Thiết kế hệ thống quản lí chất thải rắn đô thị cho quận 2

KHOA : MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC B MN : MI TRNG NHIM V N ( Mn hc: Qun l cht thi rn )B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH TP. HCM

H v tn sinh vin: Nhm 91. T Quang Cng2. Lm Vn Phc3. Nguyn Minh Qun4. Phan nh Tn5. Nguyn Minh Long1 .Tn n:Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hoch n nm 20352 .Nhim v ( yu cu n dung v s liu ban u ): Thu thp nhng s liu sn c v h thng qun l cht hi rn th ti Qun 2: dn s,tc pht sinh cht thi rn , ngun pht sinh cht thi rn , hin trng thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn , cng ngh x l cht thi rn. Tnh ton tc pht sinh dn s cht thi rn ca qun n nm 2035 Tnh tn s xe thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn theo phng n qun l v phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun e xut cng ngh thch hp x l, ti ch v chn lp hp v sinh cho qun3 .Yu cu bo co thuyt minh: A4

Thuyt minh trnh by nhng c im c bn v t nhin( v tr, a cht, thy vn, tnh hnh dn s v c cu cc ngnh ngh ca qun) c im v thnh phn cht thi rn ca qun: khi lng ( da trn tnh ton tc pht sinh dn s v pht sinh cht thi rn n nm 2035), thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht thi rn. e xut phng n qun l cht thi rn cho qun: h thng thu gom, trung chuyn, vn chuyn, trm trung chuyn, x l ( t, compost, biogas), ti ch, bi chn lp. Tnh ton c th cc cng trnh thu gom trung chuyn, vn chuyn Tnh ton kinh t cho h thng4. S bn v yu cu: 2 bn v kh A3 Bn v mt bng ca qun Bn v s vch tuyn thu gom cht thi rn (c h thng im hn thu gom v vn chuyn)5 . Ngy giao n: 30/09/20116 . Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 18/11/2011Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035

Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035

7 . H tn ngi hng dn: Th.s .V Hi YnTrang 2GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9

Trang 1GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9

MC LC Phn mtLI M U1.1 t vn 1.2 Mc ch nghin cu ca ti1.3 Ni dung nghin cu1.4 Phng php nghin cu1.41. Phng php lun1.42. Phng php c th1.5 Phm vi gii hn ca ti1.6 ngha khoa hc v thc tinCHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CHT THI RN TH V CC VN LIN QUANI. KHI NM C BN V CHT THI RN1. nh ngha2. Ngun gc to thnh cht thi rn th3. Phn loi cht thi rn th4. Thnh phn cht thi rn thII. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN1. Tnh cht vt l, ha hc , sinh hc ca cht thi rna. Tnh cht vt lb. Tnh cht ha hcc. Tnh cht sinh hcIII. TC PHT SINH CA CHT THI RN1. Cc phng php xc nh khi lng cht thi rna. o th tch v khi lngb. Phng php m tic. Phng php cn bng vt chtIV. NHIM MI TRNG DO CHT THI RN1. Anh hng ti mi trng t2. Anh hng n mi trng nc3. Anh hng ti mi trng khng kh4. Anh hng ti sc khe con ngi v cnh quan thV. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN1. Phng php n nh cht thi rn2. x l cht thi bng phng php sinh hc3. x l cht thi bng phng php t4. Phng php chn lp5. Cng ngh x l nhit phn rc tiCHNG II: GII THIU V H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TI TP. HCMI. HIN TRNG CHT THI RN TI TP. HCM1. Khi lng cht thi rn2. Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi rn3. Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot tai TP.HCMII. KHI QUT HN TRNG TH GOM V VN CHUY CTR SINH HOT TAI TP.HCM1. Tng quan v h thng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR sinh hot2. Thu gom s cp3. Thu gom th cpIII. HIN TRNG THU GOM, VN CHUYNIV. NH GI H THNG QUN L , THU GOM V VN CHUYN CHT THI RN SINH HOT TAI TP.HCM1. Cng tc qun l2. H thng thu gom vn chuyn3. Tnh hnh phn loi rc4. Ti ch5. X l rcCHNG III: TNG QUAN V QUN 2I.V TR A L

II.KH HU , THI TIT

III.HIN TRNG THU GOM RC

1. Lng thu gom rc

2. Quy trnh thu gom

3. Phng tin thu gom

PHN HAI: TNH TON THIT KI. CC THNG S TNH TONII. TNH TONPHN BA: XUT CC GII PHP QUN L CHT THI RN SINH HOT TI QUN 21. Mc tiu n nm 20352. xut bin php qun l^_3TX A A _1_ 71/ i /I _ 1_ ^. xut cng ngh x l, ti ch PHN BN: TNH TON CHI PH U TrHnh nh thu gom v ti ch rc thiLI M U1.1. t vn Trong nhng nm gn y, tc th ha v cng nghip ha trn phm vi c nc ang gia tng mnh m v s tip tc duy tr trong nhiu nm tip theo, lm cho nhu cu khai thc v tiu dng ti nguyn thin nhin ca con ngi cng khng ngng tng ln, lm ny sinh hang lot cc vn mi trng, chng ta s phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc t kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn. Cho n nay thc ca con ngi v mi trng vn cn hn ch. Hu nh tt c cc loi cht thi u trc tip vo mi trng m khng qua cng on x l no. nhim lng nc thi thng ra sng, h khong 510.000m3/ngy, cht thi rn khong 6.500 - 7000 tn/ngy.. cng vi vic s dng ha cht bo v thc vt qu nhiu, phn khc do s khai thc ti nguyn, thin nhin, khong sn ngy cng cn kt ca con ngi... nn v ang lm cho mi trng b nhim mt cch nng n. S nhim mi trng , ang v s nh hng nghim trng n con ngi v h sinh thi nh s tan bng hai cc ca tri t, gia tng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh, s nng ln ca tri t, bo, l lt... V vy vic bo v mi trng ang l vn cp bch khng cn l vn ring ca mt khu vc, mt quc gia no m l vn chung ca ton th gii. Trong ngun nhim ang nh hng rt ln n mi trng sng hin nay l cht thi rn sinh hot. Hu nh ton b lng rc sinh hot ca ngi dn c thu v BCL. Tuy nhin phn t dnh cho vic chn lp thnh ph khng cn nhiu cho nn vic rc vo bi chn lp nh hin nay l khng hp l, v lng rc thc phm chim t l rt cao so vi cc loi cht tia rn khc. y chnh l nguyn nhn gp phn vo vic tng chi ph x l cht thi rn ( xy dng bi chn lp hp v sinh, trm x l nc r r,..), trong khi thnh phn ny cng chnh l ngun nguyn liu di do cho cc nh my sn xut phn compost. Ngoi ra, cn c cc thnh phn c kh nng ti ch nh: giy, nilon,... nu c phn loi v ti ch, khng nhng gip gim chi ph qun l cht thi rn, m cn gip tit kim nhiu ti nguyn, v gim thiu tc ng tiucc n mi trng. Do vic tn ti nhng yu dim trn l l do ti c thc hin nhm gii quyt cc Yn bo v CTRSH hin nay ca qun 2 ni ring Tp. HCM ni chung.1.2. Mc ch nghin cu ca ti Trn c s kho st thu thp s liu, kt hp vi ti liu san c trong nhng nghin cu gn y Qun 2 Tp. HCM, n tp trung gii quyt nhng vn sau: iu tra kho st v hin trng ngun rc v hin trng qun l CTR tn a bn, tm ra gii php QLCTR gp phn nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc qun l v gim thiu nhim do thu gom v vn chuyn CTR cha hp l. D bo ti lng CTRSH ti Qun 2 Tp. HCM trong giai on 2009 - 2035. a ra cc gii php qun l nghin cu la chn phng n ti u cho h thng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l CTRSH.1.3. Ni dung nghin cu e thc hin c mc ch trn, cn phi trin khai cc ni dung sau: Thu thp cc s liu iu tra, kho st thc t trn a bn qun t nh gi v la chn bin php qun l CTRSH cho qun t 2009 - 2035. nh gi hin trng v d bo ti lng CTRSH ti qun giai on t 2009 - 2035. Trn c s la chn phng n, cng ngh ph hp cho vic qun l CTRSH nhm bo v mi trng, bo v sc khe cho cng ng dn c. Xy dng c s khoa hc phc v cho cng tc quy hoch qun l CTRSH nhm gp phn hn ch nhim mi trng, tit kim nguyn nhin liu v phng trnh s c nhim.1.4. Phng php nghin cu1.4.1. Phng php lun Da vo hin trng din bin mi trng, cc d liu mi trng c s phi c nghin cu, thu thp chnh xc, khch quan. T , nh gi phng n thc hin cn thit, nhm thc hin cng tc qun l MT t hiu qu. Vi s gia tng dn s, tc th ha, tng trng kinh t din ra mnh m, l tin cho ngun pht sinh CTRSH ngy cng gia tng cv mt khi lng v a dng v thnh phn. Trong khi h thng qun l CTR cng nh x l cha ph hp gy nhim nghim trng n mi trng v cuc sng ca con ngi. V vy vic kha st v xut bin php cng nh la chn cng ngh x l CTRSH mt cch ph hp cho tng lai l mt vn cp bch trong khong thi gian ny.1.4.2. Phng php c th Phng php thu thp d liuDo gii hn v thi gian v tm hiu mt phn ni dung ca n c bng cch thu thp s liu v ti liu trong ti liu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc c lin quan n nghin cu v cc kt qu phn tch t cc mu rc ca Q.2, cc cng thc v cc m hnh da trn cc ti liu c cng b rng ri. Phng php tnh ton d bo dn sPhng php d bo dn s c s dng trong lun vn d bo dn s v tc pht sinh cht thi rn ca Q.2 t nm 2009 n nm 2035 thng qua phng php Euler ci tin trn c s s liu dn s nm 2009 v tc gia tng dn s trong tng lai l (k ). Phng php tnh ton khi lng rc.1.5. Phm v v gii hn ca tiPhm v nghin cu : ti tp trung nghin cu cc vn lien quan n qu trnh thu gom v vn chuyn CTR SH ca qun 2i tng nghin cu chnh ca n l CTRSH ca cc h dn pht sinh ra Qun 2 Tp.HCM t 2009 - 2035.Qu trnh thc hin da trn c s tm hiu, nghin cu, tng hp lm r cc vn cn quan tmThi gian thc hin ti Ngy giao ti: 30/09/2011 Ngy np ti: 02/12/20111. 6 . ngha khoa hc v thc tin ngha khoa hc: ti cung cp mt s c s khoa hc phc v cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn CTRSH cho thnh ph ni chung v Qun 2 ni ring trong giai on 2009 - 2035 ngha thc trr. ti a ra gii php nhm : Thu gom hiu qu , trit lng cht thi rn pht sinh hng ngy , ng thi phn loi CTR ti ngun Nng cao hiu qu qun l CTRSH ti a phng , gp phn ci thin mi trng v sc khe cng ng . Gp phn to nn cng n vic lm , ngun thu nhp cho ngi dn lao ng ti a bn Qun 2.Phn mtChng I: TNG QUAN V CHT THI RNI. nh ngha cht thi rn:Theo quan nim chung cht thi rn l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong cc hot ng kinh t - x hi ca mnh (bao gm cc hot ng sn xut, cc hot ng sng v duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng). Trong quan trng nht l cc loi cht thi sinh ra t cc hot ng sn xut v hot ng sng.II. Ngun gc pht sinh cht thi rn th T cc khu dn c: Pht sinh t cc h gia nh thnh phn ny gm (Thc phm, giy, carton, plastic, g, thy tinh, cc kim loi khc...ngoi ra cn c mt s cht thi c hi nh sn, du, nht...) Rc ng ph: Lng rc ny pht sinh t hot ng v sinh h ph, khu vui chi gii tr v lm p cnh quan. Lng rc ny ch yu do ngi i ng v cc h dn sng hai bn ng x thi. Thnh phn ca chng c th gm cc loi nh: cnh cy, l cy, giy vn, bao nilon, xc ng vt cht. T cc trung tm thng mi: Pht sinh t cc hot ng bun bn t cc ch, ca hng bch ha, nh hng, khch sn, siu th, vn phng...Cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc khu thng mi bao gm giy, carton, nha, thc phm, thy tinh... T cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cng: Lng rc ny cng c thnh phn ging nh thnh phn rc t cc trung tm thng mi nhng chim s lng t hn. T cc hot ng xy dng th: Lng rc ny ch yu l x bn t cc cng trnh xy dng v lm ng giao thng. Bao gm cc loi cht thi nh g, thp, b tng, gch, ngi, thch cao. Rc bnh vin: Bao gm rc sinh hot v rc y t pht sinh t cc hot ng khm, cha bnh trong cc bnh vin, cc trm y tem cc c s t nhn... Rc y t c thnh phn phc tp bao gm cc loi bnh phm, kim tim, chai l cha thuc, cc l thuc qu hn s dng c kh nng ly nhim v nguy c truyn bnh rt cao nn cn c phn loi v thu gom hp l. T cc hot ng cng nghip: Lng rc ny c pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut ca cc x nghip, nh my sn xut cng nghip nh cc nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng, hng dt may, nh my ha cht, nh my lc du, nh my ch bin thc phm. Thnh phn ca chng cha thnh phn c hi rt ln.1. Phn loi cht thi rn thCht thi rn th c phn loi nh sau:a. Cht thi sinh hotCht thi rn sinh hot l nhng cht thi rn c thi ra do qu trnh sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi ti nh , chung c, c quan, trng hc, cc c s sn xut, h kinh doanh, khu thng mi v nhng ni cng cng khc.Cht thi rn sinh hot khng bao gm nhng cht thi nguy hi, bn cn, cht thi y t, cht thi rn xy dng v nhng cht thi t cc hot ng nng nghip.b. Cht thi rn cng nghipCht thi rn cng nghip l loi cht thi b loi b khi qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip. Lng cht thi ny cha phi l phn loi b cui cng ca vng i sn phm m n c th s dng lm u vo cho mt s nghnh cng nghip khc.c. Cht thi xy dngCht thi xy dng gm cc ph thi nh t , gch ngi, b tng, ct, si.. .do cc hot ng xy dng hay p ph cc cng trnh xy dng, cht thi xy dng gm:d. Cht thi nng nghipCht thi nng nghip l nhng cht thi ra t cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip nh trng trt, thu hoch cc loi cy trng, cc sn phm thi ra t ch bin sa, l git m.2. Thnh phn cht thi rn th.Bng lThnh phn cht thi rn th theo ngun pht sinhNgun pht sinh% Trng lng

Dao ngTrung bnh

Dn c & khu thng mi60-7062,0

Cht thi c bit (du m, bnh in)3-125,0

Cht thi nguy hi0,1-1,00,1

C quan, cng s3-53,4

Cng trnh xy dng8-2014

ng ph2-53,8

Khu vc cng cng2-53,0

Thy sn1,5-30,7

Bn t nh my3-86

100

(Ngun: George Tchobnagous, eta, Megraw - hll Inc, 1993) Bng 2: S thay i thnh phn cht rn sinh hot theo ma

Cht thi% Khi lng% Thay i

Ma maMa khGimTng

Thc phm11,113,521,0

Giy45,240,611,5

Nha do9,18,29,9

Cht hu c khc4,04,615,3

Cht thi vn18,74,015,3

Thy tinh3,52,528,6

Kim loi4,13,124,4

Cht tr v cht thi khc4,34,14,7

Tng100100

\111(Ngun: George Tchobanaglous v cng s)

Bng 3: Thnh phn ca rc thi th theo tnh cht vt lSTTThnh PhnT L (%)

Khong dao ngTrung bnh

Cht hu c

1Thc phm tha68,2 - 9079,1

2Giy1,0-19,75,18

3Giy carton0-4,60,18

4Nha0-10,82,05

5Nilon0-36,66,84

6Vi vn0-14,20,98

7Cao su mm0-00

8Cao su cng0-2,80,13

9G0-7,20,66

Cht v c

1Thy tinh0-25,01,94

2Lon hp0-10,21,05

3St0-00

4Kim loi mu0-3,30,36

5Snh s0-10,50,74

6Bng bng00

7X bn0-9,30,67

8Xp0-1,30,12

100

(Ngun: Trung tm Centema, 2002)

ca cht thi rn cc xe p rc dao ng t 200- 500kg/m3. Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn thit b thu gom v phng php x l. m.: m cht thi rn l t s gia lng nc c trong mt lng cht thi v khi lng cht thi . V d m ca thc phm tha: 70%, Giy: 60%, G: 20%, Nha: 2%.Kch thc v s phn b: Kch thc v s phn b cc thnh phn c trong CTR ng vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh thu gom phliu, nht l khi sdng phng php c hc nh sn quay v cc thit b phn loi t tnh.Kh nng gi nc thc t: Kh nng gi nc thc t ca CTR l ton b khi lng nc c th gi li trong mu cht thi di tc dng ca trng lc. Khnng gi nc ca CTR l mt ch tiu quan trng trong vic tnh ton, xc nh lng nc r r trong cc bi rc. Kh nng gi nc thc t thay i ph thuc vo lc nn vtrng thi phn huca CTR (khng nn) t cc khu dn c v thng mi dao ng trong khong 50- 60%.b. Tnh cht ho hc ca cht thi rnCc thng tin v thnh phn ho hc ca vt cht cu to nn CTR ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nh gi, la chn phng php x l v ti sinh cht thi. Nu CTR lm nhin liu cho qu trnh t th 4 tiu ch phn tch ho hc quan trng nht l:Phn tch gn ng s b: Phn tch gn ng s b i vi cc thnh phn c th chy c trong CTR bao gm cc th nghim sau: m hay thnh phn nc mt i khi em sy kh 105c trong mt gi. Cht d bay hi (theo khi lng bmt i khiem mu CTR sy 105c trong mt gi nung nhit 905c trong l kn). Carbon cnh l lng cacbon cn li sau khi loi cc cht Y c khc khng phi l cacbon trong tro khi nung 950c, hm lng ny thng chim khong 5 -12 % (trung bnh l 7%) . Cc cht Y c khc trong tro gm thu tinh, kim loi...i vi cc cht thi th, cc cht Y c chim khong 15 - 30%. Tro l thnh phn cn li sau khi t trong l nung h. Phn bay hi l phn cht hu c trong CTR. Thng thng, cht hu c dao ng trong khong 40 - 60 %. im nng chy ca tro.im nng chy ca tro c nh ngha l nhit m tro to thnh t qu trnh cht thi b t chy kt dnh to thnh dng x. Nhit do nng chy c trng i vi x t qu trnh t CTR th thng dao ng trong khong 1100 - 1200c. Phn tch thnh phn nguyn t to thnh cht thi rn: Phn tch thnh phn nguyn t to thnh cht thi rn ch yu xc nh phn trm (%) ca cc nguyn t c, H, o, N, s v tro. Trong sut qu trnh t CTR s sinh ra cc hp cht Clor ho nn phn tch cui cng cn quan tm ti xc nh cc halogen.Kt qu phn tch cui cng c s dng m t cc thnh phn ho hc ca cht hu c trong CTR. Kt qu phn tch cn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic xc nh t s C/N nhm nh gi cht thi rn c thch hp cho qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc hay khng.Nhit tr ca cht thi rn: Nhit tr l gi tr nhit c to thnh khi t CTR c thc xc nh bng mt trong cc phng php nh: S dng ni hi hay l chng ct quy m ln. S dng bnh o nhit tr (bm nhit lng) trong phng th nghim.Tnh ton theo thnh phn cc nguyn t ho hc.c. Tnh cht snh hoc ca cht thi rnS hnh thnh mi. Mi hi c th pht sinh khi CTR c lu tr trong khong mt thi gian di v tr thu gom, trm trung chuyn, bi chn lp, nhng vng kh hu nng m th tc pht sinh mi thng cao hn. S hnh thnh mi hi l kt qu phn hu ym kh cc thnh phn hu c c trong rc th.S pht trin ca rui: Vo ma h nhng vng c kh hu nng m th s sinh trng v pht trin ca rui l vn quan trng cn c quan tm ti ni lu tr CTR. S pht trin t trng thnh mi khong 9-11 ngy tnh t ngy trng, i sng ca mi nhng t khi cn trong trng cho n khi trng thnh c m t nh sau: Trng pht trin8- 12h Giai on u ca u trng20h Giai on hai ca u trng24h Giai on th 3 ca u trng3 ngy Giai on thnh nhng4 -5 ngyGiai on pht trin ca u trng trong cc thng cha rc ng vai tr rt quan trng v chim khong 5 ngy trong i sng ca rui. Vy nn thu gom CTR trong thi gian ny cc thng lu tr rng nhm hn ch s di chuyn ca cc loi u trng.4. S bin i tnh cht l hc, ho hc v sinh hc ca cht thi rnCc tnh cht ca CTR c thc bin i bng cc phng php , ho, sinh hc.Khi thc hin qu trnh bin i th mc ch quan trng nht mang li hiu qu bi v s bin i cc c tnh ca CTR c nh hng rt ln n k hoch pht trin v qun CTR.a. Bin i vt Phn loi CTR: Qa trnh ny nhm tch ring thnh phn cht thi rn nhm chuyn cht thi t dng hn hp thnh dng tng i ng nht thu hi cc thnh phn c th ti sinh, ti ch. Ngoi ra c th tch nhng thnh phn cht thi nguy hi v nhng thnh phn c kh nng ti thu hi nng lng.Gim th tch bng c hc: Phng php nn, p thng c s dng gim th tch cht thi, thng s dng nhng xe thu gom c lp ghp b phn p nhm lm tng khi lng rc thu gom trong mt chuyn. Nhng loi nh giy, carton, nha, lon nhm, lon thic khi thu gom thng c ng kin gim th tch cha, chi ph xl v vn chuyn, ng thi phng php ny cn lm tng thi hn ca cc bi chn lp cht thi. Gim kch thc bng c hc nhm lm gim cht thi c kch thc ng nht v nh hn kch thc ban u.b. Bin i ho hocBin i ho hc nhm lm thay i thnh phn cc pha (v d t rn sang lng, hoc rn sang kh). Mc ch l lm gim th tch v thu hi cc sn phm bin i bao gm cc phng php sau:t:t l phn ng ha hc gia oxy v cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi sinh ra cc hp cht thi b oxy ho cng vi s pht sng v to nhit.Lng khng kh cp dm bo qu trnh t xy ra hon ton, sn phm cui ca qu trnh t chy bao gm khng kh nng cha co 2 , H 2 o, khng kh d v phn khng chy cn li. Trong thc t ngoi nhng thnh phn ny cn c mt lng nh cc kh NH 3 , so 2 , NO X , v cc kh vi lng tu thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi.Nhit phtt:u ht cc cht hu c u khng bn vi qu trnh nung nng, chng c th b phn hu qua cc phn ng bi nhit v ngng t trong iu kin khng c oxy to thnh nhng sn phm dng rn, lng, kh.Kh ho: Qu trnh ny bao gm qu trnh t chy mt phn nhin liu Cacbon thu nguyn liu chy v kh co, H2 v mt s nguyn t hydrocacbon trong CH4.c. Chuyn ho sinh hcBin i sinh hc cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi vi mc ch l lm gim th tch v trng lng ca cht thi, sn xut phn compost, cc cht mn lm cho n nh t, kh mtan. Cc loi vi khun, nm, men ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic bin i cc cht hu c. Qu trnh bin i ny xy ra trong iu kin ym kh v hiu kh tu thuc vo s hin din ca oxy tn ti hai phng php l phn hu hiu kh v phn hu k kh.Qa trnh phn hu k kh: L qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht hu c trong cht thi rn th trong iu kin k kh xy ra theo 3 bc: Qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht c phn t lng ln thnh nhng hp cht thch hp l ngun nng lng. Qu trnh chuyn ho cc hp cht sinh ra t bc 1 thnh cc hp cht c nng lng thp hn. Chuyn i cc hp cht trung gian thnh cc sn phm ring l, ch yu l CH4 v C02.u im: Chi ph u t. Thu hi c kh phc v cho sn xut. Trong qu trnh s tn ti mt s loi vi sinh, vi khun gy bnh v nhit thp. Khi cht thi vi khi lng 1000 tn/ ngy mi c hiu qu v kinh t.Nhc im Thi gian phn hy xy ra kh lu t 4 - 12 thng. Kh sinh ra c mi hi v kh chu gy nh hng ti sc kho cng ng. Qu trnh phn hu hiu kh: Qu trnh ny da vo s hot ng ca vi khun hiu kh khi c mt ca oxy, khong hai ngy nhit tng vo khong 45 oc sau 6-7 ngy nhit t t 70 - 75% y l nhit thch hp cho vi sinh vt phn hucht hu c.u im Chi ph u t thp, sn phm phn hu thp. Cht thi phn hu nhanh sau 2- 4 tun. Vi sinh vt gy bnh b cht nhanh do nhit tng.Nhc im Chi ph x l cao. K thut phc tp. Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn duy tr mt sc trng trong qu trnh .5. Tc pht sinh cht thi rn. Cc phng php dng xc nh khi lng cht thi rnXc nh khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh v c thu gom l mt trong nhng im quan trng ca vic qun l CTR. Cc s liu nh gi thu thp v tng khi lng cht thi pht sinh cng nh khi lng CTR c s dng nhm: Hoch nh v nh gi kt qu ca qu trnh thu hi, ti sinh ti ch Thit k cc phng tin vn chuyn, thit b vn chuyn, x l cht thi rn.a. o th tch v khi lng: Trong phng php ny c khi lng hoc thtch ca CTR u c dng o c lng cht thi rn. Tuy nhin phng php o th tch thng c sai s cao trnh nhm ln lng CTR nn c biu din di dng khi lng, khi lng l thng s biu din chnh xc nht lng CTR v c th cn trc tip m khng cn kn mc nn p. Biu din bng khi lng cng cn thit trong tnh ton vn chuyn v lng cht thi c php chuyn ch n ng thng quy nh bi gii hn khi lng hn l th tch.b. Phng php m ti: Phng php ny da vo xe thu gom, c im v tnh cht ca ngun cht thi tng ng (loi cht thi, th tch c lng) c ghi nhn trong mt thi gian di. Khi lng cht thi pht sinh trong thi gian kho st (gi l khi lng n v) sc tnh ton bng cch s dng cc s liu thu thp c ti khu vc nghin cu trn v cc s liu bit.c. Phng php cn bng vt cht:y l phng php cho kt qu chnh xc nht, thc hin cho cc ngun pht sinh ring l nh cc h gia nh, khu thng mi, cc khu cng nghip. Phng php ny s cho nhng d liu ng tin cy cho chng trnh qun l CTR.Cc yu t nh hng ti tc pht sinh cht thi rn1. nh hng ca vic gim thiu v ti sinh cht thi ti ngun. C th ni vic gim cht thi ti ngun l phng php hiu qu nht nhm lm gim s lng CTR, gim chi ph phn loi v cc tc ng bt li do chng gy ra i vi mi trng. Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun pht sinh c th thc hin qua cc bc nh thit k, sn xut v ng gi sn phm sao cho lng cht thi ra chim mt lng nh nht, thtch vt liu s dng t nht v thi gian s dng ca sn phm di nht. Vic gim cht thi c th xy ra mi ni nh cc h gia nh, cc khu thng mi, cc khu cng nghip thng qua khuynh hng tm kim v mua nhng sn phm hu dng v vic c th ti s dng sn phm . Nhng trn thc t hin nay th gim thiu cht thi ti ngun cha c thc hin mt cch nghim ngt v ng b nn khng c tnh c nh hng ca cng tc gim cht thi ti ngun ti vic pht sinh cht thi. Tuy nhin n tr thnh yu t quan trng cn c nh nc v ngi dn quan tm gim lng cht thi trong tng lai.i vi cc h gia nh nn thc hin vic ti sinh cht thi ca khu dn c hot ng ny nh hng ln ti lng cht thi thu gom c th tip tc em x l hoc thi b.2. nh hng ca lut php.Yu t quan trng nht nh hng ti s pht sinh khi lng CTR l s ban hnh cc lut l, quy nh lin quan ti vic s dng cc vt liu v b ph thi..v d nhquy nh cc loi vt liu lm thng cha v bao b, quy nh v vic s dng ti vi, tigiy thay cho ti nilon.. .chnh cc quy nh ny khuyn khch vic mua bn v s dng li cc loi chai, l cha.3. thc ngi dnKhi lng CTR pht sinh s gim ng k nu ngi dn bng lng v sn sng thay i mun c nhn, tp qun v cch sng ca h duy tr, bo v ti nguyn thin nhin ng thi gim gnh nng v kinh t, iu ny c ngha quan trng trong cng tc qun l CTR. Chng trnh gio dc thng xuyn l c s dn n s thay i thi ca cng chng.4. S thay i theo ma y mun ni ti ma l tt v ma ging sinh, y l ma m nhu cu tiu dng ca con ngi gia tng ko theo lng rc thi ra mi trng cng tng theo. Ngoi ra lng rc thi sinh hot cn ph thuc vo thi tit nh ma h cc nc n i CTR thc phm cha nhiu rau v tri cy.III. nhim mi trng do cht thi rn1. nh hng ti mi trng t. Rc khi c vi sinh vt phn hu trong mi trng hiu kh hay k kh n s gy ra hng lot cc sn phm trung gian v kt qu l to ra cc sn phm C02 VCH4, v mt lng rc nh c th gy tc ng tt cho mi trng nhng khi vt qu kh nng lm sch ca mi trng th s gy nhim v thoi ho mi trng t. Ngoi ra i vi mt s loi rc khng c kh nng phn hu nh nha, cao su, ti ni lon tr ln rt ph bin mi ni, mi ch. y chnh l th phm ca mi trng v cu to ca cht nilon l nha PE, pp c thi gian phn hu t hn 10 nm n cnghn nm. Khi ln vo trong t n cn tr qu trnh sinh trng ca cy c dn ti xi mn t.Ti nilon lm tc cc ng dn nc thi, gy ngp lt cho th.Nu chng ta khng c gii php thch hp s gy thoi ho ngun nc ngm v gim ph nhiu ca t.2. nh hng ca cht thi rn cho mi trng nc. Hin nay do vic qun l mi trng khng cht ch dn ti tnh trng vt rc ba bi xung cc knh rch, lng rc ny chim ch yu l thnh phn hu c nn s phn hu xy ra rt nhanh v tan trong nc gy ra tnh trng nhim ngun nc nh gy ra mi hi thi v chuyn mu nc. Ngoi ra hin tng rc trn ng ph khngc thu gom, gp tri ma rc stheo nc ma chy xung cc knh rch gy ra tc nghn cc ng ng v nhim nc. cc bi chn lp rc nu khng qu l cht ch s gy ra tnh trng nc rc chy ra t sau ngm xung gy nhim tng nc ngm.st rt v cc bnh ngoi da khc. Ti cc bi rc l thin gy ra tinh trng nhim mi trng xung quanh gy nh hng rt ln ti sc khe con ngi.CC BIN PHP QUN L V x L CHT THI RN THVic qun l cht thi rn gm nhiu khu lin quan n nhau t ngun pht sinh ti ni thi b cui cng v vy cn c s qun l ng b t khu thu gom vn chuyn ti chn lp. Mt h thng qun l tt s c cc yu t tc ng nh : Trang thit b, kthut, c cu t chc, nng lc cn b, kinh nghim qun l, lut php.1. Gii php v mt chnh scha. Cng c php lS dng cc vn bn php qun mi trng nh sau:-Lut bo v mi trng c Quc hi thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v c chtch nc cng b vo ngy 10-01-1994 theo nghnh 175/CP v hng dn thi hnh lut bo v mi trng c chnh ph ban hnh ngy 18-10-1994. Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam theo quyt nh s 229/QD/TC - LD - CL ca BTrng B Khoa Hc Cng Ngh v Mi Trng.Nghnh s 26/CP ca Th tng chnh ph quy nh x pht hnh chnh v bo v mi trng v thng t s 3/TT-KCM ca b khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng hng dn thi hnh nghnh s 26/CP.Cc vn bn di lut v cc quy nh php lut khc: Thng t s 1448 - MTG ca b khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng hng dn tchc, quyn hn v phm vi hot ng ca thanh tra v bo v mi trng. Thng t s 276 - TTMTG hng dn v vic kim tra vic kim sot nhim i vi cc c s sn xut kinh doanh sau khi quyt nh ph chun bo co vnh gi tc ng mi trng.Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035



-Thng t s 81 - TT/MTG v th tc cp, gia hn, thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng cho cc doanh nghip v cc c s sn xut.GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9Trang19



Mt s vn bn khc c lin quan ti qun l cht thi rn th: Gim st qun l cht ch hn cc hot ng ca t ly rc dn lp, x l nghim nhng trng hp vi phm. Xy dng hon chnh hn na chng trnh gio dc mi trng thcy ngi dn tham gia. Xy dng thm nh v sinh cng cng v thng rc cng cng nhng cn c hbthng qun l v duy tu tt.b. Cng c kinh tNhm khuyn khch bo v mi trng, s c k hoch h tr vn vi li xut u i cho cc doanh nghip u t trang thit b nhm gim thiu cht thi v p dng sn xut sch hn.c. Cng c hnh chnh Lp qu mi trng nhm gim thiu cc vn ri ro v mi trng. T chc cc hot ng gio dc truyn thng. T chc cc lp o to hun luyn v mi trng cho cc on th, c nhn, cc t chc chuyn nghnh v cho cng ng.2. Cc bin php khc-Xy dng ng b cc vn bn quy nh, m bo nng cao hiu lc ca Lut Bo v mi trng.-T chc o c thng xuyn, phn tch cht thi rn theo t l trng lng cc thnh phn c bn gip cho cc cp qun l c c s ra nhng bin php ti u qun l cht thi mt cch hiu qu. Hun luyn o to cn b phc v cng tc qun l cht thi rn. T chc cc hot ng nhm tuyn truyn gio dc cho ngi dn v mi trng. Trao i vi cc chuyn gia hc tp kinh nghim, kin thc v tip thu cng ngh tin tin trn th gii.CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RNHin c rt nhiu phng php x l cht thi rn trong c 5 phng php x l chnh:1. Phng php n nh CTR bng cng ngh Hydromex y l mt cng nghmi ln u tin c p dng ti Hoa K (2/1996), cng ngh ny nhm x l rc thi th k c rc c hi thnh cc sn phm phc v xy dng, lm vt liu... Bncht ca cng ngh l nghin nh rc sau polyme hov s dng plc ln nn, p, nh hnh cc sn phm. Rc saukhi c thu gom (rchnhp, k c rc cng knh) chuyn v nh my, rc thi khng cn phn loi c a vo ct, nghin nh sau chuyn ti thit b trn bng ti. Cht thi lng c pha trn trong bn phn ng, cc cht phn ng trung ho v khc xy ra trong bn. Sau cht thi lng tbn phn ng c bm vo cc thit b trn; cht thi kt dnh vi nhau sau khi thnh phn polyme c cho thm vo. Sn phm dng bt t chuyn ti nh my p khun v cho ra sn phm mi, cng ngh ny an ton v mt mi trng v khng c hi.u im Cng nghn gin, chi ph khng ln X l c c cht thi rn v lng Rc sau khi x l bn thnh phmTng cng kh nng ti ch, tn dng li cht thi, tit kim din tch t lm bi chn lp.2. X l cht thi bng phng php sinh hcPhng php sinh hc vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt, x l bng phng php ny thc cht l mt cng ngh khp kn. Rc sinh hot sau khi thu gom sc bng ti phn loi. Rc hu c c tch ring sau c nghin nh ri em . Trong khong 10-12 ngy s din ra qu trnh ln men sinh hc k kh v hiu kh. Qu trnh phn hu sinh hc s sinh ra cc loi kh sinh hc trong c kh metan. nhng quy trnh lu nm kh metan c th ln ti 60 -65%. Cn ti qu trnh ln men hiu kh rc hu c sc chuyn ha thnh phn vi sinh. Kt qu cho thy khi tin hnh x l rc ti mt s nh my H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh cho thy mi tn rc thi hu c sau khi x l s thu c khong 300 kg phn v vi sinh v 5m3 kh sinh hc.Nhng sn phm ny sc thu hi v s dng trong sn xut.C th ni x l bng cng ngh sinh hc em li hiu qu kinh t ht sc thuyt phc n c rt nhiu u im vt i nh: Tuy so vn u t ban u cao hn t 2 - 3 ln bi chn lp nhng tnh tng th lng thi gian s dng th r hn cc bi chn lp rt nhiu. Nh my ch cn 20% din tch bi chn lp nn tit kim c 80% t ai.Sn xut c lng phn bn v lng nhit ng k phc v i sngQua phn tch thnh phn rc thi sinh hot cho thy thnh phn rc hu c ca thnh ph chng ta chim khong 55 - 60% l t l rt cao v thch hp vi phng php ny. Theo cc nh chuyn mn th tim nng rc ch bin phn vi sinh v kh sinh hc ca chng ta l rt ln. Vi tc dn s tng nhanh nh hin nay th d kin nm 2020 lng rc m thnh ph thi ra l 1.952.354 tn/nm. Lng rc ny s cho khong 3.619.600 m3 kh sinh hc m mi m3 kh s cho khong 1.27kWh in v 5.600kcal nhit tr.3. X l rc thi bng phng php tt rc l giai on x l cui cng c p dng cho mt s loi cht thi nht nh khng th x l bng cc bin php khc, y l qu trnh x dng nhit chuyn i cht thi t dng rn sang dng kh, lng v tro... ng thi gii phng nng lng di dng nhit. Hay ni cch khc t rc l giai on oxy ho nhit cao vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh trong c rc c hi c chuyn ho thnh kh v cht thi rn khng chy. Cc cht kh c lm sch hoc khng c lm sch thot ra ngoi khng kh, cht thi rn cn li th c chn lp.u im X l trit cc cht c hi ca cht thi th. Thu hi nng lng nhit tn dng v mc ch quan trng. Hiu qu x l cao i loi cht thi hu c chavi trngly nhimnhcht thi y t cng nh cht thi nguy hi khc.Nhc im Vn u t ban u cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc phng php x l khc v vic thit k l t phc tp i hi nng lc k thut cao. i vi cc cht thi c hm lng m cao, hay cc thnh phn khng chy cao th vic t rc khng thun li.4. Phng php chn lpChn lp l phng php c in nht, kinh t nht v c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Ngay c khi p dng cc bin php gim thiu lng cht thi, ti sinh, ti s dng v c k thut chuyn ho cht thi, vic thi b phn cht thi cn li ra bi chn lp vn l mt khu trong chin lc qun l tng hp CTR.u im Ph hp vi vng c din tch t rng. X l c tt c cc loi CTR k c CTR mccphng phpkhckhng th x l trit hoc khng x l c. Sau khi ng ca BCL c th s dng vi mc ch khc nhau nh: bi xe, sn chi, cng vin. Vn u t ban u, chi ph hot ng BCL thp hn so vi cc phng php khc. Thu hi nng lng t kh gas.Nhc im Tn rt nhiu din tch t, nht l nhng ni ti nguyn t cn khan him. Kh khn trong vic kim sot lng kh thi v nc ri rc. C nguy c gy ra s c chy n, gy nguy him do s pht sinh kh CH4, H2S.



Cng tc quan trc cht lng mi trng vn phi tin hnh sau khi ng ca.


Trang 2 25GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9

So vi phng php chn lp v phng php t, phng php nhit phn vi nhit thp t ra c nhiu u im hn nh: cho ra sn phm chnh l than tng hp c hm lng lu hunh thp c th dng lm nhin liu cho nh my nhit in, quy trnh x l n gin, v x l trong nhit thp (khong 50C) nn trnh c cc nguy cphn ng sn sinh ra cht c hi v hiu qu x l cao.CHNG II: GII THIU H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TI TP.H CH MINHI. Hin trng cht thi rn TPHCM1. Khi lng cht thi rn: Thnh ph h ch minh ni mnh danh l hn ngc vin ng , l Pari ca chu . Ni c mt nn kinh t pht trin nhanh chng v tt c mi mt, xong xong vi s pht trin mnh m th khi lng cht thi rn c thi ra ngy cng nhiu. Theo s liu ca s Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng TP.HCM mi ngy Thnh ph thi ra mi ngy khong 6.000 - 6.500 tn, trong rc thi sinh hot l 4.936 tn, rc xy dng l 1.069 tn v rc y t l 5,5 tn v rc cng nghip 1.000 tn ngy trong c khong 20% rc c tnh cht c hi. Trong khi vic thu gom rc ca Thnh ph cht c khong 5.000 - 5.300 tn/ngy, lng rc c th ti ch v ti sinh c ch khong 700 - 900 tn/ngy. Lng rc trong Thnh ph hng ngy c gii quyt nh lc lng qut dn vsinh gm 7.350 ngi trong c 2.950 ngi thuc lc lng t nhn. Rc t cc khu phc chuyn ti 380 im hn ly rc trn a bn Thnh ph bng xe y tay, cc xe c gii n ly rc v chuyn v trm trung chuyn ri mi n khu x l rc. vn 'au u nht ca cc nh qun l l lm th no c ch x l rc hp v sinh m khng nh hng n khu vc dn cang sinh sng.2. Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi rnT cc khu dn cT cc trung tm thng miT cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cngT cc dich v th, sn bayT cc hot ng cng nghipT cc bnh vinT cc hot ng xy dng thT cc trm x l nc thiHin nay cht thi sinh hot v x bn c vn chuyn v bi rc Phc Hip C Chi. Rc thi y t c phn loi ti ngun thu gom v vn chuyn v thu gom theo quy trnh ring nhm m bo an ton cho mi trng v cho sc khe cng ng. Sau c em i t ti nh my x l rc thi y t Bnh Hng Ho qun Bnh Tn.II. Khi qut hin trng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR sinh hot1. Tng quan v h thng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR sinh hotLc lng thu gom v vn chuyn bao gm cc i vn chuyn ca Cng Ty Mi Trng Th TP.HCM (CITENCO), cc cng ty x nghip cng trnh th ca 22 qun huyn, hp tc x vn ti cng nng v h thng thu gom rc dn lp.K thut thu gom vn chuyn rc sinh hot ti TP.HCM c 3 hnh thc:Hnh thc 1:Hng ngy cht thi sinh hot thu gom bng xe y tay v tp chung ti cc im hn. Sau cht thi t xey tay s c bc d vo xe p rc loi nh t 2- 4 tn v chuyn n trm trung chuyn. Ti trm trung chuyn, xe ti ln hn nhn CTR t xe p nh v vn chuyn ti bi chn lp.Hnh thc 2:CTR c thu gom bng xe y tay v tp chung ti cc im hn, sau CTR t xe y tay s c bc d ln xe p ln v tr trc tip ti bi chn lp.Hnh thc 3: CTR cha sn trong cc thng rc 240L v 660L nm dc trn cc tuyn ng hay cc ngun pht sinh rc ln nh: ch, khu thng mi, vn phng c quan c bc d bng cc loi xe p loi nh t 2 - 4 tn v chuyn n trm trung chuyn. Ti trm trung chuyn xe ti ln tip tc tip nhn cht thi t xe ti nh v vn chuyn ti bi chn lp. Trong hnh thc ny nu CTR t cc thng cha c bc d bng xe p ln n s c vn chuyn thng ti bi chn lp.a. Thu gom s cp Hot ng thu gom s cp bao gm thu gom CTR pht sinh t h dn c, cc trung tm thng mi, c quan, ch v ng ph.Thu gom cht thi rn t cc h dn c: Cht thi t h dn c c thu gom bi s gip ca cc h dn l ngi dn t CTR vo phng tin thu gom hoc CTR trc nh v cng nhn thu gom s vo cc phng tin thu gom. Phng tin thu gom sau khi y rc s c ch n cc b cha CTR, cc trm trung chuyn hoc cc im hn v ch xe p rc ti d ti.Phng tin thu gom hin nay ch yu l xe y tay, gn y l cc xe ba gc ci tin c trang b cc thng cha 660L, ngoi ra cn c cc loi xe ba gc p, xe ba gc my c k hoc cc xe lam ch khch, cc xe lam cng c dng ch CTR ca cc cquan x nghip.Thu gom cht thi rn t ch, c s thng mi, sn xutHin nay CTR sinh hot t cc c quan, trng hc, x nghip, cc chc cc xe y tay thu gom (kt hp vi thu gom rc t cc h dn) v tp chung ti cc im hn. iu ny cng lm cho s lng cc im hn cng tng ln v thi gian thu gom mt chuyn cng di hn. V vy loi cht thi ny cn c trang b cc thng cha thch hp v thu gom bng cc xe p a ti trm trung chuyn hay chuyn trc tip ti bi chn lp.Thu gom cht thi rn ng phHin nay CTR ng ph c thc hin di hnh thc: Cng nhn chu trch nhim thu gom c trang b chi, dng c ht rc, xe y tay qut v thu gom trn cc tuyn ng ph, lng. Khi xe y tay y ti s c a ti cc b rc, trm trung chuyn, hay ti cc im hn xe p ti ly ti. Ngi cng nhn c th tip tc cng vic ca minh ni khc hoc ngng lm vic khi hon thnh nhim v.Thi gian gn y trn cc ng ph c b tr cc thng 240L dc hai bn l ng ci tin vic thu gom nhanh gn hn v ng b vi cc xe vn chuyn trong vic giao cht thi rn v m bo m quan th. Tuy nhin cc thng cha ny b tr cha ng u v i khi khng hp l.b. Thu gom th cpThu gom th cp l hnh thc tip theo ca thu gom s cp. CTR sau khi c thu gom s cp s c chuyn ti cc im hn cc b rc c cc xe ti c ti trng ln hn thu gom vn chuyn ti m trung chuyn hay tr trc tip ti BCL.Nu CTR tvic thu gom s cp c chuyn n trm trung chuyn th s vn chuyn trc tip ti BCL. Thu gom th cp trn a bn thnh phc thc hin di hnh thc sau.Ti cc im hnHin trn a bn thnh ph c khong n 380 im hn ly rc cc im hn ny c xc nh theo tho thun ca Cng ty qun huyn vi Cng ty Mi Trng Th. Cc im hn ny c b tr trn cc bi t trng hoc ngay bn l ca ng ph. Vic xp v d ti ti cc im hn ny thng gy cn tr giao thng do khi lng CTR ln nn thng ko di thi gian giao rc.Ti cc b rcHin cc b rc thng c t ti cc khu t trng nn khng trc tip gy cn tr giao thng. Hiu qu trung chuyn t cc xe y tay nn xe p v xe vn chuyn ph thuc vo loi xe s dng. Mt s xe c trang b cc b phn c gii nng cc xe y tay vo trc tip vo thng cha ca xe c gii. Mt s b cha rc ngi thu gom CTR trc tip xung t kp thi i chuyn khc v CTR c xe xc ln xe ti v ch n bi chn lp.Tuy nhin s dng b rc l mt cng ngh lc hu khi vic chuyn CTR c thc hin bng xe xc v xe ti ben. s lng cc b cha rc t 30 nay dn dn c gii to v thay th bng cc im hn ly ti.III. Hin trng thu gom - vn chuyn CTRTrn c s 3 quy trnh cng ngh thu gom vn chuyn CTR sinh hot hin gm: Thu gom t v tr cha rc (im hn, thng rc ng ph, x nghip, cng ty...) v trm trung chuyn; Vn chuyn t trm trung chuyn n BCL; Thu gom v vn chuyn thng t v tr cha rc n bi x l.Hin c 11 tuyn vn chuyn chnh ang c thc hin: Tuyn thu gom t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng cc loi xe p nh loi2 tn, c ly trung bnh 10,98 km/lt. Tuyn thu gom t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng xe p nh loi 4 tn, c ly trung bnh 13,57. Tuyn thu gom t c quan, x nghip v trm trung chuyn bng xe p nh loi 2 tn, c ly trung bnh 36,33 km/lt. Tuyn thu gom CTR t cc thng cha cng cng v trm trung chuyn bng xe p loi nh 1,5 tn, c ly trung bnh 14,69 km/lt. Tuyn thu gom CTR t cc thng cha cng cng v trm trung chuyn bng xep loi nh 2 tn, c ly trung bnh 17,12 km/lt. Tuyn thu gom CTR t ch, c quan v trm trung chuyn bng xe cung, c ly bnh qun 24,8 km/lt. Tuyn thu gom CTR t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng xe p ln loi 7 tn, c ly trung bnh 12,99 km/lt. Tuyn thu gom CTR t im hn v trm trung chuyn bng xe ben loi 7 tn, cly trung bnh 19,08 km/lt. Tuyn vn chuyn CTR t cc im hn thng ti bi x l bng xe p ln, c ly trung bnh 25,87 km/lt.-Tuyn vn chuyn CTR sinh hot bnh vin trc tip ti bi x l bng xe p loi 7 tn, c ly trung bnh 26,81 km/lt.IV. nh gi h thng qun l thu gom v vn chuyn CTR1. Cng tc qun lNhn chung h thng qun l cht thi ca thnh ph H ch minh t c rt nhiu thnh qung k, tuy nhin cn mt s nhc im cn c khc phc: S phn cng trch nhim cha r rng, cha c mt s thng nht ring cho tng loi cht thi khc nhau C ch qun l cn mang nng tnh bao cp mc d nc ta c chnh sch x hi ho. Cha to dng mt th trng thng nht v trao i v ti ch CTR ni chung v CTR cng nghip ni ring, ch c 700 - 900 tn/ngy cht thi rn c ti ch chim 12,6%.2. H thng thu gom, vn chuyn Hin nay vic thu gom cht thi ch yu s dng lao ng th cng v thc hin qut dn ch yu vo ban m m ngi dn sinh hot ban ngy. Hn na s tham gia ca cng ng cn rt hn ch, cha khuyn khch ngi dn tham gia vo hot ng bo v mi trng dn n tnh trng mt v sinh chung trn a bn thnh ph. Phn ln cht thi cng nghip v cht thi sinh hot c thi b ln ln v c a ti bi chn lp. Hn na hin nay ch cn duy nht bi rc Phc Hip - C Chi l ni chn lp, n ang phi lm vic vt qu cng xut thit k v ang gy nh hng nghim trng ti cuc sng ngi dn quanh . Cha c s u t tio ng lu di Yi cc thit b thu gom, vn chuyn, phn loi, xy dng bi chn lp ng quy cch v cng ngh x l cht thi. Xe th s h khng kn o, khng an ton v sinh, cc xe thu gom cha c chun ho v thiu cc phng tin c gii, s phi hp cc xe y tay v xe c gii cha cht ch dn ti cc im hn trn ng ph b n tc thnh nhng hng di gy nh hng ti m quan ng ph.Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035


Cc xe sau khi ch rc khng ra sch s dn ti mi kh chu iu ny c ngi dn phn nh rt nhiu m cha khc phc c. Ngoi ra mt s Trang 30GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9


xey tay c che chn tm b, mt s cn ci ni din tch tng khi lng thu gom. Khi thu gom t h gia nh ch yu c ct bao nilng, sau khi ly rc cng nhn thng m ra lm ri vi v gy mi rt kh chu cho ngi dn v nh hng ti m quan thnh ph. Hin nay cc thit b dng trong vic chuyn ch CTR khng ng b v lc hu, khng c bo dng v sa cha ng cch. Hin nay s lng xe p cn rt thiu v khng ng b vi vic thu gom ban u. Trn thc t hin nay mi ngy ch c 80%tng s xe hot ng s cn li hoc h hng t xut hoc ang trong k hoch bo dng v sa cha, khng c sn xe d phng p ng nhu cu thu gom, vn chuyn CTR trong gi cao im v khi thc hin bo dng nh k.3. Tnh hnh phn loi rcPhn loi rc ti ngun l mt t qu quen thuc i Yi ngi dn cc nc pht trin nhng cn qu m hi vi Thnh ph nhn nhp nht Vit Nam. Hin nay trn a bn thnh ph mi ch thc hin th im phn loi rc ti ngun c mt s qun nh 1, 4, 5,6,10.Hin tng phn loi rc mi c th im mt s qun cha c ph bin rng ri khin cho kh khn trong cng tc thu gom rc, hot ng thu hi a sc thc hin bi nhng ngi lao ng ngho sng bng ngh bi rc vic ny cng lm hot ng thu hi kh khn ngoi ra n cn gy mi kh chu khi v ly nan mt s bnh truyn nhim nh hng ti sc kho con ngi.4. Ti chTheo s liu c tnh ca S Ti nguyn v Mi trng TP.HCM, mi ngy TP ra khong 6.000 - 6.500 tn cht thi rn. Trong khi vic thu gom chi khong 5.000 - 5.300 tn/ngy. Lng rc ti ch ti sinh c 700 - 900 tn/ngy. Hin TP cha c th trng thng nht v trao i ti ch ch c mt phn nh cht thi rn cng nghip c thu hi v ti ch.5. X l rcThit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035


Hin nay phng php x l cht thi rn sinh hot trn a bn qun ch yu vn l chn lp. Theo k hoch ca Thnh ph l phn u t nay ti nm 2010 s gim khi lng chn lp rc di 20% bng vic cho xy thm nhiu nh my x l rc thi, tng cng cng ngh x l v ti ch cht thi. Tuy nhin iu l chuyn ca 5,10 nm ti cn trc mt l vic Thnh phang thiu bi chn lp rc. Lng rc thi hin ang dn v Phc Hip C Chi khin ni ny qu ti dn ti hin tng st, ln din ra nghim trng.Trang 42GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9


Chng III: TNG QUAN V QUN 2I. V tr.Qun 2 l mt trong nm qun mi thnh lp ca thnh ph H Ch Minh t nm 1997, nm pha ng Bc thnh ph, thnh lp trn c s tch t 5 x ca huyn Th c trc y. Pha Bc gip qun Th c. Pha Nam gip sng Si Gn, ngn cch vi qun 7; sng Nh B, ngn cch vi huyn Nhn Trch, tnh ng Nai. Pha Ty theo th t t Bc xung Nam ln lt ngn cch vi qun Bnh Thnh, qun 1 v qun 4 bi sng Si Gn. Pha ng gip qun 9.a. Kh hu:Thnh ph H Ch Mnh c nhit cao iu ong nm v hai ma ma - kh r rt. Ma ma nc bt nu t thng 5 ti thng 11, cn ma kh t thng 12 ti thng 4 nm sau. Trung bnh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh c 160 ti 270 gi nng mt thng, nhit n trung bnh 27 c, cao nht ln ti 40 c, thp nht xung 13,8 c.b. a hnh, h thng knh rch:v a hnh tng ibng phng, knh rch chn cht thun li cho giao thng ng b v ng thy.II. c im x hi T sau khi thnh lp, qun ch trng u t pht trin h tng c s. Cc tuyn ng xa l H Ni, Trn No, Nguyn Th nh, Nguyn Duy Trinh, cu Ging ng T, ng lin phng Bnh Trng ng - Bnh Trng Ty - Ct Li... c nng cp m rng, xy dng mi. H thng c s vt cht k thut ca y t, gio dc, vn ha, th dc th thao c ch trng u t. Qun cng quan tm pht trin s nghip gio dc o to.Ngay t u qun tp trung nng cp, sa cha trng lp, xy dng nhng ngi trng mi khang trang t tiu chun quc gia, ang b cc thit b mi hin i cho vic dy v hc. Nm 2000 xa tnh trng hc ca 3, hon thnh cng tc xa m ch, nm 2002 hon thnh ph cp gio dc bc Trung hc s s, hc sinh tt nghip cc cp hc, hc sinh gii ngy cng nhiu. i ng gio vin c chun ha ngy cng cao. Phong tro Th dc Th thao cng kh pht trin, c nhiu i chuyn mang v cho qun nhiu huy chng khi tham gia thi u cc qun, ton quc. c bit, nm 2005 c 2 vn ng vin c tuyn vo i tuyn quc gia tham d Sea Games. H thng cc cng trnh phc li x hi hin nay trn a bn qun bao gm: Trung tm dy ngh, Trung tm Th dc Th thao, Trung tm vn ho, Bnh vin qun 2.III. c im kinh t-Theo thng tin t website qun, trong 3 thng u nm 2008, doanh thu ngnh Thng mi - Dch v thc hin 2.647,9 t ng, t 20,65% k hoch nm, tng 39,96% so vi cng k nm ngoi. Cc ngnh c s pht trin cao nh: kinh doanh vng bc, cm , vt liu xy dng, trang tr ni tht, xng du, dch v vn ti nh.-Gi tr sn xut CN-TTCN thc hin 1.430,9 t ng, t 24,02% k hoch nm, tng 17,39% so vi cng k. Tng thu ngn sch c thc hin 159,52 t ng, t 63% k hoch nm, tng 382% so vi cng k.IV. Quy hoch pht trinCng vi s pht trin ca vng kinh t trng im pha Nam v thnh ph H Ch Minh, qun 2 c v tr quan trng, s l trung tm mi ca thnh ph sau ny, i din khu Trung tm c qua sng Si Gn, l u mi giao thng v ng b, ng xe la, ng thu ni lin thnh ph H Ch Minh vi cc tnh: ng Nai, Bnh Dng, B Ra-Vng Tu. Qun 2 c tim nng v qu t xy dng, mt dn s cn tha tht, c bao quanh bi cc sng rch ln, mi trng cn hoang s nn nhn ln li th v v tr kinh t ca mnh.Khu th mi Th Thim, trung tm ti chnh, thng mi, dch v mi ca thnh ph s mc ln y trong thi gian khng xa na.Phn hai Tnh ton thit kDin tch 48.74km2 Dn s 2009: 145981 ngi Mt dn s : 2934 ngi/km2 Tc gia tng dn s: 2.1%/nmDn s 2035 : p2035 = P2009 * (1+ r) = 145981* (1+0.021)26 = 250519 ngi Tc pht sinh rc : 0.8-1.2 kg/ngi.ngy , chn 0.8 kg/ngi.ngy Dng thng 6601 thu gom rc Thi gian dung 3 nmThi gian lm vic 8h/ngy. Thi gian ngh ngi 8 X 0.15 = 1.2h/ngy S ngi/h = 5 ngi.Khi lng rc pht sinh trong 1 ngy ca qun 2 nm 2009 M = 145981 * 0.8 = 116784.8 kgSdm 14598is h dn ca qun 2:n=55=29196hBng 1: phn loi rc thi qun 2loi rc%khilng(kg)m(%)KLR(kg/m3)thtch(m3)KL kh(kg)

thc phm79.1792458.5370290318.822527737.559

giy5.186049.45368967.971385686.4858

carton0.18210.21265504.204252199.70197

nilon, nha8.8910382.17265159.725710174.527

vi0.981144.491106517.607551030.0419

g0.66770.7797202373.252235616.62376

cao su0.13151.820221301.167848148.7838

thy tinh1.942265.625219611.559312220.3125

lon hp1.051226.2438913.777981189.4528

kimloimu0.36420.425333201.313829407.81254

Tphn khc1.461705.058813013.115831568.6534

tng cng100116784.8612.518450979.954

2. Khi lng ring rc huyn qun 2:m116784.3D = V61 2. 1 f4 = 190.66 (kg/m3) m rc:m-mi 116784.8-50979.954 A = m116784.8100%=56.35%Trong :A: m ca rc thi %M : khi lng ban u ca rc thi (kg)hnh thc thu gom l phn loi rc ti ngun v phng n thu gom bng h thng Container c nh nn:Thnh phn rc hu c l thc phmThnh phn rc v c l giy , nilon,vi ,kim loi...Khi lng rc v c:mvc = m - mtp = 1167S4.0 - 92458.53 = 24326.27 (kg)Th tch rc v c:Vvc = V-Vtp = r'1 2.r1 a* - 318.8225 = 293.6959 m3 Khi lng ring ca rc v c:dvc = mvc / Vvc = 24326.27 /293.6959 = 82.83 kg/m3 Khi lng kh rc Y c :mi vc= mk- mktp = 50979.954 - 27737.559 = 23242.395 (kg) m ca rc Y c:Avc = mvc - mlvc =24326.27 - 23242.395/24326.27 * 100% = 4.455% Tng khi lng rc cha c trong mt thng 660L:Sc cha ca thng (m3/chuyn) * khi lng ring ca rc(kg/m3)= 0.66 * 190.67 = 125.8356(kg/chuyn).Khi lng rc pht sinh ca mi h:= 0.8 * 5 = 4 (kg/h.ngy)=> S h thu gom ca 1 chuyn:Tng m rc cha c trong thng 660L / m rc pht sinh ca mi h = 125.8356/4= 31 (h/chuyn, ngy)Thi gian ca mt chuyn thu gom:T = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn+ thi gian ch ni Thi gian ly rc:Ly y xe: 0.75 pht /h Di chuyn: 45 s gia 2 h

Pscs= [ (31 X 0.75) + (31- 1) X 0.75] = 45.75 pht/chuyn = 0.7625 h/chuyn on ng t im hn n h cui cng xe ly y rc l ~ 1.5 km Xe y n im hn vi vn tc lc i l 5 km/h im hn n tuyn vi vn tc lc v l 4 km/h Thi gian vn chuyn:hscs = S/Vi + s/vv = 1.5/5 +1.5/4 = 0.675 (h/chuyn)Thi gian ti ni rc:Sscs = 6 pht = 0.1 (h/chuyn)Vy:Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni = Pscs + hscs + Sscs = 0.7625 + 0.675 + 0.1 = 1.5375 (h/chuyn)S chuyn thu gom ca mi thng 6601 trong 1 ngy (chuyn/ ngy)N =thi gian thU gom _ thigian smviC - thi gian ngng i thi g ian 1 Chuynthi g ian 1 Chuyn8 - 1.2= 1.53 7s = 4.42( chuyn/ting.ngy) = 4 (chuyn/thng.ngy)Tng S chuyn cn thu gom :

tng ngracng y

rc^ 116784.8 chuy&n = 12 5.8 3 5 6 =928 (chuyn/ngy)raclngN =

chuyns z S h thu gom c ca 1 chuyn:khU li nc Cha trong thiig 660L _4Tc pht sinh rc161 (h/chuyn.ngy)Thi gian ca mt chuyn thu gom:T = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn+ thi gian ch ni Thi gian ly rc:Ly y xe: 0.75 pht /h Di chuyn: 45 s gia 2 hpscs = (61 X 0.75) + [(61- 1) X 0.75] = 90.75 pht/chuyn = 1.5125 h/chuyn on ng t im hn n h cui cng xe ly y rc l ~ 2.5 km Xe y n im hn vi vn tc lc i l ~ 5 km/h im hn n tuyn vi vn tc lc v l ~ 4 km/hThi gian vn chuyn:hscs = s/vi + S/Vv = 2.5/5 +2.5/4 = 1.125 (h/chuyn)Thi gian ti ni rc:Sscs = 6 pht = 0.1 (h/chuyn)Vy:Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni = pscs + hscs + Sscs = 1.5125 + 1.125 + 0.1 = 2.7 (h/chuyn)S chuyn thu gom ca mi thng 6601 trong 1 ngy (chuyn/ ngy)N =thi gian thUgom thi gian LmvC -thi gian nghingi thi g ian 1 ChuynthiQian 1 Chuyn8 - 1.22.23 75= 3 ( chuyn/thng.ngy)Tng s chuyn cn thu gom :92458.5N =chuy&l=191.4=483(chuyn/ngy)Tng thng 6601 cn:* chuyn s 0>50 ,_.nqy403thng=^1T=161thngS thng cn u t qua cc nm ca rc hu cNmLng rc (kg/ngy)S thng cnS thng u t

200992458.52616161161

201094400.407921643

201196382.824721684

201298406.40992171164

2013100473.06361757

2014102582.78581798

2015104737.4765182167

2016106936.502418611

2017109182.39719012

2018111475.1602194171

2019113816.058719815

2020116206.359420216

2021118646.6954207176

2022121138.333721119

2023123682.540821520

2024126279.3168220181

2025128931.195122524

2026131638.809122924

2027134403.4255234186

2028137225.677723929

2029140107.465724429

2030143050.0562249191

2031146054.082725434

2032149120.811826035

2033152252.777265196

2034155449.978327140

2035158714.315827640

3. Tnh h thng thu gom i vi rc v cKhi lng rc v c:mvc = m-mtp= 116784.8 - 92458.53 = 24326.27 (kg)Khi lng ring ca rc v c:dvc = Vpc = 24326.27 / 293.6959 = 82.83 kg/m3 m ca rc Y c:771PC mLvc24326.2723242.39sAvc= rc 100% =24326.2/100%= 4.455%Tng khi lng rc cha c trong mt thng 660L:Sc cha ca thng (m3/chuyn) * khi lng ring ca rc(kg/m3)= 0.66 * 82.83 = 54.67(kg/chuyn).Khi lng rc pht sinh ca mi h:=0.8 X (1- 0.7917) X 5 X 7/2 = 2.9162 (kg/h.1/2 tun)=> S h thu gom c ca 1 chuyn:khi lng TC Ch>a trong tirig 66L _67Tc pht sinh rcs= 19

(h/chuyn.ngy)Thi gian ca mt chuyn thu gom:Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn+ thi gian ch ni Thi gian ly rc:Ly y xe: 0.75 pht /hDi chuyn: 45s gia 2 hpscs = (19 X 0.75) + [(19 - 1) X 0.75] = 27.75 ( pht/chuyn)= 0.46 (h/chuyn)on ng t im hn n h cui cng xe ly y rc l ~ 1.2 kmXe y n im hn vi vn tc lc i l ~ 5 km/him hn n tuyn vi vn tc lc v l ~ 4 km/hThi gian vn chuyn:ss ,1 1.2 1.2hscs = Vd + * = s 1 4- = 0.54 (h/chuyn)Thi gian ti ni rc:Sscs = 6 pht = 0.1 (h/chuyn)Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035



GVHD: Th.s. V Hi Yn Nhm 9Trang 44



Vy: Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni = Pscs + hscs + Sscs = 1.6375 + 0.54 + 0.1 = 2.2775 (h/chuyn) S chuyn thu gom ca mi thng 6601 trong 1 ngy (chuyn/ ngy)N -tLigian thugom thigian hm iC - thi gian nghi ngi thi g ian 1 Cfiuy'mthiQ lan 1 Chuyng - 1.2= 2.412 5~3(chuyn/thng.ngy)Tng s chuyn cn thu gom :X,.rctnqirtq ' Vangyn_z^ 24326.2,N =chuyen54.67=445(chuyn/ngy)Tng thng 6601 cn: chuyn~ngayX CTltyQlV* Js.nqy44sX = thung= = 148 thng 660Ls thng cn u t thu gom rc v c qua cc nmNmKg/ngyThng cnu t

200924326.27148148

201024837.191513

201125358.781554

201225891.19158151

201326434.941616

201426990.011658

201527556.92168154

201628135.517210

201728726.417511

201829329.64179158

201929945.5418314

202030574.4418614

202131216.5190162

202231872.0719418

202332541.4619818

202433224.68203167

202533922.420722

202634634.7921122

202735362.17216172

202836104.7222026

202936862.9322527

203037637.14229176

203138427.5223431

203239234.3923932

203340058.42244181

203440899.6224936

203541758.4825538

S xe cn u t:sttTn phng xDn sS hLng rcS thng

(nghn)pht sinh (kg)6601

1An Li ng9.00218007201.657

2An Khnh23.239464818591.2147

3An Ph10.79421598635.268

4Bnh An14.362287211489.691

5Bnh Khnh10.42920868343.266

6Bnh Trng ng12.3852477990878

7Bnh Trng Ty17.104342113683.2108

8Ct Li10.82621658660.868

9Tho in12.23424479787.277

10Th Thim14.732294611785.693

11Thnh M Li11.93323879546.475

Chn loi xe thu gom rc ca qun l : thng y tay 660L , xe 7 tn , xe 12 tn.Loi xe y tay ca qun l thng 660L, tng s thng 660L l 310 thng. Tng cc im hn l 62 , vi mi im hn cha c khong 5 thng.on ng t cc im thu gom n TTC v bi chn lp ca cc loi xe l : Xe p rc 7 tn l: 20 km Xe p rc 12 tn l: 33 km i vi xe 7 tnThi gian ca mt chuyn xe vn chuyn:Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni Thi gian ly rc: 20 pht /chuyn = 0.33 ( h/chuyn)Khong cch gia cc im hn = 1,5km Vn tc vn chuyn : 30 km/h Thi gian di chuyn gia cc im hn 1.5t0 =3D=0.05 h = 3 phtThi gian di chuyn c on ngt = 20/ 30 + 20/ 30 = 1.33 h/chuyn Thi gian ni rc: 20 pht = 0.33 h Vy : thi gian vn chuyn ca 1 xe l:T = 0.05 + 1.33 + 0.33 = 1.71 h/chuyn S chuyn xe vn chuyn cn:tng khi lng nc Vi Chuynkhi i ncCh N =Chltyl38928.3 = 7Q0 = 5.61 chuyn/ngy.Vy s xe cn u t l: 6 xe.i vi xe 12 tnThi gian ca mt chuyn xe vn chuyn:Tscs = thi gian ly rc + thi gian vn chuyn + thi gian ni Thi gian ly rc: 20 pht /chuyn = 0.33 ( h/chuyn)Vn tc vn chuyn : 30 km/h t = 33 /30 + 33/ 30 = 2.2 h/chuyn Thi gian ni rc: 20 pht = 0.33 h Vy : thi gian vn chuyn ca 1 xe l:T = 0.33 + 2.2 + 0.33 = 2.86 h/chuynS chuyn xe vn chuyn cn:Ung hoi ig rCVi Chuyh _ khi ng rC Ch cL: 14 Chuyn116784.8=12 0 0=9.73chuyn/ngy.Chn10 chuyn /ngy.Vy s xe cn u t l: 5 xe, mi xe chy hai chuyn mi ngy.Vy : tng cc loi xe thu gom rc cn u t cho Qun 2 l 12 xe loi.Xe p rc 7 tn .Xe p rc 12 tn .Cng ngh x l ti chTrc khi thu gom th rc c ngi dn phn ra lm hai loi nn trong qu trnh thu gom th c xe thu gom rc hu c v Y c ring . v th ta d dng la chn cng ngh ti ch cho tng loi rc thi ring bit.i vi rc hu cDa vo iu kin nh a hnh , dn c ,din tch .. .ca huyn m phng php x l rc hu c l chn lp .M hnh bi chn lp c la chn l chn lp theo h kt hp chm - ni cht thi c xung cc h rnh c o sn v dung my san i, m nn cht thi. Sauk hi lp ht sau ca h cht thi c tip tc v chn lp to thnh g rc cao khong 5m .Phng php chn lp c la chn l pp chn rnh trn c s:Khi lng rc a n mi ngy khng qu 330 tn/ngyTn dng a hnh c sn ca khu vcBin php vn hnh chn lp cht thi n gin , d kim sot To ra s n nh vng cht ca bi Tn dng c ngun t t h lnTrong qu trnh chn lp s c mt lng kh thot ra ng k v nc r ri c nng nhim cao . v vy , ta phi xy dng cng ngh x l nc ri rc trc khi thi ra mi trng cng nh h thng thu kh.Cng ngh x l nc r rcNc thi t bi chn lp c nng nhim cao, ngoi cht hu c ra cn cha nhiu thnh phn nhim khc ...Phng php sinh hc c la chn x l nc t bi rc . Cng ngh x l c la chn trn c s:Lu lng nc r ri.Thnh phn , tnh cht nc r ri.iu kin kinh t k thut.I* S dy chuyn ciig ngh:

Thuyt minh cng ngh :Nc r rc sau khi c thu gom bng h thng ng dn c tp trung ti h thu gom ri qua song chn rc loi b cn v tp cht. y nc c a v b tip nhn bng pp t chy , sau c bm ln b iu ha c sc kh vi thi gian lu nht nh cc cht hu c phn hy cng nh n nh v lu lng v cht lng.Tip theo nc thi c a vo b trn nhanh c kh, ti y ha cht cho qu trnh keo t c chm vo cng vi NaOH nhm a PH ca nc thi mc ti u cho qu trnh keo t. T b trn nc thi t chy qua b phn ng c kh c 3 ngn v khuy trn bng gung quay vi vn tc nh hn vn tc quay ca b trn nhm to iu kin tt nht cho qu trnh to bng , cht ph tr polime c cho vo nhm tng kh nng to bng . sau keo t nc c a qua b lng lm gim hm lng cn va ss . e tng hiu qu ca cc qu trnh x l sinh hc bc 2 , nc thi sau keo t c pha long bng nc sau x l bc 2 tun hon tr li b trung gian.Nc thi tip tc c a qua b ASB tip tc phn hy caclchatl hu c v chuyn ha cc chat kh phn hy phc tp thnh cht d phn hy sinh hc . Sau UASB nc thi c a qua b trung gian to iu kin cho vsv hiu kh thch nghi b AEROTANK cc cht hu c tip tc phn hy nh vsv hiu kh c s tham gia ca h thng sc kh, nc thi tip tc i qua b lngll lng bn , lng bn hot tnh d s c bm ra ngoi x l. Hm lng DO trong b AEROTANK c m bo > 2mg/l nh vo h thng cp kh.Mc d h thng sinh hc hot ng rt tt (BOD sau x l cn rt thp Mtg= 1527750 *0,7 = 1069425(tn)Th tch CTR cn chim ch l:Wtc = Mtg/bTrong :wtc : Th tich cn thit cha CTR bi rc b: T trng CTR, chnb = 0.81C69425->wte= 0,B1336781.25 mVi cao tng th ca bi rc l (D = 10m), cc lp rc dy (dr = 60cm) v lp ph xen k (dd = 20cm)S lp rc chn lp (L) cn cho mt bi rc c tnh:L D/ dr + dd = 1000/(60 + 20)= 12,5 (lp), chn 12 (lp) cao hu dng cha rc: di = dr * L = 0,6 * 12 = 7,2(m)Chiu cao ca cc lp t ph l: d2 = dd*L= 0,2 * 12 = 2,4(m)Din tch hu dng cn thit chn lp ht lng rc tnh ton l: Stc-Wtc/d!= 1336781.25/ 7.2 = 185664.0625(m2)= 18.6 (ha)Thit k h thng qun l cht thi rn th cho qun 2, TP HCM v qui hochn nm 2035



Nu chn din tch t s dng cho cc cng trnh ph tr l 25% th tng din tch bi chn lp s l 23.25 ha.Trang #GVHD: Th.s. V Hi YnNhm 9



Tnh ton din tch cc h chn lpTng lng CTR a vo bi chn lp t nm 2009 - 2030 l tn 1069425 tn v thi gian s dng cho bi chn lp l 26 nm. Din tch s dng chn lp l 23.25 ha, s xy dng c 12 h chn vi din tch bng nhau. Cc h chn s c lun phin s dng tiep th t t 1 n 12, h ny y s lp li v s dng h tip theo. Khi lng CTR cho 1 h chn (n nguyn) l:-b Jb* - 4acX =2 aVy:Chiu di mt h l: 210 Chiu rng mt h: 70m Chiu di y h: 120m Chiu rng y h: 60m Chiu cao h; 10mi vi rc v c:Rc v c gm rt nhiu loi nh giy, carton, nilon v nha, vi, g, cao su, thy tinh, hp...Kh a v nh my phn loi ra, i vi nilon v nha th ti ch lm bao cha phn bn, phi nha tn ct pha... (ging nh my nam thnh ninh thun), cn cc lai khc th t.PHN BA: XUT CC GII PHP QUN L CHT THI RN SINH HOT TI QUN 21. Muc tiu n nm 2035 Ngn chn ngay tnh trng x rc ba bi v ci thin mt bc c bn tnh trng nhim mi trng thnh ph. To s chuyn bin tch cc lm ng lc pht trin cho giai on v sau ong cng tc bo m v sinh mi trng v m quan th. Thc hin xong vic lp quy hoch qun l v x l rc th: ng ca cc bi rc khng hp v sinh, hnh thnh cc khu x l rc cc hng ca thnh ph, lien h vi cc a phng xung quanh cng hp tc gii quyt rc thi, ty iu kin c th la chn cng ngh x l rc thch hp hoc chn lp hp v sinh hoc ch bin thnh phn bn hoc x l thnh nng lng hoc kt hp cc cng ngh (ng dng cng ngh x l rc mi). Trang b y thit b, phng tin, bo h lao ng y cho ngnh v sinh. i mi m hnh t chc hot ng ca ngnh v sinh, thc hin tng bc vic x hi ha cng tc u t v dch v trong lnh vc thu gom, vn chuyn, tn tr v x l rc thi. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng v nng lc qun l, iu hnh ca i ng chuyn gia trong lnh vc qun l rc thi, thc hin np sng vn minh th. m bo chng trnh phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun c thc hin mt cch nghim chnh, tin hnh ti s dng, ti ch ph liu thu hi t rc, gim thiu lng rc ti a a n cc khu x l rc. Thu gom, vn chuyn v x l c 100% tng lng rc thi sinh hot Thu gom x l trit rc y t bng cng ngh t tin tin, x l cht thi nguy hi bng cng ngh tin tin thch hp. Hon thin h thng qun l cht thi rn th bo m ng b v lut php, v u t pht trin, v t chc b my iu hnh, v chnh sch to ngun ti chnh. Tp trung u t mt s thit b v ci tin qui trnh k thut thu gom rc khc phc hin trng nhim cc b nh hin nay. Thc hin cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc v ph bin cc vn bn php lut v v sinh mi trng, vn ng nhn dn xy dng np sng vn minh, khng vt rc ra ng ph, ni cng cng. Th im chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngun nhm tn dng v ti ch ph liu ng thi gip gim chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v gim nhim mi trng. Thng xuyn c k hoch theo di, o to, tp hun i ng cn b khoa hc k thut nng cao trnh , thc, trch nhim thc hin vic gim st v x l cng nh gio dc hng dn v mi trng cho nhn dn. Phi hp hi ha gia cc c quan chc nng vi nhau vic qun l cht rn sinh hot ti qun t hiu qu.2. xut bin php qun l:2.1 Cc bin php hon thin vic qun l rc ti qun 22.1.1 Bin php hon thin cng tc thu gom Cn phi tng cng, u t thm phng tin, trang thit b... phc v tt cho cng tc thu gom nhm p ng v vic gia tng dn s t nay n nm 2035. Cn ci tin phng tin thu gom theo hng c gii ha, s dng ng b thng 660L thu gom rc k c cng nhn v sinh ca cng ty hay v sinh dn lp. Ngy nay nhiu tuyn ng c m ra nn vi s lng cng nhn hin nay l khng cn phi tng cng s lng cng nhn nhm m bo cho vic thu gom rc dc thu gom tt. Vic thu gom rc l mt cng vic nng v c hi cn phi m bo y trang thit b bo h lao ng cho cng nhn v c mt chnh sch hp l cho cng nhn trong vic bo v sc khe trong lao ng.2.1.2 Bin php hon thin cng tc vn chuyn Phi thng xuyn thay bo tr v thay i cng ngh vn chuyn cho ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca t nc nhm gim bt cc cng on khng cn thit. i vn chuyn cn ti nhng dim hn thu gom rc ng gi nhm m bo cho cng tc vn chuyn ng gi trnh tnh trng thng thu gom rc 660L ng i trn ng gy ch tc giao thng v lm mt m quan th. i vi cc tuyn ng di (>5 km) th tp trung t 3 im hn tr ln thu gom, i vi tuyn ng ngn ( Tng chi ph u t ban u:N = 144 tr+ 174 tr + 30 tr + 3.9 t + 4.5 t = 8.748 (t ng/thng u )(Tm t by trm bn mi tm triu vn)Trong :Xe y 660L s dng 3 nm th phi thay th ci mi.Xe ch p rc ty loi c th s dng ong thi gian khc nhau.3.Tnh cht ca cht thi rnTnh cht vt l, ho hc, sinh hc ca cht thi rna. Tnh cht vt lKhi lng ring:Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l khi lng cht thi rn trn mt n v th tch (kg/m3 ). Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn rt khc nhau n tu thuc vo phng php lu tr, v tr a l, cc thi im trong nm, cc qu trnh m nn. Thng thng khi lng ring3.nh hng n mi trng khng kh Nc ta lng rc sinh hot chim thnh phn ch yu l rc hu c, hp cht hu c khi bay hi s gy mi rt kh chu hi thi nh hng rt ln ti mi trng xung quanh. Nhng cht c kh nng thng hoa, pht tn trong khng kh l ngun gy nhim trc tip, rc c thnh phn phn hu cao nh thnh phn hu c nhit thch hp (35c v m 70 - 80%) vi sinh vt phn hu to ra mi hi thi v sinh ra nhiu loi cht kh c tc ng xu ti sc kho con ngi v mi trng th.4.nh hng ti sc khe con ngi v cnh quan th. Hin tng rc vt ba bi s l ni rt l tng cho vi khun, vi sinh vt v cc loi cn trng pht trin, mi mui l ni lan truyn cc bnh dch. Mt s vi khun v siu vi khun gy cc loi bnh cho con ngi nh st xut huyt5.Cng ngh x l nhit phn rc th.

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