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Technology and Applications in Transportation
Raj Bridgelall [email protected]
The only two cars in Van Wert County, Ohio (population 784) in 1891
made transportation history …
2
Access Control
Automated Tolls
Do You RFID?
3
Automotive Security
Bus Pass
Contactless Payment
Outline of Talk
• Introduction
• Market
• Applications
• History
• Taxonomy (place in the wireless landscape)
• How it works (illustrative)
• Conclude
Key Takeaways
• Transportation and logistics have strong ties to RFID
• RFID has transformative potential if used correctly;
disastrous if not
• RFID is simple in concept but there are many ‘surprises’
in practice
4
Transportation & Logistics Share Dominates
Total RFID Market = $6B (2011) Source: ABI Research
Transportation
Of Items
60%
(Real-time
Locating
Systems)
5
Passive Tag Minimum Cost Trends
Antenna
15%
The Passive Smart Label
0
15
30
45
60
75
2005 2010 2015 2020
Margin
Package
Attach
Antenna
Chip
Year
Price (
Cents
)
100’s of Millions
10’s of
Billions
Chip
50%
Die Attach
15%
Packaging
20%
6
A Typical Supply Chain
• Efficiency and reliability depends on … – Transportation system performance and facility condition
– Supplier performance
– Regulatory and institutional barriers
Largest Ports: 1. Shanghai (2010: 650 metric tons, 29M TEUs), 2. Singapore (was largest in 2005) 7
Components Urban & Rural Foreign Port Waterways Local Port
Arterial &
Rural Interstate
Rail Yard
Line Haul Cross-Dock Arterial & Interstate Assembly &
Packaging
Distribution
To Retail Flow and Storage of Assets
Need Real-Time
Information & Asset Visibility
A Popular Passive RFID Application
8
• The supply chain ‘loses’ $37B/year1 (worsens as GDP grows) – Goods damaged, spoiled, wrong delivery, diversion (theft) …
• Some indirect costs from an unreliable transportation system – $10 billion in goods “lost” during delivery process (U. of FL study)
– 20% of perishables expire before they are sold (FDA study)
– 15% of shoppers leave without finding an item (The GAP)
Enabling Supply Chain Visibility
Barcode
Source
Tagging
RFID/Barcode
Package
Aggregation
Portal/Infrastructure Reading
(RFID/RTLS)
Unattended Auto-ID
RFID Shelf and
Hand-Held Reading
Barcode/EAS
Reading
Components
& Materials RFID/GPS
RFID/GPS
Demand Pull
1The National Retail Security Survey, University of Florida, 2011
Sorting
Assembly & Packaging Palletized Transported Distribution Center Transported Store Stock Point-of-Sale
Shelf
Indoor Real-time Location Tracking Systems
Passive Tag
Readers
Reader Antennas
Location
Trilateration
RTLS saves 50% of labor spent looking for
items (Bernstein Research Statistics)
9
Emerging Applications for Every Mode
10
Waterways
• Cargo tracking and security
• Traffic and signaling controls
• Tunnel safety
Roadways
• Roadside asset and inventory monitoring
• Bridge structural health monitoring
• Tunnel structural health monitoring
Bridge
Condition
Tunnel
Condition Pedestrian
Safety
Airways
• Runway asset monitoring
• Vehicle access control
• Cargo safety and security
• Baggage tagging and tracking
• Condition monitoring
• Stress and breakage monitoring
• Corrosion monitoring
Pipelines
D T
Ground
Air
• Railcar and engine configuration
• Automatic control and signaling systems
• Rail condition monitor and inventory
• Tunnel safety checks
Railways
Intermodal
• Crane safety systems
• Traffic signaling systems
Asset Visibility and Security
11
HAZMAT
• Asset safety monitoring
• Asset identification and inspection
Productivity
• Load efficiency
• Truck Identification
Cold Chain
• Product Temperature Monitoring
• Asset identification and authentication
Harvest Distribution
• Quality management and lot tracking
• Weigh scales and distribution points
• Packaging and distribution points
Construction Materials Tracking
• Quality control
• Asset location tracking
• Inventory management
Asset Tracking
• Tamper and condition monitoring
• RTLS
Brief History of RFID Development
12
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1959 Friend or Foe
Military Long Range Transponder
1948 Harry Stockman “Communication
By Means of Reflected Power”
1950’s D.B. Harris Patents
“Radio Transmission Systems with Modulatable Passive Responder”
1966 Checkpoint & Sensormatic
EAS Commercialization
1-bit Electronic Article Surveillance
1975 Los Alamos
Scientific Labs Declassified “Short-range
Radio-telemetry for Electronic Identification
using Modulated Backscatter”
1996 LA Adopts Pet Tagging
1979 First
Implantable RFID for Livestock
2003
Mandate
2003
Military Mandate 1940’s
RADAR Perfected in WWII
1992 First RFID
Toll Collection System in
U.S.
Taxonomy – Wireless Landscape
13
10 m
100 m
1 km
10 km
1 kb/s 10 kb/s 100 kb/s 1 Mb/s 10 Mb/s 100 Mb/s
RFID
Ce
ll S
ize
Data Rate
Wide Area Networks (ex. GPRS, CDMA, Wi-Max)
Local Area Network (ex. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, DSRC)
Satellite (ex. GPS, L-V Bands, DirectTV)
RFID Performance Envelope
Throughput (Tags/Sec)
Ran
ge
(Met
ers)
5 10 15 20 25 30
8
4
1
Credit Card Size Tags and 1-ft Diameter Reader Antennas
Reader
Antenna
Credit
Card
Footprint
1-ft
Tag
100+
100+
“Unobstructed” Range • Not real-world
• Ignores impact of materials
• Ignores non-line of sight
• Ignores orientation sensitivity
• Ignores multi-path attenuation
• Ignores interference and noise
14 LF = Low-Frequency (~125 kHz), HF = High-Frequency (13.56 MHz), UHF = Ultra-High Frequency (~900 MHz)
RFID Power Classification
15
Reflecte
d E
nerg
y
Tra
nsm
itte
d E
nerg
y
No Batteries Batteries
Semi-Passive Passive
Active Energy Harvesting
Status
&
Alerts
Passive
Compatible
Sensor
Tags
Why so many types of RFID?
16
Radio Frequency Technology Classification
17
Radia
ted E
mis
sio
ns
Backscatt
er
Near-Field Far-Field
e.g. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), UHF RFID (ISO18000-7) e.g. RuBee (IEEE P1902.1), NFC (ISO 18092)
e.g. UHF RFID (ISO18000-6 & EPC) e.g. HF RFID (ISO 14443), LF RFID (ISO 14223-1)
Benefits
• Robust link around
dense RF media
• Magnetic field zone
control
• Simple narrow-band
protocols maximize
battery life
Deficiencies
• Range limited to
antenna loop diameter
• Multi-tag arbitration
speed limited by data
rate
Benefits
• Long range from RF
propagation and
higher transmit power
• High multi-tag
arbitration rates
possible due to larger
bandwidth & data-rate
Deficiencies
• Some bands require
spread spectrum and
complex multiple
access protocols;
leads to higher power
consumption
• Poor zone control
Benefits
• Excellent zone
control
• Robust near-field
energy harvesting for
passive HF/LF RFID
• Robust media
penetration
Deficiencies
• Backscatter reader
sensitivity and loop
antenna diameter
limits practical range
to within one meter
• Multi-tag arbitration
limited by bandwidth
and data rate
Benefits
• Tens of meters of
range for passive tags
• Longer range for
semi-passive tags;
limited primarily by
reader sensitivity
• High multi-tag
arbitration rate
• Longer battery life
Deficiencies
• Poor zone control
• Poor RF media
penetration
• Highly orientation
sensitivity due to
weaker backscatter
and multi-path
propagation
A one size fits all solution is illusive.
Intern
al Po
wer S
ou
rce (e.g. B
atteries)
Ex
ternal P
ow
er So
urce (e.g
. RF, V
ibratio
n, L
igh
t)
Application and Technology Mapping
Throughput (Tags/Sec) Passive (< $1) Active (< $20)
Range
(Meters)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Personnel
&
Vehicle
Tracking
Logistical
Units
&
Metal
Containers
Traded Units
& Crates
Consumer Units
& Shelved Items
Apparel Racks
Tra
nsp
ort
Dev
ices
It
em
Lev
el
Hig
h V
alu
e A
sset
& W
irel
ess
Sen
sors
RTLS
Pharmaceuticals
Reader
Antenna
Dime Size
Tags
Palm
Size 8
4
1
18
How does Passive RFID work
(without a battery)?
19
RF Coax
Electronics
Antenna
Host
How Does Passive RFID Work?
Vo
lts
Single Tag Communications
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
20
RF Coax
Electronics
Antenna
Host
How Does Passive RFID Work?
Multiple Tag Communications
Tag 1 Tag 2 Tag 3 Tag 4 Tag 5 Tag n TDMA
21
Maximum Range for Passive Tags
RF Coax
Electronics
Antenna
Host
Vo
lts
Forward Link Limited: Power Transfer
22
What are the real-world
challenges?
23
Passive Tag Power Source is Unreliable
Antenna
Signal Cancellation
Floor
Ceiling
Signal Peak
Palomar, Anu-Leena Annala, et.al.
Power Distribution at 868 MHz
Peaks (- 3 dBm) Nulls (- 14.3 dBm) 24
Energy Sinks and Shifts
UHF
Reader
Antenna
Tag
Antena
0
0 0
0
0
H2O Dipole Energy Absorption
Liq
uid
s
Iant
Vb
H(o,Q)
Rm La
Cparasitic
Eddy L
oss
es
Ca Met
als
Operating Frequency
Po
we
r T
ran
sfe
r
Free-Space
Tag
Detuned Tag
25
An RFID Challenged Application
26
Tag Localization Challenge
RFID
Tag
Asset
Portal
Reader
UHF Signal
Bounce
27
How does RFID
work within a system?
28
Multi-Technology RFID System
29
UHF Reader
EPC Fixed Readers
Wi-Fi RFID Readers
RTLS
Wi-Fi AP
TC
P/I
P L
AN
Web Data
Consumers
ERP
System
• Data Filtering & Storage
• Application Adapters
• Web Services API
• ERP Interfaces
Sensor Based Application Dashboards Sensor Logs, Alerts, Actuates
Summary
30
• RFID is an important technology in transportation
– Electronic toll collection
– Supply chain asset visibility
– Emerging transportation markets
– Combo transit pass, cashless payment, and access control
– Real-time locating systems (RTLS)
– Multi-modal asset tracking and condition monitoring
– Product safety and security
– No one RFID technology addresses all needs
• The technology must be deployed with care
– Simple in concept, but complex in practice
– Game changing potential if used wisely
?
31