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7/31/2019 Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn
1/26
Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 1
TRNG I HC M - A CHT
KHOA MI TRNG
---------***-------
TIU LUN
QUN L CHT THI RN
Tn ti: Cht thi rn y t
GV hng dn: Trn Th Thanh ThuSinh vin thc hin: Tun Anh
Phm Vn Chng
L Duy Khnh
Trn Quang DngLp: a Sinh Thi K53
H Ni, thng 5 nm 2012
7/31/2019 Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 2
7/31/2019 Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
M U
Chng ta ang sng trong thi i vi s pht trin khng ngng ca nn
kinh t th trng. Khi trnh kinh t x hi v dn tr ca con ngi ngy
cng pht trin th nhu cu ca con ngi v vic chm sc sc khe ca mnh
ngy cng c ch trng mt cch chu o hn.
Cng vi tc th ho nhanh, vn qun l cht thi rn ni chung,
bao gm cht thi rn th, cng nghip v cht thi bnh vin, ang l nhng
vn nan gii trong cng tc bo v mi trng v sc kho ca nhn dn. C
nc c 605 th, chim 0,35% din tch t t nhin, tp trung ch yu cc
vng ng bng v ven bin. Dn s th l 19 triu ngi, chim hn 23%
dn s c nc. T l tng dn s th l 4,2% nm, vi mc tng tuyt i l
0,5 triu ngi nm.
Trong tng lng pht sinh cht thi rn, cht thi rn cng nghip chim
t trng ln nht (54,8%). Tt c cc loi cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip v y
t thu gom c, u chn lp ln ln ti cc bi chn cha hp v sinh. Nng
lc thu gom cht thi tnh trung bnh trong c nc ch t 20-30% v lng
cht thi khng c thu gom ang l cc yu t gy nhim mi trng tim
tng, nh hng nghim trng n sc kho ca ngi dn.
Bn cnh , hng ngy cc bnh vin v c s y t khm v cha bnh
thi ra mt lng cht thi y t kh ln v xu th s dng cc sn phm ch
dng mt ln. Trong cht thi rn c rt nhiu loi nguy him i vi mi
trng v con ngi. Do , vn x l cht thi rn y t ti cc bnh vin
lun l vn quan tm ca ton x hi. Cht thi y t l mt trong nhng cht
thi nguy hi vo bc nht, vic x l cc loi cht thi ny rt phc tp v gp
rt nhiu kh khn. y thc s l mi quan tm, lo lng khng ch vi ngnh
Y t m c vi ngi dn sng quanh khu vc bnh vin. Nu khng c cc
bin php qun l hp l, x l khng tt th y s l ngun ly lan cc mm
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 3
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
bnh, nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi, gy ra nhng vn nhim
mi trng mt cch nghim trng.
Xut pht t c s l lun v thc tin trn, chng ta cn gim thiu
lng cht thi rn v a ra cc bin php hay h thng qun l cht thi y t
sao cho chi ph v hiu qu v bo v c mi trng, hng ti mt nn
kinh t bn vng v mt mi trng trn c s mt nn sn xut sch v mt x
hi tiu dng xanh.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 4
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN TI LIU
1.1. Cc khi nim v nh ngha cht thi rn y t:
1.1.1. Cc khi nim v qun l cht thi rn nguy hi Vit Nam:
Ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1999, B trng B Y t ra quyt nh s
2575/1999/Q-BYT v vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l cht thi y t, trong
quy nh v nh ngha cht thi y t nh sau:
Cht thi rn (solid waste) Y t l cht thi pht sinh trong cc c s y t,t cc hot ng khm cha bnh, chm sc, xt nghim, phng bnh, nghin
cu, o to. Cht thi y t c th dng rn, lng v dng kh.
Cht thi nguy hi l cht thi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt
trong cc c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip (d chy, d n, lm ng c, d n
mn, d ly nhim, v cc c tnh nguy hi khc), hoc tng tc vi cc cht
khc gy nguy hi ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi.
Cht thi y t nguy hi l cht thi c mt trong nhng thnh phn nh
sau: mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn v c quan ca ngi, ng vt;
bm kim tim v cc vt sc nhn, dc phm, ho cht v cc cht phng x
dng trong y t. Nu nhng cht thi ny khng c tiu hu s gy nguy hi
cho mi trng v sc kho con ngi.
1.1.2. Cc khi nim v qun l cht thi rn nguy hi trn Th Gii:
Cht thi rn: c Quc hi M nh ngha l "mt cht thi rn hay kt
hp cc cht thi rn, c s lng, nng , hay cc c tnh l, ho hay ly
nhim c th gy ra hoc gp phn ng k lm tng kh nng t vong, hay lm
tng bnh tt nghim trng khng c kh nng cha ni; gy nguy c tim tng
v ln n sc kho con ngi hay mi trng, khi c x l, lu gi, chuyn
ch, hay tiu hu hoc qun l khng ng quy cch" v thut ng cht thi rn
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 5
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
c Quc hi M quy nh ch tt c cc loi cht thi th rn, lng v
kh.
Cht thi ly nhim,nm 1976, Quc hi M a vo p dng t "ly
nhim" c trng ho loi cht thi nguy him tim tng. Cho n 1988, M
vn s dng t ny hng dn "loi cht thi c kh nng to ra cc bnh
truyn nhim". Cho n nay, thut ng "cht thi y t", bao gm nhiu loi cht
thi chnh thc c lit vo cc cht thi ly nhim nguy him.
1.2. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn y t Vit Nam v th gii:
1.2.1. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn Y t Vit Nam:
Theo thng k, c nc c 12.526 c s khm cha bnh, trong c
847 bnh vin vi cc quy m khc nhau (theo cc cp qun l hnh chnh nh
trung ng, tnh v huyn).
Bng 1.1. Lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam
Tuyn bnh vin Tng lng cht thiY t (kg/ging
bnh/ngy)
Cht thi Y t nguyhi (kg/ging
bnh/ngy)
Trung ng 0,97 0,16
Tnh 0,88 0,14
Huyn 0,73 0,11
Chung 0,86 0,14
( Ngun: BVMT trong cc c s Y t, 2004)
Qua bng 1.1chng ta nhn thy rng nhng ni tp trung nhiu dn c
th lng cht thi Y t thi ra l nhiu nht do , cn tm ra nhng bin php
nhm qun l hp l lng rc thi thi ra hng ngy mt cch c hiu qu
nht.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 6
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Trung bnh mi ngy cc bnh vin trn khp c nc thi ra mt s
lng cc cht thi Y t khong 240 tn (Theo bo co tng kt 2006 ca S
Ti Nguyn Mi Trng). Lng cht thi t cc bnh vin chim 1,76% tng
s cht thi ca ton thnh ph (iu tra 36 bnh vin trn a bn H Ni). Mi
ngy trung bnh mt ging bnh thi ra khong 2,27kg rc, trong c ti
25% l rc thi nguy hi.
Hnh 1: Cht thi y t
Cc cht thi y t c sn sinh ra t: cc bnh vin, cc phng khm a
khoa, cc phng xt nghim v th nghim, cc khu iu dng, ngn hng
mu, nh xc, trung tm khm nghim t thi, cc c s sn xut dc phm,
Cc cht thi bnh vin gm: cht thi nhim khun, nhng phn c th
b ct b v xc cht ng vt, cc vt sc nhn, ha cht, dc phm ht hn,
khng dng n v b nhim bn, vt liu c hot tnh phng x, kim loi nng,
1.2.2. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn trn Th gii:
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 7
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Theo bo co ca U ban nghin cu v bo v mi trng Lin hp
quc, ngy nay lng cht thi ngy cng gia tng v s lng v tnh cht c
hi, c bit ti cc khu vc nng thn ngy cng gia tng v s lng v tnh
cht c hi, c bit, ti cc khu vc ng c dn c, rc thi khng c thu
gom v y l mt trong cc dch gy bnh nghim trng.
Bng 1: Lng pht sinh trn Th gii
Vng Cht thi pht sinh hng ngy
(kg/ging)
Bc M 11,4 - 17Ty u 5,2 7,3
Vit Nam 1,2 2,5
ng 3 4,8
ng u 1,8 4,2
Kuwait 3,87 7,44
Sawdi Kbabia 1,7 2,4
Iran 6,4 11,3
Turkey 3,42 4,2
Nht Bn 2,3 3,9
n 1,2 2,7
Thi Lan 0,89 1,26
Bangldesd 1,6 2,3
Php 3,8 4,6
Qua bng 1.2 cho chng ta thy nhng vng c nn kinh t pht trin,
mc sng ca ngi dn cao do thc bo v sc khe ca mnh nn thng
c lng cht thi pht sinh cao. Ty tng iu kin kinh t - x hi v mc
pht trin khoa hc cng ngh k thut ca tng nc m mi nc c lng
cht thi pht sinh ring.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 8
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
1.3. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn y t:
Theo phn loi v xc nh cht thi (Quy ch qun l cht thi Y t, B
Y t, 1999), phn thnh 5 loi cht thi trong cc c s Y t nh sau:
- Cht thi lm sng
- Cht thi phng x
- Cht thi ha hc
- Cc bnh cha kh c p sut
- Cht thi sinh hot
Nhm cht thi lm sng: c B Y t phn thnh 5 nhm loi cht
thi, trong :
- Nhm A: tt c cc cht thi nhim khun, bao gm: nhng vt liu
thm mu, thm dch, cc cht bi tit ca ngi nh: bng, gc, bng, dy
truyn mu, cc ng thng, dy v ti dung dch dn lu,
- Nhm B: tt c cc vt sc nhn, bao gm: bm tim, kim tim, li v
cn dao m, inh m, ca, cc ng tim, mnh thu tinh v v mi vt liu c
th gy ra cc vt ct hoc chc thng, cho d chng c th b nhim khunhoc khng nhim khun.
- Nhm C: l cht thi c nguy c ly nhim cao, pht sinh t cc phng
xt nghim, bao gm gng tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi sinh
thit/ xt nghim/nui cy, ti ng mu, v.v..
- Nhm D:l cht thi dc phm, bao gm: dc phm qu hn, dc
phm b nhim khun, dc phm b , doc phm khng cn nhu cu s
dng; thuc gy c t bo.
- Nhm E: l cc m v c quan ngi- ng vt, bao gm tt c cc m
c th (d nhim khun hoc khng nhim khun), cc c quan, chn tay, rau
thai, bo thai, xc sc vt.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 9
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Nhm cht thi phng x: ti cc c s Y t, cht thi phng x pht sinh
t cc hot ng chun on, ha tr liu v nghin cu. Cht thi phng x bao
gm: cht thi rn, lng, kh.
- Cht thi phng x rn gm cc vt liu s dng trong cc xt nghim,
chn on, iu tr nh ng tim, bm tim, kim tim, knh bo h, giy thm,
gc st khun, ng nghim, chai l ng cht phng x, v.v..
- Cht thi phng x lng gm: dung dch c cha nhn phng x, pht
sinh trong qu trnh chn on, iu tr nh nc tiu ca ngi bnh, cc cht
bi tit, nc xc ra cc dng c c cha phng x, v.v...
- Cht thi phng x kh gm: cc cht kh dng trong lm sng nh: cc
kh thot ra t cc kho cha cht phng x,v.v...
Nhm cht thi ha hc: bao gm cc cht thi rn, lng v kh. Cht thi
ho hc trong cc c s y t c phn thnh 2 loi:
- Cht thi ho hc khng gy nguy hi, nh ng, a-xt bo, mt s
mui v c v hu c.
- Cht thi ho hc nguy hi bao gm:
+ Formaldehyde: c s dng trong khoa gii phu bnh, lc mu, p
xc v dng bo qun cc mu xt nghim mt s khoa khc.
+ Cc ho cht quang ho hc: c trong cc dung dch dng c nh v
trng phim.+ Cc dung mi. Cc dung mi dng trong c s y t bao gm: cc hp
cht halogen, nh methylene chloride, chlorofom, fron, trichloroethylene, cc
thuc m bc hi nh halothane, cc hp cht khng c halogen, nh xylene,
acetone, isopropanol, toluen, ethyl acetate v acetonitrile.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 10
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
+ Oxit ethylene- oxit ethylene c s dng tit khun cc thit b y
t, phng phu thut nn c ng thnh bnh v gn vi thit b tit khun.
Loi kh ny c th gy ra nhiu c tnh v c th gy ra ung th ngi.
+ Cc cht ha hc hn hp, bao gm: cc dung dch lm sch v kh
khun, nh phenol, du m v cc dung mi lm v sinh, v.v...
Nhm cc bnh cha kh c p sut: nh bnh ng oxy, CO2, bnh ga,
bnh kh dung v cc bnh ng kh dng mt ln. Cc bnh ny d gy chy, n
khi thiu t v vy phi thu gom ring.
Nhm cht thi sinh hot: bao gm:
- Cht thi khng b nhim cc yu t nguy hi, pht sinh t cc bung
bnh, phng lm vic, hnh lang, cc b phn cung ng, nh kho, nh git, nh
n, ....bao gm: giy bo, ti liu, vt liu ng gi, thng ct tng, ti nilon, ti
ng phim, vt liu gi thc phm, thc n d tha ca ngi bnh, hoa v rc
qut dn t cc sn nh.
- Cht thi ngoi cnh: l cy v rc t cc khu vc ngoi cnh...
Tnh cht ca cc cht thi Y t nguy hi l: rt c, d n mn, d chy,
d n, gy c ti gen, ly nhim (HIV/ASD, vim gan,),
1.4. Nhng nh hng ca cht thi rn y t n mi trng v
sc kho:
Do thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc cht thi rn Y t rt phc tp nn
vic ly nhim cc loi bnh l khng th trnh khi nu khng c cc bin
php qun l ng n v hp l th kh nng ly nhim s rt cao. Trong rc
thi bnh vin nhng cht nguy him c nguy c ly nhim, truyn bnh v c
hi,... nc ta do c kh hu nng m nn kh nng pht sinh ra nhng dch
bnh li cng cc k nguy him hn. V d nh bnh t, kit l, st xut huyt,
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 11
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Nhng nhm ngi:
+ Bc s.
+ Nha s.
+ iu dng.
+ Cc nh tr liu.
+ Y t.
+ H l
+ Nhn vin xt nghim.+ Cn b k thut (v d nh nhn vin Xquang,)
+ Nhn vin thu gom cht thi ( trong bnh vin, cc c s Y t, nhn
vin vn chuyn, nhn vin x l khu cui,).
+ Nhng ngi bi rc.
+ Mi trng.
Do nhng nhm ngi ny thng xuyn tip xc vi cc dng c y t,
cc cht thi nhim khun, cht thi dc phm, cht thi phng x pht sinh t
cc hot ng chun on, ha tr liu v nghin cu, .nn h c nguy c
mc cc bnh v vim nhim ng rut, cc bnh vim nhim v ng h
hp, vim nhim qua truyn mu, vim nhim da do b xc, t tay chn hay
b tn thng, nh hng phng xa,l cao nht.Trc y, c mt thi ngi dn quanh vng bnh vin Vit c (H
Ni) phi chu ng nhng th mi rt kinh khng, kht lt mi khi bnh vin
t rc. Nhng bi rc bnh vin thng xuyn to mi hi thi, thu ht rui
nhng,gy nhim cho khng kh, nc ngm, nc mt,nh hng
khng nh n cuc sng ca nhn dn quanh vng.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 12
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Theo bo An ninh th gii mi trng xung quanh ca bnh vin Lao
ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn b nhim nng ti mcby d ca vin chn th
y cng b nhim lao nh ngi, chng ho s s, gy g, khng ln c v
cht dn. Vn bc xc v rc thi bnh vin cng i hi Nh nc v cc
bnh vin phi c cc bin php gii quyt ngay, khng chm tr.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 13
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
CHNG 2
M HNH QUN L, THU GOM, X L CHT THI
RN Y T
2.1. Nhng vn chung:
Ty tng iu kin kinh t x hi v mc pht trin khoa hc k thut
cng vi nhn thc v qun l cht thi m mi nc c nhng cch x l cht
thi ca ring mnh.
Lng cht thi rn Y t pht sinh trn phm vi ton quc theo c tnhca B Y t nm 2001 l khong 12.500 tn/ nm. S liu iu tra ca B Y
cho thy, hin nay c khong 61 l t cht thi Y t c lp t trn ton
quc. Tnh n thng 6/2002, tng cng sut x l ca cc l t cht thi y t
t khong 30 tn/ngy. Tuy nhin, do cha phi hp tt trong cc khu thu
gom, vn chuyn, x l, nn mt s cc l t ny khng vn hnh ht cng
sut v thi gian trong ngy. Trong khi , cc c s y t khc li cha c
trang b l t cht thi y t, v vy gy nn s lng ph do khng tn dng ht
cng sut ca l t cht thi y t hin c. Ti nhiu c s y t, cht thi y t
vn ln vi cc loi cht thi khc v c chn lp n gin ti cc bi
chn lp cht thi sinh hot. Hin ti, vi s ti tr ca chnh ph Php, B y t
ang xy dng mt n quy hoch tng th v qun l cht thi y t.
Qua s liu thng k v tnh hnh x l cht thi rn ca mt s nc trnth gii cho thy rng, Nht Bn l nc s dng phng php thu hi cht thi
rn vi hiu qu cao nht (38%), sau n Thy S (33%), trong Php s
dng phng php x l vi sinh nhiu nht (30%),cc nc s dng phng
php chn lp hp v sinh nhiu nht trong vic qun l cht thi rn l Phn
Lan (84%), Thi Lan (84%), Anh (83%),Di y l nhng m t tng quan
v tnh hnh qun l cht thi rn nguy hi Vit Nam v mt s nc trn Th
gii.
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 14
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
2.2. Tnh hnh qun l, thu gom, x l cht thi rn Y t Vit
Nam v Th Gii
2.2.1 Tnh hnh qun l, thu gom, x l cht thi rn Vit NamQun l cht thi Y t nguy hi (Quy ch qun l cht thi rn Y t, B Y
t) c nh ngha nh sau: l cc hot ng kim sot cht thi nguy hi
trong sut qu trnh t khi cht thi pht sinh n x l ban u, thu gom, vn
chuyn, lu gi v tiu hy cht thi Y t nguy hi.
Vic qun l cc cht thi nguy hi c ngha cc k quan trng. Mi
cng on u c th xy ra cc ri ro v u i hi kinh ph hot ng. Do ,cng tc qun l i hi phi phn tch v kim sot mt cch ch ng t khu
pht sinh cht thi cho n khu tiu hu cui cng. Cc cht thi nguy hi thng
pht sinh t cc ngun thi khc nhau, do cn phi x l v thi b theo mt
trnh t nht nh.
Vic thu gom cht thi rn nguy hi t cc ngun khc nhau ty thuc vo
iu kin, kh nng c th ca ngun thi. Rc thi nguy hi trc khi x l phic phn loi gim chi ph cho vn x l tip theo.
Hnh 2: Cn phn loi cht thi y t ngay ti ngun pht sinh
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 15
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Cng tc phn loi cht thi rn Y t ti ngun cha c thc hin hoc
thc hin cha tt. Trong , c 81,25% bnh vin thc hin phn loi cht thi
nhng cn phin din, cha theo chun mc v km hiu qu do nhn vin cha
c o to; 45% bnh vin cha tch ring cc vt sc nhn ra khi cht thi rn
Y t; 11,4% bnh vin c vt sc nhn cha c thu gom vo cc hp ng theo
ng tiu chun quy nh.
V lu tr cht thi trong bnh vin: hu ht cc cht thi trong bnh vin
c tp trung trong cc khu t trong bnh vin, khng c mi che, khng c hng
ro bo v, vic thiu hy cn rt s si,
Phn ln hn 310 phng khm t nhn trong thnh ph cha chu trchnhim i vi rc thi ca mnh, cha thc hin ng quy trnh thu gom,
chuyn giao rc y t cho cng nhn vn chuyn rc (s liu theo B Ti nguyn
Mi Trng, Bo co tng kt 2006).
nhng ni c iu kin, cht thi nguy him cn c x l trc khi
em tiu hu cui cng, nhm gim thiu hoc trit tiu nguy c ca cht thi
nguy him. Do c tnh khc nhau gia cc loi cht thi, cho nn khng th xl nh nhau.
Tnh hnh thu gom rc thi trong bnh vin hin nay l khng hon ton.
85% rc thi y t l cht thi sinh hot, tng t nh cht thi sinh hot ca h
gia nh khng cn phi x l c bit. Cn li 25% l rc thi nguy hi cn
c x l. Lng cht thi y t do h thng bnh vin thi ra mi ngy ln n
200.000 tn rc sinh hot v 30.000 tn rc thi nguy hi. Quy ch qun l chtthi y t hin hnh khng cp n vic cho php hay cm bn cht thi. Gn
y, khi ti mt s bnh vin ln b pht hin c mt s c nhn ng ra bn
cht thi y t, B Y t c vn bn yu cu cm mua bn, cho tng cht thi y
t nguy hi.
Cht thi ti ch khi nhit cao th thnh phm khng gy hi cho
sc khe. iu nguy him l, nu cht thi cha c x l an ton th
ngi tip xc trc tip (trong qu trnh vn chuyn, sc ra) s chu nh
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 16
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
hng. V vy, yu cu hng u l cht thi bnh vin phi c phn loi v
x l nghim ngt.
2.2.2.Tnh hnh qun l, thu gom, x l cht thi rn Y t trn Th gii:
- Php: cc cht thi nguy hi ch c thiu hy khong 40%, s cn
li cha c x l hp v sinh. Hin nay hng nm c khong 20 triu tn
cht thi khng c x l cht ng nhng ni hoang vu v khng ngi
khai thc. Ngoi ra do ph lu gi cht thi Php kh r nn cc nc lng
ging khng do d mang cht thi ca quc gia mnh sang cc bi cht
thi ti Php.
- H Lan: vic x l cht thi ca H Lan c s tham gia tng lcca chnh quyn , x hi cng nh cc c quan chuyn ngnh. Cht thi nguy
hi c x l bng nhiu cch khc nhau, trong phn ln c thiu hy,
mt phn c ti ch. Trc y, H Lan tin hnh thiu hy cht thi nguy
hi ngoi bin. Hng nm, H Lan c ti hn 20 triu tn cht thi, 60% trong
s ny c cc bi cha, phn cn li c a vo cc l thiu hy hoc
ti ch. bo v Mi Trng, chnh ph H Lan ra mc tiu gim chtthi hng nm gim chi ph x l. Cng ngh x l cht thi nguy hi ch
yu c p dng l thiu hy, nhit nng do cc l thiu hy sinh ra s c
ha nhp vo mng li nng lng chung ca t nc. Vic thiu hy cht
thi nguy hi c tin hnh nhng l t hin i vi k thut mi nht, hoc
vic t chc sn xut c ng dng nhng quy trnh c bit nhm to ra
ngun nguyn liu mi, thun li cho cng vic ch bin.- Hng Kng: c s x l cht thi nguy hi tp trung c xy dng
t nm 1987 n nm 1993. Vi h thng thu gom vn chuyn v thit b x l
hin i, cng ngh ch yu l x l nhit v x l ha/ l x l c hu
ht lng cht thi nguy hi ti Hng Kng. Ti y ngi ta cng tin hnh
nghin cu v xut quy ch chung v s tiu hy cht thi, c bit l cht
thi ha hc. nh h thng nghin nh chn lp, h thng kim sot vic
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
chn lp, kim sot ni thu gom, vn chuyn x l v tiu hy cht thi, nht l
cht thi rn nguy hi gp phn nng cao cht lng qun l Hng Kng.
2.3. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn:
Pht sinh cht thi
Thu gom, phn loi v lu gi ti ngun
Tp trung
Truyn ti v vn chuyn Tch, x l v ti ch
Tiu hy
S : Nguyn tc chung ca cng ngh x l cht thi nguy hi
Hin nay, v c bn c 3 phng php x l cht thi rn:
- Phng php chn lp.
- Phng php thiu hy.- Phng php x l bng cng ngh sinh hc.
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
2.3.1. Phng php chn lp:
Cht thi nguy hi trc khi chn lp phi c x l nhm gim ti a
kh nng r r cc cht nhim vo mi trng hoc khi h thng bo m an
ton ca bi chn lp b trc trc. Cc gii php qun l v k thut ny bao
gm:
- gim khi lng cht thi ti ngun.
- X l cc hp cht hu c d b phn hy bng phng php sinh hc.
- X l bng nhit ph hy cht thi hu c.
Hnh 3: chn lp cht thi
Phng php chn lp hon ton
i vi cc loi rc thi sinh hot, cng ngh t c hi thng c thu
gom, vn chuyn, chuyn n cc bi cha sau c chn lp i. y l
phng php n gin nht, r tin nhng khng v sinh d gy nhim cc
Nhm SVTH: Tun Anh - Chng - Khnh - Dng Trang 19
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
ngun nc ngm v tn din tch t cha bi rc. Phng php ny ch ph
hp vi nhng nc km pht trin, kinh t cn kh khn.
i vi cc cht thi c hi th y bi chn lp phi c x l m
nn hoc tri tm lt polymer c bit, sao cho cht thi c chn lp hon
ton cch ly vi mi trng bn ngoi. Vi cch ny kh tn km.
Phng php chn lp c x l
Rc thi thu gom v c phn ra lm 2 loi: rc v c v rc hu c.
i vi rc v c c em i chn lp, cn rc hu c c nghin lm
phn bn.
2.3.2. Phng php thiu hy:Cht thi rn nguy hi c x l bng qu trnh t thng qua s nhit
phn. t l mt qu trnh oxy ha cht thi rn nguy hi nhit rt cao.
qu trnh phn hy bng nhit t hiu qu cao th ngoi yu t oxi t nhin cn
cn thi gian lu kh thi sinh ra c duy tr cho qu trnh chy hon
ton, nhit phi cao, qu trnh xoy trn ln tt.
y l quy trnh x l cui cng ng dng cho mt s cht thi khngth ti ch, ti s dng hay d tr an ton trong bi chn lp. Phn tro sau khi
t c chn lp.
Hnh 4: L t cht thi rn y t
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
t cht thi nguy hi c s dng nh mt bin php x l gim
tnh c, thu hi nng lng v c th x l mt khi lng ln cht thi. Nhn
chung dng l thiu hy l phng php sch nhng chi ph cao.
Phng php thiu t ch s dng khi cht thi l cht c sinh hc,
khng b phn hy sinh hc v bn vng trong mi trng.
Cc cng ngh hin nay thng c s dng t cht thi nguy hi
l:
Bng 2: Tng hp cc cng ngh thng s dng t cht thi nguy hi
Loi cng
ngh
Nguyn l qu
trnh
Khu vc p
dngNhit
t (0C)
Thi gian
lu
L t thng
quay
Cht thi nguy hi
c t trong ng
tr gch chu nhit
quay.
t bt c
loi cht
thi nguy
hi no.
650 1370 Vi gi
L t mt
bung ng
Cht thi nguy hi
c phn nh bngkh nn hoc hi p
sut cao v b chy
trng thi l lng.
Cht thi
nguy hi dng bn c
th bm
c.
700 1650 0,1 1 giy
L t nhiu
tng
Cht thi nguy hi
c t ch
nhit tng dn.
Bn v cc
cht thi
nguy hi
dng
vin.
760 980 Vi gi
L t tng
si
Cht thi nguy hi
c phun vo
trong lp si
c t nng.
Cht thi
nguy hi rn
dng vin.
760 1100 Vi pht
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
Qua bng 2.1 cho chng ta thy, thi gian lu ca cc cht thi trong l
t chy i vi pha kh t nht l 2 giy, cn vi pha rn th phi trong
mt vi gi ty theo kch thc cht thi.
C 3 phng php thiu t:
- Thiu t ti l t tp trung.
u im: lm gim ti a nhng tc ng nguy hi ca rc thi i vi
mi trng v sc khe cng ng.
Nhc im: gp kh khn v vic la chn v tr, thit b vn chuyn v
kho tm cha cht thi nguy hi.
- Thiu t tai ch.u im: gim chi ph vn chuyn.
Nhc im: cc c s c l t thng nm ln vi cc khu dn c nn
vic xy dng s gy nhim khng kh trong khu vc. Bn cnh nu t
khng ng theo quy nh k thut rt d gy ra cc tc ng xu.
- Thiu t trong l xi mng.
u im: thiu t trong l xi mng l cht cn sau thiu t c sdng lm nguyn liu cho xi mng, tit kim c ngun ti nguyn.
Nhc im: phi tn mt khon tin cho vic x l trc khi a cht
thi vo t.
2.3.3. Phng php sinh hc:
- Nui giun t (nui t nhin v nui cng nghip).
Nui t nhin: ri mt lp bn cng ln vng t cn ci to v th giunxung. Di tc dng ca giun t s to ra mt lp t ti xp giu cht hu
c.
Nui cng nghip: lm gin nui giun trong c nhiu gin. Th ging
giun trn nn ph thi hu c, to iu kin mi trng (pH, m, nhit ,
khng kh,)thch hp, b sung thm thc n cho giun.
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
- Phng php phn hy vi sinh: c nhiu loi vi sinh vt c kh nng
phn hy cc cht hu c phc tp thnh cc hp cht n gin thng qua vic
ho kh vi men vi sinh cng nghip.
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
KT LUN
Trong giai on pht trin hin nay lng rc thi ngy cng thi ra
nhiu lm cho mi trng b nhim trm trng. Cng tc lp bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng cc bnh vin cha c quan tm ng mc. H s k
thut, quy trnh vn hnh cc h thng, thit b x l cht thi cha c
chuyn giao, hun luyn i vi cc bnh vin xy mi hoc nng cp. Cng
tc kim tra vic qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng ti cc bnh vin, c
s y t cn b bung lng, thiu quan tm.
Vic x l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng ti cc bnh vin cn nhiu
kh khn, bt cp. c bit tnh trng x l cht thi lng nguy hi hin nay
cc bnh vin l ng bo ng, nguy c ly nhim, nh hng mi trng
sng rt cao.Vic phn loi cht thi rn y t cn cha ng quy nh, cn ln
vo cht thi sinh hot. Phng tin thu gom nh ti, thng ng cht thi cn
thiu v cha ng b, hu ht cha t tiu chun, vt sc nhn cha c c
lp an ton. Khng c phng tin vn chuyn ring bit, chuyn dng, ni lu
gi khng bo m v sinh, c nhiu nguy c gy ri ro do vt sc nhn ri vi,
nhiu cn trng xm nhp. Ni tp trung cht thi khng c mi che, ro bo
v. Rc thi sinh hot ti cc bnh vin huyn cng cha c x l mt cch
trit .
Kinh ph u t cho cc h thng x l cht thi y t ni ring, cng tc
qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng ni chung ti bnh vin, c s y t cn
thiu nhiu, cha tng xng vi nhim v qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi
trng theo quy nh ca php lut. Dch v thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc
thi y t, rc thi sinh hot ti nhiu huyn cn nhiu kh khn.
Kin ngh:
- Cn tng cng thc hin cc hot ng thu gom, x l cht thi, c
bit l vic thu gom v x l cc cht thi nguy hi. Bn cnh , cng tc qun
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Tiu lun Qun l cht thi rn GVHD: Trn Th Thanh Thu
l v bo v mi trng phi hng n cc mc tiu c th nh: khng ngng
ci thin v bo v mi trng, nhm nng cao cht lng v sc khe ca
nhn dn, m bo s pht trin bn vng ca t nc,
- Ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi Y t, thnh lp cc i gim st v
phn cng tng ngi trong i gim st, gim st cc khoa, cc phng trong
vic thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi.
- Quan tm cng tc o to, bi dng, hun luyn cho cn b, nhn
vin ph trch qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng trong cc bnh vin, c
s y t. Xem xt vic phn b v s dng kinh ph x l cht thi y t ti cc
bnh vin, bo m cn i v ph hp vi thc t ti tng bnh vin ngoinh mc khon kinh ph hng nm. Phi hp tt vi S Ti nguyn v Mi
trng trong vic lp k hoch, phn b, s dng kinh ph s nghip mi
trng; thanh tra, kim tra vic qun l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng trong
cc bnh vin, c s y t. Cn ch o cng tc kim tra, thanh tra, x l vi
phm php lut v bo v mi trng.
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