E waste management issues

E-Waste Management Issues

Dr. Dr. GunwantGunwant JoshiJoshiFormer Chief Chemist, Monitoring, ERC & Central LaboratoryFormer Chief Chemist, Monitoring, ERC & Central LaboratoryMP MP Pollution Control Board, BhopalPollution Control Board, Bhopal

GO GO -- GREENGREEN

It is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances operated using electricity and battery. “e-waste” meansWaste electrical & electronicEquipment (WEEE) , in whole or in part or rejects from Their manufacturing & repair process, which are intended to be discarded.

These are those electronic equipments/ products that connect with power plug or batteries which have become obsolete due to :- advancement in technologychanges in fashion, style and status- changes in fashion, style and status- nearing the end of their useful life

ComputersAir Conditioner

Irons

MobilePhones

Freezers & refregerators Washing Machine Cartridges Military electronics Mother Boards Alarm Sirens Automobile Catalytic Converter Sensors

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Laptops

Telephone

Printers

Drill Machines

Irons

TreadmillsLaptops

Irons

Batteries & Cells

Sensors CDs Security Devices Camera electronics Batteries & Cells. Solar panels Compact Fluorescent

Lamps (CFL) and othermercury containing Lamps

Changes and Advancement in technologyChanges in fashion, style, and statusChanging configurationAttractive offers from manufacturersSmall life of equipmentsCell phone upgrades Digital TV Conversion Software upgrades Can't change the battery in your iPod Disposable printers

Small business and House hold.Large businesses.Institutions and Government offices.Equipment manufacturers.Equipment manufacturers.All users including

At least 57 elements are used in EEEPrinted WiringBoards(PWB)Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)

Many of these Hazardous materials are valuable

8(Source: Behrendt et al. 2007)

Nicht gleich WertNicht gleich Wert

Hazardous substances in EEESubstance Occurence in EEE Possible adverse effectsPBDEs andPolyBrominatedbiphenyls

Flame retardants in plastics Hormonal effects, under thermal treatment possible formation ofdioxines and furanesPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) Condensers, transformers Cancer, effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, endocrine system and other health effects

© Empa/Switzerland, 20 July 2009 9

system and other health effectsChlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Cooling units, insulation foam deleterious effect on the ozone layer -> increased incidence of skin cancer / genetic damageAmericium (Am) Smoke detectors radioactive elementAntimony Flame retardants in plastics carcinogenic potential

Hazardous substances in EEESubstance Occurence in EEE Possible adverse effectsArsenic gallium arsenide in light emitting diodes skin diseases, decrease nerve conduction velocity, lung cancer Barium Getters in CRT brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver & spleenCadmium NiCd-batteries, fluorescent layer (CRT screens), printer inks &toners

symptoms of poisoning (weakness, fever, headache, chills, sweating and muscular pain), lung cancer and kidney damage

© Empa/Switzerland, 20 July 2009 10

printer inks &toners and kidney damageChromium VI Data tapes, floppy-disks irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes, DNA damage

Lead CRT screens, batteries, printed wiring boardsvomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, coma or even death, appetite loss, abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, sleeplessness, irritability and headache

Mercury Fluorescent lamps, some alkaline batteries, switches brain and liver damage

Source of e-wastes

Constituent (Valuable)

Uses

Cable, Housing Plastics InsulationFunnel glass in Lead, gold Metal joining, Funnel glass in CRTs, PWB

Lead, gold Metal joining, Connectivity

Housing, PWB, CRT

Mercury, Zinc Batteries, switches

Housing, CRT, PWB, connectors

Aluminum, SilverCopper, iron

Conductivity, magnetivity

Primary vs. secondary ore depositsMetal Concentration in Primary Ore[g/t]

Secondary Ore [g/t]Device PWB

Gold 9 280 1’400Palladium 5 73 370Platinum 3 3 14Gallium 100 23 118Lithium 7’000-20’000 10’000-20’000 (Battery)

Source

: Empa,

Graede

l

International cooperation?

GuiyuDakar

14

Cape TownBangalore

Bogotá

1200 tons of scrap / yr , Only 11% of e-waste get recycled India's hospitals to see patients with 10 times the expected level of lead in their bloodexpected level of lead in their blood In India, a water sample revealed levels of lead 190 times as high as the drinking water standard set by the World Health Organization.

Old computers and, mobiles are being dumped inAsia where they are releasing toxic materials into theenvironment. A pile of 500 computers contains 717kg of lead,1.36kg of cadmium, 863 grams of chromium and 287grams of mercury – all poisonous metals.

CRT tubes contain avg. of 1.8Kg of lead. CRT tubes contain avg. of 1.8Kg of lead. Thousands of children throughout the India areattending schools that were built on or near toxicwaste sites, with increased risk of developing asthma,cancer, learning disorders and other diseases linkedto environmental pollutants.

unhealthy conditions of informal recyclingpoor awarenessInsignificant impact of organised Scientific recyclersReluctance on part of the corporate to address the issues

Adverse effects on the environment and human healthduring the informal recycling.

Resources are wasted when economically valuablematerials are either dumped or harvested wastefully.

The Scientific recycling is still not effective and economically attractive proposition

Principle of Integrated Solid Waste ManagementREDUCE at SourceREUSERECYCLERECOVER

RESIDUESonly to be disposed

Issues related to improper treatment of e-waste

21Ref: Sepúlveda, A, Schluep M, et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical & electronic equipments during recycling:Examples from China & India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 30(1):28–41.

Operations in small congested unsafe areas

Unsafe transportation of E-Waste

Material recovery by crude methodsCause poisonous emissions

These emissions include 500 times more poisonous gases than air pollution from any other sources [PCBs,PAHs, Furans & Dioxins]

Ye hai khatron se anjan

Manual dismantling : No machines Higher exposure & Body burden

E waste recycling is a cottage industry

Occupational health & safety neglected

Labour intensive Industry –Asian Labour : Cheap labour = Child labour

Poison Capsules!

Batteries have toxic constituents such as cadmium and brominated flame-retardants and are replaced at least once before retiring the phones. Indian mobile phone users have exceeded over 120 million by 2010, making telecom sector one of the most lucrative markets.2010, making telecom sector one of the most lucrative markets. The advent of ‘use and throw’ , ‘low value-low life’ CHINA MOBILES has caused havoc in e-waste.

Is India graveyard for e-waste ?

Cheap labor to dismental & DisposeUS - $ 30/ computerIndia - $ 2/ computerSaving - $ 28/ computer Saving - $ 28/ computer

Weak environmental laws Excess dumping of CRT tubes due to the ramp walk of flat screen monitors Driven by the potential for corporate profits

Air Pollution?

Scrap or

The ColorfulPOISON ?

UnorganisedE-WasteRecycling

State T/aMaharashtra 20,170.59Tamil Nadu 13,486.24Andhra Pradesh 12,780.33Uttar Pradesh 10,381.11West Bengal 10,059.36

City T/aMumbai 11,071.10New Delhi 9,730.00Bangaluru 4,648.40Chennai 4,132.20Kolkata 4,025.30West Bengal 10,059.36

New Delhi 9,729.11Karnataka 9,118.74Gujarat 8,994.33Madhya Pradesh 7,800.62Punjab 6,958.46

Kolkata 4,025.30Ahemdabad 3,287.50Hyderabad 2,833.50Pune 2,584.20Surat 1,836.50Nagpur 1,765.90

• Generation of 3,89,400 tons E-waste/annum• includes ~56,000 tons of PCs and ~50,000 tons import by other means.• Estimate indicates 4,70,000 tons of IT related E-waste by 2011• Current status indicates 5,60,000 MT in 2014

78,000

Key message 1

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E-waste is the fastest growing waste stream

Key message 2

E-waste can contain hazardous substances and

42

E-waste can contain hazardous substances and its improper treatment leads to adverse effects for human health and the environment

Key message 3

E-waste contains valuable resources and offers

43

E-waste contains valuable resources and offers opportunities for urban mining & job creation

Indians upgrade or exchange their cell phones every 18months, meaning there are approximately 16 millionunused mobile phones stashed away at home or in theoffice Average working life of a mobile phone is 7 years butworldwide the average consumer changes their mobileevery 11 monthsevery 11 months Indians purchased 40 million mobile phones in past 5years including 12 million in 2010

In India E-waste is generated from ..• Individual Households• Public & Private sectors• Government Offices & Institutions• Computer Retailers & Service Centers• ManufacturersEstimate indicates generation of 4,70,000 tons of IT related E-waste by 2011E-waste by 2011

Around 2124 tons of electronic scrap is produced by Manufactures & Assemblers a year.Out of this about 95% of E-waste in India is recycled by Back yard recyclers and only 5% of E-waste is recycled by the formal sector, as per the study jointly conducted by German Technical Co-operation (GTZ), Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB), and Manufactures Association of Information Technology (MAIT) during 2007.

Level 1

Estimated e-waste generation/year: 382,979 MTImports: 50,000 MTLevel 2

Level 3

50,000 MT

E-waste processedOnly 19,000 MT:

E-waste available for recycling & refurbishing: 144,143 MT

Source: MAIT-GTZ study 2007

2012 total:~45 mln tonnes

E-wasteis thefastest fastest groing waste

Composed of Hazardous Materials Products are quickly obsolete and discardedElectronic products are difficult to recycleDiscarded electronics are managed badlyMost e-waste goes to LandfillsMost recyclers don’t recycle , they export

Rapid Rapid Technology Technology

ChangesChanges

IncreasedIncreasedConsumerConsumerElectronicElectronicPurchasesPurchases

More More eWasteeWaste

MoreMoreHazardousHazardousMaterialsMaterials

LandfilledLandfilled

IncreasingIncreasingHumanHumanHealthHealthRisksRisks

BURNING PROBLEM• Collection, handling, dismantling, segregation,recovery processes are mostly carried out bychildren, school drop-outs and illiterates• E-waste management, recycling etc. done bybackyard practitioners using child labour• Inefficient recovery of resources due tounscientific methods

Handling of hazardous chemicals to retrieve• Handling of hazardous chemicals to retrievevaluable metals causes emissions of toxic gases• Carried out in open areas withinsettlements, no protection ofneighborhood, environment andown health• Discharge of residues andremnants into near by drainsand open spaces

bizarre crafts created from e-waste.

National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006 Encourages recycling and reuse; requires environmentally safe disposal

of residues Gives legal recognition to and strengthen the informal sectorE-waste (Management and Handling) Rules Draft published in May 2010 under the E(P) Act, 1986; E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2011 notified by the Government on 12.5.2011 and applicable w.e.f. 1.5.2012. Authorisation and registration of e-waste managing companies Authorisation and registration of e-waste managing companies Imposition of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Mandate for financing and organizing an e-waste system Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) mandatoryE-waste Guidelines Guidelines published by CPCB in 2008 Guidelines required to specify framework Effective participation & adequate investments by responsible actors still

lacking and very much needed. E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2015 draft notification by

the Government on 10 June2015 likely to be enforced soon

Industry-manufacturers, Producers Product supply chain Links Corporate/Bulk Users Recyclers – Informal & Formal Government & Regulatory Agencies Government & Regulatory Agencies Municipalities or local self government Industry Associations Research Institutions & Experts General Public/Consumers/Users NGOs Financial Institutions

This Rules shall apply to every: Producer(s), Dealer(s), Collection centre(s), Refurbisher(s), Dismantler(s), Dismantler(s), Recycler(s), Auctioneer(s) Consumer(s) or bulk consumer(s)

involved in the manufacture, processing, sale, purchase of electrical and electronic equipment or components as specified in schedule-I

This Rules shall not apply to:(a) Batteries as covered under the Batteries (M & H )Rules,2001 made under the Act:(a) Micro and small enterprises as defined in the Micro,Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006(27 of 2006): and(a) Radio-active wastes as covered under the provisions ofthe Atomic Energy Act,1962 (33of 1962) and rulesmade there after.

Responsibilities of the producer; 1-9 :-1. Collection of e-waste generated during the manufacture of

electrical and electronic equipment and channelizing it forrecycling or disposal;

2. Collection of e-waste generated from the end of life of theirproducts in line with the principle of ‘Extended Producerproducts in line with the principle of ‘Extended ProducerResponsibility’ (EPR) and to ensure that such e-wastes arechannelized to registered dismantler or recycler, Producershall, as necessary, ensure collection and channelization byauthorizing collection agencies.

3. Setting up collection centers or take back systems eitherindividually[Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR)] or collectively;

4. Financing and organizing a system to meet the costs involvedin the environmentally sound management of e-wastegenerated from the ‘end of life’ of its own products and historicalwaste available on the date from which these rules come intoforce. The financing arrangement of such a system shall betransparent. The producer may choose to establish such asystem either individually or by joining a collective scheme.system either individually or by joining a collective scheme.

5. Providing contact details such as address, telephone numbers / helpline number of authorized collection centers to consumer(s) or bulk consumer(s) so as to facilities return of used electrical and electronic equipment.

6. Creating awareness through publications, advertisements, posters, or board any other means of communication and information booklets accompanying the equipments with regard to :

i. information on hazardous constitution as specified in sub-rule 1 of rule 13 in electrical and electronic equipment;

ii. information on hazards of improper handling, accidental breakage, damage and/or importer recycling of e-waste. breakage, damage and/or importer recycling of e-waste.

iii.Instructions for handling the equipment after its use along with the Do’s and Don’ts;

iv.Affixing a visible, legible and indelible symbol given below on the products or information booklets to prevent e-waste from being dropped in garbage bins containing waste destined for disposal.

7. Obtaining an authorization from the concernedState Pollution Control Board of Pollution ControlCommittee in accordance with the procedure underrule 9;

8. Maintaining records in Form-2 of the e-wastehandled and make such records available for scrutinyby the State Pollution Control Board or the Committeeby the State Pollution Control Board or the Committeeconcerned.

9. Filing annual returns in Form-3, to the State PollutionControl Board or Pollution Control Committeeconcerned, on or before the 30th day of June followingthe financial year to which that return relates.

Responsibilities of collection centers; a-ea) Obtain an authorization in accordance with the procedure under rule 9

from the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committeeconcerned as the case may be and provide details such as address,telephone numbers/helpline number, e-mail, etc. of such collectioncentre to the general public.

b) Ensure that the e-waste collected by them is stored in a securedmanner till it is sent to registered dismantler (s) or recycler (s) as themanner till it is sent to registered dismantler (s) or recycler (s) as thecase may be;

c) Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storing andtransportation of e-waste.

d) File annual returns in Form-3, to the State Pollution Control Board orPollution Control Committee concerned on or before the 30th day ofJune following the financial year to which that return relates; and.

e) Maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form-2 and make suchrecords available for scrutiny by the State Pollution Control Board or thePollution Control Committee concerned.

Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumeri. Consumers or Bulk consumers of electrical and

electrical equipment listed in Schedule-I shall ensure the e-waste generated by them is channelised to authorized collection center(s) or registered dismantler (s) or recycler(s) or is returned to the pick-up or take back services provided by the producers; and provided by the producers; and

ii. Bulk consumers shall maintain records of e waste generated by them in Form 2 and make such records available for scrutiny by the SPCB or the Committee concerned

Responsibilities of dismantler; i-viiii. To obtain authorization &get registered from the SPCB in accordance with the procedure under the rules 9 and 11;

ii. Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of e-waste.

iii. Ensure dismantling processes do not have any adverse effect on the health and the environment;

iv. Ensure that the facility and dismantling processes are in accordance with the standards or guidelines published by the CPCB from time to time.the CPCB from time to time.

v Ensure that dismantled e-waste are segregated and sent to the registered recycling facilities for recovery materials;

vi. Ensure that non-recyclable/non-recoverable components sent to authorized treatment, storage & disposal facilities.

vii. File a return in Form-3 to the SPPCB or PCC on or before 30th June following the financial year to which return relates;

viii. Not to process any e-waste for recovery or refining of material, unless registered with SPCB as a recycler.

Responsibilities of recycler, 1-51. To obtain authorization and registration SPCB in accordance

with the procedure under the rules 9 and 11.2. Ensure that the facility and recycler processes are in

accordance with the standards laid down in the guidelines published by the CPCB from time to time.

3. Make available all records to the Central or State PCB or PCC 3. Make available all records to the Central or State PCB or PCC of Union territories for inspection.

4. Ensure that residue generated thereof is disposed of in a hazardous waste treatment storage disposal facility[HWTSDF]

5. File annual in Form-3 to the SPCB or PCC concerned as the case may be or before 30th June following the financial year to which that return relate.

Schedule-I, ii. Consumer electrical and electronics :Television sets including sets based on (L C D and L E D technology), Refrigerators,Washing Machines, Air-conditioners (excluding centralized air conditioning plants).

Sr. No. AUTHORITY CORRESPONDING DUTIES1. Central Pollution

Control Board, (i) Coordination with State Pollution Control Boards/ Committees ofUnion territories.

(ii) Preparation of Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Managementof e-waste.

(iii) Conduct assessment of e-waste generation and processing.(iv) Recommend standards and specifications for processing and

recycling e-waste.(v) Documentation, compilation of data on e-waste and uploading on

SCHEDULE - III(see rules 14))

LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND CORREPONDING DUTIES

websites of Central Pollution Control Board.(vi) Conducting training & awareness programmes.(vii)Submit Annual Report to the Ministry.(viii)Any other function delegated by the Ministry under these rules.(ix) Enforcement of provisions regarding reduction in use of hazardous

substances in manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment.(x) Initiatives for IT industry for reducing hazardous substances.(xi) Set targets for compliance to the reduction in use of hazardous

substance in manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment.(xii)Incentives and certification for green design/products.

3. Urban Local Bodies(Municipal Committee/ Council /Corporations)

(i) To ensure that e-waste if found to be mixed with Municipal Solid Waste is properly segregated , collected and is channelized to either authorized collection centre or dismantler or recycler.(ii) To ensure that e-waste (ii) To ensure that e-waste pertaining to orphan products is collected and is channelized to either authorized collection centre or dismantler or recycler.

Forms Application For To be submitted To Form 1 Obtaining authorisation for Generation/collection/ Transport/Storage/Dismantling/Recycling/Disposal State Pollution Control Board

Form 2 Form for maintaining records of E-waste handled State Pollution Control Board

Authorization Application

Keeping record of e waste handled

Filing returns up till 30th june each year

Form 3 Form for filing annual returns of Sale, Collection, Dismantling and Recycling before 30th of June every year State Pollution Control Board

Form 4 Form for Registration of Dealers and Refurbisherfacilities possessing Environmentally Sound Management Practice for Recycling E-waste State Pollution Control Board

Form 5 Form for annual report to be submitted by the Sate pollution control board/committees to the CPCB From SPCB to CPCB

Filing returns up till 30th june each year

For Registration of Dealers & Refurbishers

For Annual report of SPCB to CPCB

Preliminary inventory of E-waste is done inBhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Sagar,Ujjain, Dhar and Satna cities.

E-waste awareness among the school children through NGOsthrough NGOs

Organized stakeholders Workshops at Bhopal, Indore & SatnaPrinting and distribution of Pamphlets Circular from Govt. of MP (GAD) with reference

to environmentally safe disposal of e-waste.

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0703 E-waste recycling facilities-2302

E Waste Recycling Process…E Waste Recycling Process…E-WASTE

SEGREGATION

SHREDDINGGLASS

ALUMINIUM IRON NON-FERROUSPLASTIC ALUMINIUM IRON NON-FERROUS

METALLURGICAL PROCESS

METALS

RECYCLABLE NON-RECYCLABLE

Pyrolysis

CARBON BLACK Furnace Oil Gas

PLASTIC

Facilities Available with different Registered Recyclers

CRT cutting facility


Automated Dismantling & segregation facility





It’s a long way to goPress harder and faster

It will, however, be an optional financial mechanism for effective implementation of Èxtended Producer Responsibility' that

Guided by ‘Polluter pays’ principle the Concept of Extended producer responsibility is introduced

Èxtended Producer Responsibility' that makes the producers or manufacturers responsible for collection of e-waste as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner.

Though the responsibility to implement these rules will lie with the state governments, new economic instruments of è-waste exchange' and `deposit refund scheme' will act as incentives for consumers to voluntarily adopt the system of waste management.Under the `deposit refund scheme',Under the `deposit refund scheme',the manufacturer or producer will charge an additional amount as deposit at the time of sale of electronic or electrical equipment. It will be returned to the consumers along with interest when the end-of-life equipment is returned.