/or coordination teams, capable of being mobilised around the clock and consisting of 10 experts who could be dispatched within 3 to 7 hours; b) intervention teams of up to 2000 persons for deployment at short notice; c) additional or more specialised means which could be dispatched within 2 to 7 days depending on the particular needs of each crisis. Member states have committed 579 civil protection experts and 4445 staff of intervention teams.

December 2004 Council

Monitoring: capability is proving a generic tool for conflict prevention/resolution and/or crisis management and/or peace-building. An important function of monitoring missions is to contribute to „prevention deterrence by presence“ and they also enhace EU visibility on the ground, demonstrating EU engagement and commitment to a crisis or region. Member states have committed 505 personnel.

Civilian Headline Goal 2010

Aims: Sufficient numbers of well-qualified personnel are available across the

civilian ESDP priority areas and for mission support, to enable the EU to establish a coherent civilian presence on the ground where crisis situations require it to do so;

ESDP capabilities such as planning and conduct capabilities, equipment, procedures, training and concepts are developed and strengthened according to need. One of the results will be that missions have adequate equipment and logistics and other enabling capabilities, including for effective procurement procedures;

The EU is able to use all its available means, including civilian and military ESDP, European Community instruments and synergies with the third pillar, to respond coherently to the whole spectrum of crisis management tasks;

The development of civilian capabilities is given increased political visibility at EU as well as at Member States' level;

The EU strengthens its co-ordination and co-operation with external actors as appropriate.

CSDP: Institutions

European Council Foreign Affairs Council of EU Political and security committee High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs

and Security Policy (with the Treaty of Lisbon)

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy conduct the Union's common foreign and security policy; contribute by issuing proposals to the development of the

policy, which EU HR will carry out as mandated by the Council, and ensures implementation of the decisions adopted in this field;

preside over the Foreign Affairs and External Relations Council; to be one of the Vice-Presidents of the Commission in order to

ensure the consistency of the Union's external action. EU HR is responsible within the Commission for responsibilities incumbent on it in external relations and for coordinating other aspects of the Union's external action;

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy represent the Union for matters relating to the

common foreign and security policy, conduct political dialogue with third parties on the Union's behalf and expresses the Union's position in international organisations and at international conferences.

exercise authority over the European External Action Service and over the Union delegations in third countries and at international organisations.

Ms Catherine Ashtonis High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy as from 1 December 2009;

Former EU Commissioner.

Political and Security Committee (PSC) consisting of ambassadors of each member

state meeting twice a week in Brussels; dealing with all aspects of the CFSP and

CSDP, its function is to manage developing crises, organise evaluation and planning and give political advice to the European Council;

in the event of a deployment of military forces from the Union, it assumes political control of the day-to-day direction of military operations.

European Military Committee (EUMC) officially made up of chiefs of defence staff of member countries

but in practice attended by their military delegates; responsible for giving advice and recommendations to the

Political and Security Committee and the European Council, and issuing military directives to the European Military Staff;

its chairman attends sessions of the Council when decisions are to be taken by it having defence implications;

EUMC the Union's most senior military body and a forum for consultation and cooperation between member states.

Crisis Management and Planning Directorate political-strategic planning of CSDP civilian

missions and military operations; CSDP partnerships, policies, concepts and

capabilities.

European Military Staff providing expertise for the ESDP, in particular in the conduct of

any Union military crisis management operation; responsible for early warning, evaluating situations and

strategic planning for Petersberg missions, including the earmarking of national and international European forces;

it constitutes a source of technical expertise for the Union on all aspects of security and defence and acts as an interface between political and military authorities within the Union;

it gives military support to the EUMC during the strategic planning phase of crisis management situations, for the complete range of Petersberg missions, and develops working methods and operational concepts based on or compatible with those of NATO.

Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC)  informal meeting in October 2005: proposals

to strengthen Union crisis-management structures - the creation of the position of Civilian Operations Commander and the reorganisation of the internal EU crisis-management structures to establish CPCC;

CPCC was established in August 2007, is located in Brussels and is part of the Council General Secretariat;

Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC)  plans and conducts civilian ESDP operations under the political

control and strategic direction of the Political and Security Committee;

provides assistance and advice to the HR, the Presidency and the relevant EU Council bodies and to direct, coordinate, advise, support, supervise and review civilian ESDP operations;

The CPCC Director, as EU Civilian Operations Commander, exercises command and control at strategic level for the planning and conduct of all civilian crisis management operations, under the political control and strategic direction of the PSC and the overall authority of the HR;

Karinių operacijų pajėgumai

EUTM Somalia – 126EUTM Mali – 500EUNAVFOR Atalanta – 1400EUFOR Althea – 800

Civilinių misijų pajėgumai

EUMM Georgia – 300 EUPOL Afghanistan – 350 EULEX Kosovo – 2250 EUBAM Libya - 110

CSDP shortfalls

Defence expenditure → EDA, structural cooperation ?;

Need for military reform: European armies are not ready for ESS and EU Treaty tasks , 70 % not ready to be deployed;

equipment need → EDA ?; a need for cooperation → EDA, structural

cooperation ?;

CSDP shortfalls: defence expenditure

27 member states spent just over €160 billion on defence in 1999, whereas almost €210 billion in 2008 and €194 billion in 2009;

however, defence expenditure as a percentage of GDP has fallen in the last ten years: from 2.1 % in 1997 to 1.6 % in 2009;

European defence expenditure - reform

European defence expenditure - reform

Defence Equipment Procurement and R&D/R&T

EU-US defence expenditure

4 countries provide 70 % of EU defence spending – the UK and France (43 %) and Germany and Italy;

+ the Netherlands, and Spain = 80 % + Greece, Poland, Sweden, Belgium = 90 %

Deployability

Deployability

Civilian and military personnel

Deployability – Troops deployed

Troops deployed

CSDP shortfalls

Defence expenditure → EDA, structural cooperation ?;

Need for military reform: European armies are not ready for ESS and EU Treaty tasks , 70 % not ready to be deployed;

equipment need → EDA ?; a need for cooperation → EDA, structural

cooperation ?;

European collaboration – Equipment Procurement

TARPTAUTINĖS ORGANIZACIJOS

Lekt. dokt. Eglė Elena Šataitė

Politikos mokslų katedra

Lietuvos karo akademija