PowerPoint-presentation

The Swedish Waste Management System

Information:Denna presentation r tnkt att anvnda som std nr andra presentationer stts samman och r inte tnkt att kunna st fr sig sjlv. Bilderna r mnga och snarlika budskap upprepar sig. Presentationen mste givetvis anpassas efter mlgrupp, lngd, nskat budskap etc. I kommentarstexten finns stdjande och kompletterande text.Senast uppdaterad: sept. 20141ContentPart 1:SwedenAvfall Sverige The Swedish Association of Waste Management

Part 2Waste a ResourceThe DevelopmentResponsibilitiesOperations

Part 3Overview ModelInfrastructureCollectionRecovery and Recycling

Part 4Waste EconomyMeans of ControlSuccess FactorsChallengesVision and Long Term Goals

Important success factorsWaste management is a public serviceClear division of roles and responsibilities Clear national environmental targets showing the direction and long-term regulations and economical steering instrumentsCo-operation between municipalitiesCollaboration between public and private sectorsHolistic system view- an integrated part of the sustinable cityCo-operation within municipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements)A system based on source separation with focus on communication and public engagementA system based on resource recovery

3Part 1SwedenAvfall Sverige The Swedish Association of Waste Management 4Sweden9,5 million inhabitants450 000 km2

5Avfall SverigeThe Swedish Association of Waste Management400 members, primarily within the public sector, but also private enterprises -service providers for the Swedish citizensNetworking, training and lobbyingNational member of Cewep, ECN, ISWA and Municipal Waste EuropeAn organisation in the Waste Management and Recycling Sector400 members, primarily within the public sector, but also private enterprises Through our members, we represent 99,9 % of the Swedish populationOur members are responsible for municipal waste management provide services for other waste categoriesrepresent an important part of the infrastructure in the societyOur primary task is to represent and develop members by creating networks, providing information and training, and influencing decision-makersWe together - are aiming towards an environmentally correct and sustainable waste management, for the benefit of society

6Part 2Waste a ResourceThe DevelopmentResponsibilitiesOperations7Waste - a resource

The development of waste management systems in Sweden has been very successful. Today, waste is looked upon and used as a resource rather than a problem. An impressive 99 percent of the household waste is recycled as energy or material.

2013Landfill0,7%Energy recovery50,3 %Biological treatment16,0 % Recycling (material)33,0 %

13,7 TWh district energy -> 20 % of the total district energy in Sweden / the heating need of 950 000 homes1,8 TWh electricity -> need of 260 000 homes

511 GWh vehicle-fuel produced from foodwaste cooresponding to the need of about 30 000 cars 940 000 tonnes biofertilizer replacing industrial fertilizer

8Waste - a resource2013:13,7 TWh district energy -> 20 % of the total district energy in Sweden - the heating need of 950 000 homes1,8 TWh electricity the need of 260 000 homes2012:511 GWh vehicle-fuel produced from foodwaste corresponding to the need of about 30 000 cars940 000 tonnes biofertilizer produced replacing industrial fertilizerThe development of waste management systems in Sweden has been very successful. Today, waste is looked upon and used as a resource rather than a problem. An impressive 99 percent of the household waste is recycled as energy or material.

2013Landfill0,7%Energy recovery50,3 %Biological treatment16,0 % Recycling (material)33,0 %

Klla fr uppgiften om 30 000 bilar: Energigas Sverige, uppgift om 97000 bilar totalt (http://gasbilen.se/Att-tanka-pa-miljon/Fordonsgas-i-siffror) varav ca en tredjedel frn matavfall (www.biogasportalen,se) dvs 30 000 bilar. (Uppskattat i samrd med Energogas Sverige)

9Waste hierarchy

The development has been based on the so called european waste hierarchy, stating that the waste treatment shall, as far as possible, be prioritised in the following way:-prevention-preparation for reuse-reuse-recycling-other recycling, e.g. waste-to-energy-disposal.Deviations from the hierarchy may be sometimes necessary for technical, financial or environmental reasons.

10Unique resultsThe results are unique from an international point of veiw. Sweden is one of the leading nations in waste management.

34 % is landfilled in Europe (2013)

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency and Eurostats

11Towards zero landfilling - a 40 years perspective

1975Landfill62%Energy recovery30%Biological treatment2%Recycling (material)6%

2011Landfill1%Energy recovery51%Biological treatment15%Recycling (material)33%

12

Important steps of development

Late 1800:Cholera-epidemic - start of municipal waste management

1950s: District heating systems developed

1970s and 80s:Oil crises - waste is being used for district heating

- In the 1800s the streets were the natural place for both waste and latrine. It was rinsed away with the rain and ended up in the watercourses. Latrine and waste was identified as spreading the disease. In the end of 1800s and beginning of 1900s all larger cities started with municipal waste management. The last cholera epidemic was 1873. The oil crises in 1970s and 1980s was a reason that Swedish cities started to use waste as a fuel for district heating.14An important part of the energy systemOilWaste heatBiofuelsWaste 5 %1980OilCarbonGasWaste heatBiofuelsPeatWasteHeatpumpsElectricity1993Fossil fuelsBiofuelsPeatWaste

Electricity2008HeatpumpsWasteheat

Source:

District energy in Sweden fuel supply:There are many different success factors behind the results. One of the most important has been the role the waste as a fuel has come to play in the Swedish energy system, particularly in the extensive district heating networks.In the beginning of the 80thies the networks were dependent on fossil, imported fuels. In a search for non-fossil and domestic fuels, waste as a fuel became more and more important, together with a mix of other non-fossil and fossil fules.Today, waste is coverig about 20 % of the fuels in the district energy system. At the same time the need of district energy has increased.

15An important part of the energy system

Source:

District energy in Sweden fuel supply:Fossil fuelBiofuelsPeatWasteElectricityHeatpumpsWaste heatThere are many different success factors behind the results. One of the most important has been the role the waste as a fuel has come to play in the Swedish energy system, particularly in the extensive district heating networks.In the beginning of the 80thies the networks were dependent on fossil, imported fuels. In a search for non-fossil and domestic fuels, waste as a fuel became more and more important, together with a mix of other non-fossil and fossil fules.Today, waste is coverig about 20 % of the fuels in the district energy system. At the same time the need of district energy has increased.

16Municipal waste planning compulsory Clear national targets and long-term regulations and economical steering instrumentsProducers responsibility introducedLandfill taxintroducedBan on landfill of combustible waste Ban on landfill of organic wasteHousehold waste to landfill per year (tonnes)

National target on food waste recycling50 %One successfactor has been clear national targets and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments, allowing necessary investments and time for technical development and other innovations.

In the 1990, necessary regulations and economical steering instruments were decided about, to support the extensive reconstruction of the waste management system that started with focus on waste as a resource. Thoose were implemented in the 2000, and the final effect could be seen in 2010.

Observation: between 1995 and 2011 the total amount of genereted waste increased with 27 %17National target on food waste recyclingOld national goal: By 2010 at least 35% of food waste from households, large-scale kitchens, stores and restaurants is recycled through biological treatment

We reached approx. 25 % - with no legal requirements!

New national goal:By 2018 at least 50 % of food waste from households, large-scale kitchens, stores and restaurants is separated and treated biologically so that nutrients are utilized, and by at least 40 % being treated to recover energy.

The main driving force for the development of food waste recyclinghas been the national target on food recycling in Sweden. The original one stated that 35 % of the food waste would be recycled until 2010.

At 2010 we had reached 25 %. So the goal was not fulfilled. But the results were obtained without the introduction on any legal requirments, and many plans were established due to the goal. Experinces showed it takes many years to introduce a collection system for source-separated food waste, from the initial planning until the system is up and running.

Therefore, no legal requirments were considered necessary, but a new goal was set up.

The new target we are now working towards is stronger. And more specific. It states that 50 % of the foodwaste should be separated out and treated so that nutrients are utilized, and 40 % so that also energy is recovered thus biogas production.

18Clear division of roles and responsibilitiesProducers: Collection and treatment of waste within the Producers Responsibility

Citizens/households: Separation and leave/transport waste at indicated collection pointsMunicipalities:Collection and treatment of municipal waste Companies/Industries: Handling of own generated wasteEveryone participates in the effort: producers, businesses, municipalities and households. Households are responsible for separating and depositing waste at the various available collection points. Businesses hold the responisbility to make sure the own waste generated gets treated and recycled, on a free market. The municipalities are responsible for municipal waste (excluding waste with producers responsibility) and information to residents. Producers are responsible for their various product groups. Producer (manufacturer, producer, importer or similar) are responsible for establishing and operating system for management of their products when discarded. There is a legally established producers responsibility on Electronic waste, Packaging, Paper and cardboard, Tyers, Batteries, Medicines, Radioactive products and Cars. And the following volontary agreements: Office paper, Demolition waste, Plastic from farmers

Parliament and the government is responsible for setting up national environmental objectives and laws/regulations while authorities oversight the responsibility.

19Benifits with public waste management responsibilityFront runner position to developCompetence World class infrastructure Environmental and social benefitsEnsures long term and holistic work according to the waste hierarchy

Many years with well known conditions and rules, the municipal responsibility has made it possible for municipalities to develop a waste management in absolute top class. 20Plans, regulators, permissions and supervisionNational levelParliamentNational environmental targetsThe Swedish Environmental Protection AgencyNational waste planProduces national legislation and guidelinesNational environmental courts (5 plus one superior):Gives permissions to larger treatment plantsRegional level (21 counties)County Administrative Board - government authority:Regional environmental targetsPermissions and control for most treatment plantsSupervision of the regional treatment capacityMunicipal level (290 municipalities)Municipal authorithies:Local environmental targetsLocal waste plans and regulationsPermissions and control of smaller treatment plants

Authorities and agencies for waste regulations, permissions and supervision

21Organisation form 201322

The municipalities in Sweden are responsible for collection, recycling and disposal within the waste hierarchy.

Municipalities in Sweden can however, by law, deal with organising their organsiation and task allocation in different ways, adapte to local conditions. -They can design their own waste management organisation separate or jointly with other municipalities. -Operations can be allocated either in-house (including in own public company) or being outsourced by contract.

Own adm: 54 %Waste association: 10 % (8 associations) Common board:3 % (4 common boards)Municipal company:17 %Municipal company, co-owned:16 % (20 regional companies)

23Co-operationCo-operation the solution to an increasingly complex waste management

Forms of co-operationCommon municipal waste company Common municipal waste association Common board Common procurement on specific issues

For many municipalities, collaboration is a natural solution -to attain the best possible environmental and social benefits,-to achieve cost-efficient waste management and -to guarantee the competence required, which benefits both residents and the environment.

Common municipal waste company (20 regional companies in Sweden)Common municipal waste association (8 associations in Sweden)Common board (4 common boards in Sweden)Common procurement on specific issues matters

24

Collection (share of municipalities)22 % in-house71 % outsourcing (mainly to private companies)7 % combination of in-house and outsorcing

TreatmentIn-house or outsourcing to other municipality, municipal company or private company

(share depending on type of treatment method)

The municipalities in Sweden are responsible for collection, recycling and disposal within the waste hierarchy.

Municipalities in Sweden can however, by law, deal with organising their organsiation and task allocation in different ways, adapte to local conditions. -They can design their own waste management organisation separate or jointly with other municipalities. -Operations can be allocated either in-house (including in own public company) or being outsourced by contract.

Operation:

Collection:22 % in-house71 % outsourcing (mainly to private companies)7 % combination of in-house and outsorcingTreatmentIn-house or outsourcing to other municipality, municipal company or private company (share depending on type of treatment method)

For many municipalities, collaboration is a natural solution to attain the best possible environmental and social benefits, to achieve cost-efficient waste management and to guarantee the competence required, which benefits both residents and the environment.Common municipal waste company (20 regional companies in Sweden)Common municipal waste association (8 associations in Sweden)Common board (4 common boards in Sweden) Common procurement on specific issues matters

(Totalt number of municipalities: 290)

25Owner-ship of waste incineratorsMunicipally owned plantCo-owned regional waste company (2 out of 32) Full-owned energy company Full-owned multi-utility companyPrivatly owned plant (4,5 out of 32)

26Clear division of roles and responsibilitiesPrivate and public waste management sector

Knowledge- and Equipment supply

Treatment- and Collection services

ResponsibilityImplementation and operationProducers

Citizens/households MunicipalitiesCompanies/IndustriesFrom the base of -clear national targets and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments, and a -clear division of roles and responsibilitiesnecessary investments and time for technical development and other innovations has been allowed.

Based on the public responsibility for the household waste, operation services (collection and treatment), but also services for the development and the planning of the waste management, has been developed in cooperation with the private waste management sector. And with ambitious national targets and environmental requirements to fulfill, the private companies have met a demanding procurer. This has created a significant product development among the companies products with very competitive solutions from the environmental and safety perspective as a result. 27

Part 3Overview ModelInfrastructureCollectionRecovery and Recycling29Overview modelLooking closer at the waste chain, this is a principal model. Swedish waste management starts at the waste generation source, at the households or different kind of companies. An important task is to already at this stage minimize the generation of waste by efforts for prevention and minimization. Generated waste is collected and transported. Different treatment methods depending on the character of the waste, makes it possible to use the waste as a resource. Finally, new products are generated and re-used by the households and the companies.

30Public awarness - a success factorKey messages and tools for motivation and to facilitate collaboration:CommunicationDevelopment of self instructive systemsFeed back of the results and that what I do mattersEmphasize on the waste holders responsibility and participationWith a model built on source separation, household participation is an important success factor. 31Waste preventionLong tradition of reuse through flea markets, second hand, collection at recycling parks, etcDeposit fee system for bevarage containers/bottlesFocus waste for prevention in Sweden: Foodwaste, textiles, electronical and demolitionLargest challenge: decoupling between generated waste and economic growth

Work according to the waste hierarcy Most important for us now is to work with waste prevention - makes most environmental good/benefit.Focus wastes identified as giving most postive environmental impact if not generated are for example food waste, textiles and electronic waste. This is where we put focus right now among the municipalities. 32The resource recovery focus has been a red thread in the devopment of the waste mangament system in Sweden. Different treatment methods are used depending on the character of the waste. And to get high recovery rates, a good quality is essential.

It is from this view that the separation of the waste has been developed. We do not separate the waste for its own purpose we separate with a resource recovery focus. This is what has been the driven force behind the development of our separation system. The consequence of this is that there exists no central separation facilities. We strive towards separating as much as possible at source. 33We separate waste streams that can be used for something, but also waste that needs to be separated due to its contain of hazardous components. 34InfrastructureCollection of waste from households based on source separationCurb side collection5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations630 manned drop-off recycling centers

Treatment and recycling of waste based on the character of the wasteAbout 70 organic waste facilities (composting and digestion plants)32 waste to energy plantsAbout 75 landfills (household waste landfilled in 47 plants)

Curb-side collection from apartment blocks and single-family homes for combustible and organic waste. A growing number of municipalities are also implementing curbside collection of packaging and newspaper.630 manned recycling centers throughout the country, receiving about 20 million visits annually, collecting about one third of all generated household waste. 5 800 unmanned recycling stations for packaging and newspaper that cover the entire country.

35CollectionCollection of waste from households based on source separation

Curbside collection for combustible and food waste (and sometimes packaging and paper)5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations for for packaging and paper630 manned drop-off recycling centers for bulky, electronical and hazardous wasteVarious solutions for hazardous waste collection

Curb-side collection from apartment blocks and single-family homes for combustible and organic waste. A growing number of municipalities are also implementing curbside collection of packaging and newspaper.5 800 unmanned recycling stations for packaging and newspaper that cover the entire country. 630 manned recycling centers throughout the country, receiving about 20 million visits annually, collecting about one third of all generated household waste.

36Innovation and trends in collection Multi compartment collection vesselsOptical sortingVehicles on biogasAutomated vacuum systemsUnderground containers

Innovation and trends in collection for efficient and environmental and safty optimzed collection37Separate binsOptical sortingMultifraction binsShare of municiplaities (single households)40 %8 %8 %Collection systems from households

38The most common collection system for source-separated food waste from singlefamily households is in two separate bins, one for food waste and one for combustible waste.

During last years, municipalities have started to use a multi-compartment system in which different fractions including packaging etc are disposed of into two large bins.

Another collection system sometimes used is optical separation of coloured bags with different colours that are put into the same bin.

The most increasing collection system is the use of multifraction bins, but also the two other used methods have a postive trend in use.

Source-separation of foodwaste is mandatory on some municipalities, in others it is optional.

In addition to the main collection systems, there are several other, not as common, systems, used partly is some municipalities. For example different kinds of underground containers, vacuum systems and garbage disposal units where the food waste is grinded, flushed down the sink and transported to sewage plants.

Sorting equipment for foodwasteThree groups of waste bags used:Paper bagsPlastic bagsBioplastic bags

The choice of bag depends on the pre-treatment method

There are also different groups of food waste bags used for source-separating food waste in Sweden: Paper bags, plastic bags, and bioplastic bags.

The choice of bag depends on which pre-treatment method will be used for the waste. For example, food waste for optic sorting needs to be in a plastic bag. Paper bags can be digested along with the waste in the digestion plant, while many plastic bags cant.

39InfrastructureTreatment and recycling of waste based on the character of the waste

About 70 organic waste facilities (composting and digestion plants)32 waste to energy plantsAbout 75 landfills (household waste landfilled in 47 plants)

Household waste is landfilled in 47 plants.

40Recycling centers

The 630 manned recycling centers across the country, receive about 25 million visits annually and collect about one third of all generated household waste. The households can drop off bulky waste, electronic waste and hazardous waste. Bulky waste is household waste that is too heavy, too bulky or otherwise inappropriate for collection in bags or bins.

A small proportion of the bulky waste, about ten percent, is collected through curbside collection.

The quantities of bulky waste and hazardous waste dropped off at recycling centres have increased significantly in recent years. Many municipalities have therefore adapted and modernized their recycling centres. Many smaller recycling centres have closed as municipalities are building new, larger centres better-suited to current waste quantities and number of visitors. 41A system based on resource focus

Combustible wasteFood waste

ProductsDistrict energyBiofertilizerBiogasElectricityHazardous waste

Direct environmental benifitPetrol saved and industrial fertilizer savedFossil and other fuels saved

Virgin materials and energy saved

Environmental protection costs savedMaterials

The resource recovery focus has been a red thread in the devopment of the waste mangament system in Sweden. Different treatment methods are used depending on the character of the waste. This gives a long number of savings and benfits. 42A system based on resource focus

Combustible wasteFood waste

ProductsDistrict energyBiofertilizerBiogasElectricityHazardous waste

Direct environmental benifitPetrol saved and industrial fertilizer savedFossil and other fuels saved

Virgin materials and energy saved

Environmental protection costs savedMaterials

201313,7 TWh district energy -> 20 % of the total district energy in Sweden / the heating need of 950 000 homes1,8 TWh electricity -> need of 260 000 homes

2013:511 GWh vehicle-fuel produced from foodwaste corresponding to the need of about 30 000 cars940 000 tonnes biofertilizer produced replacing industrial fertilizer43Production of biogas and bio-fertilizerThe most increasing treatment methodAbout 25 plantsEnergy recovery by the production of biogas used as a vehicle-fuelRecycling of nutritions to farming-land by the production of bio-fertilizer

During 2012, 511 GWh vehicle-fuel was produced from foodwaste replacing about 30 millions liters of petrol. 940000 tonnes biofertilizer is produced yearly in Sweden.Collection and treatment of source-separated food waste is steadily increasing and now (2013) 64 percent of Swedens 290 municipalities have now introduced collection systems for source-separated food waste and an additional 70 municipalities are planning to follow suit.

Through anaerobic digestion of biological waste, biogas, consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced. Biogas is renewable and can be used, after upgrading, as an environmentally sound vehicle fuel or for heating. The biogas produced from waste, corresponds with over 30 million liters of petrol/gasoline.

Anaerobic digestion also produces digestate, which is an excellent fertilizer with a high nutrient content. Using digestate instead of mineral fertilizer returns nutrients to the soil, including phosphorus, which is a finite resource. The Swedish organic label KRAV and the Swedish Seal of quality Svenskt Sigill kvalitetsrd approve digestate based on source-separated food waste, which is certified. Facilities that produce compost or digestate from separated bio-waste, including food waste from the food industry, can undergo certification to use quality labels on their product.44

The biological treatment of household waste started in the early 90-ties with a few municipalities. During the 90thies more than 40 municipalities introduced biological treatment (of 290). After that, the development was very fast.

Today 64 % of Swedens 290 municipalities have introduced collection systems for source-separated food waste and according to on-going plans, 8 or 9 out of 10 municipalities will sort out food waste for biological treatment within a few years.

45Biological treatment of foodwaste in fractions of different treatment methods (tonnes)The majority of the food waste is treated through anaerobic digestion, while composting (public composting plants and home composting) is steadily decreasing.

The decrease in public composting is due to more municipalities sending their food waste to pre-treatment and digestion.

Home composting also decreases when more municipalities start collecting source-separated food waste for anaerobic digestion, and people are encouraged to no longer compost at their homes46Snapshot - biological treatment of MSW 2013

CompostingAnaerobic digestion41 plants (the majority only park- and garden waste, no foodwaste)About 25 (plus a number of waste water treatment plants with co-digestion)528 470 tonnes of which 356 590 household waste(mostly park and garden waste)945 550 tonnes of which 225 320 household waste (plus 79320 tonnes digested at waste water treatment plants)

Trend (for foodwaste):Trend:Products: compost used mainly in soil improvment agents or soil mixes. Products: biofertilizer recycled to farming land and biogas used mainly as a vehicle fuel47Food waste recycling in the waste hierarchy

Recycling of nutrientsEnergy recovery by biogas productionTotal waste reduction by improved environmental awarnessThe development has been based on the so called european waste hierarchy, stating that the waste treatment shall, as far as possible, be prioritised in the following way: prevention, reuse, materialrecycling, other recycling, e.g. waste-to-energy, disposal.

The reason for sorting out food waste, from a waste management perspective, is and has been in the first hand recycling of valuable nutrients to farming land. This is the reason the earlier composting activities started. The energy recovery perpective, thus the transfer from composting to anaerobic digestion came later. It gives a much better environmental benifit and resource efficiency,. But the main reason is recycling of valuable nutrients to farming land.

In addition, sorting out food waste, has been shown to have a postive effect also on the first and most important step in the waste hierarchy waste reduction. Studies shows that the total amount of waste generated in a household decreases in households that starts to sort out food waste probably beacuse of the positive effect on environmental awarness that it gives.

48Use of biogas from wasteVehicle gas 511 GWhElectricity - Heating 24 GWhFlaring 32 GWh

During 2013, 511 GWh vehicle-fuel was produced from waste corresponding to the need of about 30 000 carsThrough anaerobic digestion of biological waste, biogas, consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced. Biogas is renewable and can be used, after upgrading, as an environmentally sound vehicle fuel or for heating. The biogas produced from waste, corresponds with over 30 million liters of petrol/gasoline.

49

Digestate certified recycling939800 tonnes of digestate was produced 2013

Nearly 100 % was used in agriculture as bio-fertiliser

Around 90 % of the digestate is certified

50The digestate prduced from anaerobic digestion of food waste is an excellent fertilizer with a high nutrient content. Using digestate instead of mineral fertilizer returns nutrients to the soil, including phosphorus, which is a finite resource.

Digestate is a very important product, because if its not used in the fields, and for example incinerated instead, we lose many of the important plant nutrients thats in the food waste. We want to close the recycling loop for the plant nutrients.

In Sweden facilities that produce compost or digestate from separated biowaste, including food waste, can be certification and use a quality label on their product. Around 90 percent of all digestate used in agriculture today is certified according this system. The certification put requirements on the whole handling chain from waste to end product. There are also requirements on how the process is conducted. The system was introduced 15 years ago and is owned by Avfall Sverige.

Generation of district heating and electricity

Covers around 20 % of the total district heating in Sweden, equals the needs of 950 000 homesProduces electricity corresponding to the needs of 260 000 homesAdvanced and secure flue gas treatment Most of the rest-products can be recycled

Total energy production 2013:District heating: 13,7 TWhElectricity: 1,8 TWh(including industral waste)Waste-to-energy is an effective and environmentally safe method for producing energy from waste, well established in Sweden. It provides both heat and electricity. Waste-to-energy is a method well suited for waste which cannot be treated in any other way.All cities have large district heating systems which need energy most of the year, benefiting from the waste-to-energy plants spread among the country.

Rest products are landfilled or recycled:Bottom ash (15-20 % weight) is recycledFly ash (3-5 % weight) is deposited/recycled

51

Energy recovery of waste32 plants:Receiving 50 000 750 000 tonnes yearlyRecovering yearlytotally 5 279 000 tonnes of which 2 236 000 tonnes municipal wasteGate fee approx 370-660 SEK/tonnes (average 485 SEK)

The most energy efficient plants in the world0,00,51,01,52,02,53,0SwedenCzech RepublicDenmarkNorwayFinlandSwitzerlandThe NetherlandsGermanyHungeryFranceItalySpainBelgiumPortugalAustriaGreat BritainMWh/tonElectricityHeatRecovered energy per tonne household waste incineratedIf industrial waste was included in the diagram the Swedish result would be almost 3 MWh/tonnes55Efficient and clean waste incineration

With the background of waste playing such an important role in the energy system of the country, it has been essential to meet up on new environmental demands.

Sweden has had strict standards limiting emissions from waste incineration since the mid-1980s. Since then, incineration capacity has trebled and energy production has increased five-fold, while most emissions have fallen by between 90 and 99 percent. This is thanks to ongoing technical development and better waste sorting.

For example, emissions of heavy metals from waste incineration into the air have fallen by almost 99 per cent since 1985. The total emissions of dioxins from all of the countrys waste incineration plants have fallen from around 100 g to less than 1 gram during the same period.

Waste incineration and dioxin has a connection, but when this was first highlighted and discovered in the 80thies, a lot of efforts were made to solve the problem.

56Clean waste incinerationMost emissions decreased with 90-99 % since 1985:Strict emission regulations Fee on NOx (nitrooxygen)

With the background of waste playing such an important role in the energy system of the country, it has been essential to meet up on new environmental demands.

Sweden has had strict standards limiting emissions from waste incineration since the mid-1980s. Since then most emissions have fallen by between 90 and 99 percent. This is thanks to ongoing technical development and better waste sorting.

The emission standards has been supplemented with a fee on NOx (nitrooxygens) based on total amount of Nox-emissions.

57Reduced weight and volume15-20 weight% bottom ash3-5 weight% fly ash

58

From landfills to modern recycling facilities(Illustrator: Per Josefsson)

When the need of landfill capacity is decreasing, the landfill areas have been transferred into modern recycling facilities, preparing and pre-treating the waste for further treatment. Typical activities are: -collection and recovery of landfill gas,-sorting of bulky waste,-sorting of slag from waste to energy plants-seasonal storage of cumbustible waste-composting of garden waste-biological treatment of contaminated soil, etc.

2013: 1391900 tonnes of waste was alndfilled of which 33 300 tonnes householdwaste.59

An integrated part of a holistic system

ProductsMaterial recyclingWasteIncinerationLandfillVehicle fuelBiogasCooling/ heating productionBiosolidsFarmsSewage water cleaningAnaerobic digestion

Electricity productionOther fuelsHouseholdsTo be able to use the resoureces in the most sustainable and efficient way, all technical infrastructure systems are connected. This is the principal model for a Swedish sustainable city. The waste management system is integrated in the heating system, the sewage water cleaning system, the vehicle fuel system, the food production system, etc. 61Part 4Waste EconomyMeans of ControlSuccess FactorsChallengesVision and Long Term Goals62Waste economyMunicipal waste: All costs covered by municipal waste fees (not by taxes) The fee is decided by each municipal boardNon-profitAllowed to be differentiated to encourage source separation for recycling

Municipal waste within producers responsibility:Costs covered by a fee added to the price of every productThe fee is decided by the producers

Municipalities and producers handle the management of household waste. The municipal costs are charged as a separate waste collection fee while the producers costs as a fee included in the price of the product. The local councils set the municipal waste collection fees and the producers decide on the amount of the product fee.

Many municipalities which introduced the voluntary collection of food waste, use the fee as a means of control. Those who choose a food waste subscription pay a lower fee than those who choose to deposit mixed waste.

63Waste feeAverage yearly fee per household 2011:

Houses: 211 EURAppartments: 135 EUR

Average daily fee per householdThe average fee for a household is 5.50 SEK/day (about 50 cent) This is corresponding to about a fourth of the prices for a swedish newspaper or sending 8 SMSs.

The fee includes costs for -collection, including the service costs at the recycling centres for the collection and handling of bulky waste and hazardous household waste. -treatment -administration, such as waste planning, customer service, invoicing and information

The fee is often based on one fixed and one variable fee. The base fee is in average 40 % of the total fee. About 30 municipalities use weight based fee.

64Costs for municipal waste management

Cost for municipal waste management, 2010, averageThe fee includes costs for -collection, including the service costs at the recycling centres for the collection and handling of bulky waste and hazardous household waste. -treatment -administration, such as waste planning, customer service, invoicing and information

The fee is often based on one fixed and one variable fee. The base fee is in average 40 % of the total fee. About 30 municipalities use weight based fee.

65

Means of controlEnvironmental objectivesGovernment regulations, bans, and taxes, for example:Tax on landfilling (since 2000)Ban on landfilling of combustible waste since 2002Ban on landfilling of organic waste since 2005Differentiated municipal waste tariffsMunicipal waste planning and regulationsInformation and communication

There are several ways to reduce the environmental impact of waste management, improve resource efficiency and increase recycling. They can either be information-based or administrative or financial means of control.

68Important success factorsWaste management is a public serviceClear division of roles and responsibilities Clear national environmental targets showing the direction and long-term regulations and economical steering instrumentsCo-operation between municipalitiesCollaboration between public and private sectorsHolistic system view- an integrated part of the sustinable cityCo-operation within municipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements)A system based on source separation with focus on communication and public engagementA system based on resource recovery

69Generated household waste in Sweden is predicted to double 2010-2030 (Swedish EPA)

Generated waste world wide is predicted to rise with 72 % 2010-2025(What a Waste-A global review of Solid Waste Management, mars 2012, World Bank Group)

We have come very far in our efforts and reached zero landfill. But of course we have a lot of improvments to do. -The waste is increasing to much-We need to seperate out more materials and food.

About 60 % of the waste that goes to energy recovery is waste that could have been sorted out for material recovery. We have set up new national goals for this.

Most important for us now is to work with waste prevention - makes most environmental benefit.Focus wastes identified as giving most postive environmental impact if not generated are for example food waste,textiles, construction- and demolition waste and electronic waste. This is where we put focus right now among the municipalities and national goals are being set up for this. 70Avfall Sveriges visionBNPEconomic growthGenerated waste Zero waste! Long-term goals until 2020:Decoupling between generated waste and economic growth Strong upward movement in waste hierarchy

There is no waste or zero-waste. This is AvSV vision for the future. It does NOT mean we are working towards recover or recycle all household waste, but that we should strive towards not generating any waste. Utopia? We can not have anything but a 0-vision for waste its not creadible - particularly when we say we are working with environmental issues, for a better environment.To achieve this vision we have set some long term goals for 2020:- To decouple the connection between amount of waste and economic growth. To move even stronger, faster up in the waste hiearchy. 71Contact and informationFind information and down-loads about Swedish waste management at www.avfallsverige.se/in-english

The folder Swedish Waste Management is updated regularly