Tran Thi Bao Chau - Chieu Mua Ngay Ay

8/9/2019 Tran Thi Bao Chau - Chieu Mua Ngay Ay

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tran-thi-bao-chau-chieu-mua-ngay-ay 1/222

TRN TH BO CHÂU | chiu ma ngày y

ThuVienBao.comhttp://ebooks.thuvienbao.com

1

&KQJ

4XQK+QJÒFKQJV¢FKO«QQQQK¡O³QJULELQKQJF£XKLQKQJKR¡LQJKL6XWQDWLQJÒQJKOFOLW-PNLPWWFF¢FNF¢FWE¡QKFFDFEDFKHPFµYQFKDW-PUDFXQ7EFKFDP-QKÑPY¡RWU¢QP\F¢L+QJU«QU0¡\QPÒ£X"6DRNKµQJO«QWLQJ"1JD\O»FÒ´4XQK1KEFY¡R1K-QV¢FKYEOFWWXQJFµQJFQKL«Q(PW-PF¢LJ-GY\"4XQK+QJ[-XPW

&XQ7EFKFDHP&KWK\Q´Ò£XNKµQJ"4XQK1KKFKPL(PJLXNTX¢/¡PVDRFKWK\FK1KWÒQKSKLF´QJLO\Y-TX\QVNKµQJF´F¢QKO¡PVDRED\ÒF4XQK1KOPW1©ÒQJYXRDQJL¢KDFKRQJLNK¢FQJKH/QULWUFNKLQ´LSKLVX\QJKêÒ¡QJKR¡QJ&KO\FDHPO¡PJ-

4XQK+QJQKÄQQK´&ŃKLQ¡RWKQJ3KLO\FDHPNKµQJ"/LQJKLQJ1Ó¡FRQWUDLFKOFQJEWFKFHPYLWEDF¢LYYQÒ´.KµQJWUOL4XQK+QJWKQJLFQK[HPOQFXLFºQJFµF³QWK\TX\QOXE»W\Y¡RO»FQ¡RQKQJYQNKµQJQKUDÑÓ¡PWTX\QVE-DQKXQJWX\WÒS4X\QVQ¡\FD4XFDQKKFµWQJQÄPFµ

KFOSPLKDL&K®QKDQK4XFE¡\FKR+QJWU³YLWOXE»WWKHRNLXWEFKQ¡\&µUWTX¾QÝ-Q´FKDQKQJJQJPWW£PKQFDP\FKFÒDEQ4XQK+QJNOPFµWKQJÒTX\QVE-DQKXQJÒY¡RWURQJPWE-DV¢FKFQ«QE£\JLPXQNLPUDQ´SKLFKXNK´JLWQJFXQV¢FKO«QULOWWUDQJE-DUDFRLPLÒF1JR¡LFDEQJF´WLQJQJLJL&K+QJL





2

4XQK1KEFUDPFDU¡RD%L(PW-PFK+QJFKLY\"7KQJQK´FµPNKNKPWEFQLOµQJNKµQJWUOL1KP¡QK´QFK£QQK-QY¡RQK¡&K+QJÒ£XUL"WURQJQK¡9\FK1KJLFKUDWLSFKX\QYLHP4XDQWUQJOPÒ´4XQK1KSK-FLQK-QF¢LWU¢QYÒDQJQJKL«PQJKKWO«QWULFD%LULTXD\Y¡RJLWR+QJL&´FK¡QJWUDLWUW-PHPN-D5DPDXFK¡QJ\Q´LF´FKX\QUWTXDQWUQJ

4XQK+QJQJQJ¢FEFUD$LW-PHPKFK+DL"%»QJWD\YSK®D%L1KQ´L1´Ò£\Q©+QJYLY¡QJEFWLÑDFKFRL

7KQJQK´FJK-F¢LEFY¡RO³QJ.KµQJÒFQKGQFKQJQ¡RFKFKXFKXFHPPLÒD4XQK+QJQJFQKL«QQKQ¡RK%L"7KQJEªOFÒX

(PÒ£XFÉLW+LQ¤\UDTX¢QF¡SK«0£\&KLXPXDWKXFO¢FKREDF´DQKNLDKLELWFK4XQK+QJWURQJKPQ¡\NKµQJ"(POLQNKRHFKV¢WQK¡HPQKQ´LPXQFÉ¢QKÄQÒHPJ´LQ¡\ÒDFKRFK0LÒXHPNKµQJFKXVQKF´£PPXJ-HPWK\Q´WU«QE¡QFDFK6DRFK+QJ"&´PXQFKXFNKµQJ"4XQK+QJPXQERWDLWKQJTXQKKWVF&µOQJO&KXFWK-FKXF0WEFKFKRFRODWH00QKª"





3

9QµPF¢LEFWURQJWD\WKQJ%LQ´LPWKL1KY\®WOP$QKÒÚDJL¢O¡FKSKLÒ¤LHPKDLFKFFXQE³E®DPLGêDEWFKL«QF´WUQJPLGêDK¢FRFKRQKLXWPWFKF[R¡LWQJFKPPPUXF1KWLQKQJP´QNKR¢LÄQQKWÒFN«UDWURQJSKQWEFKFDP-QK4XQK+QJWFP¡NKµQJO¡PJ-ÒFQKELXHPTXLUDWK¡QKWLQO\WLQPXDQKQJP´QP-QKNKR¢LNKX4XQK1KµPEQJFLO¡P4XQK+QJF¢XO«Q&KRHPFXQVQ¡\OXµQÒ´&KFKWK©PFKXF(PO\O¡PFKL"Ñ£XF³QWUDQJJL\WUQJQ¡R

4XQK+QJWQFµQJWLWS&JLQ´ÒLÒLFµ%®FKYFKVTXDQ´LFKX\Q7KWT»DTXW'¢PY¡RQK¡O\ÒFDFKULE¡\WU³EWFKFKXF&KWQJFKRHPEDRQKL«XO¡K-QKNKµQJQJHPWUQFKQKY\0DLPWQKÒQJQKYJ-QDKW4XQK1KVRYDL%LWSKLQ´FKµPNKµQJ"&KOF´WKQJFKDPFGFKQ¡RÒDQ´WKW"

&KNKµQJQJKêQ´SKDÒFYK¡LNFKYDUL4XQK+QJQJKLQJ9\FKOHPÒ¤O¡PPWFXQVQ¡\Y¡WKWVF´QJLOPÒF"$LY\N-D"Ñ¤F´FµQJÒHPWLÒXKPVDRNKµQJFDQÒPY¡RWQQK¡QK"*LQJ4XQK1KJLXFW&KFÒF[RQJSKQWEFKFDP\FKFÒDE£\DQKWDVFKJ-"Ñ»QJO¡YYQ&KNKµQJÒLQ¡RN«NKDLWQJPFUDJLQJQKN«NKDLO¾OFK+W«QTX«TX¢QQJ¡\

WK¢QJQÄPVLQKVWK®FKQÄQJNKLXFPPXQJL\«XO¾WQJY¡WK\WKWWUFRQWKWEXQFL+LÒ´4XQK+QJOXµQPXQP-QKOKQPLQJLQ«QWURQJSKQWEFKÒ¤JKLGLUWQKLXÒLXF¢FKELXKLQEQJF£XEQJOLFQJKPKêQKUQJWXFK9®GPFF£XGDQKQJµQWK®FKQKW+QJÒ¤QQQ´WJKL+¤\FKRWµLPWÒLPWDWµLVE\WXQJWU¢LÒW5LSKQPFFµFKQJQJQQJLYLWÑFO¡QJLÒXWL«QÒWFK£QO«Q6DR.LP





4

Ñ»QJO¡WFDRWÒL$QKFK¡QJQ¡RÒ´ÒFQKQJOL+QJYLWWURQJÒ£\FKFVQJKêFµO¡PWFRQEªOSGKPKêQKNKµQJFKQJ&K»JX*XPP\ÒQJQJKL«QJÒXQKHRPWFLYLWWK\QKWPK-QKFµG¢QÒXV7KWTX¢TXW4XQK+QJJLQUXQO«Q&µPWRPWÒFK¡QJFKUWED\EPJKLGL+XGX\«QWKL«QO¾QÄQJWQJQJY¡PWFKN¾QJRQQJR©RQKQºLNPJDLUL4XQK+QJOFÒX+QJG¢P+XGX\«QÒ£X9µGX\«QWK-F´0®PPµLOL+QJÒQK[ªWUDQJYQKQJO»FQJKL«QJÒXÒ[ªFµEQJFKSPLNKL

WK\FK»JX*XPP\FQJGWKQJ;ªFK»UDQJKêFQJWLÒ¤Y\TX\QVWKQ¡RFQJVWVW7KµLFÒPFJXWD0DQQJWKWWKQJNKµQJNKªRÒXLPWNK¢FKFDQJLWD7KQKQJ4XQK+QJÒ¤WK¡QKFµQJFK7KLQJLTXQO¾TX\K¡QJWUDQJVFFDRFS7Kº\1KL«QQ¡\FKRFµELWGRDQKWKXFDTX\KDLWK¢QJQD\WÄQJYWO«QJSÒµL/»F+QJFKDKLXFK¢PFKJ-NKLQ´LWKWK-7KLÒ¤FLFLEQKY¡RWDLFµ(PÒ»QJO¡F´GX\«QEXµQE¢Q7URQJWUXQJW£PQ¡\ELWEDRQKL«XTX\WUDQJVF&KKLXVDRWKL«QKÒLY³QJY³QJULFQJJKªY¡RTX\FDP-QK&´ÒFQK£QYL«QJLLQKHPE¡FKFKQJP\FKFPXDKWTX\Y¡QJEFÒ¢TX¾NK¢F

*¤Ò¡QµQJQKDQKQKQNªRFµOLJLQJVÄQÒ´Q;LQOL&µNKµQJVDRFK"NKµQJ7µLF³QÒQJÒFP¡1´LGWOL+QJEFYL[XQJOÒQJPWG¢RG¢FW-P4XQK1K/LWLWUQDUL%LWWKP-QKWLSWFÒXO¢RYLE¡7KLWK«PPWFK»WQDWUQJGXVDRFQJF´JKQJLNKµQJNK®WKR¢QJP¢WWWKQÒQJE«QOÒQJELEPYLQQJFKLXY¡QJYWWKQ¡\QKLX

0W+QJOÒ¤QJQK-QFRQSK*LWDQVPLQJLKLKYQK¡&¡QJWK«PWXLF¡QJWK\P-QKFKPÒL&µS»QJ6DRDQKQ´LY\"





5

5LFµOXQJFXQJQJLO«QVDXOQJ&QJ;HOWTXDFKJ¤Ò¡QµQJÒQJ&µNKOLFY¡WK\J¤YQF³QQK-QP-QKPLQJPPFLWKWUQJU4XQK+QJKWPWVDQJFKNK¢FFµKLWDFPY¡RYDL&QJULYLY¤QJL[®FKUDNKL[HTXRTXDQJ¤WÒQJ/»FFµÒDQJFKLXWLVDRP-QKOLO¡PWKWK-&QJO«QWLQJ+QJF´QJKêFKLXQD\QJLÒDHPYQK¡O¡DQKNKµQJ"4XQK+QJWKWWK¡&KDNKLQ¡RHPQJKêÒQÒLXQ¡\Y-FK1KQ´LDQKO»FQ¡RFQJEQ&QJFLJL³Q1¡\+QJNKµQJVDRPPLQJÒF9LFµFKX\Q&QJÒQUFTXO¡PWEWQJOLDQKOOQJF¡QJO¡PWLPFµUXQJÒQJKQQD

&QJO¡EQFDDQK4XFFK®QK&QJÒ¤[LQYLFO¡PFKR4XQK1KY¡KLQWLDQKFQJÒDQJW-PFKWK®FKKSFKR+QJ7URQJJLDÒ-QKFµDQKF´PWYWU®ÒFELW%DFµOXµQWUPWUQJLNKHQ&QJµQJWKQJO\DQKO¡PÒLQK-QKYPWPXÒ¡QµQJWK¡QKÒWWWEQJÒFKR3KLQRLWKHRPLNKLWKQJQK´FOO¡NKµQJORKF9LEDFµÒ¡QµQJFQQKWO¡FµQJGDQKVQJKLSÒLXQ¡\KSYL&QJQ«QOQQ¡RDQKWLQK¡FKLEDFµFQJUWWK®FKµQJQJLQ´LFKX\QYLDQKO£XÒQPFFK1KSKLPDPDLUQJQJ&QJKD\WKWP«KRFW£PWKQFED&QJPPFLWSK/LFDDQKKD\GY\VDR"

4XQK+QJQJKL«QJÒX+D\QKWNKLHPLPOQJFKRDQKÒFWKRL(POªPOP$QKFK¡QJQ¡RFDRWD\QPLWUÒFHP7LFO¡HPFKDWK\DLFDRWD\KW9³QJWD\UDVDXFFQKO«QÒX+QJ&QJQ´L

&´DQKÒ£\Q©1XNKµQJFDRWD\O¡PVDRFFÒFHP$QKFKJLLW¡LÄQKLS$LP¡V$QKÒ£XWK®FKHPV4XQK+QJDQKDQK&µQJFQKL«Q





6

&KX\QJ-KDQK"&QJFKR[HFK\FKPOL$QKPXQQ´LYLHPÒLXNK¢TXDQWUQJ7LP+QJEQJÒSKQORQ.KµQJO&QJPXQWKOQKQJOLFµNKDRNK¢WÒFQJKHWO£X1KQJOQ¡RÒLXWKL«QJOL«QJ\OLÒFDQKQ´LUDY¡RO»FDQKÒ©RFµWU«QSKJLDPXµQY¡Q£PWKDQKKQWSWKQ¡\"7-QK\«XO¡FKX\QUL«QJWYµFºQJWKPQJFDUL«QJKDLQJLFP¡/Q¡R&QJOLOL*LQJ&QJYDQJO«QWKWU¶O¡PFµKQJ$QKPXQQKHPYLFQ¡\

4XQK+QJQKPPWFQªQWLQJWKUDWKWNK0D\O¡FµQJLSK®DVDX&QJNKµQJWK\PWFµYDULQXNKµQJFµFKELWWUQÒQJQ¡RFKREW[XK*K-PQLWKQWKF[XQJ+QJQKQK9LFJ-"$QKFQ´L1XJL»SÒFDQKHPVFKWVFP-QK&QJWKSK¡R&¢PQHPWUF&KX\QFQJNKµQJF´J-NK´6O¡QKY\WLQD\EQJEWFJL¢Q¡R4XQK1KFQJSKL[RQJEQE¢RF¢RP¡Fµ\SKLWQJNWVDXEXLKS$QKV1KO¡PNKµQJNSVQKKQJÒQFµQJW¢FFD1KQ«QPXQQKHPJL»SJLºP

4XQK+QJKRDQJPDQJ*L»SEQJF¢FKQ¡R"&QJNKFL'WKµL(PSK1KU¡OLWR¡QEE¢RF¢RWU«QP¢\W®QKULVDFKDQXF´VDLV´WYVOLXÑ¤KFTXDYLW®QKFKX\QQ¡\ÒLYLHPÒ£XF´J-NK´SKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJQJKHJLQJP-QKQKYUD

1KQJP¢\Ò£XP¡O¡P"&QJQ´L$QKVFKWLVDXNKLÒDHPYQKD4XQK+QJFQQKPµL





7

$QKORFKRFK1KJK«*LQJ&QJWKWQJW9-1KO¡FKHPP¡$QKÒ£XPXQ1KENKLQWU¢FK9LOL7K\DQKQJSQJQJ+QJKL9LOLVDRKDQK"9LOLDQKWQJJLLWKLX1KY¡RFµQJW\DQKSKLF´WU¢FKQKLPQ£QJÒFQJQKWRÒLXNLQFKRFµ\WLQWK£Q+R¡QWWFEQE¢RF¢RQ¡\O¡WK¡QKFµQJUWOQFD1K4XQK+QJJWÒXFKQJFQVX\QJKê

(PVSKFKKDLDQKÒQJOR&QJFLWKWWL+QJÒ»QJQKDQKWKQJQJKê9XWQKQKQJVLW´FOR¡[R¡WUFWU¢QFµOROQJ$QKQJKêYHPWKQ¡R"&KFWOPK".KµQJWUOLF£XKLFD4XQK+QJ&QJY³QJYR

+LF³QKFSKWKµQJDQKF´PPWJLFPP¡WLE£\JLDQKYQF³QQKQKLQÑÓ¡PWJLFPWX\WÒS$QKPWK\J-Y\"$QKPWK\P-QKFºQJPWFµEªOQPWD\QKDXWXQJWÄQJWU«QF¢QKÒQJWR¡QKRDF»FWUQJ&µEª\F´WLQJFLWURQJYWY¡P¢LW´FWKWG¡L7URQJPDQKKR¡QWR¡QEFXQK»WELFµWD7LDQKÒDQJYXLÒºDWU«QKRDWU«QFEQJGQJFµEªYWFK\DQKÒXLWKHRÒXLWKHRP¤LQKQJNKµQJWKHRNS&µ\Ò¤PWK»WFXLFK£QWUL$QKWQKJLFYLQLOX\QWLFNKµQFºQJ$QKFDRFÒFJSOLQJLFRQJ¢L\WURQJQKQJFQPNK¢F

4XQK+QJW³P³7KDQKF´JSNKµQJ"&QJNKOFÒX+XQJWLFU%XQWKW





8

;HDQKQJQJWUFFQJQK¡+QJ&QJTXD\OLQK-QFµ7UFÒ£\DQKUWEXQQKQJE£\JLKWUL$QKÒ¤JSFµ\QJR¡LÒL4XQK+QJFKSPL&µFKDKLXKW¾FD&QJWK-DQKÒ¤SK´QJ[HÒL7LVDRDQKOLNYLFµFKX\QJLFPWKL[D[DÒÚLNWWK»FEQJPWF£XOOQJNK´KLXWKQ¡\WURQJNKLF£XFµKLYP-QK&QJYQFKDWUOL%FY¡RWLV£QFµJS3KL7KQJQK´FQKHRQKHRPW*K«WKLWWDL&K«[HE¡1KÒLYEQJ'UHDPFDµQJ&QJQKHQ4XQK+QJQKÄQPW%LWF¢LJ-P¡Q´LE\FK1KEQKSFKE

+SÒ£XP¡KSFKF³QYWUFFKQDN-D4XQK+QJQJFQKL«Q87KWK9\VDRQKOLQ´L4º\QK1KO´ÒXUDNKLFDJLQJQ´LNK´FKX1´LF¢LJ-"&KQJKêFKFHPNKµQJQJFÒQPFQJKHQKGQJW'O¡VDRHPNKµQJKLX"

'O¡PSKEQE¢RF¢RWLQD\FKVDRQD4XQK+QJFKQJKQJDÑÓ¡FKX\QFDFK$QK&QJVFKO¡PNKµQJ[RQJPLQKHPSKQKORFKRFKQKY\FKOLTXXTXWKWN4XQK1KOPEP.KµQJTXXVDRÒFÑ¤PWQKR¡LFQJ¡\FµQJW\E£\JLOLO¡PWK«PFÒ«PÑYLFQ¡\V¢QJPDLO¡PFQJF´FKWÒ£X&QJWLQKPXQOSFµQJYLJL¢PÒFQ«QE´F

OWQJLNK¢F4XQK+QJE«QKYFQJD\$QK&QJNKµQJSKLQKFKQJKêÒ£XQKQ´LO¡O¡1KJWQJDQJ





9

(PNKLFQE«QKYF&KU¡QKQKKQHPQKLXP¡&KQJTXDY-PDQJQQ«QOQQ¡\FKSKLO¡PFKR[RQJÒPDLQKFÉ¢RF¢RWU-QKO«QJL¢PÒF1KQJFKOQQ¡\WKµL4XQK+QJQJQJ¡QJQK-Q4XQK1KGQJ´WEFY¡RWURQJ.KµQJKLXVDRFK1KOLFDXFŃKLSKLO¡PFµQJYLFFDP-QK5¶U¡QJDQK&QJUWTXDQW£PWLFKQKV1KENKLQWU¢FKQ«QÒ®FKWK£QQKFµJL»SPWWD\Y\P¡FK1KWYEFELQKEªSO¡PTX¢QKLXYLF7KWNK´KLX7UFÒ£\FK1KUWNK£PSKF&QJY¡WKQJNKµQJWLFOLNKHQDQKPLNKLF´DLQKFWL'RQ¡\WK-NK¢FFK1KFKNKHQFK«J-KWQKQJQXWKQJQK´F3KLEDFµKD\DQK4XFY¡FFµQDQ´LWL&QJ1KÒXKWPWTXD\ÒLKRFQPWQFLNKLQKNKQKUWO6DRWQKL«QFK1KOLJKªWDQK&QJQK"

3KLYDQKPQKR¡PQKDLFKXLYDKL&KX\QJ-P¡PWE¡1KK-QKVGY\"&KWU¢FKDQK&QJEWFKO¡PTX¢QKLXYLF9\WK-QJKÒLFKRUL+QJJW1´LFKX\QQKHPQJKHSK¢WFK¢Q

1XF£XQ´LYDULO¡FDDQK&QJFKFFKNKµQJFK¢QÒ£X4XQK+QJJLPFK£QÑTX(PQ´LE\EFKP¢FKED3KLWQKE0¢FKÒL&KSFKKDLNKµQJOXµQÒ´+QJELWVDRKQKFWLµQJ&QJO¡FKY¡E¡1KPLQJLPWYPLSK£QYQPL

4XQK1KQK-Q3KLWU£QWUL(PO¢SY¢SF¢LJ-Y\"1JKHULF³QJLEKL1¡\QKªYLEDDQK&QJO¡PWWPJQJV¢QJÒHPQRLWKHRYLFK1KQKO¡EQJQLTX\FKFQSKLKFWKXFO³QJÒO¡PYLFUÄPUS&³QYLFKWK-WK-





10

7K-VDR"3KLWPWP7K-QKO¡PWE¡LW-QKFDVXWQJ¡\FKYDVRLJQJYDK¢W1KQJHPQ´LWKLWQJKHQ&KK¢WGWK®PÒ¤Y\E¡LQKFW-QKÒÝDNKµYDÒQÒLX&K¢Q4XQK+QJO\KDLWD\FKHKDLE«QP¢ÒDQJÒEQJO«Q&KWUL7KQJQK´FQ¡\FRLY\P¡JK«1´Ò¢QJVKQEDPY¡E¡1K7UQWêQKOL+QJFKLEDLEL0¡\JLLEªS[ªSF¢LPP$QK&QJO¡PWE¡LYQJFP¡FKWK-UWJKªWFLOQJGRÒŃKµQJÒLQ¡RFKFDV¢XF£XKW3KLQKHRPW

&KKµQJSKLFKV[XQJ[NKµQJQLK4XQK+QJEêXPµL&³QO£XPLV7´POLDQK&QJFKO¡J-YLFKKW%WQJQJR¡LFDF´WLQJJL3KLL3KDQKPWFK»W+QJJLWP-QKQK-QUDÑ»QJO¡&QJWL$QKNKQFKP¢\YLW®QKSK®DVDX[HY¡3KLÒDQJORD\KRD\WK¢RG£\U¡QJÒPDQJY¡RQK¡

&QJQKDQKWKWFµYQK¡FKDÒ\QDWLQJDQKÒ¤WL5¶U¡QJFµQJYLFQ¡\TXDQWUQJQ«Q&QJPLYLY¤QKY\1KWLQKQJOLYDQ´LYL3KLFµÒQJ\«QPWFKFKNKµQJYQY¤JLQJQKWKQJQJ¡\ÑWE¡QP¢\Y¡E¡QSK®PO«QE¡Q&QJKLQJD\1KÒ£XUL+QJ"

'FK1KWURQJQK¡ÑHPJLFK*LQJ4XQK1KNKµNKDQYQJUD.KLJL&KÒ£\Q©&QJFLWKWWL





11

+DLFKHPFPQF[RQJFKD"%WÒXWE\JLO¡PÒQNKRQJPLPWJLO¡[RQJ$QKÒFKQJWKLJLDQULNKµQJSKLWKFWLV¢QJQK4XQK1KWQJÒ£X1KEQJQ´L%¢RF¢RQ¡\GRDQKO¡PF´VDLDQKVDYQQKDQKKQWLHPSKLG³WQJSKQSKFWSOP&QJYQQJWQJ¡R9QELWY\QKQJWLQD\DQKSKLÒLYLJL¢PÒFQ«QPLQKWLHPÑQJO¡PNK´DQKQDP¡1K5¢QJVDQKQJFKVDLULQKSWLQOLÒ¢QKEQEQJLºPDQK(PÒ£XG¢PO¡PNK´P¡FKPXQQ´LU¶U¡QJUQJÒ£\O¡SKQYLFFDDQKHPÒFQÄQQO¡PJLºPGRÒ´HPNKµQJFKXWU¢FKQKLPOF´VDLV´W&QJJWÒXQJD\

Ñ»QJY\7U¢FKQKLPWKXFYDQK1KFDRJLQJKL9¡TX\QOLFQJWKXFYDQK"&QJJ¤LJ¤LÒXNKµQJTX\QOLWKXFYDQKHPP-QK&ÉLGQJDQKVFKLDÒµLÑQJ¾QKª4XQK1KQJ¤JL¢

&KLDEDE\HPPLFKXY-WLHPWLKDLÒDOQP¡4XQK+QJEXWD\FK&K1KNTX¢O¡PJLºPF´PWFK»WP¡W®QKWR¢QGY\"/PWOLF+QJ1KQ´L&KDO¡PVDRHPELWPWFK»W"

&QJFKWQJKL«PPW7´POLHPF´JL»SDQKNKµQJ"1XHPWK\NKŃKÄQTX¢DQKVQK¡O¡PPWP-QKWLV¢QJFKNKµQJÒLYLJL¢PÒF1K£QQD4XQK+QJWK\[Q[DQJWURQJO³QJ&µOLF3KLWKQJQK´FQJÓO«QWUQQK¡O¡PFµSKLQJÚDV£Q





12

6DRFK1KOLÒ³LWUFµQJWUQJWUQÒQWKQK"7U¢FKQKLPFKEWDQK&QJJ¢QKPWP-QKQKQJWLQELGQJOLEWFKLDP¡FKLDEDE\PLJLDQ¢FFK.KµQJNKªRQKOLQJKêFµFQJJLQJQKE¡FKW®QKWR¢QFDP-QKWK-WKW4XQK1KQKFKPµL'êQKL«QHPSKLO¡PULY-HPO¡QK£QYL«QFDDQKP¡&QJFRLQKSKDF£XPDPDLFD1KDQKQ´LQKUDOQK9\WK-O¡PÒL$QKYÒ£\4XD\VDQJ+QJ&QJGXJLQJ5¢QJSK1KJLºPDQKQKH.KµQJG¢PÒDDQKUDFQJY-VÒµLPWOQKQKEÄQJFDFK1K4XQK+QJFK

QJLWU«QJKNKJWÒX1KQJDQKYDOHRO«Q[HFµÒ¤FQYLFKP-QK&KO¡PHPPFFTX¢7®QKWR¢QWQJFK»WYLQKQKY\EDPELWÒFWKQ¡RFQJU\4XQK1KOPO-Ñ£\O¡FKX\QFDFKVDREDPOLU\&KF´QJFQKHPPLÒ¢QJEU\&KDELWFµQJYLFUDVDRÒ¤QKQOLJL»S(PEQJLWDOLGQJP¡NKµQJKD\$QK&QJÒ£XSKLPXQJLKD\OLGQJ

&KFQJÒDQJFQJKêQKHP4XQK+QJKLÒL'RQ¡\VDRFKJKªWQKTX¢Y\"4XQK1KO¡PWKLQK3KL[®DPLQJYµ%Ò-TX¢WK¡QKUDJKªWFKVDRQD(PSKLKFF¢FKFDQKÒVDXQ¡\ÒLO¡PHPVÒ-QK£QYL«QFDP-QKPLÒF

+QJPFNFKR3KLQ´LOHRFµFKQJKH1KQJFK1KYQLPOQJ0¤LPWO»FVDX1KPLO«QWLQJÃQXQJWPUDÒLULF³QSKFKQD%LW4XQK1KNKµQJPXQWUOLF£XKLP-QK4XQK+QJÒQJG\EY¡RWURQJO³QJWU¡QÒ\WKFPF7QKL«QFµWK\YLFVSO¡PÒ«PQD\FKF³Q¾QJKêDJ-KWQJKêWL&QJFµEXQJ-Ò£X4XQK+QJNKµQJKLXQLFK1KFQJNKµQJÒR¢QÒF





13

W-QKFPFD&QJÒLYLP-QK&µEªWURQJJLFPQJSWU¡QKRDF»FWUQJNLDO¡DL7LVDRDQKNFKRFµQJKHY¡NWWK»FEQJPWF£XOOQJQKY\"&´Q«QKLDQKNKµQJ"4XQK+QJOFÒXYLP-QK.KµQJQ«QPRPXLNWK7WQKWWLQD\K¤\QPPWURQJJLFPK¤\WK\P-QKY¡&QJÒDQJQPWD\QKDXÒLJLDQKQJÒ¢PF»FWUQJQKP¡XP£\

&KQJ

.KµLÒDWD\PFDVVHWWHULQP[XQJJLQJ7ULQ´QJNKµQJFKXQL&ÄQSK³QJQKFDDQKQKF¢LO³QXQJ6DXPWQJ¡\YWYWUYF¶LUL«QJÒW-PVWKDQKWKQQK.KµLO»FQ¡\WKWFK¢QFKWQKQJDQKF³QELWÒLÒ£XE£\JLQXNKµQJU»FY¡RÒ\1KPPWOL.KµLFTX«QWKFWLEQJF¢FKWKKQWKHRWLQJQKF1KQJO»FEXQEFQKY\QKFK³DWXOXµQO¡PQJLWDYLÒLQLFK¢QFKQJWKQKQJKµPQD\

.KµLYQNKµQJWKR¢WNKLVWUÄQWUELTXDQÒDQJÒ©QQJO«QWLPP-QK+QFWK¢QJFK\NKSQL[LQPWYLFO¡PPLP¡YQFKDFKQ¡RQKQ.KµLÒ¤TX¢«FKYLWKFWY¡WKPWK®DYµFºQJNKLQKPWLQKPOXLWWKWQJKLS0WQJLF´FKX\«QPµQFDRWWQJKLSÒLKFORLJLLP¡WKWQJKLSWURQJWK¡QKSKQ¡\FKFNKµQJQKLXOP7KQKQJVDRNKµQJSKLDLNK¢FP¡FK®QKO¡DQKSKLEYLFÒULWKWQJKLS.KµLFD\ÒQJQJKêUDUQJWU«QÒLQ¡\EWFFKX\QJ-FQJF´WK[\UDFKO¾WQJVXµQJQKDQKPLWLQY¡RVFµQJEQJKD\WLQUQJNF´W¡LVÒFWUQJGQJ.LX1J£QWKQJQKFÒLQKFOLQKLXOQUQJFKW¡LOLQYLFKWDLW¡LPQKWQJÒ1JLWDYQO«QSKQQKLXQKELWF»LWKSÒXFKFKSKLY-W¡LQÄQJ.LX1J£QOXµQNKLQKQKQJNÒLO«QEQJÒXJLQKQJFµFQJNKµQJFRLQJLEWKWELQKDQKUDJ-7KFKRQ«QWQJ¡\EVDWKLWLQD\.KµLNKµQJJKªQK¡FµQD$QKVSKLÒLGLQYLEDPDQKFKFD1J£Q+WR¡QO¡QKQJQJLF´GDQKSKQWURQJ[¤KLDQKO¡PVDRFKXQLNKLQJKHQKQJF£XDQLQKQJOLPDFDK.KµL[RD\P-QKPWY³QJDQKW-PF¢LTXWJDY¡ÒWFKRP-QKÒLXWKXF&KOFKXSKFX7KµQJÒQJE¢QÒNLPNK®ÒLQP¢\"%QE©QK-QWK\WK-FKRP¡QKF*WW¡QWKXF[XQJÒW.KµLKLQKFKPµL.KµQJF´J-QKFEQJ[³HWD\[LQWLQQK¡PDQKJL¡ULWLQKXFÉDRQKL«XÒ£XFK$QKYQF³QGXJLDÒ-QKFKX\QEPWV

QXNKµQJOLQ¡RQKF´F%£\JLWPWKLFSKFX7E¢QK¡QJFKQJQ¡RW-PÒFFKKSYLFKX\«QPµQWK-QJKF³QKQWURQJW»LNKµQJF´FWLQOÒXQJWU¡Ò¢&WK¢QJQD\QJ¡\Q¡RFQJSKLYÒLO¡PÒ»QJW¢PWLQJÒQJKY¡QJEFFKLXPLÒFYQK¡QJOQJ.KµLÒ¤RLTX¢UL$QKKWO¡PGLQYL«QYLF¢LYDLGLQFK¢QQJ\Q¡\6¢QJPDLDQKVÒQFDK¡QJFDFX7VPDQKP¡FKQFKELWÒ£XÒ¤F´QJLNK¢FO¡PYLFFDDQK/»F\F´WLFFQJWU





14

%QJGQJ.KµLQKWLJQJPWFµJ¢LVX¾WÒ£PY¡RDQKFKLXQD7UµQJFµWD\QK4XQK+QJFKQK£QTX\QVE-DQKXQJÒDQKQKWÒFWURQJWKYLQ1´LO¡QKWÒFWK-NKµQJÒ»QJ&K®QKFµWKWKÒDQ´FKRDQKFKXQJYLPV¢FKDQKPQ.KµLKR¡QWR¡QNKµQJÒ¾Y-E«QQJR¡LTX\QVO¡PWE-DV¢FKFÒQNKLYQK¡JLUD[HPDQKPLKWVFQJFQKL«QOQWK®FKWK»ÑFQKQJOL7EFKQJQJKêQKGWKQJY¡QJµQJQJK«QKOQNL«XQJRFDPWE\FRQJ¢L.KµLWK\P-QKQKWUOL7KLFSV¢FKÒQWUQJÒ¤TXDO£XEQJKLQKLQWUFPW.KµLÒFÒLÒFOLQKLXOQÒQPFWKXFO³QJWQJVWK®FKFD4XQK+QJ&µEªF´FKLFUÄQJNKQKQJKL«QJÒXQK-QDQKWKWO®OFQKQJO»FEXQFK¢QQJPK-QKFµEªFQJWK\YXLYXL$QKJLFXQVKQPWWXQOQJ¡\Q¡RY¡RWKYLQQKPJLWWKLJLDQDQKFQJÒ¾W-PQKQJNKµQJJS4XQK+QJ%XQWD\.KµLÒ¤YY¡JKLYYQY¡RWUDQJVFXLFºQJ5LFQJWURQJQKQJKµPODQJWKDQJÒLW-PVO¡PDQKÒ¤WLÒXQJ¶QK¡FµEªÒLTXDOLY¡LOQY¡NKµQJFDQÒPEFY¡R7UUDTX¢QF¡SK«QJLSK-SK¡ÒLXWKXF

.KµLFKWWK\P-QKQJFKDWQJF´.LX1J£QP¡ELWDQKPDQWKQ¡\FKFFµ\VYªRDQKÒQQJWQJ1KQJFKOYWFXQVWK-WL&XLFºQJDQKÒ¤QKWKQJQK´FWQKQFQKQK¡4XQK+QJWUFKRFµ1K-QWKQJQK´FÒLTX\QVWU«QÒXQK\FK£QV¢RY¡RQJ¶O³QJ.KµLFKWUQU¡QJQKWUWK$QKYDTX«QFKX\QQ¡\WK-W-QKFJS4XQK+QJEQJ[QJEQJWKWQJR¡LÒL1XÒ»QJO¡Fµ\WK-KDLQJLF´KXGX\«QNKµQJQK".KµLFLPWP-QK&´JSQKDXOQQDPLÒ»QJO¡KXGX\«Q1KQJQXJSFµEªQ¡RFQJELWDQKO¡DLÒ£XP¡ORWLGX\«QYLQÑ»QJO¡NKµQJULQJKêE\7K£QWKWQJKLSÒLSKÝLPL.LX1J£QO¡PXQÒL«QULÒ©RE³QJFKLPWQJLFRQJ¢LNK¢F

.KµL¡&´.LX1J£QWLN-D1JKHPJLDQKYLQKPG\%FUDSK³QJNK¢FK.KµLWK\1J£QQJLPWP-QKWU«QVDORQPWWLURLU´LÑDWD\YXWOLP¢LW´FFWK¢QJFKDKW.KµLQJL[XQJNE«QY¡KL(PWLO£XFKD".LX1J£QQK-QDQK

ÑQDWLQJ(PQ´LFKX\QYLFµQ¤\JL.KµLOROQJ&ÓE®PWFDDQKNKµQJÒ´"/¡PVDROÒF1KQJHPEXQFLNKLQJKHFµWKDQUQJGRQ¡\DQKO¡PYLFFFOPFFWLQLYWLQK¡O¡Y¡RSK³QJQPO-WUQJWLFKÒLÒ£XFKLQKWUFÒ£\Y-





15

TX¢PWPL&NPWLQJNK»FNK®FK.LX1J£QQ´LQKY¡RWDL.KµL&µÒ£XFÉLWFXTX¾WFDP-QKÒ¤ÒLFKLVXWWK¢QJQD\UL$QKJLLOPQ«QPLTXDPWÒFQJLÒDQJKLQKFµ.KµLJQJJRQKFKPµLQKQJNKµQJVDRFLQL$QKF´FPJL¢F.LX1J£QNKµQJFK[HPWKQJP-QKP¡FµF³QFRLWKQJOXµQFPDQK7UFNLD.LX1J£QO¡KFWU³FDP.KµLFµWKDELWE¡JKªWQKWO¡GLWU¢O»FF³QÒLG\E¡OXµQWKQJWD\YLKFVLQKJLDQOQ.KLO¡PNLPWUD1J£QÒ¤WQJEP.KµLFKRPWÒLPNKµQJYWLVGQJEºD%£\JLWK\DQKQ´LGLP¡E¡FKQJKLQJQ«QFµFLPFRQDQKFKJ-7QKL«Q.KµL[QJJLQJ

&KX\QF´KD\Ò£XP¡HPFL$QKPXQÒL«QY-SKLVQJJLGLQKWKQ¡\.LX1J£QWKQQKL«Q7WFFQJWLDQKWKµL1XDQKQ´LWKWYLFµWÒXWK-Ò£XSKLNKWKQ¡\1JKêOL[HPQ´LGLQKY\DQKÒFF¢LJ-KD\PWOXµQFFK»WO³QJWUXQJWKFP¡Fµ1KL«QWO£XYQWLQWQJ(PWU¢FKDQKSKLNKµQJ1J£Q"(PWLFFKRDQKFKNKµQJWU¢FK1XDQKPPPQJPWFK»WWK-Ò£XÒQQLEPWYLF

.KµLYXQJWD\O«Q0LQJOLFDHPJLQJ\WKQJFKDJL¢PÒFFDDQK+0PPQJÑ´FKO¡F¢FKQ´LNKªRWKD\FKRW[RWU¢TXO\$QKNKµQJPPPQJÒFHPWKDELWP¡6DRKµPQD\QKFOLYLDQKFKLY\".LX1J£Q[PW7QKL«QQLTXXYLHP/»FQ¡RDQKFQJQ´QJQ\WK\JKªW%LWY\HPFKWK©PWLÒ£\

.KµLQJÒXY¡RWK¡QKJKJLQJPDPDL7LWKÄPDQKO»FQ¡\FRLFKQJPDQJWLQJÒ´.LX1J£QPFÑUL$QKYDSKLWKµL(PÒ¤O¡PJ-FÓLP¡FWK¢QJQD\DQKNKµQJJKªQK¡WKP





16

FK®NKµQJWK©PÒLQWKRLFKRHPGºFKPWOQ$QKOQWU¢QKHPQKQJFÓQWU¢QKÒFWKWELFDP-QKNKµQJ".KµLQJDQJQJDQJ$QKÒDQJÒLGLQYLFK®QKDQKY¡NKµQJOQWU¢QKDLKW9\VDRHPFKDQKNKµQJÒQ"$QKÒ£XWK®FKQJKHOLJL¢RKXQFDQKQJQJLOXµQOXµQWK¡QKÒW.LX1J£QSK-FL/LFD\F»$QKFKY¡EDPHPUWTXDQW£PWLDQK$QK+LÒ¤W-PÒFPWFKO¡PQ«QERHPÒQN«XDQKFKXQEÒWKKDLWKHRQKWLÒ\7D\JL¢PÒFQ¡\O¡EQQKKÒ¤ÒQJ¾UL

.KµLQJFQKL«Q1KQY¡NKµQJFQ[HPTXDO¾OFKWU-QKÒKFYQFKX\«QPµQ"9\KVSK£QDQKY¡RNK£XQ¡R"9¡FµQJW\\O¡PJ-Ò£X".LX1J£QQJSQJQJ1JKHÒ£XÒ\O¡PWFµQJW\OL«QGRDQKYLÑ¡L/RDQFKX\«QVQ[XWFXOµQJ.KµLWUQPW6Q[XWF¢LJ-"

&XOµQJ+FQQJLQKDQK&´WU-QKÒÒLKFÒLQWWKµQJWKR$QKQJFŃLQKQJKLPWLSWK&µQJW\Q¡\O¡PÄQTX\PµK[XWNKXFXOµQJTXD+QJ.µQJY¡PWVQFNK¢FQD.KµLQK»QYDL$QKVO¡PJ-Ò´"/DOµQJYWEQJP¢\YLW®QK¡".LX1J£QOFÒX

/¡PVDRHPELWÒF$QK+LÒ£XF´Q´LU¶Y¡HPFQJÒ£XG¢PKLQKW-PYLFJLºPDQKO¡FKX\QOY-QKF³QUWJLQYDQKTX\FµQJW\FÒQPFEÒXL'ºVDRFKÒ´FQJTXHQELWEQE©YLQKDQKO¡PY\PWPWQKOP.KµLNK´FKX&KX\QFDDQKÒ£XÄQWKXDJ-WLQKP¡PWPW





17

.LX1J£QQJKL«PQJK1´LQKDQKQJKêDO¡FK»QJP-QKFKF´TXDQKJ-KWÒ»QJNKµQJ"DQKÒ£XSKLY\ÑQJEWOLEWSKLQD;ªWFKRFºQJDQKNKµQJO¡PJ-ÒDQK+LPWPW7KQJ7U®FKLÒXDQKÒ¢QKQÓ¡Ò»QJY¡Ò»QJQKWO¡Ò¢QKQ´WLFµQJW\WUFPWJL¢PÒFYLQK£QYL«Q+¡QKÒQJFDDQKO¡K¡QKÒQJEWSK¢WWUWKºF¢QK£QY¡FKSKºKSYLQJ³LWU®WKF.KµLQ´QJQ\FK£PPWÒLXWKXF1JLWDERÒ¢QKFK´SKLGºQJJ\Ò¢QKFK´9LKQJQK7U®ÒSY¡RPWO¡Ò»QJ$LQ´LDQKFµQÒGXÒ¤QJFQJÒF7LQKWO¡KQJÒ¡QµQJQªPÒ¢JLXWD\O¡PP¡NKµQJG¢PQKQ

.LX1J£QP®PPµL$QK7U®Ò£XWGY\*LDÒ-QKHPY¡JLDÒ-QKQKTXHQELWP\FKFQÄPHPKLXW¢QKQKTX¢P¡Ñ¢QKQKQKWKEDPHPFQJNK´[YLQJLWD.KLK¡QKÒQJOP¤QJFKRKJLQDQKF´QJKêWLDLÒ£X.KµLO¡PWKLQKDQKU®WOL«QWFÒLXWKXF1KQJOL.LX1J£QQ´LJLQJQKFKGXY¡ROD/»FDQKFGQVEFELJKHQWFÒDQJ¡RNªRÒQFµOLW¾E«QKYF7U®Y¡TX\WU¢FKQKLPFKRK¡QKÒQJÒ¤ULFDDQK.KµLELW.LX1J£QY¡JLDÒ-QKNKµQJWLQ7U®Ò¤KLDQKEQJF¢FKFKRYLUXVSK¢JQKWF¢FSKQPPYWU-QKE¡\WRF¢FWJLLWKLXTXQJF¢RWKX\WWU-QKDQKÒDQJOXJL

'êQKL«QYLFO¡PQ¡\NKµQJWKEWTXWDQJ.KµLY¡7U®ÒXO¡G£QWURQJQJKDQKSKLELWDLÒ¤FKLP-QKFK.WTXFµQJW\EWKLWKL.KµLENKLQWU¢FKQQJDQKYQOQJOFKXÒQJQKQJ7U®Ò¤QJRQJKQ´LYLDQKUQJ%QJPLJL¢DQKWDVWQJNK.KµLNKLFµQJW\Q¡\FQJQKNKLWU¢LWLPFD.LX1J£Q&K®QKF£XWX\«QFKLQ[F[F\NKLQ.KµLQLÒL«QO«Q$QKQK¡RWLWQJY¡RPW7U®PWÒPKQYºQJFK\TXDE«QSK³QJKSFDJL¢PÒF.KµLFK\WKHRW»P¢R7U®ÒSKQOL«QWLSP\F¢LWUFEDRQKL«XÒµLPWNLQKKR¡QJFDFSK³QJKS

.KµLÒ¤NKµQJELQPLQKJ-FKRK¡QKÒQJFDP-QK$QKO¡PÒQ[LQWKµLYLFWUFNKLEEXFSKLQJK'ºELWDQKF´W¡LNKQÄQJO¡PYLFJSÒµL7U®JL¢PÒFFµQJW\FQJNKµQJJLDQKOL/¾GRKWVFÒQJLQ7U®O¡FRQWUDLFDEQµQJWDNKµQJF´.KµLµQJWDYQW-PÒFQJLNK¢FJLLQKDQKQKQJNKµQJF´7U®µQJWDVPWFKGDÑLO¡WKÒ\.KµLÒ¤EWQJNKNKLFµQJW\DQKÒ£XWKEKWUDNKLWU¢LWLPFD.LX1J£Q1KQJDQKYQNL«XQJRQX1J£QNKµQJWLQQKQJYLFÒ¤[\UDQKOLDQKNP¡WLQ7U®KQWK-.KµLFKQJF³QJ-ÒJLLWK®FKQDKW





18

7K\DQKÒPP-QKWURQJNK´LWKXF1J£QJLPFK£Q$QKO¡PVDRY\"1JLE«QHPP¡W£PWU®ÒÒ£XÒ£X.KµLFKPU¤LQ´L$QKÒDQJVX\QJKê[HPHPKLX7U®WLFQ¡RQKLXKQKD\®WKQKLXDQK.LX1J£QKQKKQKPL$QKNK´KLXKQ7U®FKRQ«QHPKLXQKQKLXKQDQK9\VDR(PQ´LDQKNKµQJÒFJKHQQKH7U®O¡PXQJLWKFWÒQJLQFKNKµQJKD\QJKêQKQJFKX\QYLQYµQJEDRÒQJY¡Wº\KQJQKDQKÑLYLEDPDQKFKFDHP

7U®FFNOSKªSQKUWVL«QJWLOXLWKÄPYLQJTX¡F¢SKQKRLFKNKµQJSKLOO¡Y¡WK®FKQ´LQJFQ´LQJµQJYLµQJE¡FQKDQKÒ£X0HPQ´LF´SKFPLO\ÒFµQJFKQJQK7U®&³QYµSKFPLYSKLQJLQKDQKFKJ-".LX1J£QG¡LJLQJ$QKQ´LFKKQJSKLHP¡QJKH.KµLOOQJ

&[HPQKDQKQ´LJLºPHPÒ£XF´VDR1J£QÒPY¡RYDLDQK/»FQ¡\P¡F³QÒºD%NKµQJVPWHPK"0WYLFO¡PULWLPWEFKP\KLÒ£X'RQ¡\QKLXQJLÒHRWKHRHPOPÒ´.KµLFLNK\$QKNKµQJKLXVDR1J£QF´WKQ´LQKY\YLQJLP-QK\«XY¡RO»FDQKWDÒDQJEFÒQJFºQJÑ¡QKUQJ1J£QO¡Fµ»WFQJFDJLDÒ-QKJL¡XF´FµTXHQÒFQXµQJFKLXQ«QSK¢WQJµQÒµLNKLKPKêQKNK´QJKH1KQJ1J£QÒ¤UDÒLÒLO¡PULFµÒ£XSKLO¡FRQEªFRQPLOÄPPLV¢XÒPXQQ´LJ-FQJÒF1J£QELW

DQK\«XFµQKQJOQ¡RFµTX«QUQJDQKUWFDRQJRW¢L"+DLQJLWQJJLQQKDXEDRQKL«XOQY-WWFFKS.KµLFKQKDQKFKQKUQJ.LX1J£QOXµQOXµQO¡PO¡QKWUFY¡OQQ¡R.KµLFQJ[L«XO³QJY-QKQJJLWQFPWÄQQÄQFDFµ%QJGQJ.KµLWK\FK¢QQQFºQJFF/»FDQKÒDQJFQQJKHQKQJOLÒQJYL«QDQLFK£QWKWFD.LX1J£QWK-FµOLÒQJÒQKO¡PFDRGºNLXO¡PFDRQ¡\1J£QÒ¤WKFKLQQKLXOQY¡OQQ¡R.KµLFQJKPKPY-JKHQ1KQJKµPQD\.KµLNKµQJJKHQQLWU¢LOLDQKEFELNK´FKXJLQJQKEVQKF





19

$QKQ´L7URQJQKQJQJLÒHRWKHRHPÒ´FKF7U®O¡NNL«QWU-QKQQLQKW"$QKÒR¢QÒ»QJSK´F7KF´JKHQNKµQJ".KµLFFOF*KHQ1KQJJKHQY-W¢LFKNKµQJY-\«X%¢YDLDQK.LX1J£QK®KQJ9-F¢LJ-FQJÒFPLQO¡DQKF´JKHQO¡HPNKR¢LUL1KPPWOL.KµLNKVN«XO«Q

7ULL(PNKµQJF´J-KD\KQWKLWWKFKQÒQ´LYLDQKVDR1J£Q"7U³QPWUWQJ£\WK.LX1J£QKLOL<«XÒQJY¡JKHQWXµQJNKµQJWKLWWKFVDR"9LDQKE£\JLFµQJYLFO¡WU«QKW.LX1J£QGXPµL7K-HPÒ¤ERWKKDLWKHRDQK+LWLFKO¡PPL&ÝLFO¡PULP¡F³QFÄQJWKQJYLHP7K\JKªWWKW

.KµLNKµNKDQ(PQJKêDQKFKXO¡PFKQ¡\".LX1J£QJL\Q\$QKOLÒºD.KµQJFKXFKFDQK+LPQJHPJFPWOXµQ3KLQÄQQJ\OLDQKPLFK\OXQJWXQJW-PYLFFKRDQKHPÒ¤ERDQKFKXO¡PÒ´%£\JLDQKQ´LY\WKWHPKW¾NLQUL

Ñ¢QJOHPSKLFKRDQKELWWUFNKLW¾TX\WÒQK9-O¡FKX\QFDDQK.LX1J£QPF$QKODQJWKDQJFQJ¡\ELWÒ£XP¡W-P9LOLDQK+LERSKLWUOLQJD\FKE/RFKRDQKÒEWU¢FKWKQ¡\WK¡HPÒPFF³QKQ.KµL[Q[DQJQK-QPW1J£QUPUPDQKELWP-QKVSELWUQÒQQLQKQJÒLO¡P





20

FKGR+LJLLWKLXDQKNKµQJPXQFK»WQ¡R+LO¡EQWK£QFD7U®DQKWDQJPSKQÒLFKX\Q.LX1J£Q\«X.KµLY-O¾GRJ-+LWWYLDQKQKY\"'XG¡QJNªR1J£QY¡RO³QJDQKKµQWKWO£XO«QPµLFµULPLWWQQ´L$QKNKµQJKWU¢FKHPWU¢LOLDQKFPÒQJNKLWK\HPORFKRDQKÑLXDQKQJLO¡NKµQJELWP-QKO¡PJ-WURQJF¢LFµQJW\FXOµQJÒ´QXNKµQJÒ»QJFKX\«QPµQDQKFK¢QULQJKQJDQJWK-SKLQDQK+L7K¡WFKLWÒXYQKD\KQ.LX1J£QWKWKE«QWDLDQK9QÒQ¡\DQKNKLOR$QK+LELWU¶DQKO¡FKX\«QYL«QYLW®QKGêQKL«QSKLW-PFKKSYLDQKQKQJTXDÒ£\O¡PSKLFJQJ1X\«XHPDQKK¤\FKXNK´PWFK»W7K\.KµLLPOQJ1J£QQ´LWLS7KKDLHPVÒLYLDQK

.KµLQDÒºDQDWKW(PÒQK¢SWLKD\WKHRÒQJKWLQKWKQDQKY\".LX1J£QOLPGLPPW0XQQJKêO¡HPªSEXFDQKFQJÒFÑ£\O¡VFQJªSFÓLFKRDQKP¡7KKDLHPNKµQJÒLO¡PVDR".LX1J£QQJSQJQJ

&TXDQFKRHPQJKKDLQJ¡\ÑO¡PJ-".LX1J£QQ´LQKÑFKXQEÒL6LQJDSRUHPWWK¢QJ.KµLVQJV7GQJWLPDQKQK´LO«QPWF¢LY¡DQKWK\[XKNKLQJKêP-QKJDQKWYLQJL\«X

ÑL6LQJDSRUHO¡PFFD.LXQJ£QFµOXµQFJQJWURQJFµQJYLFÒPRQJF´FKLÒFÒLWSKXQFKX\«QPµQQFQJR¡L+µPQD\1J£QÒ¤ÒFQK¾$QKPQJFKRFµPLÒ»QJFKVDRO³QJOLWKSWKPNY\6LW.LX1J£QY¡RO³QJ.KµLFL9\O¡WRLQJX\QULQKª





21

/UDÒWQ¡\HPFKDÒFÒLÒ£X1KQJFÉ¢F/Q´LY¡RQ«QPLF´W«QHPQPGLFºQJFDGDQKV¢FKE¢F\O¡PHPEWQJYµFºQJ.KµLQK®XP¡\FK»WJKHQWXµQJYDQªQ[XQJOLEºQJO«QQJ/O¡EDFD7U®µQJUWF´X\WKWU«QQKLXOêQKYFNLQKGRDQKWK¡QKSKQ¡\7LQJQ´LFDµQJOXµQOXµQF´WUQJOQJÒ¢QJN.LX1J£QQKµQJQ«QPLÒFÒL6LQJDSRUHO¡FKX\QNKµQJJ-Ò¢QJWKFPF1KQJ.KµLWK\ORY-JLDDQKY¡7U®F´QKLXFK«QKOFKTX¢ÑDQJO»F.KµLOYQWKWWKLWK-EDFD7U®OLJL»S.LX1J£QÒWÒFÒLXFµPRQJF$LELWFKX\QJ-V[\ÒQQXWURQJQKQJQJ¡\WK¢QJWL.KµLYQF³QJSYQULNKµQJW-PÒFFKÒQJNKDNK¢WURQJ[¤KLQK¾WK®FKFD.LX1J£QY¡JLDÒ-QKFµ.LX1J£QFKSPW1JKHQKFÒQE¢F/DQKNKµQJYXLSKLNKµQJ".KµLQK»QYDL

$QKFKQJKêQXDQKO¡µQJ\WK-VDXNKLHP6LQJDSRUHYDQKVO¡PJ-WLSWKHRFKRHPFPÒQJP¡FK»¾ÒQDQKFK¡QJ7U®0HPQ´LF´SK»FPLO\ÒFµQJFKQJQKKQ%LWÒ£XµQJ/OLERWXEDNLSPLFLÒFYQKHP7U®FKFF´FÄQWXQ«QKQOSKªSY£QJOLQJLJL¡F³QDQKWXNKµQJÒFÒ¤Y\W®QKW-QKOLYLQYµQJ6NLSQ¡\DQKNKµQJO\ÒFHPY-YQJÒQJWXTX¢6DRO»FQ¡RDQKFQJ[FKX\QQ¡\TXDYLFQKWY\"$QKQ«QQKUQJÒLQFQJR¡LO¡WL«XFKXQHPÒFKQJ7WFQKFµQJVFQÄQJOFFDHPQXE¢F/NKµQJQ´LYµOQVDXFQJWLSKL«QHPNLDP¡1KQJHPF´QJKê[HPWLVDRµQJ/OLQ´LYµJLºPHPO»FQ¡\NKµQJ"

.LX1J£QKºQJKQ7LE¢FO¡EQFDEDHP&³QQDWLFRQWUDLQJ\«XHPQJWDEFFXFKR7U®OHRÒ´$QKÒDQJKLYDWKµLE¢F/ELWHPFRL7U®QKDQK+LY¡ELWHPF´QJL\«XUL.KµLQJWOLFµ

1KQJO»FQ¡\QJL\«XFDHPÒDQJWKWWKPLF¢LÒ¤WKD\ÒLÒ£XF´J-FKFÒERÒPW-QKFPP-QKNKµQJÒLWKD\.LX1J£QJLQGLÑLWKD\KD\NKµQJO¡GRDQKQXVHPWK¡QKÒWKQDQKWK-WEQWK£QSKLFJQJYQO«Q9LHPQJLÒ¡QµQJEQO¤QKO¡QJLWKFWKLELWFKXÒQJQKQJNKŃKÄQQKQKWÒORVQJKLS*LDÒ-QKHPDLFQJFRLWUQJVQJKLSDQKFQJSKLY\





22

QXDQKO¡PWWK¡QKYL«Q.KµLEFGF6QJKLSVQJKLSYLDQKNKµQJTXDQWUQJEQJF¢FKVQJ$QKORP-QKVQJ®FKNWKLXWUXQJWKFFKQJKêWLEQWK£QP¡TX«QPLQJL[XQJTXDQKWKµL.LX1J£QGXJLQJ$QKWU¢FKHPFKJ-"(PELWDQKEXQY-HPÒL[DO»FQ¡\QKQJDQKSKLKLXFKRHPFKLNKµQJEDRJLÒQKDLOQQXETXDGSQ¡\ONKµQJF³QGSNK¢FWK-VDR"1JLF´W¡LFKEDRJLVPWFKL$QKNKµQJJDQKYLHPQKQJWKWO³QJDQKEXQNKLHPGG¡QJQKQVJL»SÒFDµQJ/%¢F\JL»SÒHPY-QJ¡\[DEDHPWQJQ£QJÒE¢F

.KµLEWE9\VDRWUFÒ£\FK®QKE¢FWUDLQKQJOLWFKL$QKF³QQKUWU¶OQ\NKµQJÒFÒL6LQJDSRUHHPNK´FQKFRQQ®WDQKSKLFKHPODQJWKDQJQJR¡LSKVXWPWÒ«PÒGG¡QK.LX1J£QYQQKQK/»FÒÉ¢F/FKDF´ÒLXNLQQ«QNKµQJJL»SÒFWK-VDR$QKFVX\ÒR¢QOXQJWXQJFKRNKP-QKP¡NK´FKXQJLNK¢F$QKO¡PHPNKµQJWKRLP¢LY-QKQJQJKLQJJKHQWXµQJ7®QKF¢FKQ¡\WUFNLDDQKÒ£XF´WLVDRFKPWWKLJLDQQJQDQKWKD\ÒLNFFY\"

.KµLQ´QJQ\$QKWKD\ÒLKD\HPÒLWKD\P¡NKµQJKD\"1´LWKWQKQJFKX\QQJXQKL«QWURQJÒLWK-FKWKLXQKQJYLFµQJ/JL»SÒFKRHPÒFÒLWXQJKLSVDXNKLDQKÒSGSPL7U®WK-NKµQJWKQ¡RQJXQKL«QÒF(PWKDELWQKQJFW-QKNKµQJQJKêWL(PO¡PDQKWK\EVQKF.LX1J£QKLQKPG\$QKWFDRTX¢Q«QPLWK\Y\1JR¡LW-QK\«XG¡QKFKRDQKHPF³QJLDÒ-QK$QKER

HPO¡PF¢FKQ¡RFKRYDO³QJFÒµLE«QÒ£\"*LDÒ-QK[HPYLFE¢F/ORFKRHPO¡ÒQJQKL«QDQKOLFRLÒÓ¡VVQKF1JQJOLPWFK»W1J£QQ´LWLS0LQJLWURQJQK¡NKµQJQ´LUDQKQJHPELWDLFQJÒ¢QKJL¢YLFDQKJ£\KQYL7U®1XE£\JLHPNKµQJÒL6LQJDSRUHWK-JLDÒ-QKVWU¢FKHPNKµQJELWÒLXXP«WURQJW-QK\«X7WFQKQJWU¢FKFSK«SK¢QÒ´ÒXEWOLFKRDQKFKRKDLÒDVDXQ¡\





23

.KµLÒLPWêQK(PNKµQJFQELQPLQKFKRYLFÒ¤TX\WÒQK$QKFQJNKµQJTXDQW£PÒQVÒ¢QKJL¢FDJLDÒ-QKHPY-PLQJLÒXFKRUQJDQKVDLDQKFµQÒOP¤QJNKµQJSKºKSYLWUX\QWKQJGêK³DYLTX¾Y¡W®QKF¢FKÒ¤LQKDXEQJOLFDJLDÒ-QKHP$QKVX\QJKêNOPULY¡WK\F´FJQJF¢FKP\FQJNK´WUWK¡QKWK¡QKYL«QWURQJQK¡HPÒF&¢FKVQJY¡F¢FKQJKêFDFK»QJWDNK¢F[DTXDP\QÄPG¡LTXHQQKDXHPOXµQEWDQKWKD\ÒLWKQ¡\WSW¡QKWKQWKPFK®EWDQKTX«QÒLQKLXWK´LTXHQÒF´WKK³DKSYLJLDÒ-QKHP1KQJEQWK£QHPFKDEDRJLF´¾WQJVFKXQEWLQKWKQUDVDRFKRWK®FKQJKLYLOLVQJFDJLDÒ-QKDQKPWJLDÒ-QKWKDQKEFK.LX1J£QKLQJQJ¡QJ7LVDRKµPQD\OLQ´LYQÒQ¡\YLHP".KµLOQKOºQJ

9-Ò£\O¡O»FWK®FKKSQKW7NKL\«XQKDXÒQQD\FK»QJWDFKDWKWVJSWUFWUQ¡RQJR¡LYLFJLDÒ-QKHPNKµQJWK®FKDQK7UFÒ£\DQKFKTXDQFKRUQJYLFQ¡\NKµQJTXDQWUQJPLQHP\«XY¡FKXO¡PYDQKO¡Ò%£\JLÒQJFKPWKFWNKŃKÄQO¡PDQKQK-QPLYQÒÒXNK¢FFK»QJWDOL[DQKDXP\WK¢QJG¡LÒ£\O¡GSÒP-QKQK-QOLP-QK%LWÒ£XFKQJHPVQKQUDHPFKDK\«XDQKQKQJW-QKFPWWUFÒQJLFKO¡QJQKQWK-VDR.LX1J£QFLQKW7KWQJKLSÄQNKµQJDQKFKQJKêUDÒFÒLXJ-KD\KQVDR"(PWQJWKFWNKŃKÄQVO¡PDQKF´F¢LQK-QNK¢FYF¢FK[VKRFSK¢WKLQPWKQJÒLPLQ¡RÒ´

FKREQWK£QDLQJDQKFKW-PUDQKQJFKX\QÒFQQKQHPWKµL7UFNKLÒL[DHPSKLQJKHQKQJOLQ¡\WKWFK¢QQJW1J»QJQJX\ÒQJG\1J£QJQJLQJ$QK+LFÓ³QJWWW-PYLFFKRDQKUL&³QÒLO¡PKD\NKµQJWº\¾(PYÒ£\.KµLEXQE¤QK-Q.LX1J£QUP¢\[HSK´QJUDNKLQJ¶O³QJG£QJÒ\FKXD[´W.KLYDTXHQ.LX1J£QPDQKÒ¤QJÄQQKQJDQKNKµQJQJKH%¡Q´L\«XY¡FLFRQJ¢LJLXKQP-QKF´QKLXF¢LNKÓP/»FÒÝL.KµLNK´J-FQJPF%£\JLDQKOLWK\NK¢FW¢LFDÒ¡QµQJFºQJWKWELFDFXFVQJNKLQDQKQK-QW-QK\«XYLÒµLPW

Ò\HQJL$QKELWJLDÒ-QK1J£QÒDQJW-PF¢FKORLDQKUDNKLWU¢LWLPFµEQJF¢FKJ£\P£XWKXQQKPO¡P1J£QFK¢QDQK9LF1J£QÒL6LQJDSRUHU¶U¡QJO¡EFÒXO¡P.KµLF¡QJWKXDV»WFµKQ.LX1J£QF´KLXÒLXQ¡\NKµQJP¡FNKÄQJNKÄQJFKRP-QKK¡QKÒQJÒ»QJ.KµLWKG¡L7U¢FK1J£QYµ®FKFµNKµQJWKO¡PNK¢FY-FK®QKEQWK£Q1J£QÒDQJPRQJÒLWXQJKLSKQDLKW1XNKµQJPXQPWFµDQKSKLKWO³QJSKFWºQJQJKHOLJLD





24

Ò-QK1J£QÒLXQ¡\.KµLELWDQKNKµQJWKO¡PÒF

&KQJ

Ñ\SKRQJE-ÒQJWLQYSK®D4XQK+QJ4XQK1KQ´L

7LQELGQJO¡PE¢RF¢RQ©&KFKRHPKWÒ´+QJÒWWE¢R[XQJE¡QJLQJNK´FKX&XLFºQJFKFQJQKQWLQNFFWKW*LQJ4XQK1KWQKTXHR&KF´J-O¡NYLµQJ&QJSKLO¡PWKPLYDNKµQJWK-QJF³QE´FOWWLÒ£XQD\FK

&KFQKFWLQKFOXLWE´FOW$QK&QJÒ¤Q´LWLÒ´SKLÒLYLJL¢PÒFQ«QNKµQJSKP-QKÒFP¡9¡HPWLQQKWUÄPSKQWUÄP"1JKL«QJÒXQJPJQJPWEWE-QKFD+QJ1KQ´LWLS7URQJQKLXWUQJKSNK¢FHPWKQJUWÒDQJKLVDRYLDQK&QJHPGWLQTX¢Y\"1JL+QJQ´QJEQJO«QFµÒ¢SED9-QKO¡QJLWUXQJWKFQKP¡WUXQJWKF+7LKµPFKHPP-QKF³QJOQJPLPWO¡POLE¢RF¢RDQKWDÒLÒ£XO¡PJ-HPELWNKµQJ"7K\+QJWU³QPWQK-QP-QK4XQK1KE©QQ´LOXµQ$QKWDÒLFKLYLFRQJ¢LFDJL¢PÒFWK-Ò»QJKQO¡ÒLYLQJ7LP4XQK+QJWKWOLFµWKQWKKL

7KWK"1KEêXPµLÑLFKLYLEP¡G¢PQ´LÒLWKHRWKWUQJ7KWELW4XQK+QJNK´QKFO«QWLQJ





25

&KFWLQKQJLQ´LWKWP-QKVNKµQJO¡PJL»SFKJ-4XQK1KVRYDL'ºQJLF¢LJ-ÒLFKÄQJQD&QJFQJNKµQJSKLO¡QJLWUXQJWKFQKHPYDQKQ[ªW1JR¡LUDQKF³QO¡QJLWKÒDQ1LF¢FKQKHPO¡PE¢RF¢RO¡ÒWK\ULÑ»QJUDE¢RF¢RÒ´QKÒ¤O¡PVDLJL¢PÒF\«XFXVDOLEVXQJVOLXFKRFK®QK[¢FÒ\ÒQKYDPXQÒR¢LFµQJFKXFWLYDPXQJL¢PÒFWK\P-QKVL«QJQÄQJFQPQOXµQ[WK£QY-FµQJYLFFDFTXDQQ«QÒ¤KDOLXO¡V¢QJVWU-QKEQE¢RF¢RPL$LQJYDKD[RQJWK-FRQJ¢LFQJFDJL¢PÒFJLÒLQWKRLWLUDOQKWLSKLÒDFµQ¡QJÒLQJKHQKFJLDRKQJ&QJÒDQJUSW£PÒHRÒXLFµWDQ«QÒ£XG¢PWU¢LOQK7KO¡WUÄPG£XÒÒXWP&KSKLO¤QKF¢LE¢RF¢RTXV\Y-FKPDQJQQK6FKO¡PNKµQJ[X&QJÒ®FKWK£QWLFKHPÒUFYY¡ÒJLDRYLF0WORQJO«Q4XQK1KKPKF&KWFY-QKQ´LYLHPYLFO¡PE¢RF¢RO¡WU¢FKQKLPEQSKQFDFK

*LQJ4XQK+QJ\XÒXL1XNKµQJQ´LY\HPÒ£XFKXSKFK+ÑLXQ¡\FKQJW&QJO¡QJLWKÒDQO¡PYLFJ-FQJW®QKWR¢QQKPFÓLFKRP-QKEWFQELWWLQJLNK¢F&KF´TX¢OLNKµQJ"9LFQ¡\Ò»QJO¡DQK&QJÒ¢QJWU¢FKQKQJÒ£XÒQQLQKFKYDQ´L+µPÒÓUDFKRHPELWVDRFKO¡PWKLQKÒE£\JLO«Q¢QQKJWQKY\"4XQK1K[PW

7LKµP\FKWQJQKÒLFµQJFKX\QYLµQJJL¢PÒFWKWQ«QGºEFP-QKNKLEEWSKLO¡PE¢RF¢RGºPFKFQJSKLQKQV¢QJQ¡\QJKHP\ÒDO¡PFKXQJUºU-YLQKDXFKWFPXQFKW+´DUDWLP-QKEOD1JKêWLHPFKQLVºQJO«QFK\TXDSK³QJQKÒ³LWLQELGQJ0LÒXQKQ´LFKDF´FKO¡PPWQJXY¡WKDQÒDQJFQWLQÒLÒ¢PFLWKO¡µQJWDSKLÒDXNK[-WLQUDÑ¢QJÒL+RQJOFÒX(PVFKOXµQÑFP\ÒQJP¡PDQJWLQJGºVDRQKFQJÒDFKY¡RÒÓ¡PP¡

.KµQJOY-Y\P¡VXWÒLFKSKLEQKEWO¡PNKµQJFµQJKWYLFQ¡\WLYLFNK¢F4XDOQQ¡\DQK&QJNL«QPWFKULY\FQJWW1KQJQXWKQKFQJÒ£XWK©PQ£QJÒFK4XQK1KQK»QYDL&³QQJLNK¢FÒ£XSKLFµQJW\FKF´P-QKQK0¡DQK&QJJLLQ´LEQJPLQJ









28

&´DQK4XFNKµQJ".KµQJQKÒLVµOµP¡Ò³LJSFKFKFFÝQÒ4º\QK+QJQJQQJ&K1KÒ£X"+D\DQK&QJW-PFK1K3KLK®WPWKLG¡LQKQJLV¡QKÒLXULPLQ´L&K1KFKPÒLFµQJFKX\Q(PÒ¤ERDQK&QJW-PFKP¡&KFPXQÑQQÒ¢SQJKêDYQKYKµPWUFFKJ-5DJSQKÒL4XQK+QJEFWLWUFJQJFµYXWOLP¢LW´FQJKL«QJÒXQK-QP-QKY¡FKPFKSÒLUD7LPÒSWK-QKWKFKQKYDFK\QFU»W+QJNKµQJELWVQ´LJ-YL&QJ&¢LPWQYµWFDFµÒ¤EFK1KOWUDULFµÒ£XWKÒ´QJNFKYLFK®QKEQWK£QFQJQKÒ£XWKÒOW-QKFPYL&QJ7WKWK¤\LPOQJQJKHDQKQ´L&K

ELWWLQD\&QJVQ´LQKQJJ-Ò£\7K\&QJQK-QP-QK+QJOX¾QKTX¾QK&µF´FPJL¢FFKQJFKQKWKWNNKLQJKHDQKQ´L(PÒDQJO¡PJ-WK"4XQK+QJWUOLQKDQKQKP¢\(PQPÒFV¢FK&QJFL*LQJFLQJKH£X\PO¡PVDR

9\P¡WU«QÒQJWLÒ£\DQKFORHPÒLFKLYLEQPWUL$QKW-PHPF´FKX\QJ-NKµQJ"&QJQKHRPW%DQKKD\W-PHPY-FµQJFKX\QOPVDR"4XQK+QJFKSPL

$QKFKW-PHPGX\QKWPWOQFDWUXQJW£PWKQJPLY¡OQÒÚ¶U¡QJY-FµQJFKX\Q1KQJOQQ¡\WK-NKµQJ$QKPXQPLHPÒLXQJF¡SK«9-HPÒ¤SKFK1KO¡PE¢RF¢RJLºPDQKÒ»QJNKµQJ"(PJKªWK-QKWKFE¢QK®WÒLE¢QKTX\OLQ¡\OP(P





29

&QJOFÒX(PKLXVDLYDQKUL6DRHPNKµQJQJKêDQKÒQÒ£\Y-ÒLXJ-NK¢F7LP+QJWKWOLFµQ´L7LHPNKµQJQJKêUDÒLXJ-NK¢FKW&QJWUPJLQJ$QKVQ´LFKRHPELWÒLXNK¢FÒ´ÑLXQJF¡SK«YLDQKQKª(PNKµQJWK®FKXQJF¡SK«1KQJHPF´WK®FKÒLYLDQKNKµQJ"4º\QK+QJPXQQJWWK&µWU¢QKÒµLPWÒÄPÒÄPFD&QJY¡QK©QKJWÒX

&QJKLQJQJLYSK®DWUF9\O¡ÒFUL+QJQJQJ¢F$QKQ´LÒFF¢LJ-FFK"&QJNKµQJWUOL$QKOLQK-QFµF¢LQK-QFKÄPFK»OOºQJFD&QJO¡P+QJNKS

$QKWK-WKP1XNKµQJWK®FKUDTX¢QWK-FK»QJWDQK¡$QKSKLQ´LYLHPPWFKX\QTXDQWUQJ+QJWUQWêQKP-QKEQJF£XQ´LÒºD4XDQWUQJKQYLFO¡PE¢RF¢RNKµQJ"0W&QJFDXOLQKESKW¾DQKQJKL«PQJK$QKNKµQJJLQÒ£X

7KVDRDQKNKµQJQ´LFKX\QÒÝLDLP¡SKLO¡HP"9-HPO¡QJLDQKFQSKLQ´L1JSQJQJPWFK»W&QJYWKL4XQK+QJFŃKLQ¡RHPWKFPFYFµEªWURQJJLFPQJSWU¡QKRDF»FWUQJ







31

7K-UDVWKWNKµQJSKLJLQJOLFK1K&QJ\«XFµUW\«XF+QJQJKHPLP-QKFD\FD\Y¡QKQJJLWQFPWEQJÒPÒ-DQKPDULWU«QP¢(PÒQJNK´F$QKELWHPFQJ\«XDQK%µQJF»FWUQJEªEQJ4XQK+QJPO³QJY-JLQJQ´LTX\QUY¡F£XNWOXQJLQGFD&QJ&µODRY¡RY³QJWD\DQKQKW-PPWVFKHFK7QD\WUÒLFµNKµQJF³QNKRFNKRLFµÒQQDUL&QJYXWQKW´F+QJY¡Q´LFKFFKQ$QKVQKEDPÒQWKDFKX\QYLKDLE¢F$QKVFLHPWURQJQÄPQD\1KWÒQKO¡WKHPFÝXLNKµQJ"&´ÒQJ¾NKµQJ"4XQK+QJQªSÒXY¡RQJFDQK7K¢LÒWLQF\FDFµO¡WWFF£XWUOL(PEQJO³QJ+DLQJLWDV¢WQKDXWK«PPWFK»WÑWKLJLDQÒ+QJEW[»FÒQJ&QJ

YLQJL[®FKUDYLWWKQJKL«PW»FÒ¡QJKR¡QJ5LQKNKµQJÒ¾WLYKQKSK»FOQHSUWUY-PFFFD+QJDQKO«QWLQJ&KX\QFDFK»QJP-QKF´WKESKQÒL4XQK+QJEXFPLQJQKPWSKQ[&K1KSKLNKµQJ"(PÒR¢QKD\WKW&KF1KÒ¤WQJQ´LQKLXÒLXYDQKYLFQK¡"

NKµQJF´&KQ´LUL«QJYLHPWKµL1KERHPÒQJWK©P\«XDQKSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJYLY¤Q´L&K1KERDQKNKµQJKFK»¾ÒQHPHPÒQJWK©PQJKêWLDQKFKRNK(PNKµQJWLQOLFKY¡Ò»QJO¡FKÒ¤VDLNKLSK¢QÒR¢QWK7JLWUÒLHPKWNKVY-QKQJOLFDFK1KUL1K-Q&QJWKWFKÄPFK»+QJKL

1KQJDQKNKµQJKWKHRÒXL7KX0LQKSKLNKµQJ"&QJQKFKPµLÒ\YQJRPQ7KX0LQK¡"&µWDO¡PWFRQE»SE«WKE»SE«FDQK¡JL¡XÒWURQJWN®QK$QKFQJWK®FKQKQJFRQE»SE«QKY\QKQJNKµQJ\«XNKµQJÒHRÒXL&XFÒLDQKG¡QKÒÒHRÒXLVQJKLS7-QK\«XÒLYLDQKU¶U¡QJFWKP¡KµQQK£QO¡ÒQKNWWK»FWW





32

QKW$QKÒ¤FKQHPY-ELWFKFFKQHP\«XDQKPDQJÒQKQKSK»FFKRDQK9-Y\HPÒQJEDRJLQKFÒQQKQJFµJ¢LNK¢FYLDQK9µ®FKOPELWNKµQJFQJ4XQK+QJNKHNKJWÒX&µVXQJVQJNKLQJKêWURQJWU¢LWLP&QJFKF´PLP-QKFµ$QKÒQJÒQFK£QWKWQ«QYDQJOL\«XO¡Ò¤ÒFSWLKµQQK£Q0WQJLÒ¡QµQJEDPLWXLÒLG¢QJFDRU¢RWKDQKQK¤FFKOFKVTXQ¢ROXµQWKQJWKPVFKVSKRQJF¢FKOO¡QJWUWUXQJÒ¤O¡PWEQJR¡LKSGQSKQKXQJKFKL&QJF³QO¡PWWUQJSK³QJTXQO¾NLQKGRDQKFŃLQKQJKLPY[XWQKSNKXWLSWKQJKL«QFXWKWUQJJLL&´QJLFKQJQKY\KQO¡ÒLXPFFDQKLXFµJ¢LFKÒ£XSKLFKUL«QJ4XQK+QJ.KµQJFK»WYQJEQQJKêVX\YF¢FKWW-QKOQYLFÒFSWLFKX\QFLKLFKSQKR¢QJFD&QJ4XQK+QJQKVD\PHQKQKSK»FFµVD\P«QJLQK-Q&QJYXQJWD\NL«XK¤QKEDQQKQJOLYYLYPWWQJODLFKF´KDLQJL7URQJWQJODLÒ´&QJPDQJG¢QJY´FFDPWÒLÒTX\QK¡QKKQO¡PWµQJFKQJE-QKWKQJ9ÒLÒ\QKLXWKDPYQJY¡KL®FKN4XQK+QJOPQKQ[ªWQKY\QKQJOLQWFWKLFµÒ¤ELQPLQKFKRQKQJOLQ´LFDDQK&QJO¡PWQJLÒ¡QµQJW¡L

QÄQJF¢W®QKÒFÒ¢RPQKPDQKF´KL®FKNPWFK»WWURQJQKQJGW®QKFKRWQJODLFDP-QKFQJÒ£XF´VDR4XQK+QJ\«XDQKFµVK\VLQKÒFXFVQJJLDÒ-QKOXµQOXµQKQKSK»F&µWLQO¡VYLFFKFVGLQUDQKY\Y-&QJÒ¤Q´LDQKFKQFµY-ELWFKFFµ\«XDQKPDQJÒQKQKSK»FFKRDQKNLDP¡

&KQJ

4XQK+QJKLKÒQJG\(PYÒ£\FK7KL/¡PJ-JSGY\"&KDEQJLP¡6DQKFK¡QJÒQNKµQJWK\HPULQLJLQK"4XQK+QJQJQJQJºQJQK-QÒQJKÑ»QJO¡FKDEQJL&QJNKµQJÒQVPQKY\QKQJFKLXQ¡RFµFQJÒLWKWVP&µELWWKLJLDQFDDQKUW®W&QJUWJKªWFKQJLNK¢FGºÒÓ¡QJL\«XQ«QÒDQKÒQJQJR¡LFQJGºPWSK»W+QJFQJ[´WO³QJ*LQJ7KLW³P³YDQJO«Q7O»FTXHQDQKFK¡QJQ¡\HPOXµQOXµQWWEWWURQJJLJLF7UFÒ£\GºÒ¤KWJLHPYQF³QNF¡W¢QG´F/»FQ¡\WK-WFKWKQJPWPFK\QKÒ¡QE¡YPXQVFKQJODFRQNK´F%DQKFK¡QJNK´W®QKOPK"

4XQK+QJQ´LQJD\.KµQJSKL7LWLHP®WWKLJLDQJQQKDXQ«QHPPLWUDQKWKWQJFK»W1¡\QKªÒDHPYQK¡[RQJQKOLFK\O¡PWK«PWLFK®QPLJLPLY%LY\ÒQKÒLWK\WLOP(PNKµQJQ7KLJWJº





33

$QKWDFKXNK´QK1KQJFKQ´LWKWWQJHPFKFFKQEÄQKLSUL4XQK+QJN«XO«Q6DRFKQ´LY\"7KLFLFL9-HPFÝO\DQKWDTX¢7URQJW-QK\«XNQ¡R\«XQKLXNÒŃK(P\«XQKLXP¡F³QÒOW-QK\«XFDP-QKERVDRNKµQJEÄQKLS4XQK+QJFJLYWQKL«Q(PFKWK\NKJ-KW\O¡WLJµQJFKDÒHRY¡RFÒ\ÑQO»FO¡PYULWK-ELW%QÒ¡QµQJWKQJQ¡R

FK®FKN1ÉLWP-QK\«XP-QKFQQ´WK-FKQJP\FKFP-QKWK¡QKQµWFDQ´QJD\Ñ¡QµQJNLXFKQ´LFKFF¢FWKLSKRQJNLQQ¡R\FKÒLQD\YFKQJÒXÒLO¡PÒXE-QKÒQJQKQKDXÒ£XF´FKX\QFRLYQKQµWÒF9OLÒ¡QµQJF´ÄQKFFÝÄQK´DÒLYLYSKLNK¢FÒ¡QµQJYSKXOP¤QJFK7KLWUQPWLWULL(PÒDQJGLQWKX\W\KÑ»QJO¡Q´L\QKV¢FKNKµQJPWFK»WWKFWQ¡RKW&KRHPELWÒQJQ´LFKLÒQQÄPKDLQJ¡QGºF´WLQÄPEDQJ¡QÒLFKÄQJQDÒ¡QµQJYQO¡Ò¡QµQJYLEQFKW®FKNY¡QKQJWK´LKWW[XF´WWKLÄQOµQJO

4XQK+QJKLPDPDL1XWKµQJ[¤FKQPWURQJGQJQ¡RP¡FKVDLQKFK\F´FY\"7KLQKSQK¢\PWQKYQQPWURQJGQJÒ¡QµQJQJX\«QWK\QKQJÒFFKU©QOX\QWQJ¡\QKGLGWPPLQJWW-QK/QÒ´FKO¡PFDROP&KQ´LWQKWLOQFKFKQJSKLO¡PÒQJP´QJWD\FPQFPQXTXQ¢RPQQJR¡LJLWFFNKFKXNKµQJQL1X\«XSKLFKLX¾FKWQJFK»WFKEWLPEPVLQKFKFQ[»FÒQJO¡OÄQÒºQJUD[X&K

ÒDUDQKLX\«XV¢FKOPY¡WQJQKKWG¢P\«XFKULFK$LQJVDXPWÒ«PYVX\QJKêV¢QJVPKµPVDXDQKFK¡QJY¢FEPWESKY-PWQJWLQK¡Y¡ER'ºHPWKQ¡RDQKFQJNKµQJWKWKLXHP1PÒFWU¢LWLPFDQKULFKEWÒXKXQOX\QÑ¡QµQJ\QKF£\ERQVDLNKLÒ¤WRG¢QJULFWWP¡XQQQ0LQÄPQD\µQJ[¤FKQLWLQJFQJYFQJFRQÒPYLFQFJLLYLFQK¡7WFO¡QKFKÒ¤JLWKWKQJSKRQJQJD\WQJ¡\ÒX4XQK+QJFKªSPLQJ







35

Q¡RKDLQJLVFºQJÒLFKLY¡DQKWKFKLQUÄPUSWKHRWKLNK´DELXÒ¤ÒUD$QKOXµQO¡PFKEQWK£Q4XQK+QJWK¢QSKF&QJY-DQKUWF´¾FK®FQJTX\WWURQJPLYLF&KDNKLQ¡RFµQJKH&QJEFELY-QJLQ¡RÒ´$QKNKµQJQKQ[ªWSK«SK¢QDLQKQJ+QJELWDQKOXµQFJQJKWVFP-QKÒYWWULKQF¢FQK£QYL«QNK¢FWURQJFµQJW\&KLXQD\QK-QYNK´ÒÄPÒÄPWU«QJQJPW&QJ+QJÒR¢QFKFDQKÒDQJEFGOP&µSKLQ´LJ-FKR&QJYXLOLÒ£\"9³QJWD\µPFKWQJDQJQJLDQK4XQK+QJKLQQJQX*LQWKL«QKULJLQOXµQHPVDRP¡O¡PWKLQKY\"&QJNKQ´L$QKÒDQJQJKê[HPSKLODOLWKQ¡RÒQ´LFKX\QYLHPÒ\FK

&KFQODVDRFKRPLF£XÒXFÉDW$QK\«XHPO¡ÒFUL(PQKU¶DQKFKQ´LYLHPF£X\GX\QKWPWOQFKRWLWQE£\JLYQFKDWK©PQKFOL.KµQJVHPTX«QK"4XQK+QJQJKH&QJFL$QKNKµQJF´WK´LTXHQQKFÒLQKFOLPWF£XQ´LÒ¤ÒWNWTXPP¤Q(PPXQTX«QDQKWK-TX«Q$QKFKSÒ´4XQK+QJYªRKµQJ&QJPWF¢LDQKN«XO«QULJLWD\FµWKWFKW&KLF'UHDPQJQJWUFPWTX¢QF¡SK«&QJJL[HY¡FKR¡QJWD\QJDQJHRG-X+QJY¡RWURQJ$QKFÝK¤QKG«QNKLWK\QKLXFSPWÒ¡QµQJQK-QWKHRKDLQJLYLYWUPWU

JDQKW&QJQ´LQKY¡RWDL+QJ1JLWDÒDQJNKHQFK»QJP-QKÒSÒµLN-D(PF³QÒ³LTX«QDQKQDNKµQJ"4XQK+QJNKµQJG¢PQJ´[XQJTXDQKFµO¾QKTX¾QKQªSE«Q&QJÒLVXWG¤\K¡QKODQJ7LF¢LE¡QNKXWVDXF£\FKXLQJFY¡QJQKQJFKºPWU¢LDQKNªRFµQJL[XQJFKXQJPWJKP£\G¡L4XQK+QJE£QJNKX£QJQJÒXWDY¡RYDL&QJPLNKªSKFKPWQKµQTXHQ1KQJFKLXQD\DQKNKµQJWKDPODPKµQP«PLPµLFµP¡&QJÒFµQµQQDRÒLFK

$QKO«QWLQJO¡P+QJPYLPWUD(PELWDQKSKLODOLÒQ´LYLHPYDLNKµQJ"1KÒDQJQPPEJLG\EWQJ4XQK+QJQJQJ¢F$LKDQK"







37

1X4XQK1KNKµQJO¡QJLWURQJQK¡DQKFKQJÒLQ¡RÒQJWLFKX\QW-QKFPUL«QJFDFµ\O¡PFKL1KQJLPOQJWK-OQJW£PFQUWWU¢FKQKLPOLQQJFDQKF¢QKE«QO³QJ$QK\«XHPQ«QORFKR1K4XQK+QJWKFWKPY-F¢FKU¡RÒ´QFD&QJFµQ´QJQ\KLWL(PYQFKDKLXFKX\QFK1KUDVDRKW$QKQ´LÒLÒL&QJWYNKV6NKLQJKH[RQJHPOLERDQKQKLXFKX\QYOLFKFJ-HPWLQDQKKQWLQ1K4XQK+QJGXJLQJ$QKELWO¡HPWLQDQKQKWP¡9\WK-DQKQ´L4XQK1KÒDQJP«ÒPWURQJW-QK\«XY¡GDQKYQJ

4XQK+QJKSWS&K«XDLY\"7D\WUO¾JL¢PÒFWURQJFµQJW\DQK&WXL4XQK1KPL\«XO¡KLPXQY-Y\YLFFµ\W-PÒFFKRP-QKPWFKQQJWDO¾WQJO¡Ò¢QJPQJ1KQJDQKNKµQJPQJÒFY-Y-WD\Q¡\Ò¤FÝFRQ7KWK"&QJNK´FKX

Ñ¤WX\«QEO¡WLQDQKQKWP¡F³QKL$QKFŃKLQ¡RQ´LGLHPFKX\QJ-FKD"4XQK+QJQJLFROLFµWK\ORFKR4XQK1KY¡ORFKRFP-QK&QJUWQJKL«PW»FDQKJKªWWWFQKQJJ-J£\WDLWLQJELY\DQK[HPFKX\QFK1KO¡TXDQWUQJFQJÒ»QJ&QJÒ£XPXQFÉ¡FKY\«XORQQKWK&QJQ´L$QKWQJSK£QW®FKKQWKXDULNKX\«Q1KQKLXOQWQJFµ\KLXUDYQÒULDLQJKDLQJLQJ¡\F¡QJXP«KQO»QV£XKQY¡RWLOL

4XQK+QJFQPµLFµW-PP¤LNKµQJUDOLQ¡RÒELQPLQKFKRFK1KW£PWU®FµWR¡QQKQJF£XKLQKQJOLWU¢FKP´F7LVDRPWQJLFQJUQWKµQJPLQKF´ÄQKFÒSQKFKOLF´WK\«XPWJ¤Ò¡QµQJFÝFRQFFK+D\O¡KQWDÒ¤GºQJX\TX\QÒDYFDP-QKÒGGFK"%QJGQJ+QJOL«QWQJWLPWJ¤WUXQJQL«QÒXK´LWU¢QWUWEQJSKPLQJFLK®SPWY¡WK\JK«WPOQSKQQ





38

&µWKQWKQK-QYL«QÒ¢GQWDQWURQJO\.KµQJÒLQ¡RHPQJFK1KOLWLQµQJQLQ¡\&KFFKEQJLWDGWKµL&QJQK»QYDL7URQJFKX\Q\«XÒQJNK´Q´LDLGDLOP+DLQJLÒXOQFUL+KLXU¶PFÒ®FKÒQYLQKDXP¡%LW&K¢QKÒ¤F´JLDÒ-QK1KYQODRY¡RO¡NKµQJÒ»QJ+LFKLXQ¡\YDQKWDY¡RWQFµQJW\ÒW-P1K4XQK+QJKRQJKWN«XO«Q7ULL5LVDR"0D\P¡FKWDJSDQKWLFQJQ«QFKX\QÒ¢QKJKHQÒ¤NKµQJ[\UD

+QJUºQJP-QKNKLQJKH&QJWKQQKL«QQ´LÒQKDLWÒ¢QKJKHQ7KW[XK&KFDQKFRLWKQJFKHPFµOPUL&µNKV$QKÒ¤Q´LJ-YLE¡\"&K\XO¡QÄQQULNªRFKWDTXDF¢LTX¢QE«QNLDÒQJY¡QJLFKXWUQP\PWWLQJÒQJKÒQJKHUD[PQJQKLF4XQK+QJWUQPW

6DROLUD[PQJQKLFDQK"&QJFLQKPX9-E¡WDELW1KO¡FKYWQJODLFDDQK7KPLQKFFK4XQK+QJQJKHJLQJP-QKQJK©QQJKQ(P[LQOL&QJNKµQJÒ¾OL[LQOLFD+QJDQKWLSWFWXµQPWKLQKQJPF

&KWDFKLFKRÒ¤PPULEWÒXKÄPKHÒWK7K»WKWÒ£\O¡OQÒXWL«QWURQJÒLDQKE[»FSKPÒQPFKWFKXQL1XNKµQJY-HPDQKÒ¤EPFFKRP+RQ7K\PXQO¡PJ-WK-O¡PWLÒ£XWK-WL+QJOROQJ%¡FKQ\KÄPJ-KDQK"





39

1KLXOP1JKHP¡K¤LKºQJQKQJ1KÒ£XF´G¢P6DXNKLULÒFEÒLDQKY¡RW-P1KY¡NFKRFµ\QJKHWR¡QE+(PÒR¢Q[HPFK+DLHPÒ¤Q´LVDRYLDQK"1K-QÒµLPWSKQQFD&QJ4XQK+QJOFÒX(PNKµQJF³QW£PWU®Ò£XQDÒÒR¢Q$QKQ´LÒLÒL&QJFDXPWOL1KERDQKO¡QJLNKµQJF´WU¢LWLPNKµQJELW\«XY-Y\ÒQJWKFJ\Y¡RW-QK\«XFDQJLNK¢F4XQK+QJO¡PWKLQK&KFµWQJQKQ[ªWY&QJQKY\YLWK¢LÒNK¢JD\JW&K\NKÄQJNKÄQJER&QJO¡QJLQKQW£P®FKNQKQJNKLFµEFWFSKQQJOLWK-1KOQJOU»WOXL7K-UDFKU»WOXLY-EQWK£QP-QKFŃKX\WÒLPFKSKQÒLW-QK\«XFD&QJY¡FµY-NKX\WÒLPQ¡\FKFKQJY-O¾GRQ¡RNK¢FKW%1KQJKê

QX&QJNKµQJ\«X+QJWK-JLDÒ-QKVNKµQJDLELWÒQPLW-QKÒ¢QJWU¢FKFDFKKD\VDR"Ñ»QJO¡NKLÒ¤PºTX¢QJY-\«XQJLWDWUQ«QOQWKQÒ¢QJWKQJ7KQKQJF´Q«QWKQJKLFK1KNKµQJ"%QJGQJ4XQK+QJWK\FKP-QKÒ¢QJWU¢FKKQO¡Ò¢QJWKQJ&KOXµQFK«QJL\«XFDFµQKQJFKOL\«XPWQJLÒ¤FÝ1XNKµQJQJÄQFKQFKFFJLDÒ-QKVQKFÒQFKWY-FKWKµL&µUXUêQK-Q&QJ7KWHPNKµQJKLXFK1KVDRFKQ´LQKWKP¡NKµQJPFFFK&QJFLQKW

7L1KFKRO¡P-QKÒ»QJ4XQK+QJKLQJ&K¢QKO¡QJLQKWKQ¡RKDQK"&K¢QKO¡PWFRQF¢RJL¡WU«QÒQJÒLFQJQKWUQJW-QK7URQJFµQJYLFDQKWDWUDQJKL«PW»FFKXÒ¢RQÄQJÒQJKRWE¢WQ«QUWÒFO³QJFSWU«QÑLYLSKQ&K¢QKÒLXQJKOP/»FQ¡RDQKWDFQJTXDQW£PFKÄPV´FWQJFµUWWQW-QKQKQJ&K¢QKFQJNKµQJTX«QWKWKDQUQJP-QKEWKQKWURQJFXFVQJJLDÒ-QK4XQK1KÒ¤VDY¡RF¢LE\«PQKQKXQJFD&K¢QKP¡NKµQJKD\&µ\QJ£\WKQJKêUQJP-QK

O¡F¢LSKDRFSFXP¡&K¢QKFQE¢PY¡RO»FQ¡\.KµQJF´FµDQKWDVFK-P[XQJWQÒ¢\ÒLGQJFDVEWKQK8QJPWQJPQF&QJQ´LWLS$QKÒ¤NKX\«Q1KQKLXOQWKPFK®J£\JQKKLFKLXQKQJYQFKÄQWKXDJ-6DXFºQJDQKÒ¡QKPDQJWLQJQKLXFKX\QÒQ´LOLYLHP*LDÒ-QKO»FQ¡RFQJF´F¢FKJLLTX\WUL«QJP¡QJLQJR¡LNKµQJE¡\ÒF$QKK\YQJ4XQK1KVVX\







41

&´FQQ´LYLKDLE¢FO»FQ¡\FKD$QKQJKêFKDFQÒ£X+QJN«XO«Q9\HPSKLO¡PVDRÒ£\"&QJQK»QYDL&KHPJ¢LWLQPE«QQKDXWW«W£PV&¢FK[XQKWPLQKÒQKDLE¢F4XQK+QJLPOQJ&KHPQK¡FµDLFQJEQJQJPFKFJ-FK1KFKXQJKHOLFµPWNKLFKÒ¤FSEYLJ¤Ò¡QµQJNLD%LWÒ£XFK1KVPQJY-FKRUQJ+QJQJKHOL&QJWKFJ\Y¡RE¢QK[HW-QK\«XÒDQJFK\QJRQWUQFDFK7KG¡LQJ¢QQJP4XQK+QJQ´L&KVOLHPQ´LNKµQJF´W¢FGQJOLJ£\WK«PP£XWKXQYLFK1K

&QJNK´FKX&KDPPLQJP¡Ò¤QJL(PSKLQJKêNKX\«Q1KULE&K¢QKO¡ERYW-QK\«XFDFK»QJWD4XQK+QJQJSQJQJ(PYQNKµQJKLXU¶¾DQK&QJEQJQLF¢XO«Q

7K-SKLFJQJW-PKLX$QKEFOPULÒ£\4XQK+QJQJQJ¡QJQK-Q&QJFµPXQNK´FKWVFÑ£\O¡OQÒXDQKWYFFFQYLFµP¡FµÒ¤O¡PJ-VDLFK0®PPµLÒQJSKWG\+QJEFUDFD&QJYLQPWD\FµNªROL&µWªY¡RO³QJDQKY¡ÒPFFKR&QJYXWW´FULKµQP-QKWLWSQKWKD\OL[LQOL4XQK+QJWK»WWK®W7QKL«QOLQWOLQLVºQJO«QYLHP

*LQJ&QJWUP[XQJÒ\EWUW7LDQKNKµQJGQÒFJLQNKLQJKêWL1K$QKF´WU¢FKQKLPY¡FÓLÒ¤NKµQJQJÄQÒF1KDQK¢LQJLYµFºQJNKLQJKêWLEDP1JQJPWFK»W&QJQ´LWLS$QKWK®FKVKR¡QKR$QKNKµQJPXQQJLWK£QFDP-QKSKPEWFVDLOPQ¡R





42

%LY\DQKK\YQJHPVNªR1KYYLOSKL4XQK+QJWK\QKFQKLWURQJWLP1´LWLQ´LOXL&QJPXQFK1KFKPGWQJD\PLW-QKQ¡\Y-VQKKQJÒQX\W®QP-QKFKÒ£XSKLWLDQKOR1KVNKY-OWKQJQJLÒ¤FÝFRQ1XÒ»QJY\&QJTXO¡®FKNY¡NK´W®QKÑDQJJLQJFRYLQKLXÒLX+QJFKWQJKH&QJWKG¡L&KFHPQJKêDQKKSK³LFKELWWLP-QKP¡NKµQJWKµQJFPFKR4XQK1K/³QJDQKUDVDRGQG¡HPVKLX/»FQ¡RDQKFQJY-W-QK\«XFDFK»QJWDKW1K-QYWUPWFD&QJ+QJWK\O³QJP-QK[-X[XQJFµQJSQJQJ(PKLX&QJ[RDQKYDLFµJLQJ£X\P

0-QKNKµQJE¡QWLFKX\QQ¡\QD4XQK+QJQªSPWY¡RQJFDQK7ULWLUL1KQJE´QJÒ©QQK[®XJLÄQJPFNKSQLFQKSQK¢\OL«QWFO¡PFµOL«QWQJÒQF¢FY-VDRWU«QWUL+LF³QEªFµY¡1KKD\UDE¤LÒWWUQJNE«QQK¡QJLÒPVDROP7K\QKQJQJµLVDRFKSWW+QJERFK»QJÒDQJO¡PTXHQQKDX1KOLFKRO¡FK»QJÒDQJF¤LQKDX&KEDRQKL«XÒ´P¡KDLFKHPJ£\OQ$LFQJQ´LP-QKÒ»QJKW1K¡WK¡QKSKQJ¡\F¡QJPFFDRE¤LÒWWUQJWUFNLDÒ¤WK¡QKPWNK¢FKVQ+DLFKHPNKµQJW-PWK\QKQJQJµLVDRQKSQK¢\P¡QK-QO«QWULWR¡QWK\G£\ÒLQF£\

ÄQJWHQWXDWD/£XOPUL4XQK+QJÒ¤TX«QQKQJQJµLVDR\NFQJµLVDRÒOORLJQFXLWULP¡FµOXµQJL¡QKÒÓ¡FDP-QKÑ«PQD\WGQJFµQKGDGLWQJ¡\[D*L¢QKFKHP4XQK+QJFP¤LYµWQKWKQK(PQJKêJ-Y\"4XQK+QJKLPP¡QJ(PQJKêSKLFKLP-QKO¡FRQQ®WKR¡LWK-VQJELWP\

&QJQ£QJPW+QJO«Q6DROLQJKêWK"/¡PQJLOQYQVQJKQFK1XFO¡FRQQ®WP¤LO¡PVDRÒFDQK\«XDQKKµQ&´QKOQÒXWL«QDQKÒDHPWLÒ£\NKµQJ"%£\JLDQKPXQÒFKµQHPQKµQQJRQQKOQÒXÒ´4XQK+QJE£QJNKX£QJNKªSKPWOL&µNKµQJPXQQJKêWL1KQD&µNKDR





43

NK¢WÒFQJLP-QK\«XKµQP¤LY¡WK-WKPP¤LQKQJOLQJWQJ¡RQKY\

&KQJ

&QJK¡LO³QJQJPQJK®DFÄQSK³QJVFKE´QJFDP-QK$QKUWJKªWVFXWKE

EQY¡YµWUWWQ«QGºO¡QK¡KD\WURQJFµQJVSK³QJFDDQKO»FQ¡RFQJGFGQGSWKHRQKÒ»QJOLDQK\«XFX$QKF´WK´LTXHQNKLQJLY¡RE¡QO¡PYLFO¡SKLQK-Q[XQJTXDQKÒNLPWUDOLYWU®FDQKQJYWGQJGRFK®QKWD\DQKVS[S[HPF´ÒÒ»QJFKKD\NKµQJ%LY\NKµQJDLG¢PW¾GLÒLYWJ-GºO¡PWTX\QV¢FKKD\F¢LJWW¡QWKXFQK&QJWKQJQ´LYLQKQJQJL[XQJTXDQKUQJ$QKF´QJX\«QWFVQJY¡O¡PYLFUL«QJP¡DLO¡PYLFYLDQKÒXSKLWX£QWKHR'êQKL«QO¡F¢LQJX\«QWFÒ´&QJFK¢SGQJYLQKQJQJLGLTX\QFDP-QKY¡E¡PFQJDQKPWF¢FKPºTX¢QJWKµL&KYLFSWU«QKD\ÒQJQJKLSQJDQJK¡QJYLDQKDQKOXµQ[VUWO¡Ò»QJÒLXY¡JLQJQKPLQJL&QJFKF´PWQJX\«Q

WFVQJJ-KWY-Y\P¡DQKÒFO³QJKXQKWWF%QJGQJ&QJQKFKPµLNKLQJKêÒQPWQJL+QÒDQJO¡YWFQÒQJWU«QFRQÒQJFµQJGDQKFDDQK7O£X&QJÒ¤PXQORLKQUDNKLFµQJW\Q¡\QKQJYQFKDÒFY-KQF´W¡LOLF´Ò\TX\QWK&K®QKKQKD\O¡QJLW-PUDF¢FVKWURQJFµQJYLFFDDQKÒSK«E-QKÒE¢RF¢RYLJL¢PÒF&K®QKY-KQP¡DQKSKLQÄQQFKHP4XQK1KO¡POLE¢RF¢RY¡FQJFK®QKKQQ´LUDQ´LY¡RYL7KX0LQKQKLXFKX\QYDQKQ«QFµPLOO¡ULTXD\OQJWUFW-QKFPDQKG¡QKFKRFµVXWKDLQÄPU³QJ/QÒ´&QJNKVY¡QKFQK¤FKDWQJWK\/¡QJLUWPFWWLQDQKEWQJÒQFKR¢QJY¢QJNKLELW7KX0LQKVSO\FKQJ*¤Ò¡QµQJ\OLO¡HPWUDLFDKQ/UD&QJSKLKQ7KX0LQKY-FµÒ¤WFKLDQKQKQJNKµQJKLXVDREDRQKL«XFÄPKQ&QJOLÒKWFKRKQ+1XKQNKµQJO¡PµQJPDLJLLWKLXHPP-QKFKR7KX0LQKWK-DQKÒ¤QPFKFFKLO¡PUJL¢PÒFFµQJW\Q¡\UL+QÒ¤SK¢KQJPFWQJODLFDDQK1KWÒQKULDQKVWUWKº7D\&QJE´SOLWKWFKWNKLQJKêWLFKX\QWUWKº$QKPXQVPPXQJ-KQFQJPWFKFWUO¾JL¢PÒF+QVF»LJPPW[XQJÒWP¡ÒLUDNKLFµQJW\Q¡\Y¡RPW

QJ¡\JQÒ£\5L&QJFKWQKÒQ4XQK1K&RQQK¤LYµQ\FQJÒ¤Ò¢DQKÒFK\WKHRKQÑLXQ¡\FQJO¡PFKRDQKÒDXNKµQJ®W$QKNKµQJWLQ1K\«X&K¢QKP¡DQKNKQJÒQKFRQQKFK\WKHRKQY-PXQÒFQ£QJÒ1´QKPXQPDXFK´QJQPÒFF¢LFKFWUQJSK³QJFDDQKVDRÒ\+1XQKO¡1KNKµQJSKLO¡FKFD+QJWK-FRQQKÒ¤ELWWD\DQKUL'RQ¡\





44

KDLFKHP+QJKFKFVXW4XQK1KFKLEDLELFKX\QEEFKYL&K¢QK&RQQKQ´LDQKYXNKQJÒWUWKºF¢QK£QY-&K¢QKWKQJSK¢WKLQQKLXVDLV´WFDDQKWURQJFµQJW¢F+µPQJKH+QJQJSQJQJNOLQKQJOLQ´LFD1K&QJQJQJFQJQJLY-ELWFµWLQFKP-QKKQWLQDQK&µWU¢FK&QJEQJF¢FKÒFF£X1´LF´V¢FKP¢FKF´FKQJ$QKNKµQJFÉQJFKQJQ¡RFKQJW1KY¡&K¢QKF´TXDQKYLQKDXO¡PVDRP¡+QJÒO¾OÒEXFWLFKP-QKFKRÒF4XQK1KOLO¡FRQEªFQJFDQ«QY¡RFµQJW\FRQQK¤LWQKEEêXPµLNKLQK-QWK\DQKULWQKE[¢FKFSÒLWKHR&K¢QK7PWQK£QYL«QVGQJYLW®QKGLTX\QÒLXÒQJFD&QJ1KÒ¤WUWK¡QKWKN¾UL«QJFDWUO¾JL¢PÒF0¡WKN¾UL«QJWK-FKX\QJ-OLNKµQJWK[\UDFK&QJP®PPµL5LDQKVFKRFKDLELWWD$QKFKWK©PQJKêWLYLF1KVO¡FKYFDP-QKO¡PFKLFKRPW+&KYWK-VDRFK"&µWDÒ¤YµQQKWKSKQOLDQK

WUFNLDP¡&KWKQJ4XQK+QJ&QJQµQQDRNKLQKWLÒµLPµLPPFDFµ+LF³QÒLKF&QJÒ¤W®QKUQJVDXQ¡\QKWÒQKDQKSKLO\YJL¡XKDLO¡VFLYÒS0QJO\YJL¡XÒ¤WDQWK¡QKP£\NK´LULE£\JLDQKVO\YÒSWKµL4XQK+QJÒ»QJO¡PWQJLÒS&µ\QKO¡PWÒR¢KRDTXQKKRO¡PVD\KQDQK7KP¡WUFNLDDQKFP¤LÒHRWKHR7KX0LQKQXP¡FµQ¡QJÒQJ¾O\DQKWK-VXWÒLDQKSKLO¡PFKPWE[QJF¢FKWU®NKµÒªWUL9\P¡O»FFµWDWFKLOLWW-QKFDDQK&QJWQJQKO¡WU¢LÒWWLQJ¡\WQWK$QKWX\WYQJNKµQJSKLY-WKWW-QKP¡Y-VQJKLSWURQJPFDP-QKEWDQY

/»F&QJÒDQJKWKQJWK-DQKQJKêWL4XQK+QJ&µOXµQOXµQQJQJP&QJY¡DQKWK-FKFQWQEDRQKL«XFµQJVFÒFKLPO\WU¢LWLPFDFµ4XQK+QJÒ¤WQJWKP\«X&QJQ«QFµÒ´QQKQOLWW-QKFDDQKQKÒ´QQKQ£QVQJ$QKNKµQJWKO¡PJL¡XEQJFDKLPµQFDYQKQJEºOL&QJVF´PWSKQÒS\«XP-QKWµQWKP-QKY¡EQJO³QJK\VLQKWWFPLWKFKRP-QKÒQVXWÒLÑLXQ¡\ELWÒ£XO¡WWY¡WKFWKQO¡F´PWFµYJL¡X"&QJVWUXWQK-QÒQJKÑ¢QJOJLQ¡\O¡PÒ¤ÒLFKYUL9\P¡E¡Ò¤WUKQFJL

&KFO¡OLJKªY¡RQK¡FDK¡QJ[´PÒK´QJFKX\Q6DRP¡DQKOLJKªWF¢LWK´LQJLO«ÒµLP¢FKFXF¢FE¡ÒQWK%FGF&QJEFUDV£Q1QJV¢QJYQQK©QKWU«QF¢FFKXNLQJGFWKHRF¢FOLÒLO¡PDQKGXEWVNK´FKX&QJF»L[XQJVÄPVRLPWF£\PDLFKLXWKXÒFXQFRQJNK¢ÒSPWULOLFK¢Q





45

QQÒQJO«Q&QJFKELWJ-EDF¢LQJKWKXWF£\FQKQ¡\1KQJDQKPXQQK¡P-QKFQJSKLFÝQF£\FQKK³QQRQEQKQK¡FDWKL«QK7KO¡DQKFKXNK´ÒLPXDYK¡QJÒQJFKXERQVDLYLEQWLQULJLDRKWFKRPWR¡QEFKX\QWLQFE´QSK£QWDV£X0LV¢QJWSWKGF[RQJDQKFKSKDLWD\VDXÒ®WÒLTXDÒLOLQJPQJK®DWQJF£\PWFW-QKW-PUDQªWÒFÒ¢R¾QJKêDV£X[DYWULWO¾FDWQJORLF£\1KQJNKQLYLDQKFKXERQVDLQ¡RFQJJLQJQKDXPWÒLPO¡F³LFFJL¡QXD5WFXFP\FKFFKXNLQJOLO¡WK»WL«XNKLQGX\QKWFDE¡1JX\W7URQJQJKWKXWQ¡\PDQKÒ»QJO¡PWQJKQK£QU¡QKQJK%QE©DQKWLÒ£\DLFQJWUPWUNKHQYQNLQJKWQJQKQJW¢FSKPVQJÒQJNLDO¡FDDQK7KFQJWW;HPQK&QJÒ¤ÒWÒFPFÒ®FKFKLNLQJUL

1JL[XQJE«QK³QQRQE&QJÒDWD\NKRDNKRDY¡RKQFÑ¢PF¢E\P¡XWK\ÒQJYLW»DÒLOXQJWXQJ4XQK+QJUWWK®FKKF¢QKQ¡\7LQK¡DQKFµKD\QJLQJR¡LV£QNE«QKF¢Y¡O®XORWUÄPWKWU«QÒL.KLQJKH&QJERFµSKLKFPF¢FKFKÄPV´FYQNLQJKF¢Y¡F¢FKVS[SPLYLFWURQJQK¡4XQK+QJÒ¤FLNK»FNK®FKY-WQJDQKQ´LÒºDÑQNKLQJKHDQKQJKL«PQJKNOLQKQJFµQJYLFPDQKÒ¤O¡PKQJQJ¡\FµPLKWVFQJFQKL«QWUFVOQJYLFP¡PDQKSKLJ¢QKY¢F

7LVDR+QJOLSKLQJKêUQJFK®QKDQKO¡QJLO¡PKWPLFKX\QOQEªFKNKµQJSKLO¡PQK"'º&QJÒ¤Q´LUQJFRQWUDLWURQJJLDÒ-QKDQKNKµQJSKLÒQJWD\Y¡RYLFQK¡+QJYQWW«EXFDQKSKLSKPUDFKªQGQQK¡JLWTXQ¢RY-E¡Ò¤JL¡UL7KWO¡EXQFL$QK\«XFµQKQJÒ£XSKLO¡Y-Y\P¡4XQK+QJF´WKO¢LDQKÒLWKHRFRQÒQJFDFµÒF7URQJQJµLQK¡FKF´KDLQJLQ¡\DQKO¡YXD&³QPDQKFQJFKLXDQKÒQPFÒ¤WELQP-QKWUWK¡QKPWQµOFDDQKO»FQ¡RP¡NKµQJKD\'ºWKQJPQKQJ

&QJYQOXµQQJKêP-QKÒFTX\QO¡PYXDWURQJQJµLQK¡FDP-QK0¡Ò¤O¡PYXDWK-SKLF´QJLKXKY¡QµO.KµQJPWDLF´WKO¡PÒFYLFÒ´PWF¢FKWQJX\QEQJP9-Y\P¡&QJNKµQJFKRE¡VDQJE«QQK¡FDFK&PE¡FKWKEDFDDQK$QKPXQE¡SKLOROQJY¡FKÄPV´FFKRP-QK'ºÒ»QJUDE¡F´TX\QOROQJFKRWWFF¢FFRQY¡QJLNK¢F1JLP¡P\QÄPQD\DQKÒ¤QKWÒQKUDOQK3KLGLÒLNKLQK¡PLF´WKO¡PÄQÒF





46

&KPKDLWD\YWPWFK»F¢QK[®XO«Q&QJFKÄPFK»QK-QQ´FDTX\Y¡WKPQK3KLÒD+QJY¡RQQSFDJLDÒ-QKQ¡\SKLELQFµEªWK¡QKPWQJLYQK¾FDWDPXQ7KFKRFRQF¢WUOLKQF&QJUDPFQJNKLQJKHFKXµQJYDQJO«Q4XQK+QJQJKL«QJÒXQK-Q&QJYLJQJPWKWVFUQJU$QKPPFL0LFµQJFK»DY¡RQK¡+QJFKY¡RQJFP-QK(PP¡O¡FµQJFK»D$QKNKªRQQKWKW

&QJÒ´QJFDOLULVQÒQE«QFµ&µQJFK»DFDUL«QJDQKWKµLNKµQJWK®FKVDR"+QJPPFL7K®FKFKWKDSK³P¤&QJNªRPQKFµY¡RO³QJ+QJN«XO«Q(PY¡RWKDPF¢LÒ¤

0ÒLFKFKDY7KDDQKO¡ÒFUL'WOL&QJKLKW-P[XQJPµLFµÑµLPµLPPY¡WK£QP-QKWKRQWKÒ\JLFPFD+QJÒ¤ªSV¢WY¡RDQK$QKP«PLKµQFµQKQXWKWPµLFµY¡RPLQJP-QKY¡K¢RKFJK-VLWYXWYHO\Fµ0¤LÒQNKLFµÒ\DQKUD&QJPLQJQJ¢FKL6DRY\"

4XQK+QJOFÒXDQKFDXP¡\.KµQJWK®FK¡"7K\FµFÝLPOQJ&QJ[PW6DRNKµQJWUOLDQK"





47

4XQK+QJO®QK®$QKO¡PHPQJKWWK/»FQ¡RFQJWKDPODP(PVDQKOXµQ&QJEWFL$QKQQJFPFµÑ»QJO¡WUFRQ9\FQJE¡\ÒW\«X+QJSKQJSKX%\«XO¡SKLQKY\K"9³QJWD\µPO\+QJ&QJWK-WKP3KLKQY\QDPLWX\W5LP-QKVO¡YFKQJHPVWKXFYDQKFWK[¢FOQW£PKQ$QKPXQ\«XÒQPFFKRHPWDQUDPLWKµL

4XQK+QJOLFKXWUQQKQJFQKµQQKWLWSFD&QJ$QKFKULFµUDNKLQJKHWLQJÒSFD&KFO¡PY&QJOX\QWLFÒQJG\$QKKLEWQJNKLWK\QJR¡LE¡1JX\WUDF³QF´FFK&P4XQK+QJO»QJW»QJFK¡RFKDLQJL7URQJNKL&QJNK´FKXUDPW0ÒLFKKD\ÒLÒ£XYLFK&PY\"&PFLFL

7DRJSPQJR¡LFKQ«QÒDPY¡RÄQPLQJ¡.KµQJÒFVDRP¡P¡\YQYR"7µLNKµQJYQYRQKQJE¡JL¡ÒLO£XTX¢SKLVWUXWFK&POLF4XQK+QJULG¡LJLQJ7KWVWUXWKµQÒ´0¡\Ò£XKLXWKRGY\%¡1JX\WNKVYDQOQÑQJJ£\JQDP¡

4XD\VDQJ4XQK+QJE¡KL&RQWLO£XFKD"&µUWU©WUOL'FRQPLWL%¢FÒFRQPDQJJLY¡RES





48

9DÒLÒFY¡LEFFµQJKH&PJLJLWFµOL1¡\+QJL&KQ´L[RQJFKX\QQ¡\HPK¤\Y¡RES4XQK+QJQJQQJQK-Q&QJ&µWK\¢QKPWDQKORQJO«QJLQG%¡ÒQKE¡\WU³J-Ò£\"&PWQKNKµ7DRÒDPYEQY¡LKµPÒELGQJFKRE¡FÒ£\O¡PÒ\WNKµQJFµQJFKRP¡\PPWU[QJUDN-D&QJKPKPÑ£\O¡QK¡FDP7ELF£\QJQFÒQF¢LE¡QF¢LJKÒXO¡FDPQ«QPSKL

FRLV´FWURQJQJR¡L&KERO¡PO¡PÒ\WFKRWµLO¡¾J-FK"&PÒDWD\YXWW´F&´4XQK+QJWLFKLWDRNKµQJPXQQ´LQKLX%DQD\+QJQXFPFKRP¡\ÄQF³QVXWWKLJLDQPYLWDRP¡\FKXNK´JKªQK¡WDRWK-VÒFÄQNª&³QQXFK«QK¡WDRWK-ÒLP¡ÄQFPWLP&QJQK-QE¡1JX\WWU£QWU£QPWKQ¡R"

%¡1JX\WQJSQJQJ7KQJ7®WLEVWPPXQVDQJQK¡FK&PÒSKYLFK\FKÄPV´FFKRFK¢X9¡LKµPFK¢XNKLWK-POLY&KX\QFÝ\WKµLFKHPFK»QJE£\ÒQJO¡PQ¡RO«QQD&QJFLNK\&KELWO¡PSKLO¡PÒ\WFKRDLÒ£\QD9QKNKµQJQJKH&QJPDPDL&PQJWQJ¡RKL4XQK+QJ

6¢QJQD\HPORFPQFFKR&QJGºPPQKª+QJ"*WÒXWKWQKDQKFµÒ¢S'ÒF&KFÒDE¢FYQK¡Ò£\F´HPORFKRDQK&QJ0W&PJL¤QUDWK®FKWK»FµQ´LQKUDOQK





49

0Y¡RO\TXQ¢RQKDQKÒLULP-QKF³QÒLQD%¡1JX\WNªRWD\+QJGQG³&QJWK®FKÄQQJWNKLQ«PQPFRQQKWK«PW®ÒQJY¡R&PQXQKNKµQJÒFQK¤RÒX[¡RÒQJFK®QTX¢F³QVQQQJWK-SKLKLFK¢\FK¢\PWW®Q´PLFKX4XQK+QJOXµQPLQJG%¡1JX\WF³QGQQKLXWKOPQKQJFµQKNKµQJKW.KLWURQJQK¡FKF³QF´KDLQJL&QJPLNKRDQKWD\KWK¡P&KKLXJ-YFK&PP¡HPÒ¤YLY¡QJY£QJY£QJGG.KµQJF´PÒ£\DQKO¡PVDRP¡O¡PKWYLFQK¡FK"4XQK+QJO»QJW»QJ.KµQJVWVQJQKWKFK\OLF´QWQJ[XYHP

&QJF¡XQK¡X1JKêO¡PFKLEDF¢LQWQJÒ´(PVQJYLDQKFKF´VQJYLFK\Ò£X.KªROR[D1K-Q&QJEQJ¢QKPWQJFQKL«Q+QJKL6DRDQKOLQ´LY\"&K&PO¡FKUXWFDDQKNLDP¡"0W&QJÒDQKOL&KNKµQJQ«QWK£QDQKFKFRLO¡FK&´WKHPFKRUQJDQKKQQKQJWKWVO¡W

O£XDQKNKµQJKSYLFK\+DLFKHPQ´LYLQKDXWLF£XWKEDO¡J£\OQUL+LÒ´F³QDQK+DLQK¡QKFDQUDNKµQJÒDQ¡RG¢PJ£\QD1KQJJ£\YFKX\QJ-"&QJQ´LÑFKX\Q1KQJQJX\«QQK£QFK®QKO¡DQKNKµQJSKF&K&PO¡FRQJ¢LGX\QKWWURQJQK¡Q«QEDPDQKUWFQJFKLX&K\PXQJ-ÒFQ\QKQJNKµQJFKXORKFK¡QKFKX\«QPµQOLOS;LQWLQÒLKFWK«PÒÒLPXDVPFSE©FSEQÒÒLFKL&K&PVQJNKµQJFÓSWUQJEQWK£QºO-WKLXQOFÑDQJKFOSPLWK-

SKLEGÒO\FKQJJS1KFKPµLÒ\NKLQKE&QJQ´LWLS&QJPD\O¡WKQJEFDFK\NKµQJÒQQLWKQNKµQJTXWQJDWUX\SKRQJQXNKµQJJLDÒ-QKDQKÒQSKLE[ÒLY-QKF7LE£\JLEDPLP\WXLÒXULP¡YQF³QKDPFKLÑQQK¡EP¡WK\SK¢WV&\QKJLDQK¡QJE¢FKKR¢WQJKS+DLWKQJFRQSK¢QKTXQJFKQJWK-OLTX¢KLQÒLO¡PYOLSKLOÄQY¡RESORFP





50

QFKXKYFRQ%¡&PVXWQJ¡\ÒLF¡QKQJVPVDQJLO«ÄQK¡QJ9LDQKÒ¡QE¡QKWKO¡EÒLÑ¡QµQJQKDQK&µQJFKQJEO¡K©Q4XQK+QJFKSPW(PWK\DQK&µQJFQJRDLSKRQJOPP¡+LF³QKFYLW®QKWLEQHPYQNKHQWK\&µQJÒSWUDLWK¢RY¢WY¡OLUWÒ¡QµQJ&QJFLQKWQJ&µQJP¡O¡Ò¡QµQJÑ¡QµQJNKµQJDLOLFKXLY¡R[ÉS&KX\QÒÉ-QKWKQJP¡Ñ¡QµQJE£\JLSKLÒDKFK&QJNKµNKDQQJWOLFµ*LDÒ-QKDQKNKµQJEDRJLF´FKX\QÒ´%DDQKÄQFP[RQJO¡PDQKSKLEQJQF

WL7Ò´WLJLDQKFKDKSKLUDPWF¢LFKªQJLWPWEÒ$QKÒ¤WQJQ´LYLHPULY¡DQKVNKµQJWKD\ÒLF¢FKVQJFDP-QKÒ£X4XQK+QJWLXQJKX$QKFJLP¤LF¢LTXDQQLP[DQKWU¢LÒW\ÑLQ¡\Ò¡QµQJSKLSKYYLFQK¡FK$QKNKµQJELWQXFPY¡UWO¡KQKSK»FNKLÒFYQXFPFKRDQKÄQ&QJQ«QQKO¡PWJLDÒ-QKFÒLQWUX\QWKQJOXµQO¡PXPFP¡DQKWK®FKQKW4XQK+QJSKQJSKX

$QKWK®FKNKµQWK\P&QJQKHRPW1XNKµQJWK®FKDQKHPF´WK.KµQJ7µLNKµQJWK©P\«XHPQD$QKVÒDXÒQNKVQKQJYQJLQJX\«QTXDQÒLPFÒLQFDP-QKY-DQKO¡WKÒ´+LKWPWYSK®D4XQK+QJ&QJFDRJLQJ6DRFµQJFK»D"

4XQK+QJWKG¡L/SK´QJODRWK-SKLWKHRODRFKVDRQD&QJP£QP«E¡QWD\FD+QJJLQJWKWQJWQJ¡R1JQODRFDHPSK´QJTXDWLPDQKULÒ£\Q©





51

4XQK+QJFKSPWFµ\XÒXLQK-QJQJPWFD&QJÒDQJW-QKWF»L[XQJ7U«QJQJPW\+QJNKµQJF³QWK\QKQJQªWNKFQJKLWQKO»FDQKOQOLSK«SK¢QFK&P&µWKÒQJÒFKR&QJKµQP-QK/QÒXWL«QNWNKL\«XDQK+QJFPQKQÒFO¡\«XQKDXNKµQJFKO¡P«PL[RQ[X¾WKµQQKDXQKWKQ¡\7£PKQWUQJNKµQJFD+QJÒDQJFQYµFºQJQKQJOLE¡\WVÒQJFPYPWYQÒQ¡RÒ´F´WKKLTX¢SKºSKLPO¤QJPQQKÒFFºQJQJKHPWEQQKFKD\WURQJFKLXW¡ÒFºQJWKQWKFUXQÒQJWLWQQJ´FQJ¢FKFDWU¢LWLPY-FKXL£PWKDQKPWQKW1XNKµQJWKPWÒQWK®WUD4XQK+QJFQJÒFFºQJ&QJE¡QW®QKYWQJODLFDFKDLQJL1KQJWKFWÒ¤FŃKLQ¡RFµÒFVQJQKQJSK»WJL£\Ò´Ò£X"&QJNKµQJQJKHQKFJKªWÒFV¢FKYÄQKF$QKYQQ´L£PQKFWKFDO¡YµE

&QJNKµQJFKRSKªSP-QKWQWKLJLDQFKREDF¢LWKYYQQ¡\ÑJLLWU®&QJWK®FKFKLWU³FKLÒLQW7URQJSK³QJDQKF´PWWLYLÒXP¢\YLGHRÒDKÒXP¢\ÒLQW$QKVQV¡QJQJLÒ´K¡QJJLÒQJKFKRWU³FKLWU®WXÒ´GºFµF´ÒQWKÄP1JR¡LWK»Q¡\UD&QJFKNKR¢L[HPSKLPK-QKV$QKERWKORLSKLPQ¡\SKºKSYLPXQJLQÄQJÒQJQKDQK1KLXO»FQJLE«Q&QJ+QJWK\P-QKWKWQKQKHQQJFQJKFKO»FQ¡RFµFQJLPOQJQJKHDQKQ´LYLWWFQJQJP&QJWK®FKSK¢FKRWQJODLOP7URQJWQJODLÒ´DQKQPYDLWU³TX\WÒQKPLWK&´PWQJLFKQJW¡LJLLWKµQJPLQKQPWR¡QETX\QK¡QKQKDQKO¡PD\PQ

KD\EWKQKFKRFµQK"4XQK+QJQKNKµQJKLXQL&µFKELWKLQWL&QJO¡FKGDDQWR¡QFKRWU¢LWLPFDFµ+QJ\«XDQKY¡KQJPRQJÒFF´DQKP¤LP¤L

&KQJ

.KµLÒWW¢FKF¡SK«[XQJE¡QULQKSWD\WKHRWQJWLQJQKF.E«QDQK7KµQJQJLWDY¡RJKPLQJSK-SK©RÒLXWKXFO¢$QKFK¡QJU®WPWKLNK´LY¡Q´L

1K-QP¡\NKµQJJLQJWKQJKDLOQWKWQJKLSFK»WQ¡RF7QJW¢SKRQJÒQKY\P¡SKLSKFX7NKL«QJWLYLÒ\WOQKQJKêFQJXQJ8QJQKWO¡F¢LEQJFSEWUHRJL¡QES7K\.KµLYQO¡PWKLQK7KµQJFKªPWK«PPWF£XQDÑP¡\WLQ.LX1J£Q7DRG¢PF¢DQKQÝLWKQJ7U®FKLP¡\Ò´





52

.KµLKLQKPQJLO«Q'ºVWKWÒ»QJQKOLP¡\Q´LFQJFKOL«QTXDQWL1J£QÒQJFÓµLFµ\Y¡R+-+-$LG¢POµLEFDP¡\Y¡R1KQJP¡OLWDRQ´LO¡Ò»QJÒ\7KQJFKD+LWKDELWFµQJW\Ò´WX\QQK£QYL«QÒLWKXPXDOµQJYWFKNKµQJSKLWX\QQK£QYL«QSKQPPY\P¡WKQJFKÒDP¡\Y¡RYLQKQJOLKDYW1JQJPWFK»WÒ[HPTXDSKQQJFD.KµL7KµQJQ´LWLS7KQJFKD+LÒR¢QWUFO¡P¡\VEF¢LK¤QJFXOµQJ[XWNKX\GºP¡\FÉPWÒLPYLHP1J£Q0¡\WL«XULFRQQK1J£QO¡ÒDFRLWUQJÒDYGDQKOL.KµLQKPG\XQJQWFK»WF¡SK«WURQJW¢FKULFFOFÒQJO«Q0¡\WUWLQÒLWDRÒLÒ£\

7KµQJODYLWKHRÑLWDRYLWKQJTX0LQ´LÒQJWL.LX1J£QFDP¡\O¡TXXUL.K´FRLWKW.KµQJWK©PÒP[DWL7KµQJ.KµL[ÄP[ÄPEFTXDÒQJ*LQ¡\FKFO¡WLPFDFX7PFDUL$QKSKNKL«QJWKºQJNKµQJFDWLYLUDGLRFDVVHWWHÒXP¢\UDQJD\FDY¡FKQJFK»QJO«QFKRWKWFDRFKRÒQJWUQQK¡O¡YD6DXJQPWWK¢QJFKXÒQJK¤QJFXOµQJ[XWNKX\.KµLOLEYLF$QKWKPWK®DWU³ÒLWK«PFK»WQDNKLSKLÒLURQJ[HFK\WLFK\OXLQKQJWUPWKXPXDOµQJYWULU¢FNKSWK¡QKSKÒODFKQWUJL¢Y¡FKY

&µQJYLFQ¡\FQJNKµQJGÄQOPQKQJO¤RJL¢PÒFF´F¢LWQJWKSO©W©QKYW\FKQJKWKµQJFPJ-F/¤RKWFK«DQKPXDQKPOµQJYWWNKLF£QQQJN¾VOÒQNKLFK«DQKPXDWU»QJOµQJYWPQ«Q[[¢FSKLORLEQKLX/¤RFK«OPWKÒQQLÒ«PQJ.KµLQPPWK\P-QKFO»QGQO»QV£XQJSÒXWURQJF¢LÒ¢POµQJWUQJWR¢W\6¢QJWKFG\VDVRQÒLO¡P.KµLELKRLWKWW-QKNKLQJKêÒQOµQJYW7LVDRDQKOLO¡PF¢LFµQJYLFFK¢QQJW\"/UD.KµLQ«QQJKQJD\NKLO¤RYWEX

NKLQKNKQKFKRDQKELWF¢LFµQJW\OL«QGRDQKQ¡\NKµQJFQFKX\«QYL«QYLW®QKP¡ÒDQJFQQJLÒLWKXPXDOµQJYW&´SKLO»FÒ´DQKFKQFKNKµQJGWNKR¢WÒFY-QJKêÒQ.LX1J£QNKµQJ&XLFºQJVDXOQWKEDEFK«O¡PXDWR¡QO¡OµQJ[YLOµQJW.KµLKPKPFOLO¤RY¡VDQJSKYLFX7FD7KµQJ7QJ¡\Ò´ÒQQD\DQKNKµQJKJS+L.KµLNKµQJPXQQJKêÒQF¢LÒLX7KµQJÒ¤





53

YDQ´LQKQJPLÒ«PWUÄQWUDQKWKPY¡ÒDXYµFºQJ+LO¡EQWK£QFD7U®DQKWDFºQJSKHYLQÓ¡OÒQJQKL«QFKF´DQKO¡FWLQQ«QPLEFKLNKÄPQKY\.KµLELW7KµQJFKEDRJLF´¾¢FYLP-QKQKQJQXFXWDNKµQJQ´LUDYQKD\KQO¡ÒQJWLQLÒDXP¡DQKÒDQJFTX«QÑO\KDLF¢LWKºQJWLYLP¡.KµLYDPDQJWL7KµQJFLFXW¡L.KµQJJLQWDRFKP\".KµLQK»QYDL.KµQJ1KQJÒQJEDRJLP¡\QKFÒQFKX\QQ¡\QD7KµQJFKJLXÑQKWUQWU¢QKVWKWK"

7K\.KµLTXPPW[XQJ7KµQJOFÒXFL&KQJKDLF¢LWKºQJFDRO«Q[RQJDQKFK¡QJNKRDQKWD\ÒQJQK-QÒQJPPKX¾WJL´PWW-QKNK»FTXHQWKXFÑDQJGQJP\KSÄQJWHQY¡RJ´FFD.KµLEQJQJKH7KµQJN«XO«QÒ\QJFQKL«Q\FKD&¢LWKQJFKDWUQJJLUPQ¡\FXPÒFÒ£XPWHP[LQK[QWKNLD7³P³QK-QTXDE«QNLDÒQJ.KµLWK\4XQK+QJQXÒ»QJO¡4XQK+QJWURQJFXQWEFKWVDXFKLF[H'UHDPEF[XQJ&µÒDQJW®XW®WF¢LJ-ÒÝLF¢LJ¤WUQJWURÒSWUDLULÒLY¡RWUXQJW£PWKQJPLÒLGLQYLFDK¡QJ+XQKQJ¡\Q¡R.KµLFQJQK-QWK\FµY¡J¤EÒDÒ´QQKDXDQKF³QELWFJLDQ

K¡QJFµE¢QQKQJP¡DQKNKµQJF³QTXDQW£PÒQ+QJQKOQÒXJSFµQD9L.KµLFµKR¡QWR¡Q[DO6Q¢RQFÒFO¡PTXHQYLPWFµJ¢LÒSÒ¤NKµQJF³QWURQJDQKQD/»FQ¡\.KµLÒDQJQQPLWKY¡PXQWKXP-QKOLYLQLFµÒQFK¢QFKQJFKDWQJF´*LQJ7KµQJOLYDQJO«Q&RQEªQ¡RP¡JSWKQJQ¡\WK-NK.KµLWKKL

0¡\ELWJ¤Ò´VDR"1´FºQJ[´PYLWDRP¡&KQ¡R"7DRÒQQK¡P¡\KR¡LP¡VDRNKµQJWK\Q´"7KµQJWYNKLQKE





54

1´\QKFRQUºDWKWÒXWURQJPDLFKKJLDRWLSYLDLWK-O¡PVDRP¡P¡\WK\FKRÒFFºQJ[´PPLP\QÄPULQ´FKDEDRJLFLYLWDRO\PWF¢LQ´LFKLO¡TXDOL0&QJPLQJ´FÒXO«QÒ£\WKµLP¡O¡PEO¡PWFKQKJL¡XFÉDÒLVDQJEDK&RQQKNLDFKFFQJWKXFORLK¡QJP¤QKQÝ\9\PL[QJÒ¡R[QJNªS.KµLQJKLQJ0¡\F´Q´LTX¢NKµQJÒ\"7UµQJKFQJÒ£XÒQQLQ¡R7KµQJFLNK\&RQEªÒ´WK-WDRNKµQJELWWKWQKQJWKQJ&QJWK-Ò»QJO¡WK[¡LNKµQJYµ1K¡Q´FQJNK¢JLY\P¡Q´QKQW£PÒHPµQJEKLOPFPEY¡RYLQGQJO¤R.KµLQKQP¡\&´FKX\QÒ´QDVDR"

7KµQJEêXPµL7KLEXLQ¡\FKX\QJ-P¡NKµQJ[\UD1Ó¡WKQJKWFP£PFPY¡RPWPUXWY-E¡QXNKµQJÒ»QJ¾FDQ´P¡WDRWQJNYLP¡\Ò´/QÒ´KL3KQSKQJJSQ´SK«E-QKNLPÒLPJ-Ò´FKELW0¢WDRWURQJKL3KQQ«QE¡U¡QKQ´TX¢&¢LWKQJYDPWG\YDEWKLXQKQJUDÒQJÒDLP¡ELWÒF0\E¡FKÄPKH1XP¡F³QKQYLPQDWK-P\E¡WKDÒQFTXDQFDQ´&KFO¡Q´VPWYLFQ«QGRQ¡\EWKQUL7QKL«Q.KµLWK\EF&K»WW-QKFPEª[®XG¡QKFKR4XQK+QJYWELQÒ£XPWY¡O³QJDQKFKWWUêX[XQJY-PWQLEXQYXY1X4XQK+QJNKµQJSKLO¡FµEª

UÄQJNKQKWURQJFXQWEFK\FKFO¡.KµLNKµQJWKWYQJQKWKQ¡\Ò£X0FPJ-WLDQKFK"7KWO¡WFFL7KµQJFK«DQKOQWKQQKPWFJL¡W¢PPLÒ£XF´VDL7KµQJÒDFKRDQKÒLXWKXFULQ´L7DRÒLO¡PÒ£\9¡RFµQJW\NKµQJF´P¡\WK-FQJEXQOP7KQJ7U®GRQ¡\J¢\F³QKQG+µPTXDQŃKRHHP1J£QYLWWKFKRQ´0¾Q´PXQWDREQWLQQ¡\FKRP¡\/UDWDRLPY-Ò£XQJXP¡WU»QJNFDQ´QKQJWDRWFY-WK\P¡\WKQJFRQ1J£QTX¢WK¡QKUDSKLQ´L.LX1J£QFDP¡\Ò¤WKD\ÒLULWDRELWFKFO¡QKY\

.KµLQXWQFEW1J£QYLWWKFKR7U®O¡Ò»QJGXVDREDQ´FQJO¡£QQK£QFD1J£QP¡0W7KµQJKSK¢\0¡\NKµQJELWJKHQKD\NKµQJG¢PJKHQY\"1´LWKWP¡\Q«QGHQ´WUFNKLQ´Ò¢







56

WKQJ7KµQJE£\JLFXÒ¤FRWUFÒXPWOQY-EWKWW-QK/QÒ´WDRKQÒLÒHQEFÒQPFÒ¤WKNKµQJWK©P\«XQD$LG©W´FYDUDOPFKPWK-WDRÒ¤\«XOLUºL9YQKY¡RYDL.KµLÒ\YWK£QW-QKµQJ7Q´LWLS&XF´QJKHWKQJ7KµQJNOLFKX\QFDP¡\1XFRQEªÒ´FRLFµQJGDQKVQJKLSQQJKQW-QK\«XWK-P¡\Q«QTX«QQ´ÒL.KµLWKPUD7KµQJWURQJEQJ&KQJELWF¢LWKQJOPÒLXQ¡\Ò¤Q´LJ-YLFX7P¡µQJOLDQLDQKQKY\5®WPWKLWKXFµQJ7WKQJWKQKQ´L7UFNKLFLP7FXTXHQQKLXOPY¡NKY-Ò¡QE¡FQJQKLXOP.KµLQ´LYµFKRF´FKX\Q

&KFO¡P7O¡QJLO¡PNKFXQKLXQKWFKJ-"Ñ£XF´.UDFKFFK»P¡\NKµQJWLQÒ£XFXFKQK-QWKR¢QJWK\E¡\F´PWOQWKµLO¡FLUL.KµLQK-QµQJ7Ò\QJFQKL«Q&KFFXEWLQJVªW¢LW-QK¡"QJ7FLFL6PVªWJ-P¡\L/»FWDRÒDQJFK¢QÒLµQJE¡QJRLWKQJ7KµQJEWFLY7KO¡

O\1´LWKWO»FÒÓ¡DLWDRFQJJWÒXÒLFKRUL.KµQJTXHQELWNKµQJ\«XWKQJY\P¡VQJYLQKDXÒPPKQKSK»FP\FKFQÄPUL7-QK\«XÒµLNKLO¡PWJLFPÒSF³QGX\«QQPLO¡KLQWKFU¡QJEXFQKDXFPWÒL<«XP¡NKµQJGX\«QQULFQJFKLDWD\WKµL.KµLKL&ŃKLQ¡RFXQKWLQJLFNKµQJK"&´FK1KQKLXQDO¡NK¢F

&XNKµQJ\«XP7VDR"QJ7WUPQJ£P&XNKµQJ\«XE¡\QK\«XQKQJQJLNK¢FQKQJP¡NKµQJWKVQJP¡WKLXE¡\ÒF07O¡FKGDYQJFKFYPWWLQKWKQFDFX7-QKQJKêDYFKQJF³QWKL«QJOL«QJKQW-QK\«XJSELOQ





57

.KµLJWJºQKÒQJ¾YLQKQJOLµQJ7YDQ´LQKQJWURQJWK£PW£PDQKNKµQJKLXWLVDRµQJYQKQKSK»FYLQJLµQJNKµQJ\«X1KHRQKHRÒµLPWF´QKLXYWFK£QFKLPµQJ7KL1JKHQ´LJLDÒ-QKFDFRQEªÒ´PXQQÓ\FKQJJL¡XFKNKµQJWK®FKNOYQQKP¡\O¡PUÑ»QJNKµQJ".KµLFKDNSWUOLµQJÒ¤Q´LWLS7KQJ7KµQJNKµQJQ´LYLFK¢XQKQJQ´LQ´LYLFXYJLDÒ-QKFDFRQEªÒÝ¡JLDÒ-QKFDWKQJ7U®ÒDQJFKXQEFLKL7KµQJVFK¢XFKXNKµQJQL1KQJFXOLQJKêNK¢FÑ¡QµQJP¡&KX\QJ-P¡NKµQJYWTXDÒF1XY-WUFWUQ¡RNK¢FF³QEXQÒQJQ¡\KÒ¤ELEFNKLP-QKÒDQJWKWWKWK-F³QF´J-P¡WLF.KµLOSES

7KQJ7KµQJQ´LYLFXKLQ¡RY\"7LKµPTXD.KµLQJLFKWWU£QWU«QJK/Q¡RF´FKX\QQ¡\QD+µPWLQ1J£QUDV£QED\FµYQF³QWK-WKP,ORYH\RXNLDP¡QJ7EFUDÒ´QKDLQJLNK¢FKÒQFRLK¡QJ1JLÒ¡QE¡OQWXLO«QWLQJNKLFKWQK-QWK\.KµL$LQK.KµLSKLNKµQJ"

$QKJLWP-QKÒQJO«QNKLFµJ¢LÒLYLE¡WDG¡LJRQJ7K-Q´FKF³QDL1K-QWQJJLQJµQJFKJK«FK6DR"'RQ¡\NK¢NKµQJHP".KµLJQJFL%¢FY¡FK7X\WÒLFK¡".LX7X\WJWÒX1JKHQ´LWUXQJW£PWKQJPLE«QNLDF´QKLXJLDQK¡QJQWUDQJÒSOP&KY¡P

ÒQKÒLVPVDFKRFRQ1J£Q.KµLOLPPµL1J£QVSYFKDFK"1KQÒµLP¡\NWKWÒPO«Q7X\WO¡PUDYQJFQKL«Q





58

1J£QNKµQJFKRHPELWQJ¡\QÝVDR"01J£QYLFKHQY¡R7KQJ7U®Q´LFKFFKFFXLWK¢QJQ¡\1J£QY.LX7X\WWPWPFL9VPF¡QJWW1J£QYWK-WFKFFLVP1©.KµL&KXQEOQJWK¢QJÒÒLÄQÒ¢PFLFD7U®Y¡1J£QQKª.KµLJLQW¢LPWY-QKQJOLQ´LYµW£P¢FÒFFD7X\W$QKP®PPµLQ´L0D\P¡.LX1J£QF´ÒF7U®&XWD[QJÒ¢QJYLJLDÒ-QKFDFKOPÒ´.LX7X\WFK£PFKF

%LWQKQ[ªWY\O¡NK¢/£XTX¢NKµQJWK\HPOLFKLEDPFKWQJHPEQO¡PFµQJW\Q¡ROQOP$LQJHPFK«K¤QJFXOµQJY-WK®FKO¡PFXOLFKRF¢LWLPEª[®XQ¡\1K-QTXDQKPWY³QJYLYFRLWKQJ7X\WFKªSPLQJ%LWWLFKQJQ¡RHPPLÒFSK£QQDFD7U®K.KµL".KµLÒDQKJLQJÑ£\O¡FKPXDE¢QWµLNKµQJUQKÒQJKHFKQ´LW¡RODR.LX7X\WWU£QJWU¢R

ÑXLNKªR¡"9¡RPXDÒP¡ÒFWLSÒ´QQKWKQ¡RWK-TX¢O¡EWOFKVÒ\1¤\JLLPOQJÒQJQK-QµQJ7YLEFWLJLQJPWQJW&µY¡E¡FQPXDJ-".LX7X\WNKLQKNKQK7LPFDµQJNKµQJF´P´QÒÝ-Q´PFOP+Ò»QJO¡F¢LFKTX¢WP¡PWFµQJQJLWDEFYµKWVF0-QKÒLWKµLP

0FD.LX1J£QÒQJWUFPW.KµLJLQJKQKF1XP¡FXÒ¤FKQFKQ¡\ÒO¡PYLFWK-FXÒ¤WP-QKGWW-QKYLFRQ1J£QUL7JLWUÒLÒQJO¡PSKLQQ´QD7K¢QJVDXJLDÒ-QKWµLJQÝ¡RQLPµQÒÄQJKÒLY-Y\FXNKµQJÒFÒLW-PQ´/LXP¡QKÒ\.KµLF³QÒQJWUUDY-QKQJOLQ´LFDE¡WK-µQJ7Ò¤FLJQ





59

%¡Ò¤Q´LQKLXTX¢ULÒ´WKDE¡.LX<Q+0\FKFQÄPPLJSOL&¢LTXDQÒLPWKDPODPGDQKOLSKEQK¡QÒÉ¡Ò¤WUX\QOLFKRFRQJ¢LFDP-QKULVDR".KµLWK\PFD1J£QW¢LPWÒLY-EJLÒ»QJW«Q%¡WUQWU³QPWQK-QP¤LµQJ7WKWO£XULOSESQJO¡O¡9ÄQ/¡9ÄQSKLNKµQJ"QJ7QKFKPµL7K-O¡WµLÒ£\FKDL/¡PJ-P¡E¡[»FÒQJGY\".LX7X\WFDXP¡\KLP$LY\P"

%¡.LX<QJQJJROFÒXULKSWSQPO\WD\FDFRQJ¢LEFYLUDÒQJQJ7OQJQK-QWKHRYLQFLE®KLP.KµLQJSQJQJ&K¢XWK¡QKWKW[LQOLV¢QJVPE¢FFKDEXµQE¢QÒFJ-OL[\UDFKX\QQJ7[XD[XDWD\1JLWDF¾FKÒ£XSKLO¡P-QKÒ£X1KY\P¡OLWWFKRFK»P¡\Ò\*LDÒ-QKKÒ¤Q´LU¶ULNKµQJSKLWKFPFQDFK%¡WDO¡QKY\Ò´&K¢XNKµQJWKWQJKLSQXP¡NKµQJÒ»QJWL«XFKXQFKQUWK-FQJNKµQJOWY¡RFDQK¡FDE¡WDÒ£X

.KµLWKKWUDF´WKO¡FX7Q´LÒ»QJ7UFÒ£\E¡<QNKµQJEQJO³QJFKR1J£QTXHQDQKQKQJO»FÒ´DQKF³QÒQJEQ«QE¡FKDWKQJWKQJFKQJÒLUDPW%£\JLDQKFKO¡WKQJFXOLFRQÒQJQKL«QO¡E¡SKLJFRQFDP-QKY¡RQL[QJÒ¢QJFK;ªWFKRFºQJWK-.LX1J£QFQJFKQJFÓLJ-FDQKWKWNKµQJ[QJÒ¢QJYLFµNLDP¡,POQJPWO»F.KµLNKKL&XELWE¢F\¡"

&LNK\PWF¢LµQJ7Q´L+LÒÝ-.LX<QP¡FXÒ¤FRÒX&µWDO¡PLW-QKÒXÒLQJXQJFQKWFDFXO¡QJLÒ¡QE¡P¡FXOXµQQKWL%LY\GºP\FKFQÄP[DF¢FKJSOLFXYQQKQUD6RYLWU®WQJWQJFDFX.LX<QNKµQJNK¢FP\.KµLQJFQKL«Q





60

&XYQF³Q\«XE¢F<QVDR"QJ7OFÒX&XYQQKWL.LX<QQKQJP¡NKµQJF³Q\«XFK»WQ¡R1KÒWUÄQP-QK1KQJ¡\[DE¡WDFK«FXQJK©RJLDÒ-QKWPWKQJQ«QE£\JLFXPLF´FQJLQKWKQ¡\&XWK¡RP-QKÒ¤O¡PQ«QYLKDLE¡QWD\ODRÒQJ&XFÒLF³QG¡LFK¢XNKµQJF´J-P¡SKLQQO³QJKW.KµLYQF³QWKFPF+LÒÉ¢F<QF´\«XFXNKµQJ"QJ7KLPP¡QJ&KFO¡F´1KQJP¡FµWD\«XWKHRF¢FKUL«QJFDP-QK+DLÒDFQJWKQRQKQELQ\QKEDRQKL«XFSW-QKQK£QWU«QWU¢LÒWQ¡\/»FÒ´JLDÒ-QKFXF³QÒDQJJSWKL

&XFW-QKNªRG¡LÒFEDQÄPÑºQJPWF¢LK¤QJGWFDQK¡FXEFK¢\7KO¡[RQJ&µWDTXD\OQJÒLGQJGQJW¡QQKQY¡WU£QJWU¢R\QKFRQEªO»FQ¤\9QJLQJÒXÒXYµFPQJ7Q´LWLS9LFXE£\JLPLWKWU«QÒLÒXNKµQJF´¾QJKêDJ-KW1KQJFRQQJLWK-OOP&K¢QQQQ¡RQJLWDFQJYWTXD&XOLTXHQOL\«XY¡OLWKWW-QK7KQJWK-Ò¡QµQJQJK©RGEW-QKSKY¡EWKWW-QKOP/»FÒ´QK¡EWFXFLY7KO¡FL5LFRQF¢LÒºPÒKDLYFKQJQJK©RQQJQKDXP¡VQJNKµQJF´W-QK\«XULFQJWUWK¡QK\«X1KQJLYKWO³QJK\VLQKFKRFKQJFRQFXPLF´QJ¡\KµPQD\1JPOLW-QKFPFXG¡QKFKR.LX<QÒ£XSKLO¡W-QK\«XP¡O¡QLÒDPP«FKWQJLFDWKLPLOQ&XÒ¤YWTXDFQP«ÒXÒLÒ´

QJ7FDRJLQJSK¢Q%DQD\QJKE¢Q0¡\QJLFRLWLPÒLWDRÒLPXDUXY¡PL&XFK¢XP-QKODLUDL7DRXQJPQJY-JSOLFQK£Q0¡\XQJÒFKLDWD\YLQJL\«XPXµQWKXÑLQJLWDFKQJP\NKLXQJUXY-O¾GRÒFÒ¢RQKY\Ò£X1´LGWOLµQJ7EÒLPWPFKUDÒQJ.KµLWKG¡LQJLSKFK[XQJJK1«QXQJFKRVD\OPFK9-QXNKµQJVD\WK-VDRP¡DQKFKXQLQKQJFKX\Q[\UDYDTXD

7KO¡FKPGWFKRPWPLW-QKOXµQEG©EêXWPLSK®D&KPGWÒ»QJQKO¡¾PXQFDQKLXQJLY¡ELWÒ£XÒ´WURQJÒ´F³QF´F.LX1J£QFDDQKQD

&KQJ

.KµLVQJVWNKLWK\4XQK+QJEFY¡RWLP7KD\Y-ÒQJG\FKKLXVDRDQKFQP-WU«QFKLFJKEPWQK-QFµÒÄPÒÄPÑ»QJO¡FµEªUÄQJNKQK\UL









63

6DRELWWµLJLDQK¡QJ7Kº\1KL«QKD\Y\"5DYE®PW.KµLÒ¢S1KKD\QKY\WµLPLNKµQJPWNK¢FK4XQK+QJFLNKRHFKLFUÄQJNKQKÑWµLJLWLQFKRDQK.KµLNKR¢WWD\&KDJLDRK¡QJWµLÒ£XQKQWLQWUF1JKL«QJQJKL«QJÒX+QJQ´L9\F¢PQDQKWUFFKFNKµQJEWFKLFK

.KµLQJQUDQK-QF¢LG¢QJ[LQK[LQKFD+QJÒDQJEÄQJTXDÒQJULDQKOL«QWQJÒQJ¤WUQJJLUPP¡7KµQJNKLQKEQ´LÒQKµPWUF&KFFµEªÒ¤EJ¤QKQY-PXDSLQNªPFKWOQJ7LQJKLSFµQ¡QJWQJDRFO¡QJLÒXWL«QÒFÒWFK£QO«QVDR.LP%£\JLFµQ¡QJFKORO¡PYDO³QJJ¤QJL\«XUPÒLNLDWKµLFKW£PWU®Ò£XP¡PWLWUÄQJVDRQD7KG¡LQJDRQJ¢Q.KµLWK\WLFNKL4XQK+QJ\«XNNKµQJUDJ-&µFÉLWKQÒLYLEDPUXWWKQ¡RNKµQJQK"

1XELWWK-VDRF³QNKµQJWK-VDR"&KODQKVQ´LYLFµQKQJJ-Ò¤QJKH7KµQJN¡"7KWYYQ7WKWÒQJORFRQE³WUQJUÄQJQD7URQJW-QK\«XP-QKFQJKD\KRJ-Ò£XP¡WLQJKLSQJLNK¢F0XDJLºPKDLFFSLQ[RQJO¡FKPGWTXDQK6DXQ¡\QK-QWK\P-QKFKDFKFFµWDQKO¡DLVDROLPWLFKX\Q+XGX\«QWKL«QO¾QÄQJWQJQJNY\"9YY¡RWU¢QP\F¢L.KµLXRLQK-QUDFD7UDOPUL*LQ¡\WKQJYQJNK¢FKDQKQKFRQFX7WUµQJK¡QJULWKEVDQJP\WLPFNK®ÒLQP¢\JQÒ´PXDKDLFFSLQKLX6RQ\KQKRL&KRKDLWD\Y¡RW»LTXQ.KµLOQJWKQJEFY¡RWUXQJW£PWKQJPL7LTX\7Kº\

1KL«QDQKÒDPWW-PQKQJNKµQJWK\4XQK+QJÒ£X+DLFµJ¢LÒDQJQJLW¢QJXW³P³QK-QDQKY¡ÒRQÒFK¡RPLO¡P.KµLWK\QJL$QKQJSQJQJ4XQK+QJYULKF¢FFµ"1JKHKLWL4XQK+QJKDLFµJ¢LGQJQKQJFQKL«Q0WFµFWJLQJNK¢ÒDQK





64

Ò¢+QJNKµQJF´TX\QKQJNKµQJSKLÒ¤YQK¡&RQEªÒLÄQYLFKQJUL$QKW-P+QJF´FKX\QJ-NKµQJ"QJ[¤Q´JKHQOPÒ´.KµLTX«Y-F£XQ´LWUQJWUQFDFµJ¢LDQKQJKL«PPW4XQK+QJQKWµLPXDJLºPKDLFFSLQ.KµQJF´Fµ\Ò£\WµLJLKDLFKO¡PQÒDJLºP&¢PQÑSLQO«QTX\K¡QJEQJN®QK[RQJ.KµLTXD\ÒLÑFY¡LEDEFDQKTXD\WUOLGQG³&KQKÒD4XQK+QJJLºPQKª.KµQJWK-DQKFK¡QJ&QJFQQKQ.KWK£QFµ\OP7UQWU³QPWQK-QDQKFµQ¡QJÒDQKÒ¢EXWPLQJ

%LWFWWFDO¤R&QJ+D\WKW$QKO¡EQFDQJKD\EQ4XQK+QJ".KµLQK»QYDL&KO¡EQDLKW'»WOL.KµLSKWWQKÒLGFK¡QKODQJQK-QY¡RF¢FWN®QKE¡\ÒF¢FORLÒQJKÒHRWD\Ò»QJPW$QKNKµQJKLXVDRP-QKQKÒFW«QJ¤WUQJJL\Y¡WKWUDQKQJOLQKELWU¶YKQYL4XQK+QJOPY\$QKVSWK¡QKP\PÒ¡QE¡QKLXFKX\QÒQQLULÑX´FDQKY-NKµQJPXQQKWL.LX1J£QQ«QOXµQVX\QJKêÒÒLXQKQJÒ£XSKLY\ULTXQWU®ÒQPFQ´LQÄQJOQ[QQKO»FQ¤\

0.KµLÒ¤ELWFKX\QDQKPWYLFFQJQKFKX\QDQKY¡.LX1J£QFKLDWD\WURQJ£PWKP%¡NKµQJU\KD\WU¢FKFJ-.KµLF´ÒLXWK¢LÒOQJOµPEXQUL«QJP-QKFDE¡F¡QJO¡PDQKNKW£PKQ$QKELWP-QKNKµQJ[QJYLFµQJQXµLQQJG\GFDPQKQJDQKFKDW-PUDFµQJYLFQ¡RNK¢FY¡RO»FWKWWKLY¡WKWW-QKQ¡\ÒPÒQJOR&¡QJQJKêDQKF¡QJWKQJE¡ÒWUXW*LÒ£\PO¡FKGDWLQKWKQGX\QKWFD.KµL$QKNKµQJKLXVDROLFÓRLQJLÒL[WYLPFDP-QK1JKêWL&QJO³QJDQKG£QJO«QQLPFÄPJKªWOQNKLQKEOOºQJ%FY¡RTX¢QF¡SK«QKQKQJPF»QJY¡VDQJWUQJJQWLPFDµQJ7.KµLKLNKQJOLNKLWK\4XQK+QJTXD\PWY¡RQ«QNKµQJWK\.KµL$QKJLPWO\F¡SK«

Y¡ÒWFKRP-QKÒLXWKXFÑ¤FÓQDQKÒD.LX1J£QWLÒ£\+µPÒ´WULPDKDLQJLQJLV¢WY¡RQKDXY¡WQJWQJELWEDRÒLXNGLXFKRWQJODL%£\JLFKF.LX1J£QWLSWFYYLQKQJÒLXÒÝL7U®WURQJNKLDQKQJLPWP-QKÒWWKLJLDQEQJNK´LWKXFY¡QK-QQJLNK¢FWK-WKPOL\«XYLQKDX&XPRQJ4XQK+QJY¡&QJVNKµQJFKLDWD\QKDQKYL.LX1J£QGºWK£PW£P





65

.KµLJKªW&QJKQDLKWÑWO\F¡SK«[XQJE¡Q.KµLFKWQJKHWLQJ&QJNKµQKÒ¢$QKQ´LNKµQJEDRJLVDL(PÒQJNK´FQD.KµLE»QJW¡QWKXF[XQJÒW$QKFLWKP/LJLQUL7UFÒ£\P-QKY¡.LX1J£QÒ¤JLQEDRQKL«XOQQK"Ñ»QJO¡NKµQJVDRW®QKQL1KQJF³QF´QKDXÒP¡JLQTXO¡KQKSK»FKQSKLPWP-QKQKDQKE£\JL*LQJ&QJOLYDQJO«QÒ\TX\QK¡QK7º\HPVX\QJKê$QKÒLO¡PÒ£\%PF4XQK+QJQJLPWP-QK&QJGQJ WEFUDQJR¡L&´WLQJVWVºLWKWNK.KµLWK\O³QJ[´W[D1JQQJY¡LJL£\DQKTXDQJLFºQJE¡QYLFµ

4XQK+QJQJFYLO«QY-WQJ&QJTXD\OLQKQJNKLQK-QWK\.KµLFµKRQJKQ$QKDQKO¡PJ-Ò£\Y\".KµLWKWQKQK7µLF´JL»SÒFJ-FKRFµNKµQJ"/DXYLQFPWF³QÒQJWU«QP¢FµJW$LPQDQK

.KµLF¾ÒºD&µPQWµLPXDJLºPFFSLQ6RQ\FKDLQD1¡\.K´FP-QKTX«OP1KWO¡QJD\WURQJTX¢QQKY\&KR4XQK+QJPQWµLO¡PE-QKSKRQJÒ´&ŃK´FWK-OO«QÒPWO¢WTX¢QÒµQJQJLWµLPFFNKµQJGFµÒ£X4XQK+QJWUQPWQK-QDQKTX«QFNK´F&µNKµQJKLXVDRJ¤U£XULDQ¡\OLELWW«QP-QKY¡JLO«QQJKHQJWGY\'QJQKÒR¢QÒFWKFPFFDFµJ¤WDWKQQKL«QJLLWK®FK

7µLYDJKªTX\7Kº\1KL«QÒJLSLQFKRFµQKY\PLELWFµEªF´FKLFUÄQJNKQKW«QJ-4XQK+QJYLY¡QJQ´LÑWµLJLWLQFKRDQK+WEDRQKL«XY\"





66

.KµLFLFLÑ£XFQSKLNKQWUQJÒQWK4XQK+QJF[¡LWKWUFULWWWUWLQVDXP¡7µLTXDÒ£\Y-WK\+QJKLEWWKQJFKÒ£XSKLÒÒ³LWLQSLQ4XQK+QJFKLTXDQK7µLNKµQJVDR7LELED\Y¡RPW.KµLOPEP+WEL\KQQQJN¾OP7K\PWFµÒO«Q.KµLQK»QYDL;LQOL7µLFKÒºDFKRELED\ÒLFKRPWFµWKµLWFKNKµQJF´Q¾J-

'WOLDQKWUYE¡QFDP-QKY¡ÒWÒLXWKXFPL7URQJTX¢QYDQJYDQJE¡LK¢WPWWKLDQKWK®FK+WELQ¡RK´DNLSWK£QWµLÒPDLYQK-QKK¡LOQG\7U¢LWLPÒDFPFDDQKEQJUQU¡QJQKYDELW\«X$QKQJQJQQJKêFJ-WDO¡KWELED\Y¡RPWQJLQK5LDQKOLFLPWP-QKNKLWK\4XQK+QJEFUDÒQJ7UDQD\DQKWUWK¡QKOEFKFKNKµQJSKLWK¡QKNVLW-QK$QKÒ£XSKLO¡FX7OQ¡RYDEW-QKSKÒ¤\«XQDUL"7KWYYQNKLFP[»FELQKQJJLWQFPWQJLWDNK´FY-JLQQJL\«X

.KµLJLW®QKWLQULOQJWKQJEÄQJTXDÒQJ0WDQKV¢QJO«QNKLQªFKLF[®FKOµFK\V¢WP-QK4XQK+QJQJLWU«QÒ´$QKNKPPFLQKQJFµOQKOºQJ[DOPWÒÄPÒÄPQK-QWKQJSK®DWUFQKNKµQJKWK\DL&QJF´WK+QJNKµQJWK\DLKWY-JQJPWFµWUµQJWKWWKQWKQ¡R\&KFFµEªKSWSÒL[LQOL&QJ1JLWD\«XÒQWK$QKQJKêO¡PFKLWLPWJLFPNKµQJSKLFDP-QKQK"4XQK+QJSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJWKWVELULNKL&K¢QKÒR¢QQJD\ÒFFµO¡DLWURQJO»FFµYQÒDQJQJQJY-DQKWDNKµQJQKFµWQJWQJWQJ7ªUD&K¢QKÒ£XSKLO¡PWO¤RVQVQÒXK´LPWK®SEQJSKP¡DQKWDO¡QJLÒ¡QµQJWUÒSWUDLWKHRNLXWQJWUL

OÄQOQYLÒL4XDF¢LQK-QÒXWL«QWUFJL¢F+QJP¢FKYLFµFK1KÒ¤EKQWDKSPWKQUL7KWNK&K¢QKPPFLWK£QWKLQ+DLFKHPF´QKLXQªWJLQJELY\DQKFKDJSEDRJLQKQJÒR¢QFKFO¡HP4XQK+QJWUQWêQKOLWUFQFLTX\QUFD&K¢QK&µOQKQKW







68

1KQJWµLÒWU-QKÒÒKLX\«XQKDQKO¡YLSKPOXWKµQQK£Q9DQKÒ£XF´WKDFK1K%¡WDÒ¤Y¡RWQÒ£\W-PFKPWOQUL$QKF³QPXQP¢\ÒQDVDR"&K¢QKFDXP¡\9µO¾1KQ´LYLHP¡"4XQK+QJWYWK¡R&KNKµQJQ´LQKQJWµLELWFKFO¡F´&K¢QKQKQK¡QJ(PÒ¤ELWQKQJÒLXNKµQJÒLQ¡RF´WK-Ò»QJKQ9DQKÒDQJGXOFKG¡LKQF6DXFKX\QGXOFKQ¡\WLDQKVUDW³DO\G$QK\«X4XQK1KWKWW-QKQ«QQKWÒQKVYWTXDPLNKŃKÄQÒFLFµ\

0W4XQK+QJKLW¢LÒL&µNKµQJQJKê&QJGLP-QKQ«QJQJLQJ$QKWQJWµLGWLQQKFK1KVDR"/QÒ´QXNKµQJF´QJLQJÄQOLE¡VW+¡ÑµQJQK¡DQKÒ¤Y¡RFµQJW\O¡PUPO«QUL7µLÒQKQ´LYLFK1KFKX\QJKHQWXµQJFDYDQKQKQJKµPÒ´FKFKLEDLELQ«QWKµLWµLNKµQJPXQFKKLXOPO³QJWWFDQJLNK¢F&K¢QKWKQJWKQ+QJPXQQ´LWL&QJSKLNKµQJ"

4XQK+QJOSOQJ7U«QÒLQ¡\QJLFÓ³QJWWWKLXJ-&K¢QKQK»QYDL1KQJWWQK&QJWK-FKF´PW4XQK+QJSKQQJQJD\$QK&QJO¡QJLF´WU¢FKQKLP$QK\ORY-Ò¤[LQFKRFK1KY¡RÒ£\O¡P

ÑŃKµQJSKLO¡O¾GRFK®QK$QKNKµQJÒ¢ÒQJJ-WL&QJY-DQKWDO¡FKQJVSFLFDHPQKQJQX&QJ[HQY¡RFKX\QUL«QJWFDEPWFK4XQK+QJKLWK¢FKWKF7K-VDR"$QKNKµQJÒQKQ´LO¡VÒ-DQK&QJV¢WV\FK"





69

&K¢QKNKµQJWUOL$QKQJLLPWKWO£XO¡P+QJVWUXW$QKQJKêJ-Y\«XFXFDWµL"&K¢QKFKPU¤LKL1XF´QJL\«XFXHPUL[D&QJ(PVQJKêJ-"4XQK+QJFLQKW7-QK\«XFDWµLY¡&QJÒ£XJLQJW-QK\«XDQKYLFK1KÑQJKLNLXÒ¢QKÒQJQKY\*LDÒ-QKWµLNKµQJÒLQ¡RFKSQKQFKX\QFK1KGDQG®XYLQJLÒ¤FÝ'ºO¡QJLÒ´VO\GQKOLDQKYDQ´LO»FQ¤\&K¢QKYQGXG¡QJÑ»QJO¡NKµQJW-QK\«XQ¡RJLQJW-QK\«XQ¡R1KQJQJLF´ÒFW-QK\«XTX¢G

G¡QJWKQJ®WNKLWKµQJFPYLQKQJGQJW-QK\«XNK¢F$QKÒ£XWU¢FKNKLHPFKDKLXW-QK\«XFDDQKY¡1KQKQJDQKELW4XQK1KUWEXQNKNKLHPFKQJKW-PKLXÒFKLDVFPWKµQJYLFµ\7U¢LOLHPF³QWU¢FKFKP-QK®FKNNKµQJELWQJKêWLJLDÒ-QK7KWUD4XQK1KUWNKW£P&³QDQKWK-KK«YXLVQJY-Ò¤QPFKFWU¢LWLPFDFK7µLYQFKDFKREDPELWFKX\QQ¡\Y-K\YQJKDLQJLVQK-QUDOLFDP-QKP¡FKLDWD\WUFNKLWµLSKLWU-QKE¡\FKX\QFKKD\KRQ¡\YLJL¢PÒF&K¢QKQK-Q+QJEQJÒµLPWV£XWKP$QKQK©QKOFÒXQKWKWYQJÒLXJ-Ò´(PÒ¤\«XY¡VSO¡PYQKQJK-QKQKHPNKµQJKLXJ-O¡W-QK\«XKW7UFÒ£\

4XQK1KFŃYHPFKRDQKQJKH4XDOLFµ\DQKWQJWQJ4XQK+QJO¡PWFµEªKD\PPQJW®QKSK´QJNKR¢QJWUXQJWKFGWKµQJFPK³DÒQJYLPLQJL%£\JLJSHPDQKWK\HPÒ»QJQKWKQKQJOLOOLUWNK¢FYLFRQQJLWKWFDHP1JQJPWFK»W&K¢QKQ´LWLS7LVDRY\"$QKNKµQJFKRO¡P-QKQK-QOPFQJNKµQJFKRUQJHPÒDQJQ´LEQJPLQJOLQJLNK¢FPWQJLFKQJÒLQ¡RELW\«X4XQK+QJJLQW¢LFPW

$QKQ´LY\QJKêDO¡VDR"1JKêDO¡DQKE¡\WVX\QJKêFDP-QKY\«XFXFD&QJ+¤\ER&QJÒQJ[HQY¡RFKX\QDQKY¡4XQK1KQD&XWDPXQJ-FWUFWLSJSDQK4XQK+QJELULY-NKµQJQJ&K¢QKOLQ´LWKFµS»QJ





70

QKFKPXQÒLXWWFKRFK1K&K¢QKQKFKPµL$QKF³QPXQÒLX\KQF&QJ(PNKµQJKLXFKX\QFDEQÒ¡QµQJF¢FDQKQ«QQJQJKFKÒQPFEFK®QKQJLP-QK\«XOLGQJ4XQK+QJQK®XP¡\VX\QJKêQKQJOL&K¢QKYDQ´L&µWQJQJKH&QJERUQJ&K¢QKO¡PWJ¤PPPªSWKÒRQWU¢RWUÒQPFG¢PQ´LWUQJUDÒHQF´Q´LWK¡QKNKµQJÒWKOL5¶U¡QJKQPXQFKLDU&QJYLFµQ«QPLJLJLQJOSOWKQ¡\0\KµPQD\FµY¡&QJFOFÒFP¤LY-FKX\QFD4XQK1K1J¡\Ò¢PKLNPWE«QNKLQDQKWUQ«QTXXTXFFFQNO7KRWÒX+QJWQJ&QJORY-DQKO»FQ¡RFQJFKXÒ¢RKD\ORFQKQJFKX\QNKµQJFQSKLOR1KQJWUDQD\NKLDQKEWQJÒQTX\7Kº\1KL«QOµLFµY¡RTX¢QF¡SK«ÒQ´LFKX\QWK-4XQK+QJPLYOUD&QJF¢XJWEFELY-WDLWLQJ$QKWKQJWKQJEXFFµSKLY¡RJSJL¢PÒFFµQJW\ÒWF¢R&K¢QKÒ¤GºQJTX\QKQFDPWWUO¾JL¢PÒFªSQQK£QYL«QGL

TX\QSKLTXDQKYLP-QK7KRWÒX+QJNKµQJFKXY-QJKêWLFK1KQKQJ&QJUWNL«QTX\W$QKERUQJ&K¢QKVFKQJÒLQ¡RUL4XQK1KQXÒDYFDKQFKDEOXQJOD\Y-PWX\W®QKQVWLSWFO¡PNK1KÒLXQ¡\SKQJKLÒQGDQKGFDJLDÒ-QKFµFQJQKQKKQJÒQ&QJ$QKQ´LQKLXÒLXQKFÒXYµFºQJ4XQK+QJÒ¤NKVQJLQJKHY¡EWNK´FY-FKXNKµQJQLQKQJO¾O&QJÒDUDÒULFXLFºQJFµÒLQJD\ÒQQLQ¡\7WFQKQJO¾OÒ´QXVX\FKRFºQJÒXWSWUXQJÒ¢QKY¡R&K¢QKF³Q4XQK1KFKO¡PWQQQK£QÒ¢QJWKQJFDEDF¢LWU³TX\QKLXW-QKGFP¡PWY¡LWSFK®Ò¤ÒFSWL1KQJÒÓ¡FKX\QQFQJR¡LF³QQFP-QKQX4XQK+QJY¡RO¡P

UºPEHQJO«QYLJL¢PÒFWK-FKF4XQK1KO¡QQQK£QÒXWL«Q&XLFºQJDLO¡QJLÒFOL"4XQK+QJWUQJWUQJQK-Q&K¢QK$QKWDER&QJOLGQJFµO¡QJKêDJ-"/UD+QJWLÒ£\ÒJSJL¢PÒFFµQJW\Y¡WU-QKE¡\PLFKX\QQK&QJÒ¤YFKYQKQJNKµQJKLXVDRFµOLKLWKÄPSK³QJO¡PYLFFD&K¢QKY¡JSDQKWD7K£PW£PFµPXQELW&K¢QKO¡QJLUDVDRDQKF´QKOL&QJPµWNKµQJDQKWDF´\«X4XQK1KNKµQJKD\&K¢QKFKOLGQJFKFµ*LQJ&K¢QKYDQJO«QF´FK»W£QKQ

;LQOLÒ¤Q´LY&QJQKWK$QKOXµQESFK¢WYLEWNDL[HQY¡RFKX\QW-QKFPFDEQDQK(PÒQJQJKêJ-KWQKª4XQK+QJQJKL«PQJK$QKWKWO³QJWKQJFK1KFK"





71

PWWUDQJDQKWKDELWÒQJOFNKLQFµWLW-PP-QKQ«QWGQJO³QJÒ\WKQJFP&K¢QKWUPJLQJ+LWKW&KX\QFDWLDQKQKKQJÒQW-QKFPFDHPY¡&QJSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJEXWPLQJ&K1KQ´LYLDQK¡".KµQJF´7DQKÒR¢QUDY-&QJO¡QJLFRLWUQJWKGLQ&XWDPXQPLYLFOL«QTXDQÒQP-QKSKLWKWVKR¡QKR+QJQJKHQK´LQJFNKLWK\PµL&K¢QKQKFKO«QO»FDQKQ´LÒQWKR¡QKRÑ»QJO¡PW&QJWKQJGºQJÒQ´LYVWK®FKQJX\«QWFVQJFDP-QK

+R¡QKRKR¡QKR7U«QÒLQ¡\O¡PVDRVKR¡QKRWX\WÒLFK4XQK+QJFKWWKWYQJQ¤RQ&µOPWK\F´FK»WJ-YQO«QW-QK\«XYµFºQJWURQJV¢QJFµG¡QKFKR&QJ[DWLQD\'QJQKFµFKDKLXDQKQKFµWQJ.KL\«XQJLWDWKQJPºTX¢QJFÝ\NKµQJ"7U¢QKÒµLPWQK-QUWWKQJFD&K¢QK4XQK+QJQ´LQK$QK&QJVDQKNKµQJWKWO³QJYLFK1K&K¢QKQK©QKOFÒX

$QKKLX&QJQKLXKQHP(PFQ´LYLFX\DQKUW\«X1KFX\NKLSKLORJ-KW+QJFKWKL*LDKDLQJLF´KLXOPJ-QKDXNKµQJ"9LDQKWK-NKµQJ9\DQKQJKêYL&QJWK-F´¡"

&K¢QKQK»QYDL%LWÒ£XFKQJ(PKLWKQJFX\WK-U¶FKJ-1JLOXµQÒLW-PVWR¡QWKLQNKÉQJO³QJQKQJNWPWKQJOP$QKO¡QJLWPWKQJQ«Q&QJO¡PVDRKLXDQKÒF4XQK+QJJQJJRÒQJG\&K¢QKWLQFµUDWLFD









74

Ò¡QKY-FµELWP-QKTX¢\«XDQK+DLQJLQJLLPWKWO£X+QJPWQKR¡LYLELWEDRVX\QJKê&XLFºQJFµO«QWLQJWUF(PFKRUQJFK1KY¡DQK&K¢QK\«XQKDXO¡E-QKWKQJ&KFEDPHPFQJNKµQJQJÄQFPÒ£X1XDQKWK\FKX\QQ¡\QKKQJÒQX\W®QGDQKGFDDQKWK-WKµLY\(PNKµQJWKJL»SDQKWF¢R&K¢QKÒFÑQJEWG\+QJQ´LWKWQKDQK(PYÒ£\1J¡\PDLDQKNKLFQWLFKHPÒLO¡PQD1XNKµQJVEPDQJWLQJÒ´7K\&QJVRYDLO¡PWKLQK4XQK+QJF´FPJL¢FP-QKÒDQJULWUFVGQJGQJFDDQK&µQJQQJFKÒLULW¢LNKL&QJNL«XQJRKWPWO«QWUQ+QJEE¡QJEFUDK¡QKODQJ&µÒLQKFK\UDÒQJ7K¡QKSKWU¡QQQJFKLXY¡QJ´QJQXW&µEQFKQEFWU«QFRQSKQKYQJQJLY¡YWY¤P-QKNKµQJQFPW%XLFKLXWUµLWKWFKPWU«QÒµLFK£QFµODQJWKDQJ&´WLQJ[HWKWJQVDXOQJ4XQK

+QJWKRWTXD\OLY¡ÒQJVQJE«QONKLWK\&QJ7URQJQQJÒ&QJPPFLUQJU$QKQKPWQJLQ¡RKR¡QWR¡QNK¢FDQKF¢FKÒ£\Y¡LSK»W7LP4XQK+QJWKWOLQJLFµUXQO«QNKLPWDQKNKQK-QÒ\WU¢FKP´F'XQKQJOLKQKFYDULFD&QJYQFKSFKQWKHRFµQKQJFK£Q+QJYQFXQJTX¾WEFYSK®DDQK*LQJ&QJ«PGXYY(PÒ»QJO¡FRQEªQJFFDDQK

/HRO«QQJLVDX&QJ4XQK+QJYQJY»SPWY¡ROQJDQKWKWTXHQ&µWK-WKPWURQJ[´W[D&ÓP¤LP¤LHPO¡QJLQJFQJKFKQKWWU«QÒLQ¡\(PFKKLXPWÒLXK¤\QK-QÒLEQJÒµLPWWURQJYHRK¤\\«XWKWO³QJY¡K\YQJFKRW-QK\«XFKRQJL\«XÒÒFKQKSK»F1KQJWURQJFKX\QQ¡\HPNKµQJWKO¡PJ-NK¢FQJR¡LYLFFKSQKQÒLNKLÒLDQK&QJEWFL

(PÒLWLÒ£XFQJNKµQJNKLÒLDQKÒF;LQOL/»FQ¤\DQKTX¢Q´QJ$QKFKXNKµQJQLNKLF´QJLO¡PWU¢L¾P-QK&KFÑÓ¡WK´LTXHQLO¡PVDREQLWK´LTXHQKL®FKNK+QJ"4XQK+QJNKµQJWUOL&µWKXDULNKLYLY¤¢SPWY¡ROQJDQKÒQJKHOL[LQOLÒ\FDRQJR\





75

L*L¢P¡HPÒFWK\WURQJ¢QKPWDQKQLFPWKµQJWKD\FKROL[LQOLK&QJ

&KQJ

1K-Q4XQK+QJJ¢FF¢LFK£QEERQJJ£QO«QJK&QJOXEX

Ñ¤ERÒQJE¡\ÒWFK\OXQJWXQJHPYQF¤L(PWQJP-QKO¡VÄQEWFSFKF"7KWYYQNKLQJKêFK\URQJNKSWK¡QKSKQ¡\VW-PUDP\WKQJESEPÒ´5WFXFWLQPWWWPDQJNKWK£QQJLNK¢FSKLORFKÒFTX¢LJ-Ò£X*LQJ4XQK+QJQJK©QQJKQY-QFPW1XNKµQJFK\W-PFK»QJWLQÒ£XHPÒQFKRNKRQEPWÒ£\"&QJWQKNKµÑ¤E¢RFµQJDQULWK-ÒÓ¡YLFFDK(PF´WK£POPTXÒ£XP¡VKNKµQJÒQ

HPÒFÒ£XÑQJOR4XQK+QJGXLF¢LFK£QÒDXUDFµKLQKÄQPWPWFK»WY-QKF'XKNKµQJÒQP-QKFQJSKLF´WU¢FKQKLPJQÒµFK®W¡"+JL¡XQWY¢FKÒµQKPQK³J-*L¡XULNKµQJ[´WFDVDR"$QKQ´LQJKHOWKW&¡QJJL¡XQJLWDF¡QJFKWFKWURQJWLQEF+LFKLXE¡7Kº\1KL«QFXQJFXQJO«QWUµQJWKWWL&QJQK»QYDL&³QHPWK-EºOXEºORDFKKD\KRJ-KQE1JKêFQJOEDQJLE¢QK¡QJP¡EKDLWKQJ7£\ODQKQJÒµ&KFWLHPYDE¢QYDQJJFQ«QEQQ´PLYÒLWLQÒFKµPQKY\4XQK+QJFKQJWD\UXUê+LFKLXEDFµFQJKLQK&QJULµQJÒLUDY¡RWKG¡LVQVWO¡P+QJYDORYDNKW£P9¢LWULW-PUDÒFKDLWKQJ7£\EDOµODÒR\*LQ¡\FKFFK7KL%®FKÑ¡RY¡E¡1KL«QYQF³QSKFN®FKV£QED\YLK\YQJW-PWK\FK»QJWURQJÒ¢PK¡QKNK¢FKÒLQFQJR¡L1X%®FKÑ¡RYQJWD\O¢LFK»WE-QKWêQKKQFK»WWK-Ò£XTXÄQJFµ[XQJÒQJÒJLÒ£\SKLQJLµPFK£QQKY\

&QJFKWKL1KY¡&K¢QKYQFKDYVDR"4XQK+QJOFÒX&µQJKHDQKFLJQ%¡\UDWU³WUX\N®FKWKSKPWU«QÒQJSKWK-SKLWKHRWLFºQJÑ£\O¡FKLÒ





76

&K¢QKO\ÒLP&QJWWFKRQ´WKµL$QKGWNKR¢WNKµQJÒLQ¡RKP-QKQKWK4XQK+QJQK®XP¡\Y-OLQ´LYµW£PFD&QJ%LWUQJDQKJKªW&K¢QKQKQJFµYQNK´FKXWUFF¢FKQ´LQJRQJKFDDQK+LFKLXNKLQJKH&K¢QKÒQJKQ«QEXQJQJLUDW-PKDLWKQJ7£\V£QED\Y¡QKQJWUXQJW£PWKQJPLNK¢FWURQJWK¡QKSK&QJÒ¤OQWLQJFKWU®FK$QKQ´LÒ£\O¡YLFP³NLPÒ¢\ELQÒQO»FWK\QKLXQJLW¢QÒQJ&QJOLKPKPÒ³LFK+QJYFKNKµQJFKRFµÒLQKY\'êQKL«QO¡4XQK+QJÒ£XFKXFµGWNKR¢WÒ³LOLFK%®FKÑ¡RFK&KX\Q[XL[RWLSWFSWLNKLÑ¡RWU¢QKFKLF+RQGDFK\QJFFKLX&RQQKÒ¤TXÄQJFµPWF¢LFK®PQJ/»FÒ´VTX¢+QJNKµQJELWGDXQKQJE£\JLWR¡QWK£QFµ«PFºLFKWD\F¡[XQJÒQJWPP¢XU¢WPXQFKWF¢LFK£QERQJJ£QVQJK»SÒLNKµQJÒFO¡P+QJEFELYµFºQJ9\P¡&QJFKKLKDQJ-FµQJR¡LQKQJF£XFQQKQFQKY¡FK«EDLG©EX5¶U¡QJ+QJY¡DQK®WNKLF´FºQJ¾WQJQKQJEWÒQJ\VPDXFK´QJOQJGXQXFµLPOQJSKFWºQJ1KQJFKX\QYD[\UDO¡PVDR4XQK+QJSKFWºQJ

&QJFKRÒFNKLFµO¡QJLWURQJFXF&Ó&QJW¢LY-FµO¡PWU¢L¾DQKWUFPWQKLXQJLWURQJÒ´F´F&K¢QKY¡1KQ«QDQKÒ¤EY&PQF[RQJ[XµLDQKJKªQK¡[HPPLYLFWLÒ£XDLQJJSFµQJLQKÄQQK´WU«QJK&QJWKFPF6DR&K¢QKF´PWTX\7Kº\1KL«QY\"4XQK+QJWUOL\X[-X

(PJLFK1KWLQKÒLWKHRÒFRLF´JL»SJ-ÒFNKµQJ&QJFD\F»$QKUWQJODLFŃK¢F7WWKW4XQK+QJNKµQJGQÒFEFP-QKFµ[QJJLQJ&K¢QKNKµQJWKYLFKX\QQJLNK¢F9\O¡WWUL$QKNKLSKLPDPDLQKO¡PFKL

&QJQKFKPªS+&KQJTXDQ´PXQFKLWULWKµLÑ[HPNWTXVÒFWK«PF¢LJ-QJR¡LF¢LFK£QVQJK»SFDHP0XQWU¢FKDQKE¡QJTXDQYLWKVFQJÒF$QKF´F¢FKVQJF¢FKQJKêFDDQKÑ£\Ò£XSKLFKX\QFDFµQJW\Q´TX\QJ-FKÒRQ¡\QYLJLQJQ´LUDOQKEWPLQJLQJKHWKHR/»FDQKEYPWQ´VQJQJWWUµQJÒ¤PWWKW







78

/¡PÒÓQJKQJFKQJEDRQKL«XP¡SKLFKLX¾WQJNK¢FKK¡QJDQKNKµQJWK®FK%¡LKFKµPQD\FKDO¡PHPVKD\VDR"(PVU»WNLQKQJKLPFKFKJ-SKLV1XJSNKŃKÄQP¡EYLFWK-Ò£XWUQJWK¡QKÒF1JKL«QJQJKL«QJÒXÒ\YJLXFW&QJYDQ´LYDFL&K¡&QJFDDQKKµPQD\ÄQQ´LFKQJFKFWKW$QKOLQJKêÒ¡QE¡NKLO¡PYO¡PPVWNKFWUQJWK¡QK%LY\VDXQ¡\HPFKFÝLFQK¡ORFKRDQKY¡FRQWKµL4XQK+QJWK1´LYLHPFKX\QQ¡\VPTX¢Ò\5LFµUHRO«QNKLQJKHWLQJ[HQJR¡LFD

$&KFFK1KY$QKUDPFQJJLºPHPÒL&QJOQJNKQJÒQJO«Q+QJVWUXWQK-QUDFD4XQK1KEFY¡RYLYPWPLO¡PFµWKWYQJ.KµQJÒL1KNSQJL[XQJ+QJKLQJD\7-PNKµQJWK\KFK1K"4XQK1KXRLOFÒXQJÑFWURQJQK¡EFUDJLQJJD\JW%DWKDELWWLE£\O¡PFKX\QÒ¤LF¢WW-PY¡QJP³NLPÒ¢\ELQ&KOEQFK»QJQJX

ÒQPFÒLURQJQJR¡LÒQJFKRE£\EWVDR+PF´ÒL«QPLQJKHOLWKQJ&K¢QKÒTX©JL³J¤\WD\3KLO»FÒ´FÉDEDÒ¤FQUL&QJFLFLÒY¡R&K¢QKYL1KWQJPXQQKQJL\NKHQFD6&µQJDQGOPKD\VDRP¡ÒQKJL¡QKYLFYLKY\"4XQK1KSKQÒ³QQJD\Ñ£\O¡YLFFDJLDÒ-QKWµLWµLWK\P-QKF´WU¢FKQKLPYL+QJQ«QSKLFKXFF

PWFK»W$QKÒ¤GQJGQJEFRQEªPWP-QKO»FQ´JSULURE£\JLOLPDPDLFD\ÒF1JLQKDQKWKWKLPWK\WU«QÒLQJÑFFDXF´ÑQJOLTXDWLQJOLQD&QJEYO¡Ò»QJÒLWKHRWLE£\®FKOLJ-.LPFKX\QFSN©QKDXVXWQJ¡\OQÒ«PWK-F´





79

0W4XQK1KW¢LÒLY-F£XQ´LNK¢QQJFDµQJÑFFµÒQJG\EY¡RQK¡PWQF4XQK+QJWK\[Q[DQJWURQJO³QJFµQK-Q&QJÒ\WU¢FKP´F$QKWQKEQKHRPWFLUL[RD\VDQJQ´LFKX\QYLµQJÑF+QJELWEDFµFQJJKªW&K¢QKY-µQJOXµQF´WK¡QKNLQYLQKQJQJLWQJO\G9LµQJW-QK\«XY¡KµQQK£QO¡F¢LJ-ÒÝDWKL«QJOL«QJYDYêQKFXQJNKµQJFKSQKQYLFÒ¤O¡YFKQJULP¡EQKDX9-Y\&K¢QKNK´F´FKLWLQWLYL1KOP'RQ¡\4XQK1KUWEXQ+QJWK\WKQJFKP-QKYµFºQJ'ºFµFKDJ-FKX\Q1KO\«XQJLÒ¤FÝQKQJNKµQJKLXVDR+QJYQWLQUQJ&K¢QKVPDQJOLKQKSK»FFKR1KQXEDPFµÒQJ¾FKRKDLQJLO\QKDXÑLXQ¡\NK´FKNKµQJÒQJLQQKOL&K¢QKQ´LYLFµFKLXQ¡R4XQK1KÒ¤WKDFKX\QFDKDLQJLYLEDPQKQJFKÒ£XQ´LYLDQKWK¢LÒFDJLDÒ-QKUDVDR%DFµEW¢FÒQJFD&QJµQJÒ£XDJ-&K¢QK0FµYQVFKQJE¡G¢PF´¾NLQJ-+QJWK-G©GWY-ELW1KF´¢FFPYL&QJQ«Q®WKLKDQW£PW-QKYLFK&K®QKY-WKGRVDXQ¡\4XQK1KQKF¢LE´QJWURQJQK¡ÑLO¡PYFµO«QJLQJQPFKQ´LQÄQJWLDL7LQJKLS&³QJ-NKKQJSWUFWUNKL\«X

4XQK+QJP®PPµLÒQJG\FµNKRPNKRPQJLFKQJO«QF¢LJKÒXÒLY¡RQK¡PWF¢FKNK´QKFÑDQJQ´LFKX\QYLµQJÑF&QJFDXP¡\EFWLÒFµ6DRNKµQJJLDQKG-XÒL%WK\DQKQ´LFKX\QYLEDULJLQK"+QJOFÒXÑ£XF´7LHPPWPXQY¡RQJKVP$QKQJLYLEDÒL

&QJOROQJ(PVDRY\"(PEXQQJ&QJVPWY-F£XWUOLFFOFFD+QJ$QKKL[QJJLQJ9\WK-Y¡RQJÒLQJÑFQ´L

7ªÒDXULTXX&K¢XFÒPFQ´&RQEªQ¡\EQJQKWQK¡Ò´+QJNKSNKQKY¡RWLSK³QJFDKDLFKHPFµ4XQK1KYQPFEÒÒLO¡PQPG¡LWU«QQPKDLPWQKPQJKLQ+QJKLQK





80

$QK&K¢QKYULK"9QNKµQJPPWUD1KÒ¢S&KDQKY¡.KµLTX\WÒQKFKV£QED\WLNKX\D.KRQJPWJLV¢QJF´FKX\QED\ÒL2VDND&KFWLQ´ÒLFKX\QQ¡\+QJQJFQKL«Q6DRFKG¢PFKFQKWK"4XQK1KQ´L&K¢QKF´TXHQQ«Q[LQG³GDQKV¢FKK¡QKNK¢FK7URQJÒ´F´KDLQJLTXFWFK/LEÄQJ0¡.KµLNKQJÒQKKDLNODEQHPKLFKLXO¡G£Q7UXQJÑµQJFKNKµQJSKLX&K£X

+QJKSWSQJWOL1K.KµLO¡DLY\"0PWUD1KQ´L+-QKQKKQO¡EQHPP¡%QQ¡R"(PÒ£XTXHQDLW«Q.KµL&RLFKQJWLDQK&K¢QKEODQDÒ´1KQJFQKL«Q

.KµQJTXHQHPWKWVDR".KµLO¡EQFDHPDQK&K¢QKQKQJU¶U¡QJKLFKLXKQQ´LELWHPP¡$QKWDF³QNO¡F¢FKÒ£\P\QJ¡\KDLWKQJÒÝ¡RWLPDQKWDPXDÒêDFRPSDFW6DXFEXLWUL[¡RWL[¡ROXLP\WUÄPF¢LÒêDQ´PXDKDLF¢LULFQJJLF¢LP¢QKÒLWLQOWLQFKQJ-Ò´1KQJQKPNKµQJTXDPWQLFKWLPQ«QFK»QJGµQJPW&KFJ-FK»QJO¡KDLWKQJQ¡\.KµLERÒPO¡Q´9-DQKWDWK\FK»QJWTX\FDHPÒLUD&K»QJÒQKO¡PYFXLFºQJWUFNKLE¢LEDL9LW1DPÑ»QJO¡ESTXFW

4XQK+QJY³ÒX4X¢LWKW.KµLO¡DLQK"*LQJ4XQK1KNKµNKDQ7KFPFO¡PFKL&QJKêDQKWDO¡QJLGQJ0WQJLGQJÒ\QKLWW-QKYQWWKQQJLWK£Q®FKN





81

4XQK+QJWKG¡L(PÒDQJEFPXQFKWÒ£\1KFLNK\%FO¡PJ-(PWQJQ´LÒ¤\«XO¡FKSQKQWKQJÒDXP¡+QJSKQJSKX%FKNKµQJY\VDR"4XQK1KOÄQY¡RV¢WY¢FKFKR+QJQP[XQJNE«Q&µQJQQJULQ´L&KSQKQWKQJÒDXÒÒLO\W-QK\«XWK-W-QK\«XÒ´SKLWX\WÒSQJL\«XÒ´SKL[QJÒ¢QJ1XNKµQJÒFQKY\HPV£QKQWLNLSVDX

&KF´VSKL£QKQNKµQJ"1KWUOLFKFQFK.KµQJ9-&K¢QKUWNK¢F&QJ+QJWUPQJ£P(PELW1KQJQJKêWLYLFQJLP-QK\«XWQJO¡FKQJNNK¢F(PFKXNKµQJQL7FQJF´F£X1K£QYµWKSWR¡QFQJÒ»QJ$QK&K¢QKÒFUWQKLXPWQKQJFKPWNKX\WÒLPQKNK´ÒFEDPFKSQKQ

7URQJNKL&QJOLÒFEDÒDO«QWQP£\[DQKSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJQJQJQJºQJO¡PWKLQK5LFµE«QKYFÑ»QJUD&QJFQJWWFKE.KF¢LO¡QKYLDQK&K¢QKNKµQJKSUO¡PHPYLFKNK´[7LQJKLSDQK&K¢QKÒ«PQD\WKFWLV¢QJY-HPÒ¤Y\F³QEEDQ´LQ¡\Q´LQ1KWKG¡L

0RQJVDRW-PÒFWLQŃKµQJWK-HPF´WKYDÒQWLQYDPWYLF(PUXTX¢/»FQ¤\&QJERHPQJKO¡PÒLQKFQPWQJLYÒPÒDQJYLFQK¡KQPWE¡YVXWQJ¡\WWEWYLFQJR¡LÒL5LHPWUOLVDR"+QJOFÒX4XQK1KQ´L





82

$QKWDPXQFKQJFK»DYWµL(PSKLGWNKR¢WOSWUQJQJD\E£\JLÑVDXQ¡\NKLNK4XQK+QJFKSPW'WNKR¢WWKQ¡RÒ£\WUNKLEQKDX&¡QJQJ¡\QKF¡QJOU¶W®QKÒFW¡LÒFÒR¢QFDP-QK(PWK\V*LQJ1KWQKE6WK-ETX¢FKFKRUL+QJJQJJR(PNKµQJÒVFO¡PQKY\%FKWQJEQJLP-QK\«XGOPVDR%DPNKµQJEQJO³QJµQJ&K¢QKFKEQJÒFNKµQJ"

1KKLPP¡QJ7UQJKSFKY¡&K¢QKNK¢F[DHPYL&QJWLFKKLXQKDXY¡KSQKDXWQJFK»WPWQKWµQWUQJFKFKÒ£XQK&QJO»FQ¡RFQJÒWP-QKFDRKQQJLNK¢F&KNKµQJTXDQW£PFKX\QEDPFK«DQK&K¢QKY-FKWKWV\«XY¡KLXQK1KQJFKX\QKDLQJLVÒLWLÒ£X"4XQK1KNKµQJWUOL&µEF[XQJJLQJ&KÒLWPÒ£\.KµQJELWFKQJQ¡RPPLYQD"

+QJWKDQWK0D\O¡PÒLÄQÒ¢PJLNKµQJWKµLWFKLXWLJLFKFHPEQKQQKF[QJUL/¡PQJLWDNKWKW.KQKWO¡VQJP¡SKLQPQSORSKLQO³QJQJLNK¢F1´LWKWO»FSK¢WKLQPWWLQHPNKµQJVEE¡7Kº\1KL«QÒQP¡OLVE&QJYLEDPGDPLNFK1KEWFLÑ»QJO¡FRQQ®W(PFQWOSQJD\FWURQJVX\QJKêO¡YDUL&XFÒLP-QKGRP-QK

ÒQKÒRWEDPF´GDFQJÒ£XFKXWU¢FKQKLPÒFYLFHPO¡P&KRQ«QSKLWTX\WÒQKWWF1´LQKWKEDPQJKHVPQJÒEWKLX1KQJWKFWÒ»QJY\P¡4XQK+QJWUPWQK-Q1KEFÒL&µFKWORNKLQJKHQKQJOLUWWQKFDFKP-QK%DWKQJQ´L4XQK1KO-QJPFKNKµQJ¡R¡RWWP¡YDQK¢WYDQJFQKFµ&´SKLFKWO-QJP\WKKLQWURQJF£XYDULNKµQJ"1XÒ»QJY\1KÒ¤WÒQKÒRWWTX\WÒQKFKX\QFDFKY¡&K¢QKUL





83

4XQK+QJKRQJKQNKLWQJWQJQJ¡\Q¡RÒ´4XQK1KF¤LOLEDPÒLWKHR&K¢QK5L&QJVÒL[YLFµWKQ¡RQXKDLQJLÒ¤FLQKDX"%QJGQJ+QJVWKWW-QKNKLQJKêWLO»FO¡PY&QJ&µV[DEDPFKHPÒYVQJWURQJQJµLQK¡N®QFQJFDRWQJFDDQK&QJO¡QJLUWPFQJX\«QWF4XQK+QJVSKLWX£QWKPL\«XFXFDDQK$QKEWQJKYLFFµSKLQJKYLFQXPXQF´KQKSK»F5L4XQK+QJVO¡F¢LE´QJYQYWURQJQK¡&µVSKFGFKDQKWQJFK»WPW\QKE¢F1JX\WE£\JL&³QDQKPWµQJFKQJTX\QK¡QKVELQFµWK¡QKQµOFKRUL«QJP-QK7LVDRWO»F\«XDQKÒQKµPQD\4XQK+QJFKDNKLQ¡RQJKêÒQQKQJFKX\QÒLORLWKQ¡\9¡WLVDRKµPQD\O»FÒX´FFµÒDQJULWXQJO«QY-PWWLQWK£Q[¢F«PU¢WQKFY-Wª[HFµOLÒVFORWLFKX\Q[D[µL\&´SKLWLKµPQD\&QJÒOTX¢U¶FRQQJLWKWFDP-QKNKµQJ"

4XQK+QJQJ¢QQJPQPFROLF¢LFK£QEERQJJ£QQK´LO«QPWF¢LO¡PFµQKÄQPWY-ÒDX9DGXLFK£QUD+QJÒ¤QJKHWLQJPKL1JFKD+QJ"&µPWURQJPP'FKD/¡PVDRFRQQJÒFFK%¡9£QFKªSPLQJ

Ñ»QJO¡[XL[R1JLWDERFDÒLWKD\QJL%LY\EÒQJ[HP¡NKµQJVDRKW&K£QFRQVQJJQEQJFK£QYRLP¡PERNKµQJVDR0LERQJJ£QYQF³QO¡FKDVDR3KHQQ¡\EDFKRFRQQJKOXµQ.KLQ¤\PQJKHQJY¡WKQJ&QJE¡QYLQKDXUL+LQKPQJLO«Q+QJKSWSKL%¡QVDRKP"

%¡9£QQ´L&QJÒQKTXD7WO¡PÒ¢PFLWK¢QJVDXYQÒ¢PKLQKÒ¤W®QKWUFÒ\4XQK+QJPF9\¾EDPWKQ¡R"





84

%DFRQÒQJ¾WK-PFQJY\4XQK+QJKLGL1KQJFRQWK-NKµQJ%¡YQQJQJ¡QJ7LVDR"&KX\QKWUQJQKY\P¡TX\WÒQKPWP-QKFRQFKELWJ-KWQK[HPFRQQKFRQQ®WNKµQJEQJ%¡9£QFL&RQP¡QJLOQYLDLÑFWPFKQJELWORKWPLFKX\QWURQJQJR¡LW¢QKW-QKWW

QK&QJO¡SK»FÒ\FRQ%DPORP¡\WUQJLQRQGFKDLWK©PÒ¾WL4XQK+QJSKQJSKX0O¡PQKFRQWOPY\Ò´%¡9£QOPFRQJ¢L7KD\NKµQJQLFKX\QEFK»QJODJQÒµÒELWUL7LQÒ£XP¡ÒQÒ£\QD4XQK+QJUXUê

%WTX¢O¡PNKµQJFµQJWUQFKELWVDRE£\JLKP+/¡PWLFKQJQ¡RPLWUKWQ1´LFKX\QQJDQJQJDQJQKFRQQJKHPWTX¢%XQ[RQPµPJLµPO³QJ+QJULEHQJELY-EDRFKX\QGQGS%¡9£QOLQ´L&RQ[HPQKÒ¤\«QWK£QF³QFK1KP¡\PNKTX¢

$QK&K¢QKO¡QJLÒ¡QJKR¡QJ&´J-P¡POR%WKJLDQKWÒ¡QµQJULVDROLÒL\«XÒDÒ¤F´PWÒLY1ÉQJLWDÒFWK-FQJEP-QKÒF&RQ1KÄQSKLEºDP«Q«QPLQJXQKY\%QJEWFJL¢Q¡REDPFQJEWQ´TX«QWKQJQ¡\ÒL4XQK+QJLPOQJFµPXQQ´LY¡LF£XE«QKYFFK1KQKQJOLNKµQJG¢PNKLWK\QªWPWEXQKLXFDP





85

7URQJJLDÒ-QKEDO¡QJLTX\WÒQKPLYLFP¡PY¡FKHPFµSKLWX£QWKHRUÄPUS+XQKPNKµQJÒLQ¡RF´¾NLQUL«QJ0LWULE¡QKWK£QFKºPJLE¢PY¡REDE¡VQJ£PWKPFKRJLDÒ-QK%¡FQJJLQJQKE¢F1JX\WPFD&QJK\VLQKWWFFKRFKQJFRQ1XO¡PY&QJ4XQK+QJFQJVQKPE£\JL&µNKµQJPXQQKWKY-FµO¡QJLNK¢FWKKFDP7QKL«Q4XQK+QJWK\QJDRQJ¢QNKLQJKêWLO»FVO¡Y&QJQKQJQXQJD\O»FQ¡\FµGLGWÒ³LGLFLKLOLVDQJQÄPFKFFKQVQJKHPQJÒ\WDL%LY\GºWU¢LWLPQJQQJDQJWUÄPPL+QJFQJÒ¡QKO¡PWKLQKQPQJKHEFFK£QP[XQJFXWKDQJ4XQK+QJPWRPWUDNKLEFQY¡RPµL&µKWKRQJÒ\PQK&QJNKLDQKWLSWFKµQP-QK

7ULL6DRDQKG¢PO«QÒ£\%DERDQKO«QP¡4XQK+QJQJKLQJ3KLKµQJÒ´%DÒ£XGGY\"&QJÒFKDLGXQ´QJ[XQJJLQJ$QKPLFK\ÒLPXDFKDLGXQ¡\WFWKL%DERDQKO«QE´SFK£QFKRHP

1´LGWOL&QJQKQK¡QJNªRFK£Q+QJÒO«QÒºLP-QK$QKGXG¡QJ[RDGXUL[´W[DQ´L$QK£QKQO¡Ò¤EYÒHPEQKY\QKQWKWO³QJÑQJJLQDQKQJKHEªFQJ4XQK+QJWK\O³QJ[-XKQ[XQJ&µOQJWKLQKQJKH&QJYYEQJQKQJOLWKWQJW&µOQJWKLQKÒDQKµPWURQJWD\Y¡KµQFµEQJQKQJQKµQPQKER5¶U¡QJEDPGFKRFKDLQ«QPLÒDQKO«QWQSK³QJQJFDFµY¡FK1K1KQJKµPQD\+QJWK\&QJOO¡PVDR&µE¡QJKR¡QJQKQUDQKQJJ-DQKWQJQ´LFKÒ»QJYLUL«QJDQKWKµL+QJÒDXÒQNKLQJKêWLÒLX&µÒ¤UW\«XDQKY¡VO¡PYDQKPWQJ¡\WKWJQ

7ULL&µF´P£XWKXQYLFK®QKP-QKNKµQJY\"

&KQJ

%FFK£QY¡RSK³QJO¡PYLF.KµLQJFQKL«QÒQVQJVWNKLWK\PWFµJ¢LÒDQJW³P³QK-QOFKFµQJW¢FG¢QJ´FWQJ





86

1JKHWLQJÒQJFµJ¢LJLWP-QKTXD\OL.KµLWKR¢QJWKWEXFPLQJ4XQK+QJÑ»QJO¡4XQK+QJFµWU³QPW/¡DQKK"1JLWDERWµLY¡RJSQK´PWUQJ7KWEWQJ.KµLPPFLÑ»QJO¡EWQJNKLFQJVFDWµLO¡+QJQJKO¡PTX\7Kº\1KL«QO£XFKD"4XQK+QJQ´L6DXDQKPWY¡LWXQ+LQJKL«QJÒX.KµLK´PKQK

7Fµ[LQQJKK"0WÒO«QY-ELWDQKPXQ¢PFKFKX\QJ-+QJEWE&KFDQKWQJWµLEÒXL"Ñ£XF´.KµLNªRJKPL+QJQJLULQ´LWLS&µQJQKQFµW¡LWKW1JKYLFFKQ¡\FÝLFFKNK¢FQJD\

+QJWDKDLWD\O«QE¡Q$QKFQJY\FKFŃK¢FJ-WµL.KµLOFÒX7µLNK¢F+QJQKLXOP9-WUFNKLY¡RÒ£\O¡PWµLWKWQJKLSG¡LKQ0µL+QJFRQJO«QFµKL

9\FKX\QE¢QWLYLÒXP¢\O¡VDR"Ñ´Ò£XSKLO¡QJKQJKLSP¡O¡O¡PFµQJ$LO¡PFKÒF7µLFKD[LQµQJFKQJKÒ¤F´QJLFKVQÒWKUL4XQK+QJWUPJLQJ&QJPD\O¡DQKQJKWU1XNKµQJDQKÒ£XW-PUDKDLJ¤ODÒRTXFW\JLºPWµL





87

7µLF¢\Q¢\P¤LY-NKµQJJSWUFWLSÒF¢PQDQKÑ¤Y\TX¡WQJFDFK»QJWµLDQKOLNKµQJQKQ$QKNWKW.KµLN«XO«Q7ULL7µLO¡PYLFÒ´Ò£XSKLÒFKQJKHF¢PQKD\ÒÒFWQJTX¡&¢FFµPLNNKLE¡\ÒWELX[ªQPWµLWUTX¡O¡Ò»QJ4XQK+QJQK-QDQKFKÄPFK»Y\O¡KµPWLWµLÒQWKÄPDQKF´QK¡QKQJNKµQJUDWLSSKLNKµQJ".KµLQK»QYDL0XQQJKêVDRFQJÒF&KX\Q\FUL0LQE¡QWL%£\JLWLSKL«QWµLWKWD\QJKFµÒ£\

4XQK+QJKLFKPWLWUF%EDQKO¡VSFDWµLK".KµLQJKL«PPWÑ»QJY\7µLSKWU¢FKWLSWKP¡;HPFKQJFµNKµQJFŃLQKQJKLPYOêQKYFQ¡\1JKWLSWKSKLÒLVXWQJ¡\QKLXNKLSKLÒLWQKFWXQOFµFŃKQÄQJFKXÒQJVO¡PYLFFÄQJWKQJY¡ÒFOSNKµQJ"4XQK+QJFÝW¢LFµOLFDQK

*L¢PÒFF³QFKDKLWµLQKQJF£XQKDQK.KµLWQKTXHRÑ»QJ9-QJÒ£XWUFWLSO¤QKÒRFµ7KLXJ-QJLY¡RÒ£\O¡PQKTXHQELWKQO¡QKNKQÄQJ$QK.KµLQKHRPW

7µLQ´LNKµQJÒ»QJVDR"'¢PF¢FµY¡RÒ£\O¡PQKTXHQELW%LY\YLUL«QJFµWµLSKLWUFQJKLPWD\QJKN7LSWKNK´KQE¢QK¡QJQKLXY¡QXF´V[XWWK-KXTXNKµQJOQJÒF4XQK+QJNK´FKXQK-Q.KµL&µY¡RÒ£\O¡PO¡QK&K¢QKJLLWKLXY-JL¢PÒFFµQJW\WU¢FKQKLPKXEQQ¡\O¡EQDQK1KQJ4XQK+QJQ´LGL&QJO¡EQ1K[LQYLFFKRFµ%DPEWFµQJKE¢QFKRTX\7Kº\1KL«QFµNKµQJF¤LOLÒFY-YODJWYD[\UDÒ¤O¡PFµPWX\W®QYLJLDÒ-QK7KQKQJQJKQK¡4XQK





88

+QJFKXNKµQJQL0WSKQEXQEFY-NKµQJF´WLQ[¡LPWSKQFµV&QJVEWFµQK¡OXµQNKLÒ¤FLQ«Q+QJPXQÒLO¡PFKNK¢FQJD\NKLQJKE¢Q4XQK1KQJKFµ1KÒ¤QK&K¢QKW-PYLFFKR+QJ1KY\FµPLÒFQKQY¡RÒ£\4XQK+QJNKµQJÒLQ¡RQJJS.KµLWURQJKR¡QFQKNK¢WUWU«XQ¡\&RLE.KµLUDYTX\QK¡QKYLFµG$QKWDWQJO¡PQFKR4XQK+QJQ«QQJKêUQJFµSKLSKFWºQJFKF1XO¡PYL.KµLFµVUSNKXµQWUQJKSFK1KO¡PYLFYL&QJ0DQJQPWQJLNLXQ¡\NKÓ³QJTX¢&KOVXWÒLSKLWX£QOQKUÄPUS"1JQQJPWFK»W4XQK+QJÒQJG\7µLV[LQJL¢PÒFSK£QFµQJYLFNK¢F.KµLFLNKL«XNK®FK

&KDFKLÒ¤VULVDR"4XQK+QJWKQJWKQJ*KªWFKNKµQJSKLVÑ£XSKLPDQJQQJLQ¡RO¡SKLDQJLÒ´Ñ¤JKªWULWK-WWQKWÒQJO¡PFKXQJ1´LGWOLFµQJRHQJX\EÒL.KµLJ¶J¶F£\YLW[XQJE¡QWKQK-QWKHR$QKELWUL+QJFQJTXD\Y¡RÒ£\WKµL+µPTXD.KµLÒ¤QJKHQ´LVF´WK«PQJLY¡RESKQWLSWKFDDQKFµJ¢LÒ´F´TXHQOQJL¢PÒF.KµQJQJO¡4XQK+QJ;HPFKQJDQKYLFµF´GX\«QWKWFQJQ«Q%WJL¢F.KµLQKQKQJÒRQWKQJQ+QJJKL[HQNYLQKQJSKQWEFKFDEQE©WURQJTX\QVÒ7KQJO¡QKQJYQWKQJKFK

QJPKLSK¢FKOLPWFK»W&KFW®QKW-QKFµFQJY\QJµQJQJK«QKY¡WKWWUFRQ.KµLQKQKQJF£XFÑWWU«QFWU¢LWLPP-QK5WQKÑQJKHUQJQJFJ\7U¢LWLPEÒWO-DF³QUXQNK/QJQJFKRDQJE¤RW¢SWKµLY"

/»F\.KµLOXµQWKFPFWLVDRFµJ¢LKQQKL«QYLFKLFUÄQJNKQKGX\«QG¢QJOLWK®FKQKQJF£XWKJLK-QKÒQPFÒ¢QJVWKNLD&KFKQ4XQK+QJO¡PWQJLWLQKWY¡QK\FPYµFºQJ.KµLFKWNK´[/UDDQKNKµQJQ«QQ´LWKYLFµY-WURQJV£XWKPFDW£PKQDQKUWF´FPW-QKYL4XQK+QJ1KQJNKµQJKLXVDRYDULDQKOLWU«XFKRFµQLQ´QJO«QQKY\/FµJLQNKµQJWK©PO¡PYLFÒ£\SKLEXQW-QKFKD"





89

.KµLQJKH7KµQJQ´L&QJY¡FµÒ¤O¡PÒ¢PKL7WKQKWDQKQ«QWKLWOSPWNKRQJF¢FKDQWR¡QYL4XQK+QJ7U¢LWLPEW-QKSKFD.KµLNKµQJGG¡QJUXQJÒQJQKQJO\J-ERÒPQŃKµQJ\«XQDNKL+QJÒWQJW[XWKLQJLDÒLDQKPWF¢FKO¤QJPQQKWLXWKX\W$QKWKG¡L7KµLÒLQKQJVX\QJKêYLQYµQJEXQFL7WFE£\JLO¡FµQJYLFY-FµQJYLFQXPLPXQWQWLY¡QJQJFDRÒXYLWKL«QK4XQK+QJWUY¡RFµNKµQJÒQFKE¡QO¡PYLFFD.KµLP¡QJLSKFKO«QF¢LJKÒWJ´FSK³QJKDLWD\NKRDQKWUFQJFÒ\YWK¢FKWKF.KµLFKQJFPQK-QFµ$QKEXµQJPLQJ*L¢PÒFÒLYLFFKRFµFKD"6DRFµY¡RÒ£\QD"

4XQK+QJNKLQKNKQK*L¢PÒFQÄQQWµLY¡RKWUFKRDQKY-QJKHÒ£XDQKUWFQPWQJLFŃKQÄQJQKWµL.KµLJWJº.K¢OP&KX\«QYL«QWLSWKFQQJLPPPªSQKFµFKWµLWK-NKµQJG¢P%¡QO¡PYLFFDFµO¡F¢LWKEDFKNKµQJSKLF¢LJKÒ´%SKQWLSWKF³QKDLQJLQDKµPQD\KÒLFµQJW¢F/£PÑQJQ«QFKDJLLWKLXYLFµÒF

7K\+QJYQQJLQJD\FKF.KµLKL&µO¡PYLFKµPQD\KD\ÒQKY¡RWU-QKGLQVSULY"4XQK+QJÒQJG\1XKµPQD\NKµQJFÝLFDQKFKRWµLYFKRUL.KµLWUQJPWQK-QFµ$QKFKDELWQ´LVDRWK-4XQK+QJÒ¤FLÑºDFKRYXLPWW®7UµQJDQKTXXTXWK\VTX¢DLO¡PYLFFKRQL

.KµLKLQJQJ$QKPWO\UD[SKVG¡\FXLY¡Q´L1KLPYFDFµE£\JLO¡ÒFKWVW¡LOLXQ¡\ÑFY¡QJKL«QFXNF¢FORLP¢\YLW®QKP¢\LQWURQJÒ£\6DXÒ´FµSKLWSF¡LÒWVGQJY¡ERWU-WK¡QKWKRF¢FSKQPPPQJQK1RYHOOKRFÒKDQK$XWRGHVN4XQK+QJQJPWUDNKLQJKHQKQJWFKX\QPµQ.KµLYDQ´L&µQKÄQQK´







91

%XQFLWKW7µLNKµQJQJKêDQKO¡QJLWK®FKQJLO«QJKHFKX\QNNK¢F.KµLWKQQKL«QQ´L&µPXQQJKêVDRFQJÒFÑLQJLWDNKOP&´QKQJFKX\QFKDLWK©PQJKHQKQJYQOWY¡RWDLPLFK¢Q7KµL/RO¡PYLFÒL4XQK+QJPFQK-Q.KµLÒLUDQJR¡L&µWK\P-QK[XLNKLO¡PFKXQJYLKQFKNKµQJPD\PQJSOLDQKFK¡QJWQJUDWD\QJKêDKLSQKWKRWÒXFµWQJ1KQJWLVDR.KµLFÝE®PWNKLQ´LY&QJY\"$QKWDWQJELWFµWUFNKLPXDJLºPKDLFFSLQP¡ÒQJL+QJYQFKDWUWLQQ«QO»FWK\FµNK´FWURQJTX¢QF¡SK«.KµLPLFKÒQJVDQJQJLFKXQJE¡QY¡JLW«QFµQJKHQJWVW4XDF¢FKQ´LOSOQJFD.KµLYDUL+QJF´FPJL¢FKQELWQKLXYFµY¡&QJQKQJWU¢LOL+QJKR¡QWR¡QPºWWYKQPLWF

1XPXQW-PKLXKQFKF´F¢FKKL&K¢QK.KµLO¡EQFDHP&K¢QKFKFDQKSKLELWÒµLÒLXYKQ1KQJ+QJW-PKLX.KµLO¡PJ-FK&µQK»QYDLULPTX\QW¡LOLXUDÑFKWEDPKVNKµQJSKLÒQJLQ9\P¡&K¢QKQ´LUQJWLSWKUWGFKFQFŃKQÄQJJLDRWLSY¡EQJ%$QKYÄQO¡ÒFUL6DRE£\JL.KµLEWFµQJKL«QYLFXQJKHVWK&KELWSKLKQPXQÒ-FµNKµQJ%£\JLKQYUQJYUQJ-FQJSKLQJKHWKHRWKµL&K¢QWKW1KQJF´FK¢QFQJU¢QJQJPKVO¡PQJWFKPPLQJWKDQO&QJQJKHÒFWK-PFTX¢L$QKÒ£XPXQFµÒLO¡PÑ¤OL«QWLSP\QJ¡\KDLQJLJ£\QKDXY-FKX\QQ¡\Y¡DQKUWJLQFµ&QJGWNKR¢WNKµQJÒQJ¾Q«QGºELWKµPQD\O¡QJ¡\FµÒQQKQYLFDQKFQJNKµQJWK©PWLFK

&QJÒQKO¡POFKFµW-PÒQDQKÒQÄQQ®µLFKJ-"4XQK+QJVNKµQJFKÒQJO¡PO¡QKWUFÒ£X&µVQJKHWKHROLTX£QV1KLPPOQKOºQJWK[HP&QJVJLQEDRO£XFKRELW/QQ¡\QKWÒQK4XQK+QJVFJQJFQJUQYLDQKÒQPO\WKWKQJSKRQJ&µNKµQJPXQVDXQ¡\KR¡QWR¡QOWKXFY¡R&QJFµPXQDQKSKLQKQJEP-QKY¡VQJFQKYFKQJWKXQWKRP«P7KKWPWKL4XQK+QJQJDRQJ¢QNKLQJKêWLQKQJFPXQYDUL&´WKÒ¤O¡PXQQKQJFµQKWÒQKNKµQJFKLXO\&QJQD&µSKLO¡PFKWU¢LWLPDQK

QKQJNKµQJÒDQKO¡PFKOLQKKQFµJLQJOLFK7KLWQJQ´L+QJNKµQJÒVFXQDQKQKXQPWF£\ERQVDLY-¾FµFQJÒ£XWK®FKY\QKQJFµSKLÒD&QJY¡RPWWKF£QEQJÒDQKÒQJTX\QK¡QKYLFµQKO£XQD\QDÑDQJQJKêQJLWRDQW®QKFKX\QFKQJFRQWURQJÒX4XQK+QJJLWQ\P-QKNKLWK\.KµLEFY¡R$QKNKRDQKWD\WUFQJF





92

1JKLQQJPWLÒ£XULP¡PWFµWUµQJQJQJ¢FQKPWKQY\"4XQK+QJWUQWêQKQJD\0LY¡LWUDQJWKµL&QJFKF´J-NK´ÒQSKLPWKQ0WWKLJLY¡QJEFFDWµLPLÒ»QJ7µLF´FPJL¢FDQKK¡QK[¢FWµLYLEDPW¡LOLXQ¡\0¢\YLW®QKP¢\LQQ¡ROLNKµQJWQJWQKDXFFK.KµLQ´LPWKL9\FµNQKQJF¢LWQJWFDQ´ÒL"6DR".ÒFNKµQJ"1XNKµQJWK-[LQPLÒFWLSW¡LOLXJLºP1´LGWOL.KµLWUYE¡QQJL$QKPQJD\YLW®QKY¡EWÒXFµQJYLFFDP-QK&ÄQSK³QJEQJLPOQJYµFºQJ4XQK+QJQJKHWLQJTXWWUQ«P«PE«QWDLP¡EXQQJ

.KXQJFQKÒ£\NK¢FKQNKXQJFQKQ¡RQ¢RQKLWFD7UXQJW£PWKQJPL4XQK+QJEQJWK\WºW»QJEÉXFWURQJFÄQSK³QJE®WEºQJYLPWJ¤Ò¡QµQJKD\NLPFKX\Q&µÒDWD\FKHPLQJQJ¢SY¡QJKHWLQJ.KµLFK-FKLW&KDJ-Ò¤EXQQJVDR"4XQK+QJQJQJQJºQJFKLSKÄQJÑ£XF´7µLEXQPLQJWK-Ò»QJKQÒ£\EXQTX¢OLFKQJF´J-ÄQKWÑ£\Ò£XSKLFKÒ£XP¡ÒµQJYXLY¡F´TX¡FKRFµÄQYW

1KQJE«QNLDÒQJF´VKRSE¢QKNRDQKFKRWµLURWKPWY³QJFKQJPLOÄPSK»WWKµLERÒPDQKFQJF´SKQ1K-QÒµLPWWU³QO«QFKÒLFD+QJ.KµLNKµQJQWFKL$QKQWQK1ÄPSK»WWKµL1XFPWK\NSPXDE¢QKNRJ-Ò´WK-FK\ÒLQKDQKO«QNKµQJWµLVÒL¾Ò\4XQK+QJKQKÒQJG\FµQªPFKR.KµLPWQFLWKWWLULFK\YWUDK¡QKODQJ

0WFQJL´QKWKLED\WJL\WU«QE¡Q.KµLYLÒDWD\FKSOL$QKNKµQJKLXP-QKÒDQJQJKêJ-QD4XQK+QJFQJO¡FQJLÝDWKLTXDKQDQKP¢WUL&µWUWUXQJKQKSK»FY¡WKWÒ¢QJ\«X1KQJQ«QWQKOLÒL.KµL&µWDÒ¤F´FKQJVSFLULÑQJYYQQD+¤\QKF¢FFµJ¢LÒSNKµQJEDRJLG¡QKFKRP-QK.KŃKÄQOPPLF´ÒFYLFO¡PSKºKSYLFKX\«QPµQ3KLORVQJKLSWUFWL«QFK.KµLFKSPWPWF¢L$QKÒQKÒWFKRP-QKÒLXWKXFWK-FKXµQJÒLQWKRLUHR$QK





93

FPQJQJKH*LQJÒ¡QµQJQJSQJQJ;LQOLSKLFµQJW\17NKµQJ"9£QJQJFQJSDL"7µLPXQELW4XQK+QJQK£QYL«QPLWX\QFDFµQJW\KµPQD\Ò¤ÒLO¡PFKD"7K-UDO¡&QJ7LVDRDQKWDOLKLNY\NLD".KµLWUOLWKWFKP4XQK+QJK&µWDPLWU-QKGLQ[RQJQJFQJSWK-ÒLPWFK»W.KµQJFQÒ£X&¢PQ.KµLQKFKPµLJ¢FQJQJKH7KWEXQFL$QKWDNLPWUD[HPYVSFLF´ÒLO¡PNKµQJ7KµQJWKQJ&QJYQÒDUFNKL4XQK+QJF³QÒQJTX\FKRKLXQWUDQJ7Kº\1KL«QEV¢QJQD\DQKWDEPFFµKD\VDRN-D"

&KDKWWKFPF.KµLÒ¤WK\+QJY¡RWLFµQJKFKQJPÒO«QE¡QFDDQKPWF¢L[ÄQJX¾FKY¡Q´L.KµQJELWDQKWK®FKP´QJ-Q«QWµLPXDE¢QKQ¡\K\YQJDQKQJRQPLQJÑQJQJKLO¡WµLKLOQJKHVS.KµLKKQJ&QJYDÒLQWKRLKLWKÄPFµÒ´4XQK+QJQJFQKL«Q

7KWNKµQJQKKLJ-YWµLY\"$QK\PXQELWKµPQD\FµF´ÒLO¡PFKD"5LDQKWUOLVDR".KµLQK-QFµ7µLERF´QKQJFµÒDQJEQÒLÄQTX¡PXQJSSKLÒL+-QKQK&QJJKªWFKÒLQ«QQKER.KµQJFQY¡F»SP¢\

0W4XQK+QJ[-X[XQJFµWUYE¡QQJLE®[7LDQKFKDL7QKL«QNKDLO¡WµLEQÒLÄQ/¡PVDRQKFKÒF.KµLQJKL«PQJKÑ»QJO¡WLWµLWµLÒ¤GG¤LFKRFµÒLOXQJWXQJWURQJJLO¡PYLF+6NKµQJÒLQ¡R





94

FÓQWKKDLÒ£XQKª4XQK+QJS»QJ;LQOLWµLNKµQJSKLWK5LFµKL6DRDQKELWQJLÒLQWKRLFKRWµLO¡&QJ".KµLPDLPD&KQJOFµF³QF´QJLQ¡RNK¢F¡"4XQK+QJSKQQJ7QKL«QNK´FKXYLWµLTX¢Y\"7KWW-QKWµLÒ£XQJ&QJJLÒLQWLO¡PSKLQ

DQK.KµLOQJWKLQK$QKNKµQJKLXVDRP-QKOLFKFJLQ4XQK+QJ&KODQKJKHQWFY-&QJÒLQWKRLFKRFµ¡$QKWKWYµO¾KWVF1K-Q4XQK+QJQJLNKRDQKWD\JLQGLDQKWUPJLQJ7µLFKÒºDWKµL&µQ«QJLÒLQFKR&QJ[HPQKW-PO¡PJ-4XQK+QJOFÒXQKDQKQKP¢\.KµQJFQÒ£X

*LQWµLVDR"4XQK+QJFQPµLFµÒ£XWKQ´LFKR.KµLELWFµY¡&QJÒDQJJLQQKDXGXFKDNKLQ¡RQKO»FQ¡\+QJFQPWQJLÒWU»WKWW£PW-QKFDP-QKÒQWK.KµLOFKVÒQJG\&WQKL«QWµLUDQJR¡LPWFK»W4XQK+QJQK-QP¢\ÒLQWKRL*LFKR&QJWK-GTX¢ULQKQJFµVQ´LJ-E£\

JL/»FQ¤\DQKFKPXQELW+QJF´ÒLO¡PKD\NKµQJ&QJPXQELWFµY£QJOLDQKKD\YQF¤LEQJFKÒ£XSKLQKTXDQW£PÒQYVSFLQK.KµLWQJÑ¤QKY\+QJFQJ-ÒQJY¡RÒLQWKRLFKRPWFK&PF¢LE¢QK[ÄQJX¾FKO«QFµWKRQJWKÄQQJRQO¡QK&KF&QJJLQFµJK«JPOP+QJWQJWQJUDFQKDQKFKSWD\VDXÒ®WÒLWLÒLOXLYLEPWKPKPY¡WK\EXQFL





95

&KKLXWEDRJL+QJÒ¤WKµLV&QJQKO»FPL\«XÑ´F´SKLO¡GXKLXE¤RK³DFDW-QK\«XNKµQJ"+D\\«XQKDXO£XQJ¡\FQJQK¡PELWU¶QJLP-QK\«XTX¢ULQ«QÒ£XF³QJ-SKLVQD"4XQK+QJFKQJÒR¢QQL&µWK\U¶PWÒLX&QJNKµQJSKLPXÒ¡QµQJO¾WQJP¡WKLPLOQFµWQJYYLWURQJW£PWQJ$QKUWWPWKQJ&K®QKF¢LWPWKQJÒÓ¡P4XQK+QJYPQJFµYQF³Q\«XDQKQKQJWWULQJQODFXQJQKLWVLP«WµQVºQJ5LFXFVQJVDXQ¡\FDKDLQJLVWUµLYÒ£X"4XQK+QJNKµQJWUOLÒF7UFQJ¡\Ò¢PKLFµY¡4XQK1KÒ¤WKFFÒ«PÒWU³FKX\Q1KOROQJFKRO¡+QJTX¢PRKLPSKL«XOXNKLYLY¤QKQOLO¡PY&QJ/»FÒ´+QJÒ¤YµWQ´LOLUQJ1KF³QSKL«XOXKQFµNKLG¢P\«X&K¢QK7QJ¡\Ò¢PKLWLQD\PLKQPWWK¢QJWKµLVDRFµQJ¢QQJPY\&´WKW+QJÒ¤O¡PPWFXFSKL«XOXEQJFFXFÒLNKµQJ"LWKµLÒQJQJKêQJLOXQJWXQJQD'XVDRFµY¡&QJFQJ\«XQKDXWKWW-QKNKŃKÄQQ¡ROLFKYWTXDÒFFK0XQYWTXDPLNKŃKÄQÒ´WUFWL«QFµSKLO¡PQYLDQKF¢LÒ¤'WNKR¢W+QJNKµQJWK©PFPWLÒLQWKRL

NKµQJWK©PW-PDQKWUF.KµLOQJWKQJEFY¡R$QKPPFLWK£QWKLQ;RQJUL¡1KDQKWKW4XQK+QJJWÒXY¡OªPOQKWUOLWKHRF¢FKKLXNK¢FF£XDQKKL1KNKµQJF´DQKQ«QWµLWQKL«QQKQK¡P-QK%¢QKQJRQOP$QKÄQWKÒL.KµLOPWQK-QFµ4XQK+QJOHOLFLULQJKL«PWUDQJOWW¡LOLXUDFRL&µEªÒ»QJO¡UDQKQKTX&µO¡PW£PKQNKµNKDQFDDQKVµLQLWUWUXQJKQO«Q

1JQQJPWFK»W.KµLFPF¢LE¢QKFQPWPLQJWRY¡NKHQ1JRQOP&¢PQ4XQK+QJYWWFÑDQKDLWD\Y¡RQKDX+QJWKFPF7µLNKµQJKLX¾YWWFFDDQK"7W+QJVKLXUDWKµL&µFÉLWKDLF£XWKQ¡\NKµQJ"

4XQK+QJW³P³$QKÒFÒL.KµLKLQJQJLUDJKJLQJWUP[XQJ%XLEDQPDL[LQF¢PQOR¡LFKLPOD7µLF¢PQHPY¡FPWFXFÒL





96

4XQK+QJFKSPW7¢QNKªROP&µYWKQQKL«Q+DLF£XWKKD\\FK9\O¡FµÒ¤KLXYWWFFDWµLUL&µUWWK®FKWKÑ»QJNKµQJ"4XQK+QJKLQJFQKL«QQKQJYQJWÒXÑ»QJ1KQJVWK®FKQ¡\Ò£XF´QKKQJWLQJKQJKLS".KµLQKQK¡QJÒ¢S&´FK1JLF´W£PKQQK\FPOXµQFKÒQJWURQJFµQJYLFY¡GWK¡QKFµQJKQQJLNK¢F6DRDQKELWWµLWK®FKWK"

.KµLQ´L9-YDULFµNKHQKDLF£XWKÒ´KD\WURQJNKLF´QKLXQJLNKµQJKLXJ-F4XQK+QJJ¶J¶YLW[XQJE¡Q$QKÒ»QJO¡SKWU¢FKWLSWK1KQJQJLWDNK¢FK¡QJK´D[DOP&RLY\FKNKµQJSKLY\Ò£X.KµLSKWOOLFµJLQJKK«

7µLYDWUFQJKLPWD\QJK[RQJ&µFŃKQÄQJQJ[WWÒ´4XQK+QJNKOFÒX6DQKTX¢/»FQ¡RFQJWKWQKÒºDÒºDQKWKW9LWµLDQKF´QKLXE®PWOP1KQJK¤\ÒLÒ\1J¡\Q¡RÒ´WµLVWUFQJKLPW£PO¾Ò[HPDQKFŃKQÄQJJ-.KµLWPWPFLO¡P4XQK+QJFQJFLWKHR&K»W¢FFPÒLYLDQKEQJWDQELQ+QJPXQKLXDQKKQ/LQKW®QKFKRFµELW.KµLO¡QJLWWÑFO¡PYLFFKXQJYLQJLWWNKµQJSKLPD\PQVDR"

7QKL«Q+QJWK\SKQFKQFµKÄPKG¢QPWY¡RTX\QV¢FKYLTX\WW£PFJQJKFKLÒO¡PÒFQKLXYLF&µPXQ&QJVK¤QKGLQY-P-QKFPXQÒ´Ò£XF´J-VDLSKLNKµQJ"

&KQJ

7µLÒQKQK4XQK+QJPWYLF





97

1JFÒµLPWO»FQ¡RFQJQKQPWQFLE«QWURQJO«Q+QJ£QFQ$QKÒQKQKYLFJ-Y\".KµLJ¤LÒX7µLPXQPXDPWÒµLEµQJFPWKFK&KF+QJU¡QKFKX\QQ¡\"4XQK+QJWK¡RQ´L5¡QKKQDQKO¡ÒQJQKL«Q5LFµKWKSJLQJ%ÒQKFLYK"1XÒ»QJY\SKLWUFµQJWµLPLGQDQKÒLOD.KµLJQJFL

/¡PJ-F´DLÒFL7µLPXDÒWQJP%¡WK®FKEµQJFPWKFKOPWµLPXQE¡EWQJQ«QÒLPXDPWP-QKNKO¡WµLNKµQJELWOD4XQK+QJFKSPL7µLVODJLºPDQK%RÒPE¢FJ¢LVYD¾$QKÒQKFKQJQ¡RÒL"7DQVÒFNKµQJ"+QJYXLYJWÒXFµQ´L

7µLSKLÒLQWKRLERFK1KNKLJKªÒ´Q9¡DQKFÉQSKQÒDWµLYQK¡.KµLQKHRQKHRPW7µLF´FQ[LQSKªS&QJNKµQJÒ£\"ÑµLPµLKQJ[LQK[QFD4XQK+QJFKWSKX[XQJFµFKWQKP-QKNKµQJF³QWGRQK[DQD&QJÒ¤O¡PK³DWUFY¡NKµQJÒ¢ÒQJJ-WLFKX\QÒLO¡PFDFµGºNKLQJKHQ´LFµO¡PFKXQJSK³QJYL.KµLDQKWYNK´FKXUDPW%LY\QXDQKELWÒF.KµLFKFµQKY\FKF&QJOLÒºQJÒºQJQLJLQQD

1KQJFKOWFKL.KµLWK-FRLNKµQJÒFFK»WQ¡R$QKWQJJL»S4XQK+QJYµYOLY¡FµYQF³Q¢\Q¢\Y-FKDWUÒFQÒŃLDP¡4XQK+QJJL»S.KµLO¡Ò»QJ1X&QJJLQFµVJLLWK®FKFKFFKQDQKVKLXUDWKµL0PFLÒ\WWLQ+QJQ´L





98

$QK&QJUWKLXWµLY¡QKUWWW&K»QJWµLWLQWQJQKDXWX\WÒL.KµLÒ\ÒD7LFO¡WµLFKDÒFQ´LFKX\QYL&QJ4XQK+QJKQQKL«QÒ¢S6F´GSWKµLP¡1JKL«QJQJKL«QJÒXQK-QDQK+QJWK-WKP&³QPWWLQJQDO¡KWJLULVDRP-QKNKµQJWKÄQJWUFQK"/£XULWµLFKDJKªOLTX\7Kº\1KL«QQ«QFQJQK0-QKQJKVPWLTX\FKLPWW®ULK¤\PXDEµQJ"Ò´QKLXOP7KDKFKRDQKFKQ.KµLN«XO«Q

+QJÒQKPXDTX\7Kº\1KL«Q¡";LL4XHQÒ£XWK-PXDÒ´&´J-DQKSKLQJFQKL«Q.KµLWYÒQÒR7µLWK\QJL4XQK+QJJWJº$QKVE¡1KL«QPDQJQQ«QE¢QPWQDFKRPWQDFKJ-.KµQJVDRÒ£XWµLV

Q´LO¡PXDFKRE¡PFKQJ.KµLEWFLO¡P+QJÒPWY-F£XQ´LYµW-QKFDP-QK&µKLGLÒ´P¡FL1JLWDY-DQKFKE%£\JLÒLKD\NKµQJWK-ER".KµLOQJO7µLSKLÒL+QJ<QYPLÒF

4XQK+QJFLQJKFKQJPTX«Q7µLFQJSKLJS+QJ<QÒQ´LU¶O¾GRWLVDRG¢PÒLFKXQJYLDQKQXNKµQJDQKNK´VQJYLEF³QWµLFKFFQJEPGSY-EEOLFKD\PDPDL0W.KµLQKÄQQK´







100

0WFµJ¢LGX\«QG¢QJWKµQJPLQKF´W£PKQÒDFPYQGO¡PDQKUXQJÒQJKQ7UFÒ£\.KµLNKµQJQKQUDÒLXÒ´$QKEFKR¢QJNKLOQÒXJS.LX1J£Q&µTX¢ÒSF¢LÒSNKL«XNK®FK\QK+QJ<QE£\JL/»F\.KµLWKYLO³QJEQJPLJL¢SKLO¡PFKWU¢LWLP.LX1J£Q*LDÒ-QKDQKQJK©R.KµLOLNKµQJFKDDQKFKELWODRÒXY¡RFµQJYLFO\FµQJYLFO¡PE¡QÒSÒWRVFK»¾YLFµJ¢LNL«XQJRY¡KDPP«FµQJGDQKQ¡\.KµLOXµQKR¡QWK¡QK[XWVFFµQJYLFÒFJLDR.LX1J£QÒ¤JKªPWÒQDQK9-DQKO¡PQK£QYL«QNKX\QP¤LJLLQKWFµQJW\1KQJE£\JLQKOLÒO¡PJ-QK"0LW-QKÒÓ¡VVDLOPFDFÒµLE«Q$QKÒ¤FJQJQ®XNªRQKQJNKµQJK¡QJQÒFYWQWWWURQJWK£PW£PKDLQJL6ÒYWW\XSKLÒQ&KQJDLQDLWKO¡TX¢WWUL&XFVQJTXDQJLWD¡R¡RÒQFK´QJPWFKF1J£QNKµQJEDRJLQK-QYTX¢NKQKDQKY-1J£QOXµQKÄPKKQJYWUF0¡KXQK[XQJTXDQK.KµLDLFQJY\FRLFKQJDQKNKµQJWKHRNSWKL«QKQXFORQJKêQKQJÒLXQ«QTX«QWO£X

.KµLKL+QJ<Q(P[RQJE¢RF¢RFKD"$QKFQQJD\¡"*QQKY\9-DQKY¡4XQK+QJSKLÒLOLQE£\JLÑ\E-DKVPLNK¢G¡\YSK®D.KµL<QJQJLQJ$QKY¡+QJFºQJPWQK´P¡

9-Fµ\PLY¡RDQKSKLKWUQKÒ¤KWUFKRHPWUFÒ£\WKµL+QJ<QQKFKPµLÑ£XFQSKLJLLWK®FK(PKLXP¡1KQJÒQJF´PLULQLFQJKH&KR[SKVY¡RWNK´DOL.KµLEFUDQJR¡L4XQK+QJORÒRWKHRVDX&µÒ¤QJKHKWOL<QQ´LY¡WK\GQJQK<QJDQKWYLP-QK&µYWKLDQK

7µLYLDQKFºQJPWQK´PWKWVDR".KµLOQJNKQJ&´J-NKµQJQK"4XQK+QJQK®XP¡\





101

$QKYL+QJ<QPWQK´PWK-KD\KQÑ\[HUDNKLE¤L.KµLYDÒSJDYDKLQJQQJQ/¾GR"7µLWK\<QWK®FKQKY\.KµLNKJW7ULL4XQK+JQ«QQKÒ£\O¡FµQJYLFÒ£XSKLWK®FKO¡O¡PJKªWO¡WKµL$LFQJPXQÒFSK£QFµQJWKHRVWK®FKFKFORQPW%¢SÒWFQJFKKD\KRJ-.KµLQKQJPW

ÑFW¡LPWFK»WFKDKQO¡G4XQK+QJOXEX5DNKLFµQJW\ULPLQE¡QYP\FKX\QÒ´Ñ¡QµQJF¢FDQKEDRJLFKÒFW¡L.KµLFK£PELP+-QKQKFµPXQQKFWLQJLÒ¡QµQJFDUL«QJP-QK"4XQK+QJOLF.KµLPWF¢LY-DQKÒR¢QÒ»QJWLPÒHQFDFµ

7PWPFLWKWGJKªWDQKFK+QJO«QQJLY¡YW[HÒL*LQJ.KµLQKQK¡QJ;LQOLQXWµLÒ¤Q´LWU»QJ$QKWKFPFÒLX\O¡PJ-Ñ»QJKD\VDLFQJNKµQJOL«QTXDQWLDQK%LWO¡QKY\QKQJNKQLWµLOLFK»¾ÒQQKQJJ-OL«QTXDQWL+QJ7µLQ´LWKWÒ´4XQK+QJQKÄQQK´

ÑQJFKFTX«WµLQDP¡.KµQJELWO»FWµLFKDY¡RO¡PÒ£\K¡QJQJ¡\DQKO\DLUDÒÒºD7K\.KµLO¡PWKLQK+QJFQJFKQ´LQÄQJJ-WK«P0¤LPWO»FVDXFµPLG³GPW-PKLXDQK7LVDRWµLYQF´FPJL¢FWQJJSDQKO£XULY-DQKWUµQJUWTXHQ





102

.KµLFLNK&KF+QJNKµQJQKUDÒ£X&´PWOQFµWWURQJWUXQJW£PWKQJPLEFUDY¡YDSKLWµL4XQK+QJUHRO«Q$1KUL/»FÒ´DQKÒ¤KLWµL&µF´VDRNKµQJ".KµLQJKL«QJÒXUDVDX9¡+QJÒ¤WUOLNKµQJ7µLF³QÒQJÒFP¡4XQK+QJEWFL$QKQKGDLWKW

7LOQYDFKPÒ´QKLXQWQJYLWµLTX¢7µLFÒQJQJQWUµQJWKHR+QJULKWKQJWKWVNKLWK\FµQJLVDXOQJ&QJ4XQK+QJKQQKL«QNKRH/»FÒ´FK»QJWµLFKDF´J-YLQKDXKW/QÒXWL«Q&QJWLÒ´QWµLÒ\.KµLFKFOLWKDQ7LFTX¢1XELWY\WµLÒ¤NKµQJEOFKLULFFKLF´FP¢\WKLJLDQFD'RUHPRQÒWµLÒFTXD\WUOLKLÒ´QK"

4XQK+QJÒ¢QKWUQJOQJ$QKQ´LFKX\QYXLWKW&KFEDQKSKLFLVXWPLNKLJSQKDX.KµLFKXDFK¢W1XÒFWKWµLÒ£XSKLÒQFDE¡L&KLDWD\HPFKLWD\KR¡QJKµQ4XQK+QJW³P³

6DREXQY\".KµLWUPJLQJ7LFµ\ÒWQKLXNYQJY¡RWµLQKQJWµLOLTX¢G$QKP¡GVDR"1XGGJ-PLY¡RÒ£\O¡PVSQJLWDUL







104

9\KµPQD\FµPXDOXµQÒL4XQK+QJS»QJ7µLÒ£XF´FKXQE.KµLQKLWW-QK[»LÃQWKXDJ-7µLFKR+QJPQ&K¡&KLXQD\P¡FµÒHPTX¡YFKFEWQJG+QJQJQQJ&´FQJSY\NKµQJ"7WG¡QKGPFQJÒFP¡.KµLOFÒX9LEQE©KD\QJL\«XWK-WWFKVDR1KQJYLPWK-NKµQJQ«Q9-WKLJLDQFD

QKQJQJLJL¡F³Q®WOP+QJKLX¾WµLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJÒ¢SQK+LX9\P¡WWUFWLJLWµLFKDNKLQ¡RQJKêWLÑ»QJO¡YµW£P*LQJ.KµLWUP[XQJÑQJWWU¢FKP-QKQKWK*LDÒ-QKWµLFKF´KDLQJLQ«QWµLOXµQQJKêWLPP-QK+QJELWNKµQJWµLVE¡EXQOP6XWWKLJLDQEPWYLFWµLÒ£XG¢PFKRPELW&WLJLÒLO¡PWµL[¢FK[HUDNKLQK¡FKLX[¢FK[HYJQJPXKQFÒLO¡PWKW

9\P¡E¢FJ¢LNKµQJELWVDR"7µLÒ´QJNFKFWK¢QJWULPLESK¢WKLQK«QO¡PWµLNKµQJJLQ4XQK+QJFL$QKGLQFQJFDRVL«XG1KQJDQKÒLÒ£XO¡PJ-FKRKWW¢PJLY¡QJEF".KµLQK»QYDL&¡SK«YLGHRNDUDRNH7KLXJ-WÒLPQKQJKLWQPWFK»W1JLP\TX¢QQ¡\KR¡L

FQJFK¢QWµLW-PYµWKYLQ4XF*LD7URQJÒÝD\«QWêQKYDO¡PJL¡X4XQK+QJQJFQKL«Q9¡RWKYLQP¡O¡PJL¡XF¢LJ-".KµLYXQJWD\O«Q





105

*L¡XNLQWKFQKQJLWDWKQJQ´L7UFÒ£\WµLFQJY¡RWKYLQÒKFE¡L7µLELW0RGHOFDWKLFSV¢FKP¡9¡RWKYLQÒKFF³QY¡ROSWK-OLÒF4XQK+QJEêXPµL;-&¢LJ-DQKFQJELW+D\G*LQJ.KµLWKQJWKQK7µLQ´LWKWP¡7µLELW+QJWO»FWURQJWKYLQ\FK4XQK+QJKRDQJPDQJ7KWK"6DRWµLNKµQJWK\DQK"

.KµLGQJ[HOLY¡Q´L+QJY¡RTX\WUFÒL7µLJL[HF¢LÒ¤9DÒLY¡LEF.KµLÒ¤JL1¡\+QJ&µQJFQKL«Q&´J-NKµQJ"

1KODFKRE¢FJ¢LPWP´QQKª7µLVFKRFµWUQGQGQ1KQJDQKF´GGÒ£X.KµLQKHRPWÑQJOR7µLYDQKQÒFYLQWUWQFQJR¡L1XNKµQJWµLÒ£XF´WWGY\1©&µJLKDLWUÄPÒµQ¡\ÒL4XQK+QJPFPWLQ

ÑY¡RWURQJ\ULW®QK&KVFKQNKµQJÒFP´QQJ¾WKµL9DQK\WQJEFO«QWDPFS+QJYDQJPOLQKQJOL.KµLQ´L/Q¡RDQKWQJJSO»FFµKD\Y¡RWKYLQKFE¡L"





106

3KLQ´L.KµLFQJKD\0DQKF´SK»FNKLÒFFRQWUDLWKQJQKY\&KE-YL&QJ$QKFRLPQKQJLSKFGFKFDP-QK7QKL«Q+QJWLQJKLSE¡1JX\WYµFºQJ'QJQKE¡PDQJPWQLQLPJ-ÒÚWNKQKQJY-&QJE¡FQªQWKWV£X[XQJWQÒ¢\O³QJP¡YXLVQJ+QJFKDELWVDRED&QJOLEYFRQÒPWWK£QPWP-QKVDQJ0YLµQJDQK+DLQKQJPLOQFµÒFSWLFKX\QQ¡\&QJFQJWU¢QKQªWUOL7UQJKS.KµLWK-VDR"&KOEDDQKFQJQFQJR¡LQ«QYDULDQKPLQKQÒFÒµGRµQJJLY"4XQK+QJQK»QYDLEFWLTX\7Kº\1KL«Q&µVFKQJLºP.KµLÒµLEµQJWDLÒSQKW1KQJF´Q«QPXDFKRPQKOLDQKJL¾NKµQJ"&KFO¡NKµQJ9-4XQK+QJFKQJPXQPFQDLKW7K¢QJOQJQ¡\FµVÒQJK1KKºQY¡RSK£QQD+DLFKHPSKLWQJPPWÒµLEµQJWKWÒSPLÒF

ÑDQJQJPQJK®DÒµLEµQJFPWKFKP¡XKRDO¾WURQJ[DQK4XQK+QJEQJQJKH.KµLKL.KHNKµQJ.LX1J£Q"7³P³QK-QO«Q+QJWK\PWFµJ¢LÄQPFVDQJWUQJÒQJJQ.KµL&µWDPPFLNLXF¢FK(PUWJKªWEQKQ«QO»FQ¡RFQJNKH&³QDQKWK-VDR"9QF³QO¡PYLFNKXYFQ¡\¡%LWVDRKQNKLVDQKO¡QKY\

.LX1J£QQJKL«QJÒXQJPQJK®D&ÓQPNWK\DQKF³QJOQJNKRPÒXNKL«QJK¡QJFKRFKWUµQJWLOP1K-QDQKÒQJKR¡QJEYTXQ¢REQKEDRQKE£\JLHPNKµQJWQJWQJQLO»FÒ´DQKUDVDRF.KµLNKRDQKWD\WUFQJF7WKQKWHPK¤\WQJWQJO»FQ¡RDQKFQJOFKVQKY\1KQJVDROLÒLPWP-QKY\"7U®Ò£X"

QKEQW®FKX\QVÒQÒ´QHPE£\JL4XQK+QJFKSPWNKL.LX1J£QN«QKNLXQK-QP-QKULTXD\VDQJQ´LYL.KµL$QKW¡LWKW&µEªQ¡\[LQKOP(PDQW£PY¡NKµQJ£QKQNKLQJKêDQKF³QWKXLWKLPWP-QK&K»FKQKSK»FQKª





107

.LX1J£QÒLULP¡.KµLYQF³QOQJQK-QWKHR/»FQ¡\WUµQJDQKWKPO¡PVDR+QJF´FPJL¢FQ¤\JL.KµLÒ¤GLQNFK0¡QKULDQKF³QOLPWP-QKYLJQJPWNKµQJK´DWUDQJÒ\NKV.KXQKYDL.KµL+QJWK-WKP1JL\«XFSKLKµQJ"7UµQJÒSWKW.KµLPDLPD&KO¡JLFPQJÑSKD\[XFQJYPQJUL+QJFKQÒFÒµLQ¡RFKD"%®FKÑ¡RÒQJVDXTX\YWPLQJUD&KRQ´WK-ÒFULF³QFKRE¡JL¡FKQJWK-FKD4XQK+QJKL

$QKWK\ÒµLQ¡\WKQ¡R"+QJWK\ÒFO¡ÒFUL9\WK-WµLVPXD1KQJPXDPWÒµLWKµL.KµLWUQPWFKDNSQ´LF£XQ¡R4XQK+QJÒ¤E&¢PQO³QJWWFDDQK1KQJÒQJEWªSWµL.ªRFµUDQJR¡L.KµLQKÄQQK´

7ULLVDRFµF£XQGY\"7µLÒDQJQJKêWL&QJY¡WK\NKµQJWKY-QKUWW¢L;LQDQKKLXFKRQKVUWJLQQXWµLPQWLQDQKY-O¾GRNKµQJEFE¢FKQKY\.KµLO¡PWKLQKWUFF£XQ´LULUFÒWNK»FFD+QJ$QKWKG¡L;LQOL7µLNKµQJQJKê[DQKOL+QJQ´L&µY¡RW®QKWLQÒLULWµLÒDY.KµLOQJWKQJEF/³QJDQKYQF³QQK´LÒDXNKLJSOL.LX1J£Q9\P¡.KµL

WQJP-QKÒ¤TX«QNKLPLW-QK\[DULÑ£\O¡OQÒXDQKJS.LX1J£QVDXNKLFµÒL6LQJDSRUHY$QKWQJWQJWQJO»FKDLQJLEWQJWUµQJWK\QKDXWU«QSKFKPPWQKDXWURQJTX¢Q$QKÒ¤QJKêUDFFKFW-QKKXQJQKQJNKµQJKF´W-QKKXQJQ¡RQKYDUL$QKJSFµNKLÒQJE«Q4XQK+QJ.LX1J£QYQNL«XQJRQK[DQKQJFµOLJKHQWXµQJNKLWK\.KµLÒLYLQJL





108

NK¢F&KQJOWURQJWLPFµDQKYQF³QFKÒQJGºQD\PDL1J£QVO¡Y7U®"/\J´LHWUD.KµLÒQKÒWPWÒLXQKQJQK4XQK+QJNKµQJFKXÒFNK´LWKXFQ«Q.KµLÒ¡QKFWY¡R$QKWK\PLQJNKµÒQJNKL&QJKºQJKEFWLSK®DP-QK.KµLFKDNSPPFL[¤JLDR&QJÒ¤FFFQKL4XQK+QJÒ£X"&JLYWQKL«Q.KµLQKQK7URQJTX\7Kº\1KL«Q+QJVUDQJD\7µLQKFµ\PXDJLºPPWP´QÒWKWSKLQNKLÒDQKSKLÒQWQÒ£\Ò´Q+QJ&QJOQKOºQJ

%LWSKLQWK-ÒQJQK1KWO¡QKQJLÒ¤F´FKQJ;LQOL4XQK+QJFKDFK®QKWKFO¡YDQKFµ\F´TX\QJL»SÒEQE©SKLNKµQJ"0W&QJORQJO«Q+QJVSO¡PYWµL1KQJQJD\E£\JLFµ\FKFÉQSKQÒLYLFKQJFKNKµQJF³QTX\QJ-YLEQE©KW7µLFPEWFDLYHY¤Q4XQK+QJ$QKK¤\QKNÒLXQ¡\ÒQJNLPFKX\QÒHRWKHRFµ\QD.KµLQ´QJPWDQKNKµQJQJ&QJÄQQ´LOP¤QJQKY\'XVDRDQKFQJO¡ÒQJ

QJKLSWKPFK®O¡FSWU«QFD4XQK+QJ1XNKµQJWK®FKDQK®WUD&QJFQJSKLWµQWUQJYVSFLFDP-QKFKÑQJQ¡\KQQJDQJQKL«QÒOTXDQQLPFKQJFK»DYWµLPWF¢FKKQJK¢FK7QJQJKH7KµQJQ´L&QJO¡QJLNKµQJUDJ-QKQJDQKÒ£XQJKêKQTX¢Ò¢QJÒQWK7LQJKLS4XQK+QJ&µWUWUXQJKQQKL«QWKNLDO¡PVDRFKXQLW®QKW-QKJ¤Ò¡QµQJQ¡\1JKL«PPWOL.KµLJQWQJWLQJ&K»QJWµLO¡PFKXQJFµQJW\4XQK+QJO¡QK£QYL«QFDWµL$QKQ«QWKQWUQJOLQ´L

&QJFLNK\$QKQK-Q.KµLORPORP.KLQJKê4XQK1KQ´L+QJÒLYLJ¤Ò¡QµQJQ¡\WLTX\7Kº\1KL«QDQKÒ¤ÒL«QWLWO«QY-JLQY-WF&QJNKµQJKJKHQY-DQKELW4XQK+QJUW\«XP-QK1KQJDQKWFF¢LWFFDQJLENNK¢FÒQJÒQYWVKXTX¾JL¢4XQK+QJÒDQJO¡YW&QJ\«XTX¾QKWFµF´PWYWU®PWFKÒQJÒFELWP¡DQKÒ¤VS[SÒ£XWKDLPXQPDQJÒLÒ£XWK-PDQJ4XQK+QJWKDELWW-QKDQKUWQJX\«QWF&KJWW¡QWKXFEÒWVDLFK&QJF³QQLF¢XO«QÒFKXQJKFKLFµO¡YVSFLFDDQKP¡OLG¢PÒLYLJ¤Ò¡QµQJNK¢FNKSFK&µFW-QKE«X[XDQKKD\VDRY\"





109

&¡QJVX\QJKê&QJF¡QJWFDQKÒ£XPXQ4XQK+QJÒLO¡PQ«QOLYDQ´LFD.KµLF¡QJNKLQ&QJEFP-QKKQ$QKNKL«XNK®FK$QKO¡FSWU«QFD4XQK+QJWK-VDR"9WµLFQJ-F¢LFµQJW\PLNKDLWUQJÒ´+1J¡\PDLFµ\VQJKYLFY-WµLWKDVFEREFFµ\VXWÒLÑLO¡PYL+QJO¡ÒFKRYXLFKÒ£XSKLÒEVDLÒLPXDP´QQ¡\P´QQFKRDQK.KµLJLQUXQWUFOXQÒLX[¡L[FD&QJ$QKWK\U¶KQNKµQJJKHQQKQJOQJOQO«Q\QKEPWFD9L&QJ4XQK+QJO¡P´QÒKQVKXELY\&QJFD\F»NKLWK\DQKVGQJFµP¡NKµQJQ´LYLKQOLQ¡R1X&QJ®FKNQKDQKQJKêWK-WKWWLQJKLS+DLQJLF³QÒDQJWUQPWN-QKQKDXWK-4XQK+QJUDWL&µVQJVWNKLWK\&QJ

9LY¡QJEFWLE«QDQK+QJKLQJD\6DRELWHPWLÒ£\KD\Y\"/»FQ¤\WQJDQKÒL6µQJ%ªFKDYQ«QHPÒLQFKRFK1KNKµQJK¡&QJP®PPµLWKWFKW7µLYKD\FKDÒ£XTXDQWUQJ+1XF´WµLFµQJW\HPVEFKX\QÒLPXDVPQ¡\¡4XQK+QJJQJFL

/£XTX¢NKµQJJKªTX\FQJQKVQDQK.KµLQKHPÒLWKÄPFK7KLYL%®FKÑ¡ROXµQWK.KµLWYEWUW7KWSKLQ+QJY¡DQKTX¢7µLWK\QJLYµFºQJ4XQK+QJYLQ´L&´J-Ò£X$QKWQJJL»SWµLP¡$QK&QJYQPXQF´GSQJLWU³FKX\QWKWO£XYL

DQK.KµLEXWPLQJ9\VDR&QJKWK¡PKLWUQJ







111

&QJKLEWQJWUFSKQQJFD+QJ$QKU®WO«Q/¡PYLFFKXQJYLÒ¡QµQJFŃK¢F$LPLJLHRY¡RÒXHPQKQJWWQJÒÝ\"1XNKµQJSKLWKQJ&K¢QKFKFO¡WKQJ.KµL7LQ´F¢P©PWODÑDEYÒÒHRWKHRWKN¾UL«QJ7KQJW³W³W¢QWQKFSGLÒ¤F´FKQJ4XQK+QJÒPY¡ROQJ&QJ&¡QJQ´LF¡QJE\$LFÓL«QTXDQWLDQK&K¢QKFQJEDQKJKªWO£\.KµLW¢QWQKHPKLQ¡RFKÑLXHPQ´LO¡Ò»QJFKFQDLJLHRY¡RÒXF&KF´DQKOXµQOXµQQKLQKªWY¡R´FHPWWQJ[XWJL¢W³QJSKX[DKQFWU¢LÒWWKµL&QJQ´QJQ\7WQJ\PXµQÒLPXµQWKXO¡Ò»QJ.KµQJOHPPXQ[XWJL¢W³QJQKQJWKQJPWG¡\QKWKQJ.KµL"1´LWKWOQÒXWK\QÓÄQJ[ÄQJO®W[®WO»FHPEODPWWLQWµLÒ¤QJKLUL1´FW-QKÒHRÒXLHPQXNKµQJFQJ-[WK£QWKFÒ«PWKFKµP

QJLFDQKV£QED\Y\4XQK+QJQJPWÄPNKLQKWLOL.KµL$QKERELWFµWWURQJWKYLQ/Q¡R.KµLF¾WKHRFµQK&QJYDSK¢QÒR¢QQ«QDQKOXµQJDOÄQJYL+QJ%WÒXO¡YLFPXDSLQWLFKX\QEWKDLWKQJ7£\U£X[PE£\JL.KµLOLÒQJKFKRP-QKPQWLQÒPXDEµQJWDLFKRP7KWUDDQK\PXQJ-"7WFFKX\QÒ¤[\UDO¡GRQJXQKL«QKD\.KµLF´FKÒ®FK"ÑDQJF³QQJQQJVX\QJKê4XQK+QJOLQJKHJLQJ&QJTX\QK¡QK/¡PKWWK¢QJQ¡\HPQJKFKRUL7LQOQJEDFFEDÒQJDQKWKDVFQXµLHP

4XQK+QJW¢L%DFFEDÒQJFQJO¡GRFµQJVFFDHP'ºE£\JLKD\VDXQ¡\HPFQJWQXµLP-QKFKNKµQJÒDQKSK¢WWLQWK¢QJÒ£XÑQJF´FKDFKLÒ¤TX\QK¡QKYLHP1XPXQO¡PYLFDQKVW-PFKRHPFKNK¢FFKNKµQJSKLDQKTX\QK¡QK4XQK+QJQ´L&KQJQ¡RDQKW-PÒFFKNK¢FK¤\KD\7UFÒ£\DQKWQJKDW-PYLFFKRHP

QKQJF´ÒFÒ£XP¡E£\JLOLKDQD&QJFK-FKLW7LHPWK®FKY¡RFKTXHQELWYL4XQK1KKQQ«QNKµQJFKXFKDQK+%£\JLDQKÒ¤KLXWLVDRHPWK®FKO¡PÒ£\UL/£XO£XÒLVPVDYLQ´FQJYXLSKLNKµQJ"7KWO¡EPWWµLTX¢VF





112

4XQK+QJXWFÑ¤QJKêYHPQKWKF³QÒ´QÒDO¡PJ-ULVEPW&QJKXQJKÄQJ7µLÒQÒ£\[HPWK¢LÒWKQJ.KµLUDVDR&QJPD\O¡QÉLWSKLTX\ÄQQ´LQKQKNKµQJWK-WµLELQKY¡RPWUL4XQK+QJQJDRQJ¢QÒQWQFºQJFµPXQNK´FY-QKQJOLWKµWKLQYDULFD&QJ6DRF¡QJQJ¡\DQKF¡QJÒOW®QKNK®FDP-QKÒQWK+QJWK\GQJQKWURQJDQKQFKDKDLFRQQJLNK¢FKQQKDX0WQJLYµFºQJOFKVQKRQK¤WQKF³QQJLNLDWK-QKQKHQ®FKNÒFÒR¢QUQJWXFK1XO¡PYDQKVXWÒL4XQK+QJSKLFKXÒQJSKQQJLF³QOLFD&QJ0FÒFKXÒQJFDFµWLÒ£X+QJNKµQJÒR¢QQL1KQJQJD\E£\JLFµNKµQJWKLPOQJÒF4XQK+QJQKFKPµL

/\TX\QJ-DQKÒ³LÒ¢QK"&QJQJKLQUÄQJÑQJKLÒWµL7µLF´TX\QO¡PFKQJHPÒFNKµQJ"4XQK+QJQLVºQJO«Q4X\QTXV\Ò£XSKLÒWKKLQYLFYYQQ¡\$QKÒWP-QKTX¢FDR9LDQKHPFKQJNK¢FQ¡RPWQµW-FKF³QWKLXO\NKÄQFKHPWNKLUDÒQJFKRYDO³QJDQKQDWKµL

&QJWS[HY¡ROJLQJOQKWDQK(PPXQQ´LWµLÒFW¡LNKµQJFKRHPWGRFKJ-"ÑFQXHPG¢PNKQJÒQKUQJYLFÒLPXDVPYLWKQJNKQ\O¡Ò»QJWK-GWNKR¢WQJD\E£\JLÒQJDLQ\ÒLWµLNKµQJO¡PPWWGRTX¾E¢XFDHPQD4XQK+QJQK\[XQJ[HPWW¢LÒLY-[»FÒQJ&µKQKQQ´L7µLÒ¤FKQFRQÒQJFDP-QKUL$QKNKLFQSKLQ´LQKLX

'WOLFµFK\V¢WY¡RWURQJÒLWKWQKDQK&QJKLKQJY-WK¢LÒFD4XQK+QJQKQJYQO¡QJLNL«XQJRQ«QFEPFFµOPOLEFDQKUJDSK´QJY»WÒLNKµQJWK©PQ´LWK«PPWOL'ºELW&QJVO¡PWKQKQJ4XQK+QJÒDXQK´LQJF&µGQJOLYQFKQVRQJVWK¡QJU¡RFDPWELWWKÒPFQFPWDUDPFWULÒWÑDQJWK»WWK®WQJRQO¡QK+QJFKWQJKHWLQJ[HQJQJNE«Q1JKêUQJ&QJWUOL





113

FµKWPWO«QÒQKÒXL1KQJQJLYDÒQV¢WFµNKµQJSKL&QJP¡O¡.KµL$QKKLPWKL6DR+QJOLÒQJÒ£\"&µNK´FK"+DLQJLJLQQKDXY-WµLSKLNKµQJ"4XWYLQFPWWU«QP¢4XQK+QJKPKFQ´L9DO³QJDQKULFKÑQJÒQJÒ£\FKRNKWK£QWµLWK«PQDÑ¡QµQJF¢FQJLFKELWQJKêWLP-QKWKµL7µLFK¢QTX¢ULÑFKRWµL\«QPWFK»W9DQ´L+QJYDFQPµLÒQJÄQP-QKÒQJNK´FQD.KµLELULYµFºQJ$QKNKµQJQJ&QJJKHQGY\&KFKQÒ¤QQJOLYL4XQK+QJQ«QFµPLNK´FWKQ¡\1KQJGºJKHQFQ¡R&QJFQJNKµQJQ«QE+QJJLDSK[¢/»FÒDQJEXQJLQDLELWFµVO¡PJ-FK.KWKW1XELW&QJTX¢TXWQKY\DQKÒ¤NKµQJQK+QJ

7UPJLQJ[XQJÒ\£QKQ.KµLQ´L;LQOL9-WµLP¡KDLQJL[®FKP®FK7K\+QJF»LPWO¡PWKLQKDQKQ´LWLS.KµQJQ«QÒQJQJR¡LÒQJÑWµLÒD+QJY7µLWORÒF$QKÒLÒL.KµQJÒF1X+QJQJLWµLVJL[®FKOµJLºPÑFµODQJWKDQJWµLÒ£X\«QW£P

.KµLY\FKLF[®FKOµYDWUWL4XQK+QJOHRO«QY¡Q´L&¢PQQKQJNKµQJKQK-QDQK/³QJ.KµLFKºQJ[XQJ$QK[´W[DNKLWK\QFPWÒPÒ-DWU«QPW+QJ1J¡\[D.LX1J£QYLDQKFQJKD\JLQQKDXQKQJ®WNKLQ¡RDQKÒ1J£QNK´FFQJQKEFµPWP-QKQJR¡LÒQJQK&QJE4XQK+QJFKLXQD\&ÓYLKDLQJLÒ£\NKµQJSKLOQÒX+µP[\UDYODÒRWLQEFTX\7Kº\1KL«Q&QJFQJKPKPEYPF+QJVK¤LOR£XY-EWU¢RPWPWVWLQTX¢

OQ+µPÒ´&QJE4XQK+QJY-W¢LE£\JLDQKWDÒFµÒQJNK´FQJR¡LÒQJY-JKHQ1JLQK&QJÒ»QJO¡QKQW£P$QKWD[HPP-QKTX¢FDRÒ¤Y\F³QPXQVKXQJL\«XQKVKXPWP´QÒ.KµLFQªQWLQJWKG¡L$QKNKµQJÒO¾OXQÒFWQJKêDÒFW-QK\«X$QKWQJ\«X1J£QY¡NKVY-FµVXWWKLJLDQG¡L*SOL1J£Q.KµLYQUD\UWNKµQQJXµL1KQJ





114

WUFJQJPWQK³HQKRWQFPWFD+QJWLP.KµLQKEDLY³Q¢W1KQJDQKJL»SÒFJ-FKRFµNKLDQKNKµQJSKLO¡&QJ"%PFFKLF[®FKOµFKPFKSSK®DWUF.KµLUTXDÒQJNK¢F%XLFKLX[XQJWKWE-QK\«Q%«QN-DFµQJYL«QF´ÒDWUYDWXWWD\O¡PED\TXE´QJÒ.KµLFKSPWQK-QWKHR4XE´QJQKQK¡QJED\FDR&K»WPQJWQJK¤RKX\QFD.KµLFQJED\PWUL$QKÒ¤TXDWKLP«FKLFDWUWKVDROLWLFQJQWLFQJNKLWK\TXE´QJP¡XF¡QJO»FF¡QJ[DF¡QJ[DNY\"

&KQJ

+QJ<QWK³ÒXY¡RFDSK³QJJLWR&ŃK¢FKN-D4XQK+QJ

ÑDQJQJLÒFOLE¢RF¢R+QJJLWP-QKQK-QO«QQKQJNKµQJWK\DLFµWQJ<QÒºDQ«QOLFK»LPLÒFWLS7K\Y\+QJ<QE©QJW7KWP¡&´FKQ¡RW-P+QJÒDQJQJLFKGLFÄQWLQN-D4XQK+QJQJFQKL«QD$LY\WD"1K»QYDLPWF¢L<QWUOL.KµQJELW1KQJFKWDQ´LFQJS+QJQJD\&´FKX\QTXDQWUQJ4XQK+QJYLY¤ÒQJG\&µQK-QJL\WEEQWU«QE¡QP¡QJDRQJ¢Q+QJ<QWYWKµQJFPÑWµLG³OLGºPFK&¢PQFK<Q&KF³QP\WUDQJWKµL9DEF[XQJFXWKDQJ+QJYDOROQJ&µÒR¢QFKDUDDLW-PP-QK1KQJELW

FKFNKµQJSKLFK1KY-QXF´FKX\QJ-FKÒ¤ÒLQWKRLFKÒ£XFQWLÒ£\FKRSKLQSKF9¡RFÄQWLQ4XQK+QJQJFQKL«QÒQVQJVNKLWK\&PÒDWD\Y\Y\P-QK+QJYLÒQE¡QFD&PY¡KLQJD\7-PHPF´FKX\QJ-NKµQJ"





115

.ªR+QJQJL[XQJ&PFLFL/¡PJ-KSWDKSWSY\8QJQFF¢LULWWFKHPP-QKQ´LFKX\QVDX+QJKRDQJPDQJQK-Q&P&µWKDELWFK&PNKµQJDP-QKQ«QQJSQJQJP¤L+QJFKDPOLÒF&PWK£QPW(PXQJJ-"&KRHPPWO\VLQKWVDEµFK«.K¢FYLWK¢LÒQµQQ´QJFD+QJ&PQKQQKQK-QTXDQKY¡KL(PO¡PÒ£\FKFNKRKQÒQJE¢QWLPY¡QJ"

4XQK+QJJWÒX&PWUPJLQJ&KQ¡\OQJKQJNK¢FK".KµQJÒR¢QÒFÒ®FKFXFWKÄPYLQJEWQJFD&PQ«Q+QJWKQWUQJWUOL6RYLO»FÒQJTX\OQJE«QQ¡\WKQQKQJEºOLWLQKWKQHPWKRLP¢LY-NKµQJSKLOREWKWWKR¢W&KKLX+µPWUFF´QJKH&QJNFKX\QWLQEFEPWP¢W&QJPD\O¡Q´ÒVÒQEºFKRHPNKµQJFKFSKLQJLWºUL

+QJQK®XP¡\O»FFµKRDQJPDQJFKDKLXKWF£XFKWDYDQ´LWK-&POLFKªSPLQJWKDQ%\WUÄPÒµODFKÒ£XSKL®W(PF´SKFOPPLÒFWKQJ&QJORQKY\1Ó¡FK»DNHREQGJ-DLPRLÒFPW[X4XQK+QJQJQJ¡QJ&KQ´LY\O¡VDR"(PNKµQJKLXJ-KW

&PNKX\NKX\O\QFPWÒDQKOL7UFÒ£\DQK+¡RF´JLYKDLQJ¡QÒµ&QJÒ¤O\WUQVWLQÒ´1´Q´LÒDHPE\WUÄPÒµÒÒQFKRFKWLPQWUDQJPWQJ¡QEDWUÄPÒµF³QOLORÒ¢PKL&KX\QÒ´TXDUL7K£QO¡PFKFKNKµQJWUDQKJL¡QKYLQ´GºWKFWYLVWLQÒ´&QJSKLFKLDO¡PEQSKQFKRFKEDPY¡Q´1KQJ&QJO¡ÒDWKDPODPQ«QPLÒ£\DQK+¡ROLJLYKDLQJ¡QÒµQDQŃKµQJFKLDEQP¡FKÒDFKPWWUÄPÒµF³QEDRQKL«XW´PJQQÉRÒ¤ÒDHPÒPXDÒFL













120

+QJ<QQKHRPW&KERHP[XQJJSµQJ[¤7KO¡QJLPUHÒLPWQF'ºÒDQJPWY-WF+QJYQFÒºDQJVFKQ«QPLLPÒ\;-7QKL«QOLVFKÑQJE¡\ÒWFKFFKYLQJQD+DRKLWQVFP¡NKµQJFŃWTXÒ£X&KDJ-Ò¤U»WOXLVDR"+QJ<QEWFL/PPPYDYDWKµL&KÒ£XQJFQJKFKWLQO«QKLQ¡RÒ£XP¡SKLU»WOXL

4XQK+QJW¢QY¡R(PWK\DQK.KµLÒFOPÒ´<QWPWP&KFQJWK\JLQJHP1KQJWK\ÒO¡PJ-"&KWKFWOPQ«QYLW-QK\«XFKFQJW®QKOP.KµL[HPFKQKEQ9\O¡TX¢WWULÑHRÒXLO¡PFKLQJLNKµQJSKLFDP-QKULNK5WFXFW-QKFQJNKµQJP¡EQFQJNKµQJ4XQK+QJQ´L

7LFKNKµQJ\«XFKQXO\«XULWK-P\VµQJFKQJOLP\Ò©RFKQJTXD+QJ<QFKQJWD\GLFPJLQJWO/LVXLWU©RÒ©R¡&KLFKRNK[¢FY\&KNKµQJÒLQ¡R\«XQKWK+QJPWPLQK-Q+QJ<Q&µQ´LQK1XY\FKO¡QJLVXQJVQJ

4XDF¢FKQ´LFKWQJQKHPÒDQJÒDXNKJK«OP%¡KLQ¤\O¡DLY\"4XQK+QJQK»QYDL&KFKQJWQJODL<QQKQ[ªW





121

7UµQJEQJXGV+QJQKFKPµLFK¢QFKQJ1KWLQKQJOL&PQ´LO»FQ¤\FµFKQJELWP-QKVÒL[UDVDRNKLJS&QJQXÒµLFRTXDOLQKÒQWDLEDPWK-FKQJKD\KRJ-F³QLPOQJWK-NKµQJFKXQL'RQ¡\+QJ®WÒLFKLYL&QJDQKÒQQK¡FµQ´LY¡LEDF£XO¡OQKO«QSK³QJPFFKR&QJQJLW¢QJXYL3KLKD\YLEDFµVXWFEXL1PWURQJSK³QJUL«QJ+QJYQQJKHWLQJDQKWKWWRWKWKºQJKQ$QKYQWK®FKQ´LWLPFWLFµQJGDQKVQJKLSY¡VKR¡QKR7UFÒ£\+QJWKQJWU³QPWQJKHQKXQJO\WQJOLWQJF£XFD&QJP¡NKµQJELWFK¢Q%£\JL+QJOLVSKLQJKHQKQJOXQÒLX\7UQP-QKWURQJSK³QJKD\QJLNDQKWU«QVDORQFQKEDP+QJYQWK\FµÒQNLQKNKQJGQG¡FµQKQUDÒLYL&QJFµFKO¡PWF¢LE´QJQKQKRL$QKNKµQJFQTXDQW£PÒPWO¡PFKLY-FµÒ¤EU¡QJEXFY¡RDQKY¡VWKHRDQKÒQKWNLSQ¡\&QªQWLQJWKG¡L+QJUQJKêÒQEDPQJE¡VFKQJYXLJ-NKLELWW-QK\«XFµG¡QKFKR&QJÒ¤UQQW'RQ¡\KDLQJLÒDQJEXQEFY-FKX\Q4XQK1K

QJDQJQKL«QÒLFKLYL&K¢QKEWFKSEODPQJQXE£\JLFµY¡&QJPWÒLPWO¡PFKRUDOQKQJOLJLDQGLFDDQKWKWNKµQJQ«Q7+QJ\«XY¡ÒQJ¾O¡PY&QJWWQKWQ«QLPOQJP¡FKXJ£\JPêO«QQKPJLLTX\WÒFJ-"&µVEDQKÒFVDR"'XJ-FQJÒQKQJ¡\FLULFQJPDQJWLQJF´FKQJUL+QJÒDQJE¡QJKR¡QJYLÒLXYDQJKêWLWK-JLQJ<QFKWYDQJO«Q%E¡FKFKQJQ´LJ-O¡PHPEFP-QKK"Ñ£XF´<QW³P³

6DRWO»FJSEWLJLPWHPQJQJY\"+QJOFÒXULOQJVDQJFKX\QNK¢F&KÒFKWE¢RF¢RGºPHPFKD"QJ.KµLO\UL+QJQJSQJQJ

QKF´Q´LJ-NKµQJ"<QE»QJP´QJWD\N«XWDQKW¢FK7K-KLHPÒ£XULÒ´5LFµXRLYQYDL





122

7XQVDXOLSKLÒL[D&K¢QWKWÑFQKHPVXWQJ¡\WUFSK³QJNKRUH+QJELUL(PFQJWK®FKÒLOPFK1KQJP¡<QWLQKTX¢L1KQJJSSKLDQKFKQJ2WHQOµJKHQQKTXY¡JLLSKºSKªSYLJL¢PÒFQ«QHPÒFWUFSK³QJSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJJQJFL/¡PJ-F´&KLKR¡L&K®QKWDLFKQJKHDQKWDQ´LFKX\QYLJL¢PÒFÒ£\

+QJQK®XP¡\$QKWDQ¡RFK<QODO«Q7ULL$QKFKQJHPFKDQKQ¡R*LQDLKR¡LPWTX¢+QJQKWU«QP£\YDUL[XQJFµµPO\QJFS»QJKLPWKL&QJFÝ¡RJSJL¢PÒFK"+LQ¡RY\FK<Q"QKJSQJFKLY\"

+QJ<QFQJQJFQKL«QD(PNKµQJELW¡*K«WKWDQKFK¡QJQ¡\£PWKPWDL0WQKÄQY-VWUXW+QJJW(PFKELWJ-F&KNPDXPDXÒL<QQK®XP¡\&KQKNKµQJOPWK-VDXKµPHPY¡.KµLÒL07KRYPWQJ¡\FKQJHPWLÒ£\JS

JL¢PÒF7KQK+µPÒÝ-WKLXP¢\YLW®QKQ«QFKSKLY¡RO¡PYLFQKP¢\FDQJ&Ý\PLQJKHWR¡QEF£XFKX\Q9\O¡O£XOPUL"WK-O£XULFKDLQ´LPLKLQ¡R+QJWKQWK





123

%DÒ´FKQJKH&QJQ´LQKQJJ-"/¡PUDYTXDQWUQJ<QKJLQJÑXWL«QDQKFK¡QJJLLWKLXW«QQJKQJKLSFKFY5LVDXÒ´µLWKµL1´LQKLXLO¡QKLX&µQJQKQµQJ[¤HPQ´LG¡LQ´LGDLY¡Q´LKD\WKW/RQJKHDQKWDQ´LFKEPOQSK®POLDOD1KQJQKQ´LF¢LJ-"<QYXWYXWW´F1JX\«QYÄQWK-QKNKµQJQLÑLNK¢LO¡&QJNKRHQKWKDVFQXµLYQKQJWLHPÒ³LÒLO¡PFKRYXLQ«QDQKWDSKLFKLX¾QKÒQJKJL¢PÒFFKX\QHPTXDSK³QJNK¢F[DKQDQK.KµL1XNKµQJFKFQKVEXFHPQJKYLF

4XQK+QJU«QULWULL5LVDRQD"ÑQK[HP&QJF³QQ´LµQJ.KµLÒHRWKHRW¢QWQKHPOLGQJHPQJ7KQKEFP-QKPLUDP\OQDQKFK¡QJPLFKXÒQJG\9DO»FÒ´DQK.KµLEFY¡RQJFKQJ2WHQOµFDHPOLQGQPW.KµLEQJPWF£XOSOQJ7µLÒ¤Q´LYLJL¢PÒFK¡QKÒQJFDDQKÒLYLYWµL$QKOLXKQÒ\7¢LFPWY-WF+QJQJKQOL6DR&QJOLTX¢TXWQKY\(P[XKTX¢<QL

+QJ<QOLNWLS.KLQJKHJL¢PÒF7KQKNQKQJOL&QJQ´LYP-QKDQK.KµLJLQJK«OP0WQKW¢L[DQKW¢LPªWQK-QWK\Q&KQJKêQX&QJF³QÒ´FKFE.KµLQK¡RYµÒSOLQUL1KQJNKLQJKHµQJ7KQKERVFKRHPQJKÒ\«QQK£QOLQFWK-.KµLOLKFQJLQ[XQJ7K\FKQJLFKRQJQJ´FWURQJSK³QJQKYERFKYWUFÒLQWKRLJLºP%LWWQJO¡.KµLNKµQJPXQDLQJKHQ«QFKOFKVÒQJO«QQJD\&KELWKDLQJLQ´LJ-QKQJPWO¢WVDX.KµLYSK³QJYLYKWVFNKRDQNKR¢LQKFKRELWFKX\Q+QJÒ¤VS[SQWKRULGQFKNKµQJQ«QQKFOLYLHPFQJQKN

YLEWFDL/LF+QJPWF¢LQKQJPG³[HPWK¢LÒFDFµ<QQ´L7KµPÒ´HPÒFPLQÒLFµQJW¢F[D1JKêFQJVQJWK£Q&KF´ÒLXFFQJLNK¢F+QJEWUW





124

9\O¡FSK³QJSKLJQJWK«PSKQYLFFDHPVDR"<QG¡LJLQJ.KµQJSKLO¡FSK³QJP¡FKP-QKDQK.KµLWKµL1JLWDQ´LQKF´WU¢LWLPEDRODE¢F¢LW-QKFQJÒ»QJ&KWK-FWKFPFFKQJELWWU«QÒLQ¡\F³QÒFP\DQKFK¡QJEFµQJ[»FWªSQXµLF³QK.KµL+QJO¡PWKLQKQKQJWLPFµÒSWK-QKWKFKY-W¢L&µJLQ&QJJLQEQWK£QP-QKY¡JLQF.KµL&µNKµQJPXQPFQDQKFK»WQ¡R7LVDR.KµLOXµQWWYLFµY\"0®PPµLOL+QJWYFQJTX\W(PVJSDQK.KµLY¡ÒQJKQKSK£QFµQJFKRHPQKPLQJL<QKWKRQJ[XDWD\

.KµQJÒFÒ£X&KKDYLQKULHPO¡PY\FKVPDQJWLQJQKLXFKX\Q0¡FKOLJKªWQKWEDF¢LWU³ÒµLFRQ¡\+QJWUPQJ£P&K\«QW£P(PVF´F¢FKQ´LUL«QJNKµQJQKKQJWLDLKW7WQKWHPQ«QLPOQJ&KY¡.KµLWKµQJFPKR¡QFQKFDHPP¡1KQJHPNKµQJPXQPDQJQDQK.KµL

<QFKWOLÒ»QJG\%LWHPEQJWKQ¡\FKÒ£XQ´LUDO¡PJ-FKRUQFKX\Q7KµLWK-PXQVDRWº\HPPLQÒQJYÄQJPLQJWLFKO¡ÒFUL%£\JLFKYWUFÒ£\+QJÒDQWD\Y¡RQKDXÒX´FULEL&QJFRLWKQJFµTX¢PF+QJO¡PVDRFKXÒQJDQKQLQXÒ¤O¡YDQK7GQJQFPW+QJOLKRHQPLFµJFÒX[XQJE¡QWK»WWK®W&µWK©PF´QJLNE«QÒQ´LKWQKQJÒLXQFWURQJO³QJ1KQJ<QNKµQJSKLO¡WULNÒ+QJEFEFKQLQLPY¡RO»FQ¡\ÑLXÒ´FQJNKµQJWU¢FKFK\ÒFY-QJR¡LJLO¡PYLF

UD+QJFKDOQQ¡RQQQ¢OLWU³FKX\QÒLPXDVPÄQXQJYL<QKD\YLDLWURQJFµQJW\&µJLQJQKPWE¡YÒPÒDQJFÒLWDQVO¡FK\ºYQK¡ORFKRFKQJFRQ+QJNKµQJTXDQW£PÒQÒQJQJKLSY¡WU»WP-QKY¡ROSYQKFRQFDQSKQWKWKDWK-E£\JLK¤\WP-QKYYDQLWU¢LWLPP-QKÒL7UFÒ£\.KµLWKQJTXDQW£PÒQ+QJ1KQJVDXOQJL[®FKOµFKRFµYÒQQD\DQKÒ¤WKD\ÒLWK¢LÒ7UQFL[¤JLDRKD\QKQJF£XWUDRÒLWURQJFµQJYLFDQKY¡+QJQKKDLN[DO$QKQJKL«PQJKOQKOºQJ[DF¢FKO¡PFµNKµQJKQJWK»JL







126

7KD\Y-QLQ´QJY-F£X[´FKµQJFD.KµLNKµQJKLXVDR+QJOLPXP¢R7µLNKµQJELW7ULL&KRWLE£\JLWµLPLQKQUDKXQKWµLNKµQJELWJ-YFRQQJL&QJKW1´LGWOL+QJµPPWNK´FWFNK´FWLO¡P.KµLFXQJO«Q$QKÒQJQFµQJSQJQJP¤LPLQ´LÒFKDLWLQJ1®QÒL1DRQJ+QJF¡QJNK´FQKLXKQ.KµLQJLSKFK[XQJJKOPEP9\WK-FNK´FFKRÒ¤5LDQKWDV[LQOLKDLE«QVKXQKQKQJOQNK¢F4XQK+QJJ¡RO«Q6NKµQJF³QOQQ¡RNK¢FQD7µLWKQKY\

$QKQKQKÑQJWKWKWNKµQJQ«QÒ£X.KL\«XSKLEDRGXQJUQJOQJ+QJTXFPW$QKFKJLLQ´LQKV¢FK7µLNKµQJWKEDRGXQJUQJOQJÒFY-WµLO¡PWFRQEªKWVFWPWKQJ7PWKQJÒQPFEQJLP-QKWKQJODGLP¡NKµQJKD\NKµQJELWJ-KW.KµLYQJYE¡RFKDFKR&QJ

7KWUDDQK\Y-TX¢\«X+QJQ«QWLÒ£\Q´LQKWK7ÒXWµLÒ¤QJKê+QJNKµQJELWFKX\QQ¡\Q«QPLLPOQJ7WFFQJWLWUFÒ£\WµLTX¢WQKL«QYL+QJ/¡Ò¡QµQJJ¤Q¡ROLFKQJ®FKN+QJFLFD\ÒQJ&µWK\NK´FKXNKL.KµLFE¡RFKDFKR&QJ&µQK-QDQKNKL«XNK®FK7µLWLQDQKFQJFKELWY&QJQKDQKWKQJU«XUDR+1XU¡QKFRQQJLÒ´DQKQ´LWK[HPED&QJÒDQJÒ£X

.KµLEXWPLQJ%¢F\GDQJWURQJWULGQJO¤R&KQJOY-+QJNKµQJELWFKX\QQ¡\ULFKRO¡&QJODGLP-QK"7µLEODWKW$QKWLQNKµQJ"7µLFKELWJ-F7µLWµLP¡WKµL6DROLEWDQKQJKHQKQJFKX\QQ¡\FKÑLXWµLPXQÒQJKO¡ÒFSK£QFµQJQKQKQJQJLNK¢FWURQJQK´PÑQJEWWµLQK¡O¡PE¢RF¢RYLWNKRFKQD1XNKµQJWµLVÒL«QPW









129

&KY-QKQJEWÒQJÒ£XÒ£XP¡EQKDX.K´WLQWKW.KµLE-QKWKQQ´L+QKSK»FKD\NKµQJO¡GRQKQJEWÒQJÒ£XÒ£XÒ\0¡WKµL1´LQKLXFKFJ-+QJÒ¤KLXF£XWµLÒFO»FQ¤\1JQKQWURQJW-QKFPO¡ÒLXNLQKNKQJQKW0D\PQO¡WµLÒ¤FDQÒPYWTXDFK®QKP-QK1XNKµQJFKFWLE£\JLWµLY¡.LX1J£QYQF³QNKY¡YQSKLFKQJ¡\Q¡RÒ´W£PKQFKDLVKR¡QKSO¡PPW7K\FµFKQJWD\WO.KµLQKQK&KQJELWQKQJOLGµQJG¡LYDULF´JL»S+QJÒFJ-NKµQJ&KPRQJ+QJPD\PQKQWµLYPLPW1K-QÒQJKDQKQKQK

&KF+QJÒ¤YLEXQUL7µLSKLYFKPÒLFµQJFKX\Q+QJFLKªRKW1XWµLF³QEXQDQKFÓLNKµQJ".KµLWKQJWKQ7µLWK\NKµQJQ«Q9-QJL+QJÒDQJFQWKWVO¡&QJ3KLF´FDQÒPQK-QOLW-QK\«XFDP-QK9¡FDQÒPFKSQKQKD\WFKLQŃKLFKDEU¡QJEXFELKµQQK£Q

+QJFKSPWQ´LOQJÒL$QKFKDSK£QFµQJFWKYLFO¡PVSWLFKRWµL.KµLQKQJP¡\&µPXQÒLWLSWKWQK¡'WKµL&YWKROXQYL&QJ1XF´JL\XTX\QFDQKWµLVSK£QFµÒLQJD\+QJFQ

7µLNKµQJÒºDÒ£X9DEFUDFD.KµLYDQ´LYQJY¡R7µLFQJY\+QJOQJQJKHWLQJFK£QDQK[DGQY¡KWKRQJQKQUDQLFµÒQFDP-QK





130

&KLXQD\[\UDQKLXFKX\QO¡P+QJULEºW£PWU®1KQJOL.KµLQ´LOSOQJF´¾J-"&µF´QJQKQWURQJW-QK\«XNKµQJ"1XF´+QJFQJÒ£XFDQÒPWE&QJNKLFKF³QY¡LWK¢QJSKºGXQDWKµLO¡WLQJ¡\FLUL&µÒ£XWKJLDFKQJTXD\OLNKµQJÒLWLSFRQÒQJÒDQJÒL7WFÒ¤ÒFFKXQEÒQJO¡PNK¢FÒLXFK®QKFµÒ¤FKQ

&KQJ

1JLSK®DVDX[H4XQK+QJK¢RKFFLPWP-QKNKLQJKH4XQK1KQ´L$QK&K¢QKVUWYXLNKLWK\HPÒLYLFKQKPLÒµQJNKµQJ"&KQJPLQJLWR¡QQJLWK£QNKµQJWKµL&´DQKFK¡QJ.KµLQDÒ´

7QKL«Q+QJF¡XQK¡X.DQKWDQJ¡\Q¡RFKJSPWNYLHPO¡PFKL1KWPWPÑHPNKLQJFQKL«QY¡FKXQEWLQKWKQY-JSQKDXFTXDQNK¢FYLJSQKDXWURQJQK¡K¡QJ7LQD\WUµQJHPUDYWLXWKOP&KF.KµLFKDXQJUXÒ¤WK\VD\4XQJ+QJN«XO«Q&KFQJFKFHPYLDQKWDQDVDR"7LWDL&QJOLNK1JKL«QJQJKL«QJÒXUDVDX1KQ´L.KTX¢LJ-'S&QJTXDPWE«Q7K£QP-QKGRP-QKO¡PFK&´FKLQ«QNLPWUDOLW-QKFP[HP&´SKLW-QK\«XÒŃKµQJQJWDQK¡Y\P¡KD\1JKH1KNªRG¡LJLQJUDWKHRPWE¡LK¢W+QJQKÄQQK´&K[»LE\HPNKµQJK¡

.KµQJSKL[»L1©HPF´WKTXDPWEDPFKÒ£XTXDPWÒFFK+QJG©GW9FKX\QJ-"&KX\QHPY¡&QJQKWFDRWÒLTX¢Q«QNKµQJQKQUDFµYVSFLQJ¡\F¡QJFK¢QP-QKWURQJNKLFKOLQKQUD







132

PXQNKµQJQJKêWL&QJFK»WQ¡RQKQJVDRO³QJFµOLNKWKQ¡\1KUY¡RPWNKXµQYL«QNK¢UQJ1JLSKFYYLFK\UDÒD[HY¡RE¤L+QJF´FPJL¢FFKP-QKUWU¡QKQLQ¡\&µKL&KWQJÒQÒ£\UL¡"1KJWÒX9¡LEDOQYLDQK&K¢QK+µPQ¡RN«X&QJÒDHPWLÄQÒELQ&´SK³QJG¡QKUL«QJFKRKDLQJLPF»QJOP+QJJQJJRFL&µFKWWK\P-QK[DOFYLFK1K&KWUDEQJO³QJWUFKQKSK»FKLQWLGºFXFW-QKFDFKÒDQJJSEDRQKL«XFKQJÒL7U¢LOL+QJÒDQJGQYWNKVY-YPQJNKLW-QK\«XFDP-QKVXµQVP\«Q+DLFKHPFµÒXWW-PKQKSK»FW-QK\«X$LG¢PNKQJÒQK4XQK+QJVPD\PQF³Q4XQK1KVEWKQK+QJNKHNKOFÒX&µQJSQJQJEFO«QQKQJSKLQÒ¢O´WÒQJ

[XQJTXDQKV£QWR¡QWUQJFFKPWQKQKXQJ.KXQJFQKÒ£\WKWG\«XO¡PVDRFµWK\P-QKOORLE«QFQKQKQJÒµLW-QKQK£QUREFJQÒ´1KQJQXF´&QJE£\JLFKFJ-+QJNKµQJOORL"&K¢QKQKDQKQKQFK\UDYLJQJPWWKWUQJUDQKQ´LQKUHR+DLFµFµQJFK»DWLWUO¡PDQKORPXQFKW&QJÒ£XUL+QJ"4XQK+QJQJSQJQJQKEQÒW[XW

&K¢QKJWJº$QKKLXY¡UWYXLNKLWK\HPÒQYL1K%£\JLPLY¡R0LQJLÒDQJFKFK»QJWDÒ´1KFLNK»FNK®FK$QKO¡PQKHPTXDQWUQJOPY\&K¢QK£X\P

4XDQWUQJNKµQJWHPELW$QKÒ£XGLGWQ´LUDKFµEª+QJHG©EFNE«QKDLQJL&µQK-QY¡RE¡QY¡WK\.KµLWUFWL«Q7LQD\WUµQJDQKOYµFºQJYLEÒYHVWRQP¡XVPFWUWNKªR.KµLÒQJG\NªRJKFKR+QJ&KELW&K¢QKF´VS[SWUFNKµQJP¡FµOLQJLNDQK&KLFJKWUQJG¡QKFKR&QJÒFQKFUDY¡&K¢QKEWÒXJLLWKLXPLQJL







134

+QJQJFQK-QFKºPÒ©QSKDO«WU«QFDRFµNK´FKXYLFPJL¢FEQJLNK¢FÒFWUPVX\QJKê+QJQJKHWLQJ&K¢QKNKXLFKDLUXWLQJPLQJLFLWLQJQKQJFKLFO\FKPY¡RQKDXWLQJFK»FWQJ&µJQJJRFPO\FDP-QKO«Q5XV´QJV¢QKPWP¡XY¡QJQ£XWKWO*LQJDLÒÝDQJO«QÒ\F¾&KKLXµQJ&QJQJKêJ-P¡ÒFµYVSFL[LQKÒSÒLPWP-QKWKQ¡\ÑQJQKL«QµQJSKLFÓ¾GRFK®QKÒ¢QJY-&QJO¡QJLVQJYLQJX\«QWFUL«QJP¡+QJWLSWFQK-QY¡RO\UX&µNKµQJPXQQJKHQKFÒQ&QJO»FQ¡\&µPXQVQJWUQYQFKRFµJLQJQKO»FFKD\«XDQKFKDEU¡QJEXFELDQK&K¢QKO«QWLQJ

.KµLJDOÄQJFKR4XQK+QJKDQKQKª.KµLPPFL$QKNKLSKLORWµLELW¾FD+QJP¡*SY¡RFKªQ+QJPWPLQJWKWQJXL.KµLWK-WKPÃQÒLQXNKµQJDQK&K¢QKVWU¢FKWµLYµW-QKYL+QJÒ´&µQK-Q[HPÒ£\DLFQJFÓDF´ÒµL'ºELWO¡NK´[QJQKQJ®WUDO»FQ¡\FK»QJWDFQJQ«QU¢QJWK¡QKPWFS[QJÒµLYDODFK1¡RFK»QJWDQ£QJO\FK»FPQJDQK&K¢QK

7LQJWKXWLQKFKPY¡RQKDXODQKFDQKWKWYXLWDL+QJWKR¢QJWK\7®QQK-QFµY¡.KµLULFLWPWP4XQK1KQ´LW®QKW-QK7®QFQJWK£PWUPV£XVFQKW®QK&K¢QK9\QFLYDULFDDQKWDQJ¾J-"&µQJKL«QJÒXY¡RYDL.KµL$QKO¡EQDQK7®Q¡"7LWµLKFFKXQJÒLKFFQJNK¢O£X&QJQK7®QQ«QDQK&K¢QKPLJLLWKLXWµL

Y¡RFµQJW\O¡PÒ´FK+QJQJSQJQJ$QKWK£QYL7KX0LQKNKµQJ".KµLFKWFL





135

&KFNKµQJWK£QEQJ&QJ7µLFKJSFµ\KDLOQ+QJPXQKLJ-K"+QJQXWQJKQ[XQJFµWK\JKªW.KµLJK«JP/»FQ¡RDQKFQJFK£PFKFFµFKRÒFÑ¤KL7KX0LQKE£\JLOLQJQJQJD\.KµLVKK«FLFKLEQJFWQKEO¡PWL&µQK£PQKLPLQJFKODJLQJWKQQKL«Q7K\7KX0LQKUW[QJYL7®QWµLQJKêDQKWK£QYL7®QFKFFQJWK£QYLFKWDQ«QKLFKRF´FKX\QY\WKµL$LQJDQKOµLF&QJY¡RÒ£\.KµLXQJFQO\UX$QKWK\P-QKTX¢Ò¢QJNKLEXWPLQJQ´LF£XYDUL.KµLQKQK;LQOL7µLNKµQJF¾

&K¢QKFKWFDRJLQJ1¤\JLF´KDLQJLPLQ´LFKX\QUL«QJ3KWPLÒF+QJN«XO«Q7LHPÒDQJNKHQDQKFKÒ£XSKLQ´LFKX\QUL«QJP¡SKW&K¢QKFW-QKOSOL7LHPÒDQJNKHQJ-DQKY\"

4XQK+QJELULFLWU.KµLÒQJG\Q£QJO\7LHPNKHQDQKWUWXLF´W¡LOLÒDQJUWPFKQKSK»FE«QFK1K&K¢QKNKR¢LFK®KLWL5LVDRQD"*¤LJ¤LÒX.KµLQK-Q+QJFXFX5LVDRQD+QJ"

&µS»QJQ´LÒL7LHPPRQJÒFKQKSK»FQKDQKFKKLQJLFKÒ£XF´VDR0LQJLFLO«QO¡P+QJWK\P-QKKWRFµJLQGLOLF.KµLDQKÒDQJXQJFºQJ&K¢QKYLJQJPWWKWWLQ«QNKµQJWK\FµÒDQJPF





136

1JD\O»FÒ´7®QY¡7KX0LQKFQJQ£QJO\O«Q7®QFQJO\Y¡R.KµLULQ´L7DRFK»FPQJP¡\WRLQJX\Q+QJÒDQJQJQJQK-QKDLQJLWK-QJKH7KX0LQKKJLQJ7µLFQJFK»F+QJKQKSK»F1KQJNKµQJQ«QYL&QJY-DQKWDNKµQJPDQJOLWWO¡QKFKRDLKW+QJEQJW¢LFµOQKOºQJ&¢PQOLFK»FFDFK7µLVNOLYL&QJ[HPQKQJKêJ-YQJLTXHQF9QJLQFLNK´KLXWU«QPµL0LQKWYWK¢FKWKF3KLFKLF´WµLO»FÒ´Ò[HPQKÒLYLWµLWKQ¡R+QJNKµQJKLX&QJEQJWµLÒ£X

7®QFKWµPYDLY7KµLP¡0LQK(PFKDUXY¡RP¡OLUDULVDR4XD\OLQK-Q+QJDQKQ´L%¡[¤WµLÒºDWKµL+QJÒQJÒ¾O¡PJ-QKQJOLYDUL+QJOPO-Q£QJO\O«Q&µ£QKQÒ¤WKHR1KWLÒ£\.KµQJF´&QJÒLFºQJF´QJKêDFµÒFWGRGºO¡WGRWPWKLQKO»FQ¤\.KµLYDPDLPD

7QKL«QWK´LQJDQJEQJO£XQD\QJTX«QEQJWULG\+QJQ´LNKYL.KµLEQJJLQJY³LYêQKFDWUFRQ7µLPXQXQJQDÑFNKµQJ"$QKPPFLÑF+µPQD\+QJO¡QJLWGRP¡&PFKLFO\.KµLYDU´WO«QFµQ´L

$QKSKLXQJYLWµLÒQPPPµLPLWKµL%LWXQJPPPµLO¡WKQ¡RNKµQJ"+QJOFÒX+DLP¢FµQJKQJÒµLPWORQJODQKWUµQJWKWTX\QU.KµLQJQJQQK-QFµ$QKFQªQWLQJWKG¡LFJ-HPO¡FDDQKFJ-DQKÒFKµQO«QÒµLPµLKD\G©EXNLDPWQ$QK[´W[DNKLELWHPNKµQJKQKSK»FWURQJW-QK\«X1KQJDQKELWO¡PJ-ÒJL»SHPÒ£\K4XQK+QJÑ«PQD\HPPXQPQUXJLLVX$QK









139

1KQJFQJLµQJQKLXPºDW®FKWXFF´PWOQ0DFF´PWOQWK¡QKNKHWK¡QKVµQJWK¢FQJXQG³QJFK\0WOQÒFQK-QP-QKQJPY¡RFF£\QJPY¡RUXWÒW0WOQUE0WOQWDQFF´PWOQQJDFK¢WYDQJQKQJJLµQJE¤RÒLWDELQPW

.KµLQKSQKSWD\+\YQJW-QK\«XKLQWLFD+QJNKµQJSKLO¡JLµQJE¤RFXFÒLWURQJE¡LWKQ¡\+QJFLQKW&KO¡PFWKµLGXFKFF´PWOQ&KFDQKNKµQJFKRWµLOQWKQQKE¡LWKNLD.KµLLPOQJOFÒX1JR¡LV£QWQJFSWD\G-XWURQJWD\YLÒLXVORZQJWQJ¡R$QKFKWQ´L

+QJQK\ÒFFK"&µPPFL+LO¡VLQKYL«QWµLFQJKFÒ³LWKHRE©EQFKRF´SKRQJWU¡R9¡RN¾W»F[¢FKLWK\FKDLFRQJ¢LO¡PPWFSQK\YLQKDXWµLFQJO¡PWKQKQJ&QJNKµQJWK®FKWU³Q¡\Q«QO£XULWµLÒ¤TX«Q0W.KµLÒÄPÒÄPÒ\TX\QU

7µLVJL»S+QJQKOLÑLXVORZÒ£XFŃK´0µL4XQK+QJFRQJO«Q1KQJOLÒRÒFFD&QJEQJYDQJO«QWURQJÒXFµ+QJPXQSK¢WXQJÒ©ESQKQJWKÒRÒFP¡DQKOXµQUDRJLQJÒ´&KDEDRJLFµPXQVQJNK¢FPLNKXµQNK&QJ¢SÒWQKE£\JLÑDWD\FKR.KµLQP4XQK+QJÒQJKR¡QJÒQJG\&µWK\KLUXQWURQJY³QJµPFDDQKQKQJ+QJÒ¤PDXFK´QJEWÒFQKSFDE¡LQKFY¡ÒPF.KµLG-X





140

P-QKÒL6DRDQKGXG¡QJ£QFQÒQWK7QKL«Q+QJ[»FÒQJGGLFµFKDEDRJLJQJLQJLÒ¡QµQJQ¡RQJR¡L&QJÑ«PQD\FµG¢PFKRPWQJLNK¢FµPP-QKWKW£X\PWURQJWD\%LY-Ò£XY¡ELY-DL"&´SKLY-FµPXQFKQJFK®QKP-QKNKµQJ"7DÒXE«QYDLDQKWU¢LWLP+QJEQJEQKO»FFÓ»FNKµQJ&µÒ£XF´VD\WLVDROLGG¤LYL.KµLWKQ¡\"+QJQJKH.KµLWK-WKPFFKLE¡LVORZQ¡\NKµQJGW&µEXYDLDQKWKG¡L.KµQJGWWK-VWUµLWLQLQ¡R"Ñ£XWKWUQWU¢QKKLQWKFÒF.KµLKL7LVDRHPSKLWUQKLQWKF"

+QJNKªSPLLPOQJ.KµLOLQJSQJQJ[´W[D(PY¡&QJFQKY\KR¡LVDR"7µLNKµQJKLXDQKPXQQ´LJ-"ÑQJWU¢QKQªQD4XQK+QJWµLELWHPY¡&QJF´QKLXÒLPEWÒQJÑ«PQD\HPPXQQKUXY¡QKFWµLÒOSÒ\QKQJWUQJYQJWURQJKQÒTX\FKRKQLPFQKQKQJFQJLµQJQKLXPºDW®FKWWURQJWLPHP1KQJVDXÒ´WK-VDR"(PÒ£XWKWUQWU¢QKKLQWKFP¤LÒF

4XQK+QJQ´L$QKKD\WKW/»FQ¡RFQJELWYWµLY¡&QJ9\QXWµL[LQDQKPWOLNKX\«QDQKVNKX\«QWµLÒLXJ-".KµLQKQK¡QJWUOL7µLNKµQJNKX\«QÒLXJ-KW9-NKL\«XNKµQJDLPXQQJKHNKX\«QEROP+QJPDLPD

&¢FKQ´LFDDQKF³QKD\KQJSP\OQOLNKX\«Q&¢PQQKª7µLVQKP¤LÒLXVORZÒ«PQD\7UYE¡QQJL+QJJSOLÒµLPWWU¢FKP´FFD1K&µWKQQKL«QQ´L(PPXQYWUFFKÒD[HFKRHP.KµQJÒF1¤\JLHPXQJP\O\"





141

+QJJW7ULL(PÒ£XF´VD\1KFQJTX\W0WO¢WQDFKFKHPY+QJ[PWOLHPVXQJWLSY¡ELWÒ£XVTX\KQQ¤\JLÑHPYWUFFKRUL.KRDQKWD\OL1KKWK¡P7-PUDW¡L[FKVFKRY

+QJQK»QYDL'W$QK.KµLO»FQ¡RFQJVQV¡QJ5LFµTXD\OLW-P.KµL$QKÒDQJQ´LFKX\QYL7KX0LQK1JKH+QJJLDQKÒDWD\SKWSKWY¡WLSWFQ´LQD4XQK+QJFQPµLQJL[XQJ1KFLFL.KµLUWWWQKQJDQKWDNKµQJGLJ¢LQKHPWQJÒ£X1¤\JLHPÒ´QJNFKYL.KµLQKLXUL&KQJFQQKDQKWDÒDYQJ¡\PDL&QJFQJQJKHÒ\WDLFKX\QFµYVSFLFDP-QK(POLXKQÒ\

+QJYXWW´FÑQJKºHPÒDQJFK[HPQKQLQ´QJUDVDRÒ£\4XQK1KQ´L&KNKµQJKLXQLHP/SOQJQKY\QKPVÒFJ-7¢QKFKUFKU³LOPY-WKQXNKµQJ\«XÒFQDWK-GWNKR¢WFKLDWD\+QJFKSPW

6SFLP¡FKLDWD\FKFEDPWHPWUF&³QKQFLULOLG/»F\OGFFXFÒLÑ¡QE¡YQO¡QJLFKXWKLWWK³LKQF9-Y\P-QKSKLO¡PFKEQWK£QY¡WTX\WÒQKÒLP-QK4XQK+QJNKWPL









144

W-QK\«XY¡KQKSK»FFDP-QK$QKFDQWKLSY¡RFKX\QFDHPY-FKLX¾EDQJNKµQJPXQORNKLHPSKLÒL[DYWY4XQK+QJKWKQJNKLQJKH&QJQKFÒQEDP-QKQKQJFµYQF¤LEQJ$QKF´WKQ´LWKQJYLHPWHPWUDRÒLYL.KµLYQKD\KQÑQJQ¡\DQKY¡RFTXDQEDKRDNKR¢FO¢FYLJL¢PÒFQ´L[XY¡KÄP.KµLQJKHNOLHPPFFKWVF&QJTXPPW[XQJ(PTX¢OLULÒ´%«QKYFTX\QOLFDHPO¡WU¢FKQKLPFDDQK$QKÒ¤O¡PÒ»QJ1JLQ¡RNOLYLHPÒ¤[X\«QWFQ¡\QDQKP¡ELWDLVÒSYPWQÚD$QKQJKê.KµLQ´LFKX\QQ¡\K"$QKWDNKµQJWY\Ò£X6XWWKLJLDQTXD.KµLÒ¤J¢QKWK«PSKQYLFFDHPP¡FKQJKªPµLSK¡QQ¡QQKO¡PHP¢LQJLY¡NK´[YµFºQJ

&QJFLNK\7LVDRQ´WWGY\HPELWNKµQJ"*LQJ4XQK+QJWKQQKL«Q9-.KµLQJKêW-QKDQK&K¢QKÒ¤JLLWKLXQKY¡RFµQJW\ÒÓ¡PQ«QWWYLHP+1´LQKHPWKWÒQJLQ5LQKQKUDÒLXJ-Ò´PW&QJTXFO«QGV

7UFNLD4XQK1KKD\&K¢QK[LQFKRHPY¡RÒ£\O¡P"4XQK+QJSKWOF¢LQK-QW´HODFDDQKKLWK¢FKWKF$L[LQFQJY\WKµL&KQJOQXO¡DQK&K¢QKDQKVEWHPQJKO¡P¡"0W&QJW¢LÒLY-JLQDQKOSES7K-UDO£XQD\HPQ´LGL(PÒ¤TXDPWWµLÑSPQKE¡Q&QJOQWLQJ

&K¢QKO¡WKQJWLWKQJNKµQJUDJ-P¡WµLJKªWQKW(PWKDELWQKQJYQQJKHWKHRQ´(PFRLQ´WUQJKQFKQJP-QK4XQK+QJNKRDQKWD\QK-QDQK&KX\Q&K¢QKW-PYLFO¡PFKRHPFQJQKWUFÒ£\DQK[LQYLFFKRFK1K5WE-QKWKQJF´J-SKLÒSE¡QO¡PPêWKNLD





145

1JQJLUDJKµPÒXNKV&QJU®WO«Q9LHPO¡E-QKWKQJQKQJYLWµLO¡VQKF*LDÒ-QKEQWK£QWµLNKµQJFKSQKQEWFDLQ´LGLP-QK9\P¡HPÒ¤ODGLWµLP\WK¢QJQD\7KWNLQKNKQJ7LWÑQPW;RWU¢4XQK+QJQ´QJQJLY-QKQJOLWK´DPFD&QJ.KµQJQJO»FJLQDQKFFFQOP¤QJGY\'ºFµFÓLDQKFQJÒ£XWKQ´LQQJFµÒQWKÑ»QJO¡FKX\QQK[ªUDWR9-JKªW&K¢QKQ«Q&QJPLOQJOQO«QYL+QJ$QKWU»WY¡RFµKWQKQJEFGFO£XQD\Y-&K¢QK7KWFKDWK\DLWPWKQJQKQKHQY¡FQJWKµOQK&QJ&QJWLS+µPWUFWµLÒ¤ETXDFKX\QHPJLYÒLKF$QKYÄQÒGVLQKQKW&K¢QKY-F´PW4XQK1KKµPQD\WµLNKµQJFKXQLQDUL1XHPWLSWFO¡PYLFWURQJFµQJW\

Ò´VNKµQJF´Ò¢PFLJLDKDLÒD'QJQKQJKêÒHPFKX\QFL[LQUDGDO¡PSKQWKQJFKFFKQWKXFYP-QKQ«QPW&QJKWO«QWURQJWKWGJKªW4XQK+QJP®PPµLOWFKLFQKQWU«QWD\ÒÒ¢QKFSO«QE¡QJLQJNKµNKF7º\DQK&QJQJUDY¡LJL£\Y-K¡QKÒQJFD+QJDQKFLJQ(PWK¢FKWµLÒ\¡

0W4XQK+QJORQJO«QFÄPSKQ(PNKµQJWK¢FKÒQKQJFQJNKµQJPXQQJKHDQKGD%DQKQJKêFKDQKPLÒFTX\QFLKRFEWKµLVDR"9\E£\JLQJKHÒ£\HPFKFQO\PWQJLFKQJVQV¡QJE¢QUYFKDFLEFKDUXWY¡RYLQGQJO¤RY¡QKPQJLDQGLQKDQK&QJVQJQJLOSES(PYDQ´LFKX\QÒL«QNKºQJJ-Y\"$QKNKµQJKLX

4XQK+QJQK-QYQJQJ¢FUWNFKFD&QJY¡WK\WU¢LWLPP-QKFKDLOQK&µJ¡RO«QWURQJWQFºQJXWF7KµLÒQJO¡PEQD7µLÒ¤Q´LWUQJUDKWY¡Q´LUWU¶QKQJJ-O£XQD\WµLFJQJFRLO¡NKµQJFŃKµQJSKLÒWLSWF\«XDQKY¡FKQJ¡\O¡YDQK7U¢LOLF¡QJO»FDQKF¡QJTX¢TXW$QKPWV¢WWµLWKPWY-FKX\QNKµQJÒ¢QJO¡PPê$QKKX«QKKRDQJFDWQJOLVQJWR¡QKRFDP-QKY¡EWWµLSKLQRLWKHR1KQJWKWUDDQKVQJWKQ





146

DLKWDQKJLDQGLKQDLKW7µLÒ¤FKXÒQJPWQJLF´WU¢LWLPWR¡QKRQKDQKFKLY\"+0WSKQY-VEDPEXQPWSKQWµLFQJPXQ\«QWK£QE«QQJLP-QKÒ¤FKQ1KQJDQKÒ¤O¡PWµLF¡QJQJ¡\F¡QJWK«PFK¢QQJ\7µLÒ¤Q´LUDKWQKQJNKVGQQªQO£XQD\ULWK-FRLQK[RQJ0FGOXQÒ¡PWLXEDPEXQO³QJFK»QJWDFKLDWD\QJD\E£\JLÑ\FKLFQKQYSK®D&QJ4XQK+QJNKLQKPLW7UOLDQKF¢LY³QJWU³QWU´LEXFWµL1JR¡LQÚDWµLNKµQJKFPFDDQKPW[XQ¡RFKÒQJQ´LFKLP\QJ¡QÒµQKFK&PQJKLQJ1FPWFKWDUD+QJQJKQQJ¡R$QKQ´LVDRYLFKWK-Q´L6DXQ¡\FKW-PWµLÒ³LÒµODQDWµLVWKDDQKÒ´&QJQKÄQPWY³ÒX

&K&PÒ¤ÒWÒLXQ´L[XDQKHPFQJWLQVDR"4XQK+QJFDRJLQJ7µLÒ¤FNKµQJWLQQKQJ¢FWKD\VWKWO¡WK7µLKLWKÄPYLQGQJO¤RY¡ELWÒ¤KQEDQÄPQD\E¢FWUDLVQJÒ´FKFKQJSKL0J-KW$QKODGLFJLDÒ-QKWµLYFKX\QQ¡\7µLSKLQJPEK³QY-DQKVO¡FKQJWµL%£\JLFKQJF³QJ-ÒNK7µLFPWK\QKQKPNKLQ´LKWO³QJP-QK&QJEQWKQY-QKQJOLEWQJFD4XQK+QJ$QKO»QJW»QJWUFW-QKWK7QJWKQJOLK´DELFDP-QK7K-UD+QJELWQKLXYDQKQKQJO£XQD\FµLPLPFKXÒQJ4XQK+QJNKµQJÒQJLQQKWUFJL&QJQJKê6RYLKLDQK

PLTXHQFKHP+QJFµE£\JLWUPOQJV£XVFKQQKLX&PJL¢F4XQK+QJQJ¡\F¡QJ[DO¢QKP-QKO¡Ò»QJ7K¢LÒQJPSKQÒLY¡WYNK´FKXNKLDQKYXWYHKµQFµFQJO¡Ò»QJFKÒ£XSKLYµW-QKWUºQJKSQK&QJYQWQJ$QKÒ¤TX¢FKTXDQNKLQJKêFµ\«XDQKÒQPFPºTX¢QJQ´LVDRFQJGFQJY£QJ%WFKW&QJQ´QJPWY-W¢L$QKWYGQJGQJ

(PPXQVDRFQJÒFQKQJ®WUDSKLQJKHDQKQ´LÒ¤9LFJ-FQJF´QJX\«QQK£Q7U¢FKDQKQ´LGLFKX\QµQJJL¡DQKÒ¡QKFKXF´ÒLXHPSKLELWWLVDR7K\4XQK+QJLPOQJ&QJQKQJL$QKELWW®QKFµTX¢P¡LPOQJO¡QJXLUL3KLO\OLWKWKQJSKRQJWKµL7KG¡LKLWKWQ¤RUXWDQKWUPJLQJSK£QEXD





147

%DDQKQÄPQD\KQULQJNK´W®QKFFNYFRQFK¢XFKWFKQJDLFKXQLQJY¡QJFQJNKµQJFKXQLDL1´LUDVHPNKµQJWLQFK®QKWKWEDDQKÒ³LY¡RYLQGQJO¤RÒ´'ºÒDQJJKªWFD\JKªWÒQJ&QJ4XQK+QJYQEXWPLQJKL6DRNY\"&QJQJDRQJ¢Q7LEDDQKJLQFK&PF¢FKÒ£\P\QÄPFKWQJQJLWº9-WLJ-"&QJFKªSPLQJ+DLEDWLQKQJQQJQKWO¡WFKFÒ¢QKE¡LULÄQFSWLQFDE«QFKQJE¡P

FKQJWLQK¡DQKO¡PUºPEHQJO«QµQJJL¡Y-VêGLQQJ¤EQKOXµQ&K&PWºPLP\WK¢QJPLÒFWK6XWWKLJLDQÒÉDDQKWKD\ÒLWK\U¶µQJF¢XJWEFELPQJFKLDQKYLPÒQQLEQE©NK¢FKO¡PÄQDQKFKQJG¢PÒDYQK¡7FµOSP-QKPWWKLJLDQQJEQK¡ÒLELW*LDÒ-QKSKLW-PNKSQLPLJSQJWURQJYLQGQJO¤RPFRQDQKQÄQQF¢FKQ¡REDFQJNKµQJYQJERÒ£\NKµQJDLELWµQJO¡DLQ«QNKµQJSKL[XKQKFQK¤Y-FRQF¢LÒ¤Y\µQJF³QF´ÒFEQE©7KO¡Ò¡QKFKLXQJWXQQ¡RFQJÒQWKÄPQRPFKXFSWLQEF4XQK+QJQJWOL&QJ9\VDRDQKNKµQJQ´LWKWFKRWµLELW"

&QJO¡PPWNKVUWÒW\«XFX%DDQKERF´DLKLFQ´LO¡QJÒ¤FKW$QKNKµQJQQ´LWKQ«QGLHPO¡ED0YLDQK+¡R$QKWK\Ò£XF´J-TXDQWUQJEDÒ£XQJFQJFKQJVQJYLWLP-QK4XQK+QJOQKOºQJ&K&POLQ´LNK¢F&KFKRWµLELWE¢FWUDLEDQKªSY¡RYLQGQJO¤R1KPQJLO«QQKQJLSKLOD&QJKºQJK

&KQ´LO¢R.KµQJWLQHPFKLP$QKÒ£XQKQW£PEWKLXQKY\&KF7LVDRFK&POLQJPP¢XSKXQQJLN-D"'ºVDRDQKFQJO¡HPUXW&KQ´LWKYLHPQKPPFÒ®FKJ-FK"4XQK+QJKLNKL«XNK®FK1KPPFÒ®FK[HPWµLELWJ-YDQK1JR¡LUDFK&PF³QÒ³LWµLSKLWUOLFKRPFRQFKVÒµODDQKWQJÒDWµLVPÒFLY¡WUFKRE¡7Kº\1KL«Q





148

.-D+QJÑQJQ´QJSKLQJKHDQKJLLWK®FKE¡&PWR¡QQ´LE\ENKµQJWKµL%K©QOPPLÒWÒLXQKY\$QKWKWNKµQJQJEKDPWLQÒQWK4XQK+QJEWWDL$QKFQJWKSK©QQKPQÄQQ´LK¡PKE\EFKNKµQJÒQJÒQJFK®QKFK®QKÒ¡QJKR¡QJÒRÒFQKDQKYQWKQJQ´L7µLFK¢QTX¢ULDQKÒQJJLLWK®FKQD&¡QJJLLWK®FKF¡QJQJKHFKLWDL&QJQLVºQJO«Q(PYDSKLWKµL7KWUDHPPXQJ-P¡KWTX\DQKY¡RWLQ¡\OLEXFDQKY¡RWLNK¢FÒ¤Y\OLNKµQJFKRDQKJLLWK®FKU¶U¡QJWLQLWLFKQ(PPXQELWFRQQJLWKWFDDQKY¡FQJÒ¤ELWUL&QJ$QKÒ£XFQJLLWK®FK

4XQK+QJFK¢QFKQJQ´LWLS&K»QJWDNKµQJKSQKDXÒ£XHPNKµQJWKFKXÒQJDQKQD/£XQD\HPWQJP-QK\«XQKQJWKWVNKµQJSKL&QJKJLQJ9\DQKSKLO¡PVDRFKRYD¾HP"+QJÒ¢SWKWQJQJQÑQJW-PHPQD

(PNKµQJÒºDFK+QJ"$QKÒ¤FKXQEWWFFKRÒ¢PFL&KF³QKDLWK¢QJQDWKµLÒ¤Q«QYFKQJ&´JLQJ-FQJNKµQJQ«QÒHPFKX\QGX\«QQUDQ´LKµPQD\/»FQ¤\TX¢JLQDQKFÓOLQKQJWLY-\«XHPWLQWQJHPQ«QDQKPLQ´QJQKWK'QGQDQKVVDÒL4XQK+QJOFÒXFK¢QQQ+DEDRQKL«XOQULDQKQKNKµQJ"(PÒ¤KWNL«QQKQFKÒLY¡Ò¤WKXFQPO³QJQKQJF£XPWQJWFDDQK%£\JLHPPXQÒF\«QWK£QDQKYÒL

&QJLPOQJW®QKWR¢Q1´LQKLXYL+QJO»FQ¡\NKµQJFÓL&µÒDQJUWJLQY-QKQJÒLXELWWFK&P1KQJOLWKDQKPLQKFDDQKOLFKDÒVFWKX\WSKFFµY-DQKFKDNSFKXQE7WQKWK¤\FKLX¾+QJULPLFKX\QVKKLSK£QJLL7UFVDXJ-FµFKQJO¡YDQKÒFKRFµÒQJÒQKO¡PFDRPWOQWKPFK®KDLEDOQWK-Ò¤FKWDL/»FY¢QÒ´QJWKX\QULOµLFKX\QFUDSKWFQJFKDPXQP¡%DP4XQK+QJUWTX¾Y¡QWUQJDQKFµQ¡QJF´JLQFQJFKQJÒFO£X1KQJWPWKLFÒFµQ¡QJWK\P-QKF´JL¢PWFK»WÒL





149

&QJ[XDWD\[XQJQF7KµLÒF$QKYÒ£\7K\+QJQJLLPWU«QJK&QJKL.KµQJWLQDQKVDR"&µOFÒX&QJQK»QYDLEF[XQJFXWKDQJ9LDQKFKX\QGQJW4XQK+QJÒ£XF´J-NK´1KQJOQQ¡\SKLNL«QQKQY-FµÒ¤ELWQKQJÒLXO£XQD\DQKÒ¤GL7LSK³QJNK¢FK&QJJS4XQK1K&µOOQJKL6DRYVPY\"&KOÒ¤JLQJWXQJUL"&QJWFÒL«QO«QY-OLPDPDLÒ´QKQJYQQJWQJ¡R

7µLYVPÒ+QJFKXQEÒLÑ¡/W+WPWO«Q1KNKL«XNK®FK$QKNKµQJSKQÒLQD¡"&QJQKFKPµL%£\JLFKDSKLO»F5LFµVWK\WµLÒLYL4XQK+QJUDVDRNKLFµEªÒ¤O¡YWµL/POPO-O-&QJQKQPQK&µY¡WKQJ&K¢QKÒQK[»L+QJUL[DWµLFKJ-"+.KµQJGÒ£X&µQJKê+QJ

F´FDQÒPYWTXDGOXQÒEFKQJVSFL¡"7KWO¡QJFPLWQJWK4XQK+QJFKXDQJRDWUÒD7µLNKµQJWK®FK[HQY¡RFKX\QFDNNK¢FQKQJQKWLYLFDQKÒ¤O¡PFKRWµLY¡&K¢QKWµLOXµQY¢LWULFKRFRQEª+QJEDQKY-WU«QÒLQ¡\Ò£XSKLÒ¤KWQJLWW7µLQJKêQJ¡\Ò´VSWLULÒ\&QJKPKFEFUDV£Q+µPQD\NKµQJF´µQJÑFQK¡Q«QFKDLNªRDQKOLÒE¡QFKX\QWKVQKWKQJQJ¡\$QKFWLQ4XQK+QJNKµQJÒLWKD\QKQJQKQJOL4XQK1KYDQ´LFKWO¡PDQKEWDQ

&KELW4XQK+QJW£PVJ-YLFKP-QKP¡1KFÝO«QPWYLDQKWK1X+QJPXQFKLDWD\WKWFKNKµQJÒQJÒQKO¡PP¡XWK-VDR"&QJVDQJVUJDFKLF[HSK´QJY»WUDÒQJJLÓ¡PÒX´FDQKWQKW¢RKQ$QKK®WPWKLG¡LY¡WK\YQJWLQKQ4XQK+QJO¡QJL\«XDQKQKWWURQJQKLXFµJ¢LDQKÒ¤TXHQ&µOLÒSQKWQ«Q





150

ÒFDQK\«XQKWNKµQJFÓ¾Q¡RDQKOLÒPWFµY-QKQJO¾GRNKµQJÄQQKSY¡RÒ£XF%QJEWFJL¢Q¡R+QJFQJSKLO¡YDQKQKGÒQK$QKOXµQÒFKXWKXQWJLDÒ-QKÒ´GRÒ´DQKNKµQJF´J-SKLORYQYKW1J¡\PDL&QJVÒLPXDFKR+QJPWWUDQJVFÒWWLQPWFK»WÒGQJW7WUFÒQJLDQKFKDKVPVDFKRFµ7LQ0JLY&QJÒY¡RPXDÒGºQJWURQJQK¡P¡YQFKDÒ9-PXQKQPLQJLO¡PWURQJFµQJW\DQKÒ¤WKD\PWORWWDPSOLÒXP¢\WLYLP¢\FRPSDFWGLVFÒQWOQKVDORQESQ»FP¢\QFQ´QJP¢\JLW7R¡QEWUDQJWU®QLWKWÒ¤P\QJ¡QÒµULSKQWLQFDE¡&PWKPY¡RÒ£XP¡SKLQSKFWK&QJQªQWLQJWKG¡L'ºVDRFQJWL4XQK+QJFµÒ¤PDQJWLQJYLFK&P1XE¡WDW-P+QJÒKFKKLWLQEFWK-FKFNKµQJDQQ´LQKQKÒ£X+1X4XQK+QJFKRDQKELWVPFKFFKQ&QJÒ¤QKªPOXµQSKQWLQDQK+¡RYDJLYWK¢QJULFKREWKDKFKL+&QJPD\FK&PNKµQJELWÒDFK0QXNKµQJEÒ¤Ò£PWKWTXDEQY¡DQK+¡RÒ¤F»SYLQWUWO£X

&QJP®PPµLWÄQJWF$QKVPXDJ-FKR4XQK+QJQK"0WVLG£\FKX\QPWF¢LQKQPWQJFKD\FKLFY³QJÒHRWD\"9LPXQJL®WÒ³LKLQKFµWK-P´QQ¡RFKQJÒF&QJWQJWQJÒµLPWÒHQWU³QFD4XQK+QJV¢QJO«QNKLQKQTX¡FDDQKÑ¡QE¡DLFKWK®FKÒFGQJWEQJYWFKW4XQK+QJGºJLQDQKFQ¡RFKFFQJNKµQJQPQJR¡LQJRLO

&KQJ

.KµLOROQJQK-QJQJPWÒQJFD4XQK+QJ&µVWFDRTX¢6XWEXLFKLXQD\DQKQJLO-WURQJTX¢Q9¡QJY¡EPF4XQK+QJPWP-QKQK¡WU$QKVÒLPWYLFµQKLXVÒOW-QKFPFDP-QKY¡F¡QJJQJL+QJ.KµLF¡QJQKQUDDQK\«XFµYµFºQJ7KW-QK\«XÒQSKQJWKQJO¡PQJLWDP£XWKXQYLP-QKQ«QGºQJLYLO\UX.KµLFQJNKµQJVDRWKµLÒQJQJKêÒQ4XQK+QJ7LQJE¡FKQK¡NKHNKYDQJO«Q&KO¡YL«PKQJWKµL.KµQJVDRÒ£X

.KµLKRDQJPDQJ1KQJFµ\VWOP9L«PKQJWK-Y\Ò´VWFDRY¡QKFÒX0ºDQ¡\UWGE7LFµ\ÄQPFSKRQJSKDQKT»DG£QÑ¡/WFK®QKKLXQKWµLF³QSKLFKR¡QJNKÄQFKXQJKFKLFµ\WWK¡QKSKWL





151

5LYLJLQJW³P³FKF´Ò¡QE¡E¡WDKL+-QKQKFµFXJLQQKDXSKLNKµQJ".KµLEXWPLQJÑ£XF´%¡FKQK¡UDYÒ\NLQKQJKLP&KLKR¡L7µLFKX\«QPµQFKRWKX«QK¡WU&KQK-QVTXDÒ¤ELWDLO¡YFKQJDLO¡EEFKDLÒDQJO¡W-QKWURQJQKÒ¤PWQJR¡LF³QH&XYLFµGQJWKEDQKQJF´SKQÒFELWKQ.KXWD\.KµLPWF¢LE¡WDER5DQJR¡LQ¡\O\NKÄQWÒSWU¢QFKRF&´FµQJP¡LVWF´QJ¡\Q«QNLP7LQWµLÒL

/RÒREFWKHRE¡FKQK¡[XQJES.KµLQKÄQQK´7µLFKQJKLXG-PXQQ´LJ-"7µLF´Q´LWLQJ7¡XÒ£XP¡NKµQJKLX/»FQ¡\SKLFKXNK´Fµ\ÒDQJJLQFXÒ´*LQJK«OPQ«QVXWEXLFKLXQD\FNK´FÒQEQKOXµQ'-KLXOPUL7LWµLFKO¡EQE©WKµL&µWDVSO\FKQJ%DFKQK¡OPÒLXYQWLSWFQKLXFKX\Q

;L6SO\FKÒ¤O\Ò£X6¢QJQD\W-PWµLE´LE¡LFF´[HPPWTXW-QKGX\«Q.KµLWUQPW&´FKX\QÒ´QDVDR"&KVDRNKµQJ4XQJGOP&SKLWR¢WPKµLOXµQP¡7QKL«Q.KµLW³P³DQKKL4HQ´LJ-P¡QJ"

%¡FKQK¡KJLQJWKWWKS&NKµQJO\FKQJWURQJQÄPQD\QKGÒQKÒ£X7LVDR"%¡FKQK¡ÒDWKDXQFFKRDQKJLQJQDÒºDQDWKW





152

7LFX.KµLJQJFL'-ÒºDNLXQ¡\FKWGX\«QFRQJ¢LQJLWDKWÑ¤Y\F³QWLQJKLSWµLQD ;RDKDLWD\Y¡RQKDXE¡WDQJKL«PQJK7µLNKµQJÒºDÒ£X7LQKD\NKµQJWº\FX1KQJWµLG¢PERÒPFKQJFµ\VDXQ¡\NK¢FQJLÒ¤EWUXFDXÒLKLWUFÒ£\Ñ\.KµLY¡RSK³QJ4XQK+QJE¡FKQK¡ER&KXNK´FKÄPV´FFµ\ÒL.KµLOFÒX

&KFFµWDVWY-TXE¡LÒFÒ¢RFDG-UL7KWNK7QKL«QÒLWLQYYQÒÒEQKUD%¡WDFLE®KLP&¢LJ-FQJF´GX\«QVFKÒ£XWKWQKL«QÒF.KµLO¡PWKLQK$QKFKDEDWU³E´LWR¢QG£\GDYLE¡JL¡OPPPQ¡\FK®FKOLJ-7WQKWO¡ORFKR4XQK+QJWUF$QKYWFKLFNKÄQPWWKWU¢RULÒSO«QWU¢QFµ+QJYQQJP«WUµQJWKWWL

ÑLE¡FKQK¡EFUD.KµLQJL[XQJE«Q+QJDQKVLWQKE¡QWD\EªQKFDFµY¡WK\O³QJFKºQJ[XQJ$QKELWP-QKKR¡LFµQJÒHRÒXLPWPLW-QKYµYQJ1KQJ.KµLNKµQJVDRGWÒFK-QKE´QJ4XQK+QJ+¡QJQJ¡\[XWKLQWUFPWO»FWK-JLQGKQQKL«QO»FOQKOºQJWUPOQJQKÒDQJPDQJQQJQLÒDXUL«QJNKµQJDLVDQV'ºFµQKWKQ¡RWU¢LWLPDQKYQ[DRÒQJ6DXÒ«PGVLQKQKWFD&K¢QKÒQQD\.KµLFW-QKOQWU¢QK+QJQKQJNKQLFµÒ£XO¡PJ-WURQJFµQJW\DQKFQJÒ¾ULNKVNKLQKQUD4XQK+QJUWOQKOºQJNK¢FKV¢RYLP-QK

'RQ¡\4XQK+QJWKQJÒLO¡PYWU&µOLQJLµQE¡LWURQJJ´FSK³QJFKWLJLÒLKF$QKYÄQOXµQ&QJFQJ®W[XWKLQÒDÒ´Q$QKWDÒPFFµYFKDFLYLFKLF[HÒS7UXQJ4XFOFFFP¡NKµQJ[´W[DVDRFK"*LD4XQK+QJY¡&QJÒ¤[\UDQKQJP£XWKXQQJKL«PWUQJ&K®QK4XQK1KY¡&K¢QKÒ¤WLQK¡.KµLFKLY¡Q´LWK1KF³QQKDQKTXDQW£PFKÄPV´F+QJVXWWKLJLDQÑ¡/W





153

3KL9-.KµLTX¢YQJYQ«QFµÒ¤WWK¢LÒGQJGQJOQKQKWYLDQK".KµLNKµQJELWQDQKQJÒ£XSKLDQKFKDWQJ\«XFKDWQJVÄQÒ´QFKLQKSKFSKQ7URQJW-QKWUQJDQKÒ¤F´®WQKLXNLQKQJKLP4XQK+QJNKµQJ\«XDQKY¡FQJNKµQJKLXO³QJDQKVDR"$QKNKµQJWLQÒLXÒ´.KµLFQWKQO\NKÄQQK»QJY¡RQF9WNKµ[RQJDQKQK©QKODXJQJPW4XQK+QJULÒSO«QWU¢QFµ7D\DQKFKPY¡REPµLNKµÒY-VWFD4XQK+QJY¡WK\E£QJNKX£QJÑ¤F´PWOQQK-QFµFL.KµLQJQJQFJ-P-QKÒFFQÒµLPµLKD\FRQJO«QNKLQ´LFKX\QÒ´ÑµLPµLQ¡\NKµQJSKLFDDQKQKQJDLFP.KµLNKDRNK¢WFK"$QKPLWQKQJ´QWD\WUO«QPµLFµQ´QJEQJULYLY¡QJU»WUDQKSKPWL7URQJFQQJP«Y-VW4XQK+QJÒDQJPWK\DL".KµLEXQE¤NªRFKLFJKEUDFQKFDVQJLY¡FK£PWKXFK»W0ºDQ¡\Ñ¡/WUWOQK0\FFUXXQJQJR¡LTX¢QFKDÒ.KµLPO³QJ$QKNKµQJ

VD\Y-UXVDROLO£QJO£QJNKLÒFJQ4XQK+QJ"$QKWUWK¡QKNVLW-QKWKLQ¡RY\"1JQJLUDJK.KµLSK¡PWKLNK´LULQK-QQKQJVLWUQJPRQJPDQKWDQGQWURQJNKRQJNKµQJEXQW$QKQKWLOQJS.LX1J£QWUFKµPÒLÑ¡/WY¡WK\FK¢QQJW6DXP\WK¢QJWUL[DO¢QKDQK.LX1J£QÒ¤TXD\OLY-NKµQJWKKSYL7U®0WO¾GRWKWÒQJLQY¡FQJWKWSKSK¡QJ.LX1J£Q[HPDQKQKPWEQÒ&µWUYEQFVDXNKLÒ¤FK¢QFK«F¢LEQPLGRJLDÒ-QKODFKQ%»QJW¡QWKXFED\Y©RTXDNKXQJFD.KµLFKXDFK¢WQJKê.LX1J£QNKÓ³QJKSYL

DLFKRGºNÒ´Ò¤KWO³QJKWVFFKLXO\Fµ+LÒ´.KµLWQJO¡PWDQKFK¡QJQJFW.WFXFDQKÒFJ-".KµLNKµQJÒLQ¡RTX«QQKQJOLPY¡FK.LX1J£QÒ¤Q´LYLDQKWURQJWLPFDFX7QJ¡\Q¡R$QKNKµQJWKQ¡RKSYLK.LX1J£QTXD\YO»FQ¡\FKO¡P.KµLFK¢QFXFÒLÒHQEFWK«PWKµL+µP\.KµLLPOQJQJKH1J£QKX\«QWKX\«QÒÒLX$QKNKµQJF¾OQKQKWQKQJNKVDR.KµLFKQJPOLÒF7£PKQDQKWUQJUQJ.KµLFKW-PUDFKX\QJ-ÒJLOÒ\ÒDFKRKWWKLJLDQWKÄPYLQJFD1J£Q

&Ó.LX1J£QELWWUF.KµLVLPOQJQ«QFµFKXQEQKLXFKX\QQKLXÒLXÒQ´LOP.KµLFK[HQY¡RY¡LF£XULUFYµQJKêDFKROFKVULOLOÒ¤QJQJKH1J£QQ´L[X7U®$QKQJKHY¡WKFPF&KQJELWWUFÒ£\.LX1J£QÒ¤Q´LYL7U®WKQ¡RYDQK.KµLFLWKPPWP-QKNKLQKWLYWP¤QFD.LX1J£QFºQJQKQJF£XQKUDOQKFKRDQK1J£QNKµQJELWPLF¢LÒ¤FKPGWULKD\VDR"&µF¡QJQ´L.KµLF¡QJQKQUDQKQJNKX\WÒLPFDFµ'ºNKµQJPXQQKQJW£PWU®DQKÒ¤OSPWEQJVRV¢QK





154

7KWUD4XQK+QJFQJFKQJF´J-WULKQ.LX1J£QQKQJWU¢LWLPNKÉRFD.KµLOLQJKL«QJYSK®DFµPLNK9¡JLÒ£\QLNKQJWQJ¡RÒ´ÒDQJWLSWFO¡PKQDQKODRÒDR+QJLULGXQJ¡\PDLFµQJYLFUWEQUQ.KµLFQJSKLWKFFDQKFKQJ+QJ$QKNKµQJWKÒFµPWP-QKYLFQVWQKY\ÒF4XQK+QJNªROLFKLFNKÄQFKR¡QJFULEQJO\VDO«QXQJQJPQK6DQ´QJO¡PFµWK\PQJLKQ1JFÒµLPWWU³QQK-Q.KµLFµQ´L7µLPXQXQJVDF´F¡SK«N-D$QKOFÒX+QJVEPWQJ(PFKDKWEQKÒ£XP¡Ò³LKL

*LQJFµKLKQGL&KO¡YL«PKQJY-OQKWKµL/¡PJ-TXDQWUQJGY\".KµLQJKL«PQJK7µLVNKµQJÒVFÒWKFFDQKHPWK«PÒ«PQD1K-QQJLNK¢FQJFKWK»YJ-Ò£X+QJQ´QJPW&µNKµQJELWNKLQJP-QK[X[®FQ¡RP¡.KµLQ´LWK1KWLKµPWKFG\JLDÒ«PFµÒ¤KRQJKQNKLWK\WURQJNKRQJWL£P£PFDFÄQSK³QJ.KµL

QJLWKPWÒQJ4XQK+QJQJQJ¡QJNKLELWFÒ«P.KµLÒ¤WKFFDQKFKRFµQJDQKOROQJWQJFK»WO¡P+QJ[»FÒQJ1P\«QÒDQKÒSFKÄQO«QWU¢QÒDQKNKX\VDÒHPÒQWQJLQJY¡NO\WQPµLFKRP-QKXQJ4XQK+QJPXQNK´FKWVF1XF´&QJNE«QFµELWFKFDQKFKQJNKLQ¡R£QFQYLFµQK.KµLÒ¤O¡P&QJTXDQQLPÒ¡QµQJNKµQJWKO\Ò¡QE¡%LY\DQKFKDEDRJLÒ¾[HP+QJPFPXQJ-WK®FKJ-ÒFKLXWKHR$QK\«XFµEQJW-QK\«XFDNF´TX\QEDQSK¢WP¡4XQK+QJFKÒFSKªSQKQFKNKµQJÒFÒ³LKL7LP4XQK+QJWKWOL&µQKÒµLPWFD.KµLÒ«PÒ´&µQKP-QKÒ¤ÒDWD\FKRDQKQP6XWÒ«PWLV¢QJ.KµLÒ¤JL»S+QJWK\P-QKNKµQJOORL$QKWQJJQJLY¡FQWKLWYLFµELWEDR7KQKQJNKLWULV¢QJ.KµLÒ¤WUOLWK¢LÒGQJGQJGJKªW$QKUDOQKFKR+QJQJKQK¡WUY¡PWP-QKWLKLFKWULQO¤PÒÒLXSKLFµQJ

YLF7UDDQKY[HPFµWKQ¡RULOLÒLÒQWLPW.KµLÒ¤SKLO¡POXµQSKQYLFFDFµ$QKUWPW+QJELWU¶QKY\GºFKLQK¢QKFDFµQJW\Ñ¡/WF´QKLXQK£QYL«QJLLQKQJF´QKLXSKQYFKX\«QPµQ.KµLSKLÒ®FKWK£QÒPWU¢FKFKÒ£XQKDLÒFÑ«P\Y.KµLQJP«ÒQQFVQ4XQK+QJSKLTXDSK³QJDQKJL.KµLPLG\$QKYLY¤ÒLPXDÒÄQV¢QJFKRFµY¡WLSWFUDOQKEXFFµQK¡WK«PPWQJ¡\QD6XWQJ¡\KµPTXD4XQK+QJWUQWUFWU«QJLQJY-P¤LQJKêWL.KµL&µÒDXÒQ





155

QKQUDYLFµDQKTXDQWUQJY¡FQWKLWYµFºQJ/£XQD\+QJOXµQSKQKQQKQJW-QKFPFK£QWKWFµG¡QKFKR.KµLFµWGLP-QKEQJWK¢LÒOQKOºQJFK£PFKFDQK.KµLFQJWKDQKJLXW-QKFPFDDQKY-ELW+QJÒ¤F´&QJ1KQJDQKF´KLXJLD&QJY¡FµO¡PWKV£XYEWÒQJNKµQJ"&KFFKQ.KµLSKLELWÒLXÒ´Ñ«PVLQKQKW&K¢QKDQKÒ¤UD\UWKLHPY¡&QJFQKY\KR¡LVDR"&£XKLÒ´FKQJW.KµLKLXUWUW-QKFPFDKDLQJLÒ¤YWDQUL1X.KµLPQKGQEFY¡RÒLFµWK-FKX\QJ-V[\UD"/LX4XQK+QJG¢PEWFKSPLGOXQÒO-D[D&QJY¡ÒQYL.KµLNKµQJ"+D\NKLWUY6¡L*³QJS&QJQJKHQKQJOLPWQJWFDDQK4XQK+QJOLPPO³QJ5LÒ£XOLY¡RÒ\&µVO¡PY&QJVFKXNKVXWFÒLY-DQK%WJL¢F4XQK+QJQK-Q.KµLY¡EWJSDQKFQJÒDQJQK-QP-QKEQJÒµLPWGDGLWÒQQDRO³QJ

&KXNKµQJQL¢QKPWDQK4XQK+QJF»L[XQJFµQJKH.KµLWKG¡L+QJY¡RQJVPÒL&µWKQJWKW$QKÒLÒ£X"ÑLXQJUXYLY¡LQJLEQ+LFKLXWµLÒ¤KDYLK9³YµFKªRNKÄQFKR¡QJF4XQK+QJKLQJKQOL

$QKÒQJÒL7µLNKµQJFKXQLPWP-QK7µLVPWP-QKOP.KµLOQJWKLQK/£XOP+QJPLQJKHDQKQ´L;LQOL7µLÒ£XWKVXWÒLE«QHPÒF7SFKRTXHQÒL.KLWUY6¡L*³QÒ¤F´&QJUL4XQK+QJQKFKPµL1XWKWO³QJDQKQJKêY\WK-WKµL7µLNKµQJO¡PSKLQDQKÒ£X

.KµLÒQJG\EFUDV£Q4XQK+QJQKWQK³DQFPW$QKFQJQKQW£PQK&QJY\P¡FµWQJWK-UDQJLWDGEFPJL¢FÒ¢QKOD.KµLWQW-QKFKÄPV´F+QJP\QJ¡\QD\Y-DQKWLQJKLSFµFQJF´WKY-DQKQJKêWL&K¢QK4XQK+QJÒ¤KLXOP.KµLUL+QJQK-QFRQÒQJWUFQK¡Y¡OPOLEFÒL&µPXQGRSKÒ«PPWP-QK'FFDRSKWKSPDELPºVQJY¡FQEQKFKDNKLO¡P+QJF´FPJL¢FP-QKEFWU«QP£\EQKEQJEQKEQJ





156

3KÒ«PÑ¡/WÒ\QKQJÒµLW-QKQK£QWD\WURQJWD\FÓSKQÒµQJKO¡GXNK¢FK&´DLO¡GXNK¢FKFµÒQQK4XQK+QJNKµQJ"+QO»FQ¡RKW+QJWK\OFO¶QJON4X¢QF´FE«QÒQJNKXWKQWURQJVQJ&µEQJPXQF´PWO\F¡SK«ÒHQWKWÒQJ7KFV£XKDLWD\Y¡RW»L¢ROQK+QJEFY¡RTX¢Q1LSKOF´DLELWDLÒ£XFµF´WKXQJKDLEDO\F¡SK«Y¡WKFWUQJÒ«PULODQJWKDQJKWGFQ¡\ÒLQFQJFKEDLU\4XQK+QJÒ¤ÒFWGRVQJFKRP-QKULVDRFµOLEXQWKQ¡\"+QJFKWQKQKQJOLWL«QWULFDE¡FKQK¡7LJL4XQK+QJFQJNKµQJKLXVDRP-QKOLQKE¡WD[HPFKRPWTX&´SKLNKLKWKQJWURQJW-QK\«XQJLWDGG¡QJWLQY¡RQKQJÒLXKX\QKRFKX\QE®Y¡FRLÒÓ¡6SKQÒ¤DQE¡LNKµQJ"

+QJNKµQJWLQVSKQQKQJFµWLQFKFFµY¡&QJNKµQJÒLWLÒ£X9\VDRVXWWUDÒ´FµOLQPNK´FPºLPQNK´FÒQPFQKFÒXQ´QJVWPLWKµL"&µNK´FY-TXE¡LQJYLÒLXFµPXQKD\Y-WK¢LÒ[DF¢FKFD.KµL"4XQK+QJNKX\QKO\F¡SK«ULQK-QTXDQKFKF´FµO¡QJLPWP-QK1KFWURQJTX¢QEXQKLXKWQKQJQKQJÒµLW-QKQK£QÒXWDY¡RQKDXÒ£XELWEXQ+Y¡RÒ£\ÒW-PJ´FUL«QJFKRP-QKFKÒ£XSKLÒXQJF¡SK«Y¡VµOµQJKHQKFQK+QJ/»FQ¡\.KµLÒDQJO¡PJ-QK"&KFDQKÒDQJFKªQWKºFKªQWFYLEQE©Y¡FKWK©PQKWLFRQEªQKFµ$LFQJF´QKQJJL£\SK»WUWUL«QJFDP-QK&KDEDRJLFµW-PKLXFKX\QEXQFD.KµLÒFKLDVDLLVDRFµOLÒ³LKLDQKSKLG¡QKWKLJLDQFKRP-QKY¡RO»F.KµLPXQWU¢QKFµ5¶U¡QJWU¢LWLP+QJOQ[QNKLJQÒ£\+QJOXµQ

QJKêWL.KµL$QKO¡QLPDQLQLPYXLP¡FµOSÒ\NKRQJWUQJFK¢QQJWFD&QJWURQJWLPKD\DQKFK®QKO¡W-QK\«XP¡+QJW-PNKµQJWK\&QJ"4XQK+QJKWKRQJYLFK®QKP-QK&KOQJLWDG\«XGY\VDR"&KDGWNKR¢WÒFYL&QJFµÒ¤QJKêWL.KµLUL7KWNKQJNKLS.KµLVUWNKLQKEQXDQKÒFÒFÒLXFµÒDQJQJKê%QJO\F¡SK«O«Q4XQK+QJUXQU\XQJWQJKSQK/\Ò¤FQULP¡FµYQFKDE-QKW£PYLQKQJGLQELQÒDQJ[XQJÒWWURQJKQ5LNKLTX¢QF¡SK«4XQK+QJWLSWFODQJWKDQJ+DLQJ¡\QDO¡[RQJÒWKLFK

DQKY¡FµVY6¡L*³Q/QQ¡\YFµQJW\FKFFKQ+QJV[LQÒLVDQJESKQNK¢FQKY\VGKQFKRFKDLQJL0PFLEXQE¤4XQK+QJNKRPOQJOHRO«QFRQGFG¡LPDOWSKWED\Y¡RPWFµOQKFÄPFF´PWY³QJWD\YQJFK¤LP¢SO¡PFµPXQNK´F&PJL¢FEQKEQJQKW«QKOLÒQ4XQK+QJFKR¢QJY¢QJWDY¡RJFF£\PFFKRQFPWWXµQUL





157

/UDSKLQJKHOL.KµLQK¡QJVPY-FµYQFKDNKLEQKQKQJFµÒ¤F¾O¡PWU¢LO³QJDQKFKRE¶JKªW%£\JLFµÒ¢QJÒLFKD4XQK+QJQKPPWOLO»FQJKH.KµLJLW«QP-QKWKQJWKW4XQK+QJ(PO¡PVDRY\"&Ò\.KµLUDFµQFQ7K£\NWµL$LFQDQKOR9DEFÒLÒFY¡LEF+QJÒ¤QJLWKS[XQJY-FK´QJPW.KµLµPÒLFµY¡RO³QJJLQJJSU»W$QKW-PHPQ¤\JLHPO¡PDQKVPXQUQJWLP1XNKµQJJSHPÒ«PQD\DQKVOºQJVFNKSWK¡QKSK7LVDRHPODQJWKDQJQJR¡LPDNKLF³QEQKY\K"4XQK+QJEQJEQK

7K¡WµLWªQJR¡LÒQJY-EQKF³QKQSKLWUQWUFPWP-QKWURQJFÄQSK³QJKLXTXQKÒ´7µLNKµQJWKWSPWP-QKFKRTXHQNKLWµLÒDQJNKDRNK¢WF´QJLNE«QÒFKLDVEXQYXL1KQJDQKWK®FKXQJUXKQ$QKÒ£XWK©PQJKêWLWµL$QK¢FOPFOP.KµLVLWWD\FµJLQJWUP[XQJ4XQK+QJ0XQWU¢FKJ-WµLWK-FWU¢FKFK[LQHPKLXUQJWµLOXµQOXµQY-HP+QJWK»WWK®WWU«QYDLDQK

9-HP9\VDRDQKOLÒLNKLHPÒ¤QÄQQDQKÒQJEHPPWP-QK7U¢LWLP.KµLQKPPUDY-QKQJJLWQFPWFD4XQK+QJ$QKWKQWKSKLQKQJELPDE¢PWU«QW´FFµULQ´L&K»QJWDYWKµLÑLGLPDWKQ¡\HPVWUEQKPW1KQJHPPXQÒLQKY\7K¡QKKP-QKY¡O¡PNKQJLNK¢FWK-®FKOLJ-"(PSKLQJKêÒQJLDÒ-QKY¡&QJFK

Ñ\.KµLUD+QJQK-QDQKEQJÒµLPWGGL7µLNKµQJPXQQJKêWLDLKW$QKÒLÒLWµLFQJFKQJFQQJLOXµQGLO³QJP-QKQKDQK'WOL4XQK+QJORQJFKRQJEFQKDQKFµFK»LQKL[XQJFRQGFO»FQ¤\Ò¤FVFEFO«Q0DWWY¡RPWO¡PFD\ÒµLPW+QJFKWJLQ.KµLYµN$QKF³Q





158

PXQFµQ´LJ-KQWKQD"$QKQKFWL&QJO»FQ¡\FKQJNK¢FQ¡RW¢WY¡RPWFµ7¢LO¡P4XQK+QJQKÒL«QO«QFµFPÒXFK\PFFKR.KµLÒXLWKHRSK®DVDX7D\DLFKSO\YDLFµY¡[RD\QJLFµOL+QJNKµQJFKXQLF¢LQK-QV£XWKPEXQE¤Ò\ÒDXO³QJOQWU¢FKP´FFD.KµL&µQKPPWY¡ÒDQKKµQO«QWU¢QO«QP¢ULKLKKµQÒµLPµLWOQKFDP-QK%DRQKL«XWLKQJLQGLYWWDQÒL4XQK+QJFKELWµPO\.KµLQKµPO\QLPKLYQJFDÒLP-QK1JD\O»FQ¡\FKDLÒXEPFKLQWKF.KµLFKELWDQKÒDQJF´ÒF+QJWURQJWD\F³QQJ¡\PDLQJ¡\NLD[LQÒQJQJKêWL+DLQJLLPOQJÒLE«QQKDX4XQK+QJWDÒXY¡RQJF.KµL«PPYQJY¡QJ9ÒQQK¡WU.KµLPFDSK³QJFKR4XQK+QJY¡RÑLFµQJL[XQJJKDQKO\NKÄQODXW´F+QJ

7K¢LÒ£QFQWKWWQKL«QFDDQKO¡P+QJFKSPWOL«QWF&KDEDRJL&QJGXG¡QJYLFµQK.KµLÑFJQE«QDQKP\KµPÒFDQKVÄQV´FOROQJQKY\OQXVDXQ¡\NKµQJF´DQKFµVUDVDR"7GQJ4XQK+QJQPFKWWD\.KµL&µFKXNKµQJQLNKLQJKêWLO»FY6¡L*³QKDLQJLOLWUQ«Q[DO'QJQK.KµLFQJPDQJW£PWUQJJLQJFµQ«QDQKQJL[XQJJSU»WQ´L$QKNKµQJGLÒFP-QKQD4XQK+QJ$QK\«XHP\«XO£XUL<«XWO»FQK-QWK\HPOQÒXWL«Q7LFUQJO»FÒ´DQKÒ¤F´.LX1J£QDQKNKµQJG¢PW-PJSHPÒ

ÒDXNKNKLHPWUWK¡QKYVSFLFD&QJ9LDQKPLFKLÒXÒ¤TX¢PXQ1KQJQXHP\«XDQKWK-GºWKQ¡RÒLQDDQKFQJNKµQJÒPWHP*LQJ4XQK+QJNK¡QÒF7URQJWLPHP&QJNKµQJF³QFKÒQJQ¡RKW'WNKR¢WÒFYLFK®QKP-QKO³QJHPF´QKQK¶P1KQJFK®QKVGWNKR¢WQ¡\OLO¡PHPFKLYLKWKQJ(PF³QPWÒLPWDÒYQY¡RP¡VQJÑLPWD\O»FQ¡\O¡DQK1KQJQXKLHPF´\«XDQKNKµQJHPFKDWUOLÒFÑ¤WQJQJQKQQ«QHPVP-QKVOFY¡RRWQJULOLWKWYQJÒDXNKY-\«X$QKF´KLXHPNKµQJKD\DQKÒDQJQJKêHPF³QEªW®QKWR¢QÒ¢QJNKLQK

.KµLQKQK$QKKLXW£PWUQJFDHPKLQQD\1KQJOLHPQ´LNKµQJO¡PDQKQQFK®$QK\«XHPWKWO³QJNKµQJVPWK-PXQHPFQJVWKR¢WNKLPFFPFDVQJQKQÒ\«XDQKQKLXKQDQKÒDQJ\«XHPE£\JL4XQK+QJE£QJNKX£QJQªSY¡RQJF.KµL&PJL¢FE-QK\«QOLÒQYLFµ+QJ





159

ELWFRQÒQJWUFPWFDP-QKFÚWQKLXNKŃKÄQ.KLÒQJ¾QJKHOLWW-QKPXQP¡QJFD.KµLO¡FµÒ¤EWÒXGQEFY¡RFRQÒQJÒ\JSJKQK\UL%DPFKDELWFKX\QFµY¡&QJÒ¤ÒYQJE¡NKÓ³QJFKSQKQ.KµLULEDPVQK-Q4XQK+QJEQJÒµLPWP¡µQJE¡WQJQK-QFK1K1KQJGXWKQ¡RFµFQJSKLQ´LU¶Y&QJFKREDPKLXÑ£XF´FKDPQ¡RPXQFRQP-QKO\PWQJLFKQJJLQK£QJLQJKêDEWKLXWKDPODPQK&QJ4XQK+QJWK\YQJO³QJWUFQKQJÒLXYDQJKêVRQJFµVEWÒXQKWKQ¡RNKLQJKêY&QJYQKQJWKD\ÒLFDW£PKQY¡WU¢LWLPFµ

&KQJ

4XQK+QJWKSK¡RQKQK¶PNKLEXµQJP-QK[XQJJLQJ6DXQDQJ¡\QJL[HFµFQJÒ¤YÒQQK¡+QJUWGÒL[DFµWKQJEXQQµQY-VD\[HQKQJV¢QJQD\F´.KµLDQKORFKRFµWQJFK»WFKNKµQJO¡PPWÒQJÒQJV¢WNK®QKKµPW6¡L*³QUDQ«QFµWKDKQK¶QJQKR

&KX\QYPWQKQJKQKSK»F4XQK+QJFPXQFRQÒQJNªRG¡LP¤LÒFµÒFWDÒXY¡RYDLDQKQJLNE«QDQKY¡QJKHDQKWUPWUPNEDRQKL«XFKX\QWU«QÒL&µÒ¤ELWJ¤JX%XPP\G¢PFJDQYE\Y¡RTX\Q7EFKFDP-QKO¡DL&µÒ¤ELWWLVDR.KµLELWW«QP-QKY¡JLQJKHWKWQJWNKLFµQJLNK´FWURQJTX¢QF¡SK«4XQK+QJKWJKªWF£X+XGX\«QWKL«QO¾QÄQJWQJQJP¡DQKÒ¤JKLY¡RVFµYLFKN¾QKQºLNPJDL%£\JL4XQK+QJOLFXPRQJF£X\WUWK¡QKKLQWKF1KY\FRQQJLFµFÝµKXYµWK\FKXQJNKµQJ"4XQK+QJXRLEFY¡RSK³QJWP%XLWUDQK¡YQJWDQKFKF³QQK´F3KLYLF¢LP¢\ELJJDPH%DPYWKÄPQLF³QFK1KFKFÒ¤ÒLO¡P&KQJELWVXWPWWXQQ¡\&QJF´JKªNKµQJ"1JFFµFKWQQJQNKLQJKêWLDQK'XJ-FQJNKµQJGG¡QJGWNKR¢WYLPWPLW-QKGºWU¢LWLPP-QKÒ¤WUDRFKRQJLNK¢F5DSK³QJNK¢FK4XQK+QJQJSQJQJKLQK+PU¡\F´DLJKªQK¡NKµQJ3KL"0WYQNKµQJULP¢\WD\YQEPOLDOD3KLQ´L&´µQJ&QJWKµLFKDLQJJKªY-FKX\QJ-FKFFKELWP¡K¢"

4XQK+QJFKWGFµFKSPW&KNKµQJELW&KX\QJ-Y\"3KLQK»QYDLFXWDNKµQJWUOLF£X+QJYDKLP¡Q´LPWF£XWKWEWQJ&K1KEQK¡QJ¡\UL





160

4XQK+QJÒPWUDFµKWKRQJ7LVDRY\"&KÒLÒ£X"3KLFKPFKSÒ¢S7LFKY¡µQJ&QJFXDUÄQJYLQKDXYÄQJPLQJWLFK4XQK+QJQW'SF¢LP¢\T\Q¡\ÒLY¡Q´LFKRF´ÒXF´ÒXµL3KLKWK¡P/¡PJ-QGY\+PU¡\NKµQJNK®QK¡QJWQJWQKVSWQWK&KPLYÒ¤FK£PQJ³LÑFFFKEDPYULPLWKVQWXQJO«QFKRP¡[HP

4XQK+QJEQFKQQK-Q3KLWKQJT\QKQ¡\E¡\ÒWY³QJYREFWKW1KQJFKX\QTX¢LJ-Y\NLD"&µGXJLQJ&K1KÒLÒ£XY\"$QK&QJQ´LFKÒDQJVQJYLWKQJFKD&K¢QK+QJFDXP¡\

Ñ»QJKµQJÒ´"$LP¡ELWQKQJEDVºQJOPQJFKLFKYLFK1KUºPWULÒWHPQJKHPXQQWDLOXµQ0¡WUÄPVFQJWLFK6DROLWLFK"3KLQKFKPµLPDLPDÑLXQ¡\FKQ«QKLP-QKY¡µQJ.KµL+DLQJLYXLYFWXQQL[Ñ¡/WWUÄQJPP¡FKRÒ£\E¤RJLµQJW¢O

4XQK+QJÒPWFµS»QJ$QK&QJÒ¤Q´LJ-YFKYLEDP"(PNKµQJU¶QJX\«QYÄQQKQJÒLNK¢LQ´LO¡FKQJKHOLFDDQK&K¢QKFK1KP¡F¡QJ[DO¢QKQKÒJLDRGXWK£QPWYLDQK.KµL0FNQKYDQ[LQQÄQQFKQKWÒQKÒLÑ¡/WGºFµQJW\FKO¡PNKµQJF´\«XFX&KY-PXQJQDQK.KµLWKµL





161

4XQK+QJP®PPµLQKQ´LY\WKWK"3KLJWÒXQKF³QQ´LQKLXOP.LXQKPQJYQEDPELY\µQJJL¡PLJLQ&K1KYDEFY¡RQK¡O¡E[FQJD\%DQ´LFKKWK£QÒ¤Ò¡QKF³QE¡\ÒWPÒQJYFKOLFKRFKÒLWKHR&K1KFQJEQJSKLFKLFKLPWK-Ò£XF´FKX\QÑQJQ¡\FKRQJ´QJO«QUQJ$QK&QJO¡KQJNKµQJUDJ-FKEQJO¡NKµQQJRDQV¢QJVXW1JKHY\DQK&QJQLFQW¢L+DLE«QWD\ÒµLYLQKDXEDJLQJK³DEQJF¢FKW¢WE¡1KPWF¢LO¡PE[LQJQLQJ4XQK+QJQXWQFEW7LVDREDÒ¢QKFK"

7LFKG¢PWX\«QEO¡FK[ºÒSDQK&QJY-Ò¤\«XDQK.KµLUL7ULL3KLOPW%NKµQJÒ»QJVDR"&KDKW&K1KF³QQ´LFKEDQK&QJO¡Y-QJKHOLFK[»L&K®QKF£XQ¡\O¡PEDESWDLFK4XQK+QJU«QU

6DRE¡1KW¡LODQKGY\N-D3KLFLFL(PQJKêFKK\VLQKÄQW¢WÒQ´LWKWJLºPFKFKNKµQJÒQJLQO¡W¡LODQKQKFKNWWLÒ£X1K-QVEQJQDFRQPWWKµLHPFQJWK\O»FVDXQ¡\FKWUQµQJ&QJNK¢N4XQK+QJFKLTXDQK1KQJFKY¡.KµLFKO¡ÒQJQJKLSWKµL&K1KQ´LWPE\

3KLKµQJÒ´"1LWK\WK¢LÒFDµQJ.KµLNKLNKL«QJESFLF¡UWY¡RQK¡ULFLFLOLFOLFYLFKO¡HPELWWQJ&KOROLXKQÒL(PQJKHEDW®QKÒ¢PFLWUFWWY¡DQK&QJFQJÒQJ¾QKWK4XQK+QJFKR¢QJY¢QJQJLLP%DPULFQJELWQKQJNLXQ¡\JÄQJT»D*LQJ3KLOLYDQJO«Q





162

0D\O»FµQJ.KµLÒDE¡YNKµQJFÉDPQK¡1XF´FKFFKLFK¡EDTXªWUDULQJ.KµLO¡EQµQJ&K¢QKQ«QÒ¤QPWURQJEQJ3KRQJTXFDEDE¡NKLP¡OQ[Q1JKêFQJFK¢QF´KDLE¡FKYDÒ¢PKL[RQJÒ¤\«XQJLNK¢F7KQJHPQ¡\WK\P¡VÒ¡QE¡TX¢VF4XQK+QJKLOQJÒL.KµQJDLÒLW-PFK1KVDR"3KLOFÒX%DNKµQJFKR9LOLELWÒ£XP¡W-P(PF´ÒLQWKRLWLFµQJW\FK1KÒ¤QJKO¡P4XQK+QJFKªSPLQJ0NKµQJF´¾NLQJ-¡"

3KLUDYFQRQ0FKF´QFPW0¡QFPWWK-JLLTX\WJ-FFK+µPEDÒXLFK1KY-JLQOUDPSKLFQY-PO¡P1KQJY-TX¢VEDTXHQEQJOQ¢SQ«QGºNKµQJPXQFKÒLPFQJFKQJG¢PQJÄQ%¡Ò¤PWOXµQTX\QO¡PPUL4XQK+QJµPÒXNKV&´J-Ò£XP¡EDJLQGY\"6DROLNKµQJ"&KTX«QEDO¡QJLFRLWUQJX\W®QGDQKG¡"QJQJKêKWFK1KUL

WLFKÒ¤O¡PJLDÒ-QKP-QKPDQJWLQJY-\«XORQ[¡QJX7LEDFKDELWU¶DQK&QJFQJQKDQK&K¢QKQ«QPLQJKêFKY¡FK1KKKQJ7KWUDÒ£XF´DLPXQWUFWUNKL\«XFK"3KLQJDRQJ¢Q1KQJFK®QKFKÒ¤FKQDQK&QJNLDP¡4XQK+QJS»QJE¡RFKD

&KÒ¤FKQOP3KLPDLPD&KFJ-YLµQJ.KµLFKÒ¤FKQÒ»QJ'XNKµQJDW®QKEDKRDNKR¢FO¢FFDDQK&QJQKQJHPQJKêFKQ«QDQSKQWK-KQ%LWÒ£XDQK.KµLFKÒºDFKLYLFKFKOFKWLQDQKWDWKWO³QJ\«XPWQJLÒ¤F´FKQJVSFLQKQJVQV¡QJEFKQJÒWKHRP-QK¡"1XHPO¡.KµLQ´LWKWHPFKÒºDFKRYXLWKµL







164

FLOL7LFRQVWFKFWUFWW1JKêDO¡F³QFKQJPWWK¢QJULQD&QJÒDQJOROLXPLFKX\Q4XQK+QJWK\WFWKFµNKŃKÄQQ´LÑ£XFQSKLYLY¡QJK¢EDFRQPXQF´WKLJLDQÒKLX&QJKQQDQJÑFEWE&KOWUFNLDFRQFKDKLXP¡Ò¤QJO¡PYQ´"ÑQJNLPFKX\QO¡PJ-NKLPLYLFÒ£XUDÒ´FUL1LP-QK4XQK+QJEDÒ¤PWY¡[XKFRQÒQJJLFKQJEWFKFQ´&QJO¡ÒDÒ¡QJKR¡QJWWQ´WKDÒLXNLQEREFFKRFRQQK¡FDFQJLF´VQFµQJGDQKVQJKLSQPWURQJWD\%DNKµQJPXQFRQNKVDXQ¡\NKLE£\JLQµQJQLQJKHOLWKQJÒXJLNK¢F'®ÒXOFWKXFY¡RF¢LJWW¡QµQJFKWJWO«Q

5LWDRVW-PWKQJ.KµLÒQ´LFKX\QSKLTX\7KXKWFDQÒP4XQK+QJS»QJ&KX\QFRQYL&QJNKµQJOL«QTXDQWL.KµL9\WLVDRFRQWUQKQFKRQ´"4XQK+QJQ´LÒL&RQNKµQJFKXQLF¢FKVQJFD&QJÑ¤Y\DQKOLODGLFRQ

QJÑFQJWOLFµ&KX\QQ¡\O¡KLXOPFK®QKE¡1JX\WQ´LYLED&QJNKµQJFÓLJ-WURQJYLFµQJEQÝ¡RYLQGQJO¤RQXFKY-O¾GRQ¡\P¡FRQEQ´WK-T»DÒ¢QJ4XQK+QJPFQKQ´LYLFK&PO¡WQJÒDFRQP\QJ¡QÒµÒVPÒÒ¢PKLY¡WUWLQEWL7£\O\PWF´T»DÒ¢QJNKµQJ"1K-QµQJÑFYLÒµLPWNKVFµQ´LWLS

9LQJLNK¢FF´WKÒ\O¡FKX\QQKQKQJFRQNKµQJFKSQKQ/¡PYQKFRQVNKEDÒQJªSPWFµQJQJÑF[XDWD\&RQ&PQ´LO¢RULQ´VWLÒ£\[LQOLFRQ7KQJ&QJFKXNKY-FRQFKQ¡\NKµQJ®W/Q¡RFRQNKµQJELWW¢QKKDPWLQFDFRQ&P"





165

4XQK+QJFLQKW9-WLQFK&PQ´LÒLULQ´LOLP\KL&RQNKµQJWLQKDLFKHPQK¡QKQJÑFFJQJPPPQJ&RQFFKSTX¢%DWK\&QJFKQJFÓLJ-YLFRQKW7KLÒ´WLJL&QJYQWKWUFÒ£\FK®QKFRQNKHQQ´P¡4XQK+QJFQPµL%DFµQ´LÒ»QJ&QJO¡WKDQKÒ£XF´J-NK¢FWUFFŃK¢FFKÄQJO¡F¢LQK-QFDFµÒLYLDQK/PO-QJÚDV£Q+QJQ´LÑ»QJO¡QKNKµQJFÓL1JLFÓLO¡FRQFRQÒ¤KSWSYLY¡QJQKQOL&QJ1KQJWK¡PDQJWLQJSKEFYµWK\YµFKXQJFKFRQNKµQJWKO\QKÒFNKLW-QK

FPÒ¤FKWULÑPWD\[XQJE¡QPWF¢LWKWPQKµQJÑFTX¢WWR7ULLO¡WUL1K¡Q¡\YµSK»FPLF´KDLÒDFRQJ¢LQKFKHPE£\7DRVÄQQ´LUDVDRYLKK¡QJE¡FRQYLEQE©ÒQJQJKLSNKLDLDLFQJELWP¡\Ò¤O¡PÒ¢PKLYLQÚL"7K£QFRQJ¢LQKQOFDQJLWD[HPQKÒ¤F´FKQJVDXQ¡\DLWK©PÒQJWL0¡\ÒQJWQJWKQJFK´.KµLWKWW-QK&KQJTXDQ´PXQSK¢WKQJ&QJFKRE¶JKªWY-QÓ¡EQWKQJ&K¢QKFKO¡PVDRQ´G¢P\«XQJLPDXWKD\ÒLQKP¡\4XQK+QJÒQJSKWG\

%DÒQJQKFWL.KµLQKNKµQJSKLO¡QJX\«QQK£QNKLQFRQFKLDWD\&QJÒ£X&RQOQULFRQÒNKµQÒSK£QELWÒ»QJVDLWW[X7KWEWFµQJNKLEWFRQO\QJLNKµQJUDJ-Y-VWDLWLQJVGOXQ&RQF¢LWURQJQK¡EDNKµQJWLQP¡ÒLWLQQJLGQJ7WUFÒQJLEDFKNKHQ&QJF³QFKHPFRQY¡WKQJ3KLEDOXµQFK«EDLG©EX1J¡\Q¡RÒÉDV£QKQY-FRLUKQKSK»FFRQF¢LQKQJOL[HPX\W®QFDP-QKWRTX¢1´LGWOLFµFK\WLJ´FQK¡GWFKLF[HÒS7UXQJ4XFUDV£QQJÑFQJLFKWWU«QWU«QJKY-QKQJF£XSKPWKQJFD4XQK+QJ

7URQJJLDÒ-QKQ¡\µQJO¡EFWLFDREWNK[£PSKP&QJÒXQK4XQK1KF³QQµQJY\P¡FRQTXQKQ¡\G¢PKQK¡RÒQWK7KWTX¢VFWµQWLWUWWÒRO¾OX£QWKQJÒROQFUL1XNKµQJWU4XQK+QJµQJF³QUDWKWKQJJ-YLJLDÒ-QKJLDWF7FÒL«QO«QµQJÒQJG\EFUDFD4XQK+QJÒ¤ÒS[HÒLPWUL&KQJELWWU»WFQWKQKQY¡RÒ£XµQJÑFTXD\Y¡RJLYPWL%¡9£QFKDÒQSK³QJNK¢FKÒ¤QJKHµQJTX¢W





166

&RQKWLPWKWNKµQJVDL+DLÒDFRQJ¢LFDE¡O¡PWµLVSFKWY-O«QP¢XE¡G\GWK-®WQXµQJFKLXWK-QKLX%£\JLNKµQJÒDQ¡RFRLFKDPUDJ-KW7µLF³QPWPLQ¡RQK-QWKL«QKÒ£\7K\YÒQJLPWKLQWK®WµQJGX[XQJY¡UDOQK%¡Q´LVDRYLFRQ+QJWK-Q´L1KWÒQKÒ¢PFLSKLWFKFWUFWW%WÒXQJ¡\PDLQ´SKLQJKYLFQXNKµQJFKQJDLTXQO¾Q´%¡9£QUWU©7LQ´Ò£XÒDQ¡RVWµLQJÑFQWÒºD1KQJFK»QJVQKQJJLWQFPWFDE¡1XNKµQJERÒFFK»QJWK-FKWSKF

FKRUL%¡9£QO¡PWKLQKWUFFQJLQGFDFKQJ%¡Ò¤TXHQFKXÒQJQKQJOQQ¡\E¡FO³QJWUFQKQJOLYµWU¢FKQKLPFKQJP-QKYDQ´L+µPQD\µQJÑFÒ¢QK1KWUFPW&QJY¡ÒXLFµÒLE¡Ò¤NKµQJF´SKQQJJ-Y-VFKQJ%¡QJKLPUDUQJFQJUQTX¢VPWFRQ&K»QJOQNKµQFULFKDPÒ£XWKªSFK»QJWKHR¾P-QK7KQKQJFKQJE¡NKµQJQKQUDÒLXÒ´&ÓY-Y\µQJTXHQÒFPLQJLFKLX¾Q«QQJD\FKX\QKµQQK£QFDF¢FFRQµQJFQJPXQO¡QJLF´TX\QTX\WÒQKWLFDR%¡9£QFKWWKG¡L7U«QÒLQ¡\FKFÉ¡O¡QJLWQJX\QWX£QOLµQJWQJO\WQJW®Y-E¡O¡YµQJ&¢FFRQÒ¤PFOµQJPFF¢QKFK»QJVED\ÒLÒNKLEªSXQJ

4XQK1KÒ¤O\FEµQJÒXLÒÒQJKR¡QJÒQVQJYLQJLQ´\«X4XQK+QJVO¡PJ-QKPÒWPFÒ®FKFDP-QK"%¡ÒR¢QFKDUDÑLXFKFFKQO¡ELWFK»QJVNKµQJQJKHOLµQJQKEDRQKL«XQÄPE¡Ò¤OQJOY£QJOL

&KQJ

4XQK+QJQPÒSPQQKQJLP&µFKXNKµQJQLQKQJJLWQFPWFDP3KLFKLPTX¢WWK¢RPêQKEDO³QJFµÒ£XQQJQWKQ¡\.WKµPÑ¡/WY+QJWU¢QK&QJP\QJ¡\OLQ

ÑLXQ¡\O¡PEDFµEFELYµFºQJY-WXQQ¡R&QJWLQK¡4XQK+QJFQJO-WURQJSK³QJPFGºE¡9£QÒ¤EDOQE\OWJLFµUD7LQD\&QJOLÒQWKD\Y-JL+QJPÒ¤NK´FY¡FµÒDQJPXQNK´FWKHRPÒ£\7XQJPQQJLG\YLÒµLPWUPUP4XQK+QJEF[XQJFKLVP¢LW´FY¡UDSK³QJNK¢FKYLTX\WW£PSKLJLLTX\W[RQJFKX\QYL&QJ.KµQJFÉDQK¡&QJYQNL«QQKQYLFKQJWULQKWLYLÒ¤SK¢WOLP\OQ







168

0LQKÒ¤FKRFµELWQKLXÒLXWK»YYFRQQJLFDDQK&µNKµQJPXQOWPWQ&QJQKQJQXDQKYQE¢PWKHRFµFKF+QJSKLQKÒQ7KX0LQKWKµL1JQQJPWFK»W4XQK+QJQ´L$QKFÉLWFWXQOTXDHPQJKêJ-NKµQJ"(PQJKêYPLW-QKFDFK»QJWD&KRWLJLSK»WQ¡\YPWQ¡RÒÝQO¡PWPLW-QKÒS$QKÒ£XSKQKQFKX\QQ¡\6SWLP-QKVO¡PWFSYFKQJ[QJÒµLQD4XQK+QJNKV(POLQJKêNK¢FDQK&K»QJWDVNKµQJF´KQKSK»FQXO\QKDX(PFK[HPDQKQKPWQJLDQKWKµL/£XQD\HPÒ¤QKPOQNKLFKRUQJÒÓ¡W-QK\«X&QJJQJLQJ

$QKNKµQJWLQHPUW\«XDQKWQJÒPÒXLWURQJY³QJWD\DQKY¡Ò¤ÒQJ¾O¡PYDQK(PÒ¤WUQJWK¡QKQ«QÒO¾WU®SK£QELWW-QKFP/¡PJ-F´FKX\QQKPOQNKµLK¡LWK&KF´WKHPQKPOQFK»WW-QKYLQYµQJYDFKPYLWKQJQK¤L.KµLWKµL1JQJOLÒTXDQV¢W+QJ[RQJ&QJOLQ´LWLSEQJJLQJWKWGR1KQJDQKNKµQJFRLFKX\QÒÓP(PÒDQJJLQDQKKLXOPDQKQKLXWK.KµLJQE«QHPQ«QF´ÒLXNLQW¢QWQK1Ó¡WKQJFKLÒ«WLQQ«QPLW³Y©YQJLNK¢F4XQK+QJ»

$QKQ´LE\&QJTXFPW1´PXQKQKFDQKWKµLHPFKFRQFWK®O¡QQQK£QFDQ´.KµLÒ¤FKLPÒFWU¢LWLPOQWK£Q[¢FHPULQ´VFLKK«Y¡EHPQJD\4XQK+QJKªWO«QÑQJOµL.KµLY¡RFKX\QFDP-QK1´LWKQJUDHPNKµQJKSYLDQKQ«QNKµQJWLQWLKµQQK£QÒF

&QJQKFKPªS1KQJQXNKµQJF´Q´+QO¡DQKUWKSYLHPÑQJY³QJYRQD4XQK+QJ7KWUD.KµLF´J-KQDQK"(PELWJ-YQ´0WWKQJFRQKRDQJQJR¡LJL¢WK»PQÓ¡E¡JL¢RQLWLQJQJKL«PNKFQKQJNKµQJJLXDLÒFGêY¤QJPWWKLFDP-QK%¡WDWQJO¡PEªQKQJO»FQ¡RFQJUDRJLQJÒRÒF7KWWLW





169

4XQK+QJPWE-QKWêQKY-QKQJOLÒ\F¾FD&QJ'ºFµÒ¤QJKH.KµLNYJLDÒ-QKP-QKQKQJTXDPLQJOLFD&QJ+QJYQWK\NKV&µELWDQKVOLGQJKR¡QFQKFDPFRQ.KµLÒQ£QJX\W®QEQWK£QY¡J£\NKŃKÄQFKRFµYLJLDÒ-QK%DFµÒ¤NKµQJWK®FK.KµLµQJF¡QJNKLQKDQKKQQXELWFKX\QPFRQDQKTXDPLQJNFD&QJ&µPDPDL&KX\QJ-TXDF¢FKQ´LFDDQKFQJELQFKWO¡PHPSKLQJFQKL«QY¡V´FWQJWQJSKRQJSK»FDDQK&QJJQJOL(PFKRUQJDQKO¢RFKX\QWKQJ.KµL¡".KµQJSKLO¡O¢RQKQJDQKJLLE´SPªRVWKWQ«QNKÓ³QJWLQQLDQK

1JSQJQJPWFK»W4XQK+QJWXQJÒ³QFKE¡LFDP-QKUD&¢FKÒ£\P\QJ¡\HPF´JS7KX0LQK1KÒ´HPPLELWU¶DQKKQFK»WQD&QJFÝELUL&µWDQ´L[XDQKQKLXOPSKLNKµQJ"&QJFKWU¢FK7KX0LQKFµWDKQY-EDQKEULÒ\«XHP4XQK+QJOFÒX$QKOPUL7KX0LQKFKKQ´LJ-YDQK1KQJFKF´ÒDHP[HPPWÒRQQKWN¾

FDDQK0W&QJFKWW¢LÒLÑRQQKWN¾JKLF¢FKFKQYFKQQJL\«XFDDQKÒ´7KWNKµQJQJ%£\JLHPELWDQKFKPXQFLHPYÒO¡PÒ\WFKRÒLDQK&QJPD\FK7KX0LQKÒ¤ÒFÒFQ´QXNKµQJFKÒ¤YµW-QKWUWK¡QKQFWKDQJFKRDQKEFO«QÒ¡LGDQKYQJUL&QJµPÒXOPEP&KO7KX0LQKÒ¤O\ÒFQ´

4XQK+QJQK»QYDLÑLXQ¡\HPNKµQJELW&K0LQKQ´LO¡YµW-QKQKWÒFWURQJSK³QJO¡PYLFFDDQK&K®QKY-Q´P¡7KX0LQKÒ¤FKLDWD\YLDQKÒ\&QJYWFKL





170

1´LO¢R$QKNKµQJF´QKWN¾Q¡RKW4XQK+QJFDRJLQJ6DROLNKµQJ"+µPÒ´QK¡FK0LQKHPÒFNKµQJKWQ«QF´PQYÑ»QJO¡FDDQK7KWNLQKNKQJ1KQ´HPPLELWWLVDRE¢FWUDLY¡RYLQGQJO¤R1KQ´HPPLELWDQKFK\«XEQWK£QP-QKF³QFKDPY¡YFKO¡FµQJFSKFYFKRDQKWKµL&QJWKQWKQJLWKWU«QJK7UFÒ£\DQKFÓ¡PPWPWFXQQKWN¾O»FÒ´DQKF´QJKL7KX0LQKY-NKLFµJKªSK³QJO¡PYLFDQKÒDQJJKLFKªSQDFKQJ9QWKQWUQJDQKYLFWFXQVJKLQKQJÒLXE®PWUL«QJWFDP-QKY¡RKFWÑDQJQ´LFKX\QYL0LQKWK-7QJJL¢PÒFJLDQKSKLEÒLQJD\4XDQJ¡\KµPVDXQKWLTX\QQKWN¾DQKNªRKFWUDÒ¤WK\PW'ºPFNKVYµFºQJ&QJYQNKµQJG¢PKL7KX0LQK&µO¡FRQJ¢LFQJFD7QJ*L¢PÑFO¡QJL\«XFDDQKFKFQPPLQJO¡PFTXDLQJD\&QJ£PWKPWKHRG¶LQKQJWK\7KX0LQKYQE-QKWKQJÑºQJPWF¢LFµQKQOLO\7®QO¡P

DQKWQJP-QKEUL[XQJÒDQJF7K-UDQJX\«QQK£QO¡Ò´&µWDÒ¤LPOQJO£XQD\Y-OJ-OLO³LFXQQKWN¾FKWWLW\UDYL4XQK+QJ"/QQ¡\DQKOLWKXDQDULÑ»QJO¡E»WVDJ¡FKW6DRWUFÒ£\&QJE¡\ÒWFKLWU³FKQJKêDPY®GXQKÒ¡QE¡FKRNKQNKNKQQQWKQK"6DXOQEPWQKWN¾DQKÒ¤EWK´LYLWFKRP-QK1KQJF´ÄQWKXDJ-YLFKX\QYD[\UDQ¡\(PÒDQJJLTX\QQKWN¾Ò´¡"

+QJOFÒX(PWUFKRFK7KX0LQKULFKERVFWQ´FQWKQ&QJQXWQFEWÑO¡PJ-"4XQK+QJKLQKHRPW

&K0LQKQ´LFKQJQ¡RDQKFLYFKVJLQÓ¡PTX¡FLFKRYDQK&QJEXWPLQJ.KQNLS4XQK+QJJWJº





171

/¡PQKY\F´KL¢FQKQJWUWKºP¡ÑDQKWN¾FDDQKFKRHP[HPFQJO¡PWF¢FKWUWKº&K7KX0LQKFDRVL«XWKW0W&QJTXPOLFÄPWF5LF´QJ¡\DQKVFKRYFKQJFµWDELWPW4XQK+QJFK£PFKF1JLWDELWPWDQKOPULFQFKLSKLKQQJ¡\QD+µPQ¡RUQKHPVPQOLFXQQKWN¾FKREDHPÒF&QJÒQJEWG\(PPXQFKLWU³K©QKQK7KX0LQKWK-Wº\$QKWLQFKFEDHPVWLSWFQJKDQKY-µQJNKµQJPXQPDQJWDLWLQJELFRQF¢L$QKYÒ£\

4XQK+QJQJWQJ¡RÑHPWLQDQKUDFQJ&QJFÄPWF.KµQJFQÑQJQJKêUQJPLFKX\QJLDFK»QJWDÒ¤[RQJ(PYQF³QQWµLPWFXFW-QKY¡WµLQKWÒQKVÒ³LOL4XQK+QJWKG¡L&µFKDÒR¢QÒFFKFJLQ&QJO¡FÓLKD\F´KL1KQJGºVDRE£\JLDQKFQJNKµQJF³QO¡PFµOROQJQKWUFÒ£\

ÑHPTX\QQKWN¾UDGR&QJTXO¡F´K©QKQKQJFµKWF¢FKUL&µNKµQJPXQJLQJ7KX0LQKWK£PÒFYLQJLÒ¤WQJ\«XWU¢LOL4XQK+QJWK\P-QKFÓLYL&QJY-FK®QKFµÒ¤WKD\ÒL%FWKHRDQKUDV£QFµGXJLQJ(PWK¡QKWKW[LQOLDQKPRQJDQKKLXJLºP0LYLFÒ¤FKPGWUL&QJO¡PWKLQKSK´QJ[HÒL4XQK+QJQK-QWKHREXQE¤1JKêWL.KµLFµVW-QK\«XÒDQJG¡QKFKRDQKOLO¡QKQJSK»WJL£\EQJEWFDWU¢LWLPP-QK

ÑDQJF³QWGQYWOQJW£P+QJOLQJKHWLQJ[HWUFFQJ&µQKHRPWQK-QUDY¡WK\&K¢QKFKFK1KY¡RWLV£Q*LQJQJLÒL[DYDY4XQK1KKLJLQJWK£QPW&ÉDPQK¡NKµQJ+QJ"+QJQJSQJQJ





172

&KF´PWKµL&KFKXYUL¡"4XQK1KNKµQJWUOL&µNªR&K¢QKY¡RSK³QJNK¢FK+QJFKNSWK\DQKPPFLY¡&K¢QKÒ¤Y¡RWLWURQJUL+QJQJKHFK1KWK-WKP$QKW®QKVDR"&´ÒLEDYNKµQJ"&K¢QKWUPWêQKJWÒX3KLÒLFKHP4XQK1KKL%DÒLÒ£XY\"

+QJOFÒX1KKJLQJ&KX\QHPY¡&QJUDVDRUL"QKYDÒ£\Y(PÒ¤GWNKR¢W1KQJF³QED4XQK1KQ´QJQ\(PSKLGWNKR¢WOXµQYLEDPLÒF4XQK+QJFQPµLOQJVDQJFKXX\QNK¢F

.KµQJY¡RWKÄPP¡0QKFKOPÒ´4XQK1KWKG¡L&µQK-Q&K¢QKPWF¢LULÒLY¡RWURQJ+DLQJLFKWULY¡RLPOQJ&K¢QKO«QWLQJWUF7LTXD.KµLF´JSDQK7LP+QJÒSPDQKQKQJFµYQWYGQJGQJ9\VDR"QKF´PDQJUXG£XÑ¡/WWLFKRDQKNKµQJ"

&K¢QKFL&´+DLWKQJYDW£PW-QKYDXQJUX1JRQÒ\FK4XQK+QJÒR¢QJL¡ÒR¢QQRQ&KFDQKSKLQ´LQKLXKQQK"





173

6DR+QJOLQJKêY\"9-DQKÒDQJF´W£PVP¡&K¢QKQKHRPWÑR¢QWKO¡VDLUL$QKWR¡QQJLXQJY¡QJKH.KµLQ´LWKµL4XQK+QJWK\QKWQKW&µNKµQJQJKê.KµLFQQJLW£PVÒQPFJ¶FDQK¡&K¢QKY-DQKÒ£XSKLO¡EQ.KµL1KQJ.KµLÒ¤Q´LQKQJJ-Y\N-D"'QJQKÒR¢QÒFWKFPFFD4XQK+QJ&K¢QKYLQ´L$QKÒºDWKµL7KWUD.KµLKLDQKVO¡PF¢FKQ¡RÒFLÒF4XQK1KP¡NKµQJSKLQO³QJE¢FWUDL"

7KDQKWUOLVDR"$QKNKµQJWUOLP¡KLOLFXWD4XQK+QJFKSPW$QKKLJ-Y\"&K¢QKFLFL$QKKLFXWDFQELWÒO¡PFKL(PELW.KµLWUOLVDRNKµQJ"

&K¢QKOLFL.KµLQ´LÒU»WNLQKQJKLPFKREQWK£Q4XQK+QJÒPW&K¢QKWUPJLQJ&K®QKY-F£XWUOLÒ´$QKPLÒD4XQK1KYJSEDP+QJWK´WWLPFµOX¾QKTX¾QKKL

$QKFKÒQKQ´LJ-YHPY¡.KµL"&K¢QKFKDWUOLQJR¡LFQJOLF´WLQJ[HY¡WLQJE´SN©QLQKL+QJOLPPµL%DY$QKÒQJQ´LJ-WL.KµL(PNKµQJPQÒ£XQJKH'WOLFµFK\YWUDPFDQJÑFFK\[HY¡RWQSK³QJNK¢FK0WµQJGQJGQJ





174

NKL&K¢QKÒQJG\FK¡R7K\FK-DNK´D[HO«QE¡QµQJKLWUQJ&RQ1KÒ£X"4XQK+QJÒ¢SQJD\'&KÒDQJWURQJSK³QJYLP+1ÝÒ£\O¡PJ-QD&K¢QKQKQK4XQK1KUWQKKDLE¢FQ«QGºVE¢FU\1KFQJYWKÄPQJÑFÒD\QJKLQ

1´F³QELWQKF¢LQK¡Q¡\¡7µLÒ¤Q´LÒLO¡NKµQJWUYQDNLDP¡9LWµLQ´QKÒ¤FKWUL&K¢QKµQWQ7KDE¢F;LQE¢FÒQJJLQ4XQK1K7WFOLWLFK¢XQJÑFYXQJWD\9\WK-PLFXEFUDQJD\1K¡Q¡\NKµQJFKDOLOPFDDLKW

&K¢QKYQE-QKWêQK&K¢XVÒLNKLQ´LKWQKQJÒLXFQQ´L4XQK+QJ(PY¡RPLE¢FJ¢LY¡FK1KJLºPDQKQJÑFJWWR.KµQJÒFPLDLKW7µLNKµQJFQQJKHKQJYµOL«PVQKFXQ´LFKX\Q5DNKLÒ£\QJD\ÒÒXF¢QJÒVNKDQK4XQK+QJWR¢WPKµLNKLQJKHWLQJµQJÑFUQUQJYDQJO«Q&µQK-Q&K¢QKY¡

WK\DQKJFÒXFKXWUQ%DFµUWQ´QJW®QK7UFÒ£\PWOQJLQ3KLµQJÒ¤QªPQJX\«QF¢LJWW¡QEQJWKXWLQKY¡RÒXWKQJEª0D\SK»FQ´QªNSQXNKµQJFKFFQJYÒXQJ&K¢QKQJLONLXQ¡\EDP¡VºQJO«QWK-F´WULFQ&µOROQJQJKHDQKQ´L





175

&K¢XNKµQJÒXF¢QJFQJNKµQJVNKDQK9LFFK¢XÒQÒ£\VFKQJPLQKÒLXÒ´QJÑFKªW7µLFQJ-VFKQJPLQKFDFX7´POLF»W[ªRQJD\4XQK1KWWURQJFK\UDY-QJKHµQJÑFODOL&µE-QKWêQKQJL[XQJNE«Q&K¢QKY¡O«QWLQJ7LFRQF´FKX\QPXQWKDYLEDP1´L[RQJWLFRQVÒLQJÑFKPK0¡\WUY¡RWURQJQJD\4XQK1KFQJTX\W

&RQSKLQ´LFKX\QYLEDÒ¤4XD\VDQK&K¢QKFµJLF$QKQ´LÒL&K¢QKÒDQKDLWD\Y¡RQKDXJLQJQJSQJQJ&K¢XPXQWKDKDLE¢F[LQFL4XQK1K%DPFK¢XVWLWKDFKX\QYLKDLE¢FVDXQJÑFÒSE¡Q

&XWQJJLDÒ-QKWµLVEQJO³QJ¡"7UFÒ£\EDPFXFQJWQJÒLFLYFKRFXKÒ¤F´PWÒLG£XULVDROLGG¡QJFLWK«POQQD+QJQJLÒŃKµQJ[QJO¡P[XLYLWµL+9FKQJÒXSWD\JLFXEF¢LPW&LFRQ1KYÒFEDRO£XFXOLEQ´ÒWLQWK«PEFQD*LDÒ-QKQ¡\NKµQJF´DLGQJYJFKQJKDLEDOQ&K»QJWµLGWNKR¢WNKµQJGXQKSF¢FKVQJYµWKXYµFKXQJÒ´&K¢QKY¡1KQK-QQKDX4XQK+QJWK\EDFµTX¢QQJOLY¡TX¢FFKS9LTXDQÒLPERWKFDP-QKµQJFKQJFQKLXÒWKµQJFPFKRDLKW'ºVDR&K¢QKFQJÒ¤ÒQJWXLDQKF´GDQKGFDPWQJLWQJWULWQJOÄQOQYL

ÒLEDFµPQJQKW¢WQFY¡RPWDQKQKWKTXO¡TX¢Ò¢QJ&KFFKQNKL&K¢QKWLÒ£\DQKÒ¤W®QKP-QKVO¡PJ-ULÑ»QJQK4XQK+QJQJKê&K¢QKNKµQJFKXWKXDDQKQJKL«PQJKQ´L$LFQJF´QKQJOOPVDLV´WWURQJÒL&XFKµQQK£QYDTXDFDFK¢XO¡PWOLOP1KQJÒ£XSKLY-OOPP¡FK¢XNKµQJÒFTX\Q\«XY¡FLYNK¢F7-QKFPFK¢XG¡QKFKR1KUWWURQJV¢QJ&K¢XPXQ1KÒQJKR¡QJO«Q[HKRDJLQJQKQJ





176

FµJ¢LNK¢FWUFVFKQJNLQFDFKDPKK¡QJÒµLE«Q1JQJPWFK»WÒGQ[»FÒQJ&K¢QKQ´LWLS1XE¢FNKµQJWKQJÒQJUDFKKµQFKRFK¢XY¡1KWK-WK-WLFK¢XVWWFKF0WµQJÑF[¢PQKFK-µQJFKWD\Y¡R&K¢QKOSES0¡\P¡\G¢PQ´LWK¡&K¢QKFÝKºQJKQ;¤KLY¡SK¢SOXWWKDQKQTX\QQ¡\FDFK»QJFK¢XQJÑFWUQPWPQJ%QFK»QJE£\WOQFKXLO«QK"Ñ»QJO¡TX£QPWG\

4XQK1KUPUPQFPW&K»QJFRQELWO¡PVDRKQNKLEDTX¢NKHNKW&RQFQFKDPQKQJFQJFQKQKSK»FUL«QJ7LVDREDEWFRQSKLQJKêYKQKSK»FJLQJED"7LVDREDEWFRQSKLY-GDQKGX\W®QJ-J-Ò´FDJLDÒ-QKQ¡\P¡E&K¢QKNKLYLFFK»QJFRQ\«XQKDXO¡NKµQJF´J-VDLWU¢LKWQJÑFÒDQKJLQJ0¡\ÒQJF´JLO¾OXQYLWDR7KXÒLWUQJP¡Ò³LNKµQKQJ¡7KLJLDQOÄQOQWQJWULFXFÒLFDP¡\FKDEQJSKQOQKQJWK¢QJQÄPFKDPÒ¤VQJ&KDL

PXQFRQF¢LSKLNK&K®QKY-Y\WDRFQFQJTX\WFQJUQYLFKHPE£\ÑDXNKEXQE¤PWY¡LQÄPULTX«QF³QKQ£QKQVXWFÒLY-PWWKQJÒ¡QµQJNKµQJUDJ-4XQK1KEQJEQK&RQFKDVQJQKLXFKDQPKWWKÄQJWUPQKEDQKQJFRQPXQO¡PFKÒLP-QKY¡WUQTX\QVQJFXFVQJFDP-QKQJÑFFLQKW

9\WK-P¡\YÒ£\O¡PJ-QD"ÑOµQJÒF¢QKULED\ÒLÒ£XWK-ED\ÒL1´LGWOLµQJKPKPÒLY¡RWURQJ4XQK1KFKPFKSTXWQFPW&ÄQSK³QJKWVFQQJQ+QJQJKH&K¢QKWKG¡L$QK[LQOLÒ¤NKµQJWKX\WSKFÒF/UDDQKSKLPPPQJKQ*LQJ4XQK1KVQJQF





177

&ÝDQ[LQEDFQJFKQJÒL¾WURQJQK¡Q¡\OLEDO¡OQKQJÒ¤TXHQUDOQKY¡TXHQÒFPLQJLQJKHWKHRUL1K-Q4XQK+QJEQJ¢QKPWFK¢QFKQJ&K¢QKQ´L.KµLFKQJU»WNLQKQJKLPJ-ÒFDQK+DLÒDOLXP¡OR7LHP[HPUDF³QNKŃKÄQQKLXKQDQKFKQDÒ\4XQK+QJUWU©$QKFKW®QKWÒ¢PFLWKWVDR"4XQK1KWUPQJ£P&KFO¡Y\&KWLQJKLSPQJLSKLFKXÒQJSKRQJEDE¤RW¢SFKRFKHPP-QK7®QKUDFKUWQQJWL/¡FKOQWURQJQK¡O¡PJQJ[XFKRHP»W9LFHPFKLDWD\

YL&QJKWW¢PPLSKQWUÄPEDÒWKDWLE¡FKKKQJQ¡\&QJFKVDRPLQO¡HPWK\WKLWKLWURQJO³QJO¡FKYXLUL4XQK+QJNKV(PVÒXWUDQKNLXFKOP4XQK1KNKµNKDQ0LKLQ¤\FKFQJUWVQKQJE£\JLKWULÃQWKXDP-QKF´FDQÒPKD\NKµQJ+QJWK»WKW

(PNKµQJG¢PO¡PEDPEXQ1KQKFKPµL9\WK-HPU¢QJµPQLEXQJLºPEDP1´LQKFKWKW®FKNSKLNKµQJ"1KQJWKHRFKEDPHYQO¡EDPFDP-QKF´PWÒLÒ£XÒF&³QW-QK\«XKQKSK»FTXDULNKµQJEDRJLWUOL&KNKµQJQJ\ELQÒ£XHPFQJKêP¡[HP$QKFKYÒ£\(PQKVÄQV´FFKRPY¡FEDQD4XQK+QJQ´L

7LQD\FKQJOLQK¡ÒLÑ£\O¡QK¡FKP¡ÑQJQ«QTX¢FÄQJYLED&K¢QKQKQK+QJQ´LÒ»QJÒ´(PFOL6¢QJPDLDQKWLÒ´QÒLO¡P&K¢QKYULKDLFKHP+QJYSK³QJQPOÄQUDJLQJ4XQK+QJJ¢FFK£QO«Q





178

QJL1KJLQJWKFPF.KLTX\WÒQK[RQJFKX\QÒLP-QKFKWK\WKQ¡R"1KQK¶P4XQK+QJQK-QO«QWUQQK¡1JFOLHPF¡QJQQJQKQKRDQJPDQJKQ(PWK\P-QKQKQJLÒLWURQJVQJPºPPWFKELWÒ£XO¡SKQJKQJ1KYWKL(PNKµQJWLQ.KµLVDR"$LFQJFKRUQJQKNKµQJWKWO³QJYLHP1JD\FWKQJ3KLFQJQJKêWK(PWK\EWDQY¡£QKQNKLYLY¤ÒQYL.KµLNKLWKWUDHPFKDELWQKLXYQKQKÒ¤ELW

QKLXY&QJ&KX\QJ-V[\UDQXYL.KµLÒ£\FKO¡WU³ÒºD"(POQWKQÒQQLUL.KµLNKµQJQKHPQJKêÒ£XP¡OR4XQK+QJWKG¡LFµOÄQPWY³QJWU³QQP\«Q4XQK1KFQJY\+DLFKHPOQJQJKHQKFWK¡QJ[´PYDQJO«QYÄQJYQJ1KFKWO«QWLQJ3KLFKLFKHPP-QKFºQJQKOLKD+QJ"&µPPFL

1XÒFQKOLFKVUDVDR"&KVNKµQJGLGWQKE£\JL1KQJNKµQQJRDQWK-F´®FKJ-NKLW-QK\«XNKµQJSKLO¡E¡LWR¢QÒF´WKYQGQJPLNLQWKFNKRDKFQKPJLLTX\WQ´4XQK+QJPP¡QJ9\WK-ÒQJFÒFQKOLP¡K¤\N«XFP¢\WKLJLDQFK\FKRQKDQKÒPDXFK´QJYWTXDNKRQJQJ¡\WK¢QJQQJQQ¡\

4XQK1KLPOQJ+DLFKHPPLQJLÒXLWKHRWU®WQJWQJFDUL«QJP-QKÑ«POQJWKLQK%´QJWLGXG¡QJFKR¡QJO«QWWF

&KQJ

4XQK+QJUWU©QJL[XQJÒLGLQYLE¡1JKL«P.K¢FYLYFLPYXLYWUFÒ£\NKL.KµLÒDFµYWKÄPQK¡KµPQD\E¡WUµQJQJKL«PQJKQKFµJL¢RÒDQJNLPWUD





179

E¡LKFWU³7K¢LÒFDE¡O¡P+QJWKFWKP7X\FKDÒR¢QÒFP.KµLPXQJSP-QKO¡PJ-QKQJOLQKW®QKFKRFµWK\/¡QK®WGQKLX.KµLÒDQJGKS+¡1LFWXQO¾GRJ-E¡PL+QJWLQK¡FKL"Ñ\FKªQFK©WUµLQFYSK®D+QJE¡QJWQJ¡RPLÃQÒLFK¢X&K®QKWD\E¢FO¡PÒ\4XQK+QJÒ\ÒDNKHQO\O³QJ%¢FQQNKªRTX¢YDWUQJYDWU³Q%¡1JKL«PFKªSPLQJ.KªRF¢FKP\FQJE\QLEDFK-PFK¢X¡

4XQK+QJF´FPJL¢FQJKQF5¶U¡QJF£XYDULO¡QKSÒF´FKÒ®FK&µNKµQJWK®FKNLXE´QJE\[D[µLFDQKQJQJLOQWXLFKQ¡RQKQJFKQJOKLWKQJP.KµL[HPPXQJ-Fµ¡"7U¢LYLGÒR¢QFDFµE¡1JKL«PY¡RÒNK¢QKDQK&KFFK¢XNKµQJELWE¢FJLFK¢XÒQO¡PJ-Ò£X"9£QJ1KQJFK¢XOLQKFPF´FKX\QNKµQJYXLVS[\ÒQYLP-QK0WQKHROLÒ\QJFQKL«QE¡1JKL«PKL

6DRFK¢XFÓLQKFPÒ´"4XQK+QJOFÒX&µQJSQJQJ&K¢XQJKêE¢FNKµQJÒQJ¾FK¢XTXHQDQK.KµL%¡1JKL«PQKQK.KµQJSKLE¢FP¡O¡EDFK¢XQJ\WLÒ£\YL&QJ&K¢XELWW®QKEDP-QKP¡µQJUWQ´QJQ«QOLOO¡PQJLNK¢FE[»FSKP

4XQK+QJQJLFKWWU£QWU«QJKFµS»QJ&K¢XWK¡QKWKW[LQOL%¡1JKL«PQ´L%DFK¢XNKµQJFÓLJ-KW&QJWLWKQJ.KµLWWF/UDQ´SKLELWVX\QJKêFK





180

QJE¡WDF´F£X+µQQK£QÒLQWKYQFFKLWKºFK¢XQJKHEDRJLFKD"%¢FNKµQJPXQ.KµLPDQJWLQJGYQJLNK¢FGºÒÓ¡YFKDFL7KHROL&QJQ´LWK-FX\UWWKQJ\«XFK¢XY¡NKµQJETXDFKR.KµLQXQ´WLSWFTXDQKYLFK¢X4XQK+QJE¢FPRQJFK¢XQ«QTXD\YYL&QJÑÓ¡JLLSK¢SQWKRQKW4XQK+QJFKSPW7-QKFPFK¢XG¡QKFKR&QJÒ¤FKWULO¡PVDRTXD\YÒF1KQJWUFÒ£\FK¢XÒ¤\«XY¡VQV¡QJWLQWLKµQQK£QYL&QJP¡&ÓE¢FÒ¤JL¡Q«QNKµQJKLXQLJLLWUE£\JL\«XUDVDR'ºWKQ¡RE¢FFQJNKµQJÒQJW-QKYLFK¢XY¡FRQWUDLE¢FQKWO¡NKLEDY¡FKQJVSFLFDFK¢XÒ¤ÒQÒ£\0PPQJOQKÄPGDKDLQJLÒXWU»WKWY¡RE¢FÑQJGQE¢FY¡RWKNW4XQK+QJ4XQK+QJPWPL%¢FPXQFK¢XSKLO¡PJ-"

ÑLX\FK¢XELWKQE¢F.KµLF³QFWQJODLVQJKLSFKNKµQJFKUL«QJW-QK\«X&RQWUDLE¢FUWEQJEW.KµLYDFKLDWD\QJLQ´ÒHRÒXL\«XÒL«QFXQJFKQJÒFEDRO£XO¡TXHQYLFK¢X%¢FNKµQJG¢PFKRUQJ.KµL[HPFK¢XQKQJLWK.LX1J£QQKQJÒGTX«QY¡\«XQKY\DLNKµQJQJKê.KµLGºQJFK¢XÒOSÒLNKRQJWUQJWURQJKQQ´1JSQJQJPWFK»WE¡1JKL«PQ´LWLS%¢FWLQWU¢LWLP.KµLF³QLQUWV£XK-QKE´QJQJL\«XF&K¢XNKµQJWLQ.KµLÒL[YLFK¢XQKE¢FQ´L7-QKFPFDWLFK¢XUWFK£QWKW

1KQJÒ´FKO¡FQJL´WKRQJVTXDÒL%¢FNKX\«QFK¢XSKLWKFWWWQKWO¡WUOLYL&QJ3KQWKQJKD\QµQJQL.LX1J£QFQJWKQKQJFRQEªÒ¤WKFWQK4XQK+QJQJQJ¢F7KFWQKQJKêDO¡VDR"1K-QFµEQJÒµLPWWLQJKLSE¡1JKL«PQ´L.LX1J£QÒ¤TXD\OLYL.KµLUL

6DRFK¢XNKµQJQJKHQKQ´L"7LQ´VO¡PFK¢XWQWKQJ%¢FELWQLW£PQ´ÒDQJEGQ[ªY-KDLFµJ¢L3KQWKQJFKFQJKL«QJY.LX1J£QGXJ-W-QKFNKµQJUFQJWL0W4XQK+QJ[¢PQJWFµUQJUQJ







182

ÑDQJO»FPXQFKWY-QKQJÒLXNKQJNKLSQ¡\4XQK+QJFKWJLWP-QKY-F´WLQJJLODQKOQKQJR¡LFD&µLFµ4XQK+QJFKSPWQK-QUDY¡WK\.LX1J£QÑ»QJO¡1J£QUL&µWDVDQJWUQJWURQJFKLF¢RWKXQE´V¢WY¡FKLFTXQS£WWHÒ»QJPRGHÒDQJEFY¡RQK¡1J£QKLNKQJOLNKLEWJSF¢LQK-QQ\ODFD4XQK+QJQKQJQJD\VDXÒ´FµWDE-QKWKQFLWKWWL&µÒDQJFŃK¢FK¡&KFO¡ÒQJQJKLSFD.KµL&RQF´QJKHQKQ´L*LQJE¡1JKL«PWU¢FK\«XÑLO¡PPWULNKµQJYQK¡F³QJKªWKÄPFµVDR"

$QK.KµLGQFRQKDLQJ¡\SKLJKªWKÄPPWOQ+PU¡\EQTX¢FRQJKªF´ÒFÒ£X/»FQ¤\FK\QJDQJTXDFKWK\ERP0QJRQTX¢FRQPXDKDLN¾&µÒY¡RWOQKÄQGQWLO»F.KµLYFKFYDÒ%¡1JKL«P£X\PQK-Q1J£QÑQKKLOWLKDLQJ¡\QD\FKDJKªWKÄPFµOQQ¡RSKLNKµQJ".LX1J£QFLJL³QWDQPWKDQKWU¡QÒ\KQKSK»F\QK[R¢\Y¡RKQ4XQK+QJQKFQKL&µYWÒQJG\

;LQSKªSE¢FFK¢XY%¡1JKL«PÒ\ÒD&³QVPP¡OLFKLFKRELWFKELWHP4XQK+QJWFKL&K¢XF³QSKLKF$QKYÄQE¢F

.LX1J£QÒRQÒÑFRQWLQNK¢FKJLºPFµ4XQK+QJLPOQJÒLQKFK\&µQJKHPºLQFKRDÒWWLQFD1J£QWKRQJO«QPLJLQJFµWDKQKFÑQJWQJÒ¤KSÒFKQ.KµLWµLNKµQJÒPWDQK\Ò£XUDQKFRQ¡





183

4XQK+QJFPÒXÒS[H&µNKµQJELWP-QKQ«QÒLÒ£X9¡ROSFKFFKQJKFQL&³QYQK¡WK-FKXNKµQJ[LWFQKÒLY¡RÒLUDWKG¡LWKDQYQFDPWKµLWK-FO³QJY³QJQJR¡LSKQK-QWKL«QKWD\WURQJWD\Y\1KQJÒQJSKGºG¡LF¢FKP\FQJNKµQJO¡PYLSKLQPXQWURQJKQ4XQK+QJ&µODQJWKDQJPDQJPWW-QK\«XWFWL$QKNKµQJF³QE«QHPQKQJOLW-QKEQJFK¢\DQKÒ¤FKRQJLNK¢FUL7LVDRY\.KµL7-QK\«XNKµQJSKLWU³ÒºDVDRDQKQEWHPFKLF»WEWWURQJFK®QKE´QJWLFDWU¢LWLPHP4XQK+QJOLWKLGW[HY¡RV£Q7KQJQK´F3KLFK\UDQ´LQK7KFKLQWKEDÒ¤EºQJQE¡F´WKDPGNKµQJY\"+QJQJLSKFK[XQJJKJLQJYµKQ(PQ´LF¢LJ-K"

3KLQK-Q+QJ&K1KY¡µQJ&K¢QKYDWLÒDWKLSFL4XQK+QJQJQJ¢F&DDL"3KLJLPFK£Q7ULL&KPLWVDRKRUW[XQJK"7K-WKLSFDµQJEFKFKOFDHP"7URQJ

WKLSJKL7U£QWUQJE¢RWLQOWK¡QKKµQFDFK»QJWµLO¡EQJFKQKY¡QJOSO¢QKQKPWWK¢FKWKF%DFKLTX¢WULPWK-NK´FWURQJSK³QJ7FKLXÒQJLQK¡Q¡\QKE¤LFKLQWUQJ4XQK+QJFKªSPLQJ&K1KO¡PJ-JSU»WGY\&K®QKF¢LJSU»WQ¡\O¡FÒEDFKLµQJ&K¢QKWKPW+QJQK®XP¡\

0¡FJ-PLÒF"3KLQKÄQQK´%¡Q¡\EDQD\PWKQKD\VDR\1´LÒQWKYQFKDKLXUD+QJWUPW





184

&KQJO3KLODO«QÑ»QJSK´FUL&QK¡DLFQJÒFO«QFKF%DÒW[XWÒFO«QFKFµQJQJRLQ«QNKµQJQJÄQÒF[»FÒQJTX¢WPQJPê%DÒ£X"&KFTXDE«QFK»6¢XQKXODLUDLFKRÒEXQ1´LWKWHPFK¢QFQKQ¡\OPUL&KÒQJJ£\WK«PFKX\QQDTXD\OLYLDQK&QJÒLFKR\«QQK¡\«QFD4XQK+QJQKFKPµL(PÒ£XF´DQKVDROL[»LY¡R"

3KLQKHRQKHRPWÑ»QJUDDQK&QJYQWWKQNKLQJL7LEDFDWQJQKTX¢Q«QHPJKªW6X\ÒLQJKêOLHPWK\QKWWUFÒQJLYQWKFKFKPLWKD\ÒL1´LGWOL3KLFK£PPWÒLXWKXF1K-QF¢FKSK¡NK´LÒLXQJKFDHPP-QK4XQK+QJQKQUD3KLÒ¤O¡QJLOQ&µÒQÒRPWFK»WULKL(PQJKêWKQ¡RYDQK&QJQ´LWKWFKRFKQJKH[HP"

3KLPP¡QJVDXO¡QNK´L&QJF´WK[HPO¡PWWL«XELXFDPXQJLÒ¡QµQJWKLÒL1ÄQJÒQJKDPO¡PYLFKDPNLPQKLXWLQUWWKFWÑÓ¡QKQJÒLPHPFQQRLWKHRQKEDWKQJQKFQK&³QQKQJÒLPNK¢FWK-VDR"3KLQK»QYDL&ÓJLQJFKQJKê

4XQK+QJQ´QJPW9\VDRF³QELXFKWUOLYLQK7ªUDHPFQJ®FKNVPDQJWLQJFKQJKêWLEQWK£Q3KLNKµNKDQQJWOLFµ





185

/¡FRQWUDLHPFKF´J-SKLPDQJWLQJ7LHPQJKêWLPWKµLFKÒLO¡PVXWQJ¡\WLOLÒLKFYÒQQK¡FKXLY¡RSK³QJQ«QÒ£XELWPNKY-FKY¡E¡1KUDVDR.KLO¡PYLFJ-ÒQJQ«QÒQKKQJWLQJLNK¢FÑÓ¡E¡LKFHPU»WUDWKDLE¡FKFDP-QK&KQJELWQKY\F´®FKNNKµQJ"4XQK+QJQKWQKWQK-Q3KLEUDV£Q1J¡\KµPQD\VDRQQJQTX¢+QJFK¢QFKQJJFÒXO«QE¡QÑLPWDGX\QKWFDFµÒ¤F´FKULFµELWGDÒ£XÒÒQJYQJÒ£\FK.KµQJF´.KµLOLX+QJVUDVDRNKL&QJYQNL«QWU-E¢PWKHRFµ"4XQK+QJFQªQWLQJWKG¡LNKLQJKHWLQJGªSOS[SFDP*LQJE¡9£QKLNK¡Q6DRFRQYVPY\"'KµPQD\NKµQJF´KF%¡9£QOLKL

&RQQJKHWKQJ3KLNKWULK"4XQK+QJJWÒXG³GP&KFPJLQFK1KOP*LQQ´FQJEQJNKµQJ"&RQGLF¢LPDQJ%DFRQQ´LÒ»QJ7LPWWF0ÒQJWWU¢FKP-QKQD%¡9£QFLEXQ

.KµQJWU¢FKP-QKFKOWU¢FKFRQF¢LGºU¶U¡QJQÚWÒ¢QJWU¢FK4XQK+QJOQJOQK-QP&µE¡QJKR¡QJQKQUDE¡JL¡ÒLQKLXTX¢VRYLF¢FKÒ£\PWWK¢QJ7WFFQJWLFKHPFµP¡UD4XQK+QJEWUWEQKQJQJ´QWD\&µGRGP¤LPLQ´L1J¡\PDLFRQV[LQWKµLYLF5LVDXÒ´FKFSKLQKDQK&QJW-PFKO¡PNK¢F+QJQJKHJLQJPJSU»W

&RQÒ¤QJKêOLUL¡"&µLPOQJE¡9£QQ´LQKUHR%DVPQJOPWUDPFQJÒFDQLY-FRQF³QELWWKQJP4XQK+QJFKW[XKWUFF¢FKQJKêÒQJLQFDP6X\FKRFºQJFµYDEWKLXYDWLW1X.KµLNKµQJODGLFµ4XQK+QJF´WKD\ÒLGG¡QJWKNKµQJ"





186

&µÒQJG\Y¡RSK³QJUL«QJ3K³QJQ¡\FK1KVNKµQJYQD5LVWLFµPWQJ¡\Q¡RÒÓLUDÒL+QJQK-QFK»JXQKLEµQJWRWQJFD1KQPFKQJFKJ´FJLQJP¡PXQNK´F0DLVDXFKHPFµF´FºQJQPFKXQJWU³FKX\QWU«QFKLFJLQJQ¡\WK-FQJFKQJNKLQ¡RW-POLÒFQKQJQJ¡\YXLÒ¤TXD/»F\ELWFK»JXF³QÒ£\NKµQJKD\PÒ¤FKRFK»Y¡REDRFWNWU«QJ¢F[ªSUL6DRWQJWQJFKLQKQJFKX\Q[D[µLGY\+¤\QJKêWLQJ¡\PDLÒLGºE£\JLFKP-QKWDY¡QLEXQÒHQQQJWUêX.KµLQK-Q+QJ<QÒ\WU¢FKP´F6DRP\KµPDQKÒLQWKRLYHPNKµQJFKRELW4XQK+QJÒ¤QJKYLF

+QJ<QYDGDP´QJWD\YDWUOL0\KµPÒ´+QJF´WLFµQJW\WKHRNLXOQKS&µWDFKDJLÒQFKDQ´LJ-KW$LELW+QJQJKP¡E¢RF¢RYLDQK.KµLQXWQFEW9\+QJ[LQQJKKLQ¡R"+QJ<QFDRJLQJ

6¢QJKµPTXD+QJY¡RÒ£\YLJ¤FKQJVSFL$QKFKWUµQJYXLYKQKSK»FOP(PF´KLO¾GR[LQWKµLYLF+QJWUOLUWQJQJQ9-FKQJ1K-Q.KµLEQJÒµLPWW³P³<QKLQK1©'RµQJY¡QK+QJÑ¡/WYWK\WK£QOPP¡6DREDQD\NY\".KµLJQJFL$QKNKµQJELWSKLWUOLWKQ¡R.KLFKX\QQ¡\TX¢EWQJ6XWWKLJLDQ+¡1LDQKÒLQWKRLYFµQJW\ÒFEDEQOQOQQ¡RFQJNKµQJJS4XQK+QJ%£\JLQJKH+QJ<QQ´LWK.KµLFKQJKLXVDRF&KX\QTX¢LJ-

[\UDP¡+QJSKLQJKYLFÒ¤Y\OLQJKO»FDQKYQJPW&µÒLFKLYL&QJY¡RFµQJW\FKFSKLF´PFÒ®FK4XQK+QJUWQµQJQLFKFQPWW¢FÒQJQKFµVFKDRÒRQJD\*LQJ+QJ<QYDQJO«Q(PNKµQJDQLF¢LO¤R&QJ\1XDQKÒO¤RTXDPWÒ»QJO¡DQKG













191

7U¢QE¡1JKL«PQK®XOLNKV+QKLXOLOP0NKµQJPXQQKFOLY-QKFQK¤Y¡[XK0VPLQJOLWKQJ&QJNKµQJKLXVDRQÉLWP¡ÒHPFKX\QÒYFDEDPQJ¡\[DÒOL«QKWLYLFQ´JLO¡TX\QUYQJLFDFRQ.KµLQJKLQUÄQJ&QJO¡FRQUQÒF%¡1JKL«PQKJLQJ1KQJFK®QKFRQWRÒLXNLQFKRQ´FQ7LVDRQÉLWFKX\QJLDÒ-QKP-QKFK

%¡1JKL«PUºQJP-QK1´F´Q´LUQJNKLPXQÒ©ESDLSKLKLXFQNÒLWK9¡Q´Ò¤O¡PPFKLYLY-Ò³QSKÒXÒ´0Ò£XF´WLJ-WURQJFKX\QQJ¡\[D%¡1JKL«PWKG¡L+LF³QWUPÒ¤O\QKPEDFRQO»FµQJÒ¤FÝÑ»QJO¡PYµWLY-EODQKQJ[¤KLÒ£XDLWLQÒLXÒ´0¤LÒQE£\JLYQWK'ºPÒ¤EQJY¡Y\QXµLFRQNKµQOQ

0NKµQJWU¢FKEDFRQVDR".KµQJ1KQJPVWU¢FKFRQQXFRQFW-QKE¢PWKHR4XQK+QJNKLFKF³QÒPWWK¢QJQDO¡WLQJ¡\FL/¡PWKO¡F´WLYLFKQJQÓ¡SK¢JLDÒ-QKQJLWD.KµLODO«Q0VX\GLQJ-OWK7LFRQ\«XQKDXÒ£XEWUQJLQKEDYLPQJ¡\[D+QJY¡&QJFKDO¡YFKQJP¡

%¡1JKL«PKWVFPPPQJ+QJNKµQJF³Q\«XFRQQD1´TXD\OLYL&QJJLQJ.LX1J£QWUOLW-PFRQ.KµLNKR¢WWD\Ñ£XWKVRV¢QKQKY\ÒF&RQQKWÒQKVJS+QJ





192

0QJKêPLFJQJFDFRQÒXYµ®FK7WQKWQ«QWLWKÄP.LX1J£Q1´PLO¡QJLÒDQJFQFRQO»FQ¡\.KµLQKFKPµL7UFÒ£\PSKQÒLFRQ\«X1J£QP¡%¡1JKL«PE-QKWKQ%£\JLPYQF³QSKQÒL1KQJO¡PQJLSKLF´WUFVDX0NKµQJYLEDFRQQDQKQJQJYQWLÒ£\WKÄPFRQYQJF³QQ´LJ-ÒFPÑQJEDRJLÒ.LX1J£QWU¢FKP-QKWEF.KµLQK»QYDL7KµLÒF&RQÒQKPDLPLÒLPÒ¤Q´LWKWK-SKLÒLQJD\FKRW£PÒFQK

1K-Q.KµLEFUDE¡1JKL«PEWUWYLFPJL¢FSKPWL1´LGLO¡ÒLXE¡JKªWQKW7KP¡E¡Ò¤Q´LGLY¡GLUWKD\4XQK+QJWLQE¡FQJÒ¡QKQJD\FFRQUXWE¡FQJNKVY-WLQPP-QK1´LGLWUFVDXFQJO³LFK¡QK%¡ELWWKQKQJNKLÒ¢PFL4XQK+QJ[RQJWK-QUL.KµLOLVTXHQQKQJFµJ¢LNK¢F7KLJLDQV[´DQKR¡WWF1KWÒQKSKLO¡Y\.KµLFKSPWNKLWK\.LX1J£QDQKQJL[XQJNE«QFµULNK¢FKV¢RKL(PNKRFKD"6DROLEWFQGY\"

.LX1J£QNKµQJWUOLFµTXD\PWY¡RY¢FKWPWFNK´F.KµLWK\O³QJWUêXQQJQKQJOLVS[SÒQ´LYLFµED\Ò£XPWDQKNKµQJQO¡P1J£QEXQKQY-P-QK.KµLYQJYYXWW´F1J£Q1®QÒL0LFKX\QÒ¤TXDUL$QKFKXNKµQJQLQFPWFDHP1JKH.KµLQ´LWK.LX1J£QYºQJG\µPFKPO\DQK.KµLQJL\«QFKXWUQ.LX1J£QNKµQJQJQJWK-WKP

ÑQJEHPÒQJEHPQJKHDQK.KµLOQWU¢QKÑLXTXDQWUQJO»FQ¡\O¡SKLWQKGQJFKRPDXOLVF(PF´ÒDXPJ-Ò£X&KLXQD\DQKÒDHPYÒFULGºKLNKX\DHPEFKR¢QJÒQPF´LPDWºPOXP





193

(PÒ»QJO¡GLGW1J£QJFÒXY¡RQJFDQK&QJPD\KWKQJ[HNSQXNKµQJWK-7ULL1JKêOLP¡K¤LKºQJ6DRO»F\HPOLXPQJÒQWK"3KLY-HPTX¢WX\WYQJNKµQJ"ÑQJQKFOLFKX\QQ¡\QD(PQ«QQJKêWLWQJODLWK-KQ7QJODLÒ´F´DQKHPPLFKX.KµLFLWUWK£Q[¢FÒ£\QKQJKQSK¢FKÒDQJSKL«XOXWQÒ£XÒ£X$QKFKXNKµQJQLFPJL¢FQKSKRWQJFKR1J£QµPSQ«QQ´L$QKÒDHPUDK¡QKODQJFKRWKR¢QJWURQJÒ£\QJSTX¢

.LX1J£QQQJQX3KLG-XHP¡QKH.KµLPLQFQJÒ1J£QWDKQY¡RQJLP-QKDQKG-XFµWQJEFPWWLWQJKÒ¢.LX1J£Q£X\P1XKµPTXDDQKNKµQJO¡PEO¡PWFKYLHPWK-KµPQD\Ò£XF´FFQKY\.KµLLPOQJPWDQKWUQWU³QNKLQK-Q4XQK+QJÑ»QJO¡4XQK+QJÒDQJP

FDSK³QJNE«QEFUDYL&QJ+DLQJLWKÄPDLY\NLD"$QKEWG\QKP¢\Y¡QKQUDQªWPWW¢L[DQKWU«QPW4XQK+QJ9DO»FÒ´.LX1J£QE¢PO\WD\DQKJLQJQJQJ¢F&KX\QJ-Y\DQK".KµLNKµQJGQÒFO³QJDQKJLWR4XQK+QJ

&µJQJJRQK-QDQKF³Q&QJWK-FLQJRQJK$QKFQJF´KQJWK»Y¡REQKYLQVDR"&KFO¡WKÄPQXµLQJL\«X".KµLJPJP&QJ$QKFJ-ÒFÒSY¡REPWÒXJLWKÒRQFDKQ$QKWLQNKµQJÒLQ¡RWQKL«Q+QJWUYE«QKQ1KQJWLVDRFK+WWD\.LX1J£QUD.KµLTXFPWQK-Q&QJ





194

7µLPXQQ´LFKX\QUL«QJYL+QJPWFK»W9QWK¢LÒNFGJKªW&QJJWJº7µLNKµQJFQQKQJWLQFKFDQKKR¡LFµQJYµ®FKPQKEYDL+QJ&QJ£X\P$QKÒLHPQJR¡LFQJÑQJEWDQKFKO£XQJKHNKµQJ"4XQK+QJOQKOºQJQK-Q.LX1J£Q'ºFKQJELWFµWDEQKJ-ÒQQLQPYLQ+QJYQWK\JKHQÒQFQJKQ1JLJLGLÒQWKO¡FºQJ0D\P¡FµÒLYL&QJQXNKµQJFKF+QJÒ¤YDNK´FYDFK\NKLÒ£\UL+®WPWKLG¡LÒO\E-QKWêQK4XQK+QJWLEDOFRQQK-Q[XQJV£QEQKYLQQL&QJÒDQJXQJGXQJWWLEFÒL$QKFÝWWLQTX¢

.KµQJELW.KµLQ´LJ-YLQJL\«XP¡+QJQJKH.LX1J£QUQJO«Q(PÒDQJPWWKQ¡\P¡DQKEPFHPÒWKHRFRQEªÒ´¡.KµLNªR1J£QY¡RSK³QJJLQJNKµNKDQ9¡RQPQJKÒL$QKFQJS4XQK+QJ.LX1J£Q(PSKLKLXY¡WKµQJFPFKRDQK4XQK+QJQKFKPµLFKXDFKDWNKL.KµLEFWLE«QP-QKDQKÒDXÒQ

7LVDRY\"$QKPXQHPJLLWK®FK+QJQK-QKDLE¡QWD\ÒDQY¡RQKDXFDP-QK&µÒDQJPXQKªWO«QUQJ7LDQKÒGLWU¢QKQJW¢LNKµQJFKRSKªSFµPOL0PFLFKXDQJRD4XQK+QJKWPWO«Q'ºQJDQKO¡PWKFÒRW-QK\«XFD&QJG¡QKFKRWµLEDRQKL«XÒÓ¡ÒUL7µLSKLWUYYLQJLWµLÒ¤FKQ&QJQKDQKY¡.LX1J£QWKµL%´SFKWYDL+QJ.KµLTX¢WQK

(PQ´LE\$QKNKµQJKWKD\ÒLWNKLDQK\«XHP4XQK+QJOFÒX&K®QKPDQKÒ¤WKFWQKWµL$QKWQJQ´LE¢FJ¢LNKµQJELWJLDQGLQ«QWµLUWWLQQKQJOLFDE¢F7WFKWULDQKÒQJQ®XNªR1«QQK.LX1J£QÒDQJQK-QDQKFQJQKWURQJSK³QJNE«QPFKQJWµLÒDQJQK-QWµL





195

'WOL4XQK+QJGQJ´WÒLQKFK\.KµLÒXLWKHRQJD\O»FÒ´.LX1J£QJLWKWWKDQK.KµLL.KµL$QKTXD\OLY¡WK\.LX1J£QQJ¤V´QJVR¡LUDÒW.KµLNKVFK\ÒQÒFµO«Q.LX1J£QEXFKWO\DQKJLQJWKXWK¡R(PNKµQJFKRDQKWKHRQ´Ò£X.KµLQK-QVQJWKHRG¢QJ4XQK+QJY¡WKPYLO³QJP-QK$QKNKµQJWKPWHP4XQK+QJ¡

&KQJ

9DQJL[XQJVDORQ&PÒ¤XP[ºPJLQJFµWDO¡QKOQKO¡P4XQK+QJQQ&¢LWKQJWULÒ¢QKE\E»DE¡JL¡F³QPWWKNLDP¡Ò¤ÒHPYQK¡P¡\FÓQJW£PNKµQJY\"&QJFD\F»/QJW£PWK-WµLF´WKDQKQJWLQOLWKLX9LOLYQK¡PPLPDXOLVF6X\UDE¡JL¡FÉQKJ-Ò£XQJR¡LF¢LWLXQJOQWKXF"&KÒQJE¡\ÒWO«QJLQJÒRÒF1XF´KLXUFPYEQÒL&PVQJV&¢LJ-"/»FPNKRP¡\JL¡QKO\ÒSKFYP¡\E£\JLE¡JL¡QPPWFKP¡\OLWQJTXDFKWDR1K¡WDREQJQPWD\ÒPQPÒ£XFK1K-QTXDQKPWY³QJ&PKWPWWU£QJWU¢R7DRVGQYÒ£\ÒFKÄPV´FP&QJFLNK\Ñ»QJO¡E¡F´´FNKµLK¡LÑ£\F´SKLQK¡E¡QDÒ£XP¡E¡GQY

$QKKWKSJLQJ1¡\0F³QNKROPE¡ÒQJW®QKFPUÒ£\FKQJ¡\PFKWÒFSQJµLQK¡Q¡\&KRE¡ELW1QKLQJRLWFE¡FKQJF´J-Ò£XGºFKO¡PWFFÒ¢O´WQQ&PJWJº





196

9\VDR"7DR®WKFKQP¡\QKQJÒ£XF´QJKêDO¡GW&´ÒLXKµPQD\WDRNKµQJE¡QQKQJYQÒÒ´1K¡FDÒ£XF´FK£QÒLPWO¡PVDRÒFP¡OR&QJOQKOºQJ1XWLWKÄPPWK-Y¡RWKÄPÒL++PU¡\WURQJEQKYLQPWWD\4XQK+QJORNKµQJÒ´0F´SKFÒFG£XKLQ7DRO¡QQKLQJRLWFNLDP¡&QJP®PPµLO¡PWKLQK&PÒQJÒQKEFÒQYYDL4XQK+QJ&´GRQJKHÒQHPEWKQJ&QJFKWK\PQJJLºP$LQJÒQJÒµODP¡X[DQKYQF³QKSGQQ«QENKµQJÒ¡QKSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJFKQJP¡QJWUOLFµÒ¤QJ\WQFFKHP&QJ+QJWKQJE¡1JX\WQ«QPLWKWO³QJFKÄPV´FQKQJDLFQJQJKêFµY-&QJ+QJELWE¡F¾

WWFKNKµQJKXQJOQWKXFQK&QJÒ¤Q´L&KFFKQDQKSKLO¡PFKX\QJ-FO³QJOPQ«QE¡PLPXQFKW%£\JLÒ¤TXDQJX\KLPULQKQJE¡QKQJLPFFKQJWUPXWVXWQJ¡\QPPWPWUQJWUQJQK-QO«QWUQNKµQJQ´LPWF£X7K¢LÒQ¡\NKLQ+QJORVFµF´FPJL¢FE¡KWPXQVQJ.KLQ´LYL&QJÒLXP-QKQJKê4XQK+QJFKQKQÒFDQKQFLNK´KLX&PQK»QYDLÒLY¡RSK³QJE¡1JX\W*LQJFµWDRDQJRDQJ&RQVGQTXDÒ£\ÒFKÄPV´FP%¡1JX\WNKµQJWUOL4XQK+QJQJDRQJ¢QQ´LYL&QJ

(PYÒ£\$QKQKÄQQK´$QKSKLÒLO¡P(POLORWURQJQJR¡LFPQFJLºPULY¡LKµPDQKVW-PQJLJL»SYLF%PPWP-QKÒ£XF´ÒF4XQK+QJFKSPW%DQD\HPÒTX¢$QKQKFK&PFKVQO³QJOPÒ´

&QJ[PW*LDRQK¡FKREQKJLDRWUQJFKR¢F+QJG¢PÒ£X+QJFLQK&KQJODQKWLQHPKQFK&P"





197

&QJYLY¡QJÒ¢SÑQJQKL«QUL9-HPO¡YDQKP¡4XQK+QJOFÒX$QKQ´LF£XQ¡\KLVPÒ\&QJNL«XFÄQJ&´J-Ò£XP¡VP&¢LJ-FD&ªVDUWUFVDXFQJWUY&ªVDU4XQK+QJYLWD\O\FKLFQ´QWU«QE¡QJLQJWUPWUP&£XQ´LP\QJ¡QQÄPULYQÒ»QJFKWLFUQJDQKNKµQJSKLO¡&ªVDUFDHP

&QJWQKEWUFF£XPDPDLFDFµDQKWDQKQPQK1KQJWKQJ.KµLÒ¤O¡&ªVDUFDNNK¢FUL(PF³QFKJ-Q´QD"%DPHPVYWLPP¡FKWQXE£\JLDQKWX\«QE[ºY-NKµQJFKSQKQF´PWFµYWUFQW+LXKLXWÒF&QJQ´LWLS&KFµQJE¡JL¡FKXNKµQJQLF»VFQ¡\Ò£X(PYY¡QKVX\QJKêFKRN4XQK+QJOPO-GW[HUDYDÒSWLÒXQJ¶FµJS7KµQJ$QKWDNªRWD\FP[HFµOL

+PU¡\+QJQXµLEQKE¢F1JX\W¡&µJWÒX7KµQJOLQ´LWLSEQJJLQJÒDQJPF+QJÒQKO\WKQJ&QJEULWKQJ.KµLWKWVDR"4XQK+QJS»QJ;LQOL7µLNKµQJWLQWUOLDQKJLDÒQJV¢QKY\7µLEQOP7KµQJªS[H+QJY¡RO

%QJ-FQJSKLWUOL7µLPXQQ´LYL+QJQKLXFKX\QTXDQWUQJ&K»QJWDY¡RTX¢QF¡SK«NLDQKª7KX+QJQJQQJDQKWKX\WSKF+QKSK»FFD+QJGR+QJÒQKÒRWQKQJQXNKµQJQ´LQKQJJ-Ò¤ELWY&QJWµLHP-QKSKL£QKQFÒL





198

4XQK+QJÒQÒRY¡LJL£\ULJWÒX+DLQJLY¡RPWTX¢QF¡SK«QKJQÒ´7KµQJFKÒQJJLQFXQJY¡Y¡RÒ7µLPLJS.KµLKLV¢QJ1ÉXQKLXWK\P¡WL4XQK+QJWKQQKL«Q1JLWDF´QKLXF¢FKEXQOP7µLNKµQJWKK-QKGXQJUDF¢FKEXQFD.KµLO»FNE«QQKO¡.LX1J£QÑÓ¡QLEXQFKF´WU«QV£QNKXVDXNKLÒ¤KR¢WUDQJJQJPWWKWN&µFKRUQJ.KµLÒ´QJNFK¡4XQK+QJLPOQJQK-QQKQJYL«QÒ¢FÉWWDQGQWURQJO\7KµQJER

.KµLUWWKWO³QJYL4XQK+QJ7µLG¢PERÒPQKY\&K®QKY-WK.LX1J£QPLWKWYQJNKL.KµLNKµQJF³QFK»WW-QKFPQ¡RFKRFµ\&¢FKÒ£\P\KµPFµWDÒ¤QK\Y¡R[HKL4XQK+QJFKSPW9-DQK.KµLVDR"7KµQJQK»QYDL&µWDNKµQJELWY-DLÒ£X7UFÒ£\JLDÒ-QK.LX1J£QÒ£XWK®FKFµWDTXHQYL.KµL

KFK«FX\QJK©RNKµQJFKDQ«QO»F.KµLWKWQJKLSÒ¤NKX\QNK®FKWRFKLFKR1J£QÒQYLQJLNK¢F7®QK.KµLY¡1J£QNK¢F[DQKDXOP6XWWKLJLDQTXHQQKDXKOXµQF´QKLXP£XWKXQVFKXDFD\QKLXÒDXNKÑQNKLJS+QJ.KµLÒ¤\«XWKPNKµQJG¢PWWQJQKQJNKLÒFFµÒ¢SOL.KµLKQKSK»FQKÒDQJVQJWU«QP£\+QWDO¡PVDRFKXQLVWKWQ¡\QXÒ»QJO¡+QJVO\&QJ4XQK+QJWWQQ´L.KµLYQF´.LX1J£QNLDP¡&K\G¢PFKWY-QKF³QWµLWK-NKµQJ6X\UDWµLÒ£XF´\«X.KµL

7KµQJOFÒX1X+QJQJKê1J£QWWY-.KµLO¡OPUL*LDÒ-QKFµ\VSWX\«QESK¢VQ1J£QWK\FQSKLE¢PY¡R.KµLYLKLYQJYWY¢WFK»WÒQKVêGLQQ¡RQJFXWDOLNKµQJFKSQKQ7URQJWKLJLDQ.KµLÒL+¡1L1J£QÒ¤KWOLYDQYFX[LQ7U®ÒQJEP-QKQKQJDQKFKQJVSFLQ¡\Ò¤SKSK¡QJQJKRQKPWÒLFºQJJLDÒ-QKVDQJO¡PYLF





199

7K\4XQK+QJWU³QPWQK-QP-QK7KµQJQ´LWLS0FD1J£QÒDQJULUPY-FKX\QW-QKGX\«QFDFRQJ¢LP-QKWK-OL[\UDFKX\QFµWDE[HÒQJWKO¡E¡WDTXD\VDQJÒWLFKR.KµLÒQÄQQFXPD\OQFK´W0¡PFD1J£QFKQJKLQWJ-E¡WDUWWKÒRQQ«QFE¡\FKRFRQJ¢LP-QKE¢PULW.KµL%£\JLQK¡EDWD[XQJGFULPµQÒÄQJKÒLÒ£XF³QO¡U¡RFKQQD4XQK+QJQJWOL7KµQJ7DQKVX\UDQKQJÒLXQ¡\Ò\K"+R¡QWR¡QNKµQJÑÓ¡WKWP¡&K®QK7U®Q´LUDWUFNKLDQKWDÒL7U®O¡SKQJ[O¢K©QKFKNKµQJQK.KµL7KµLÒQJNKHQDQK\QD7µLNKµQJQJKHÒ£X1J£QWWKD\E[HWµQJYLWµLÒXYµQJKêD7µLFKELWUQJE¢F1JKL«PÒ¤Q´LYLWµLVÒLFL1J£QFKR.KµL

7KµQJWUPWQK-QFµDQKEXWPLQJ9¡+QJÒ¤WLQWK"4XQK+QJFKQJWD\GLFPJLQJNKµNKDQ%LWVDRKQY-E¢F\NKµQJELWQ´LGLP¡7KµQJO¡PWKLQKÑLX+QJYDQ´LWKWEWQJ0.KµLÒ£XDJ-.LX1J£QE¡WQJSK¡QQ¡QYL7KµQJFKX\QQ¡\P¡&KOE¡EXFO³QJQ´LGLY-FQJNKµQJWK®FK4XQK+QJ"

7KµQJFKªSPLQJÑÓ¡¾FDE¢F\FKQ¡RSKLFD.KµL6DR+QJGWLQWK4XQK+QJÒ¢SNK7LQÒWK\QKO³QJNKLÒLO\FKQJ7KµQJFLNKDQÑQJLQTX¢QK6DXQ¡\FKFJ-F³QGSÒFFµPLXQJQFQ«QKµPQD\WµLV

Q´LWKWQKLX+QJNKµQJWK®FKWµLNKHQ.KµLWK-WKµLWµLVQ´LYQJLNK¢FY\7LFUQJQJLQ¡\OLFKQJF´ÒLPWWÒNKHQ$QKPXQQ´LWL&QJSKLNKµQJ"7KµQJJWJº.KµLERFµUWQK\EªQTXO¡NKµQJVDL1KQJVDR+QJOL\«XÒF&QJQK"





200

4XQK+QJQJDQJQJDQJ%LWQ´LWKQ¡RFKRDQKKLX1JL[DF´F£X.KL\«XWU¢LXFQJWU³QQ«QYLWµLDQK&QJYQO¡QJLWW/XWSK¢SÒ£XF´FP\«XQJL[XW®QK[XQW7KµQJQJKL«PQJK1KQJOQJW£PP-QKWK-F´&KOFµW¢QÒQJYLFDQKWDÒHPFKDUXWP-QKY¡R9LQGQJO¤RYLO¾GRµQJTX¢JL¡\XNKµQJF³Q®FKOLFKRDQKWDQD"&QJÒL[YLE¢F1JX\WNKµQJUDJ-NKXSKQ¡\PLQJLÒ¤SK«E-QKDQKWDWUFWP\OQ$QKWDVWLQJ[XÒQ[DWQQLO¡PYLFQ«QGRQ¡\F´ÒKQWUF+QJVO¡Y&QJULFµVÒLYLKQUDVDRNKLPLQJÒLYQQ´L1LQ¡R»SYXQJQ\1JQQJPWFK»W7KµQJQ´LWLS7µLQJKê+QJÒ¤ELWO¾GRE¢F1JX\WQPQK¡WKQJ9\P¡FµYQE¢PWKHR

&QJ4XQK+QJQKQK$QKÒ¤Q´LKWFKD"1XKWULWµL[LQSKªS5WF¢PQQKQJOLFK£QWK¡QKFDDQK+¤\Q´LYL.KµLTX«QKWÒL;¢J-PWFRQEªQKWµLFK7KµQJOFÒX7µLNKµQJQKQÒ£XY-WµLWLQ4XQK+QJVQJKêOL7UFÒ¢PFLPWJLQJLWDYQWKD\ÒLTX\WÒQKÒFP¡KXQJFKL+QJF³QFWK¢QJ

4XQK+QJJQJFLULYLY¤ÒQJO«QFµELWQXF´QJLOLÒ£\FµVNK´FPWÑS[HPWP-QKWU«QSKQQJJW+QJQJKêP¤LQKQJOL7KµQJQ´L&µSKLWLQDLÒ£\"7LVDRFµNKµQJFDQÒPÒQKÒRWFXFÒLP-QKQKFK1KFµÒ¤KW\«X&QJULKWWKWULNLDP¡.KµLFQJY\DQKÒ£XF³Q\«X.LX1J£QQD7LVDRKDLQJLSKLFKX[DQKDXYµO¾WKQ¡\"+µPJS.KµLWURQJEQKYLQFµÒ¤JWQJDQJNKµQJQJKHDQKJLLWK®FKY-JKHQY-WLQQKQJOLE¢F1JKL«PQ´L%£\JLWK-VDR"&´Q«QWLQOL7KµQJQ´LNKµQJ"'XWLQKD\NKµQJFµFQJSKLJS.KµLULE-QKWêQKQJKHDQKE¡\WWWFPLÒF&PÒXÒS[HÒQQK¡.KµLFµQµQQ´QJFKDQKUDPFDQKQJFÄQQK¡OQJWKLQKQKNKµQJF´

QJL+QJKLWKÄPY¡ELWE¡1JKL«PYTX«ÒQP\QJ¡\.KµLÒLO¡PWQWLPWPLY&µQJW\DQKO¡PFÓJ-YL4XQK+QJQKQJFµNKµQJFDQÒPY¡RW-P.KµL&µQJLJS*L¢PÒFQJLJS+QJ<QY¡FÓQJLJSFDQKWURQJNKXQJFQKÒ´4XQK+QJWK\U¤ULQKQJNKµQJSKLPWP¡Y-FK¢QQQOFO¶QJÑQEDRJLFµ





201

PLFKQJFKFQKPWQJLOQWKWVÒ£\"&µFKQJKLXQD

&KQJ

5LWUXQJW£PWKQJPLYLW£PWUQJSKQFKQ4XQK+QJKWVFYXLPQJNKLE¡

7Kº\1KL«QÒQJ¾FKRFµWUOLO¡PYLFN©PWKHROLKDVWÄQJOQJ'ºFµQJYLFQ¡\FKWK»YJ-QKQJY¡RO»FQ¡\QÝQO¡PFµQKQK¶PNKLQJKêP-QKNKµQJWKWQJKLSNKµQJÄQE¢PFKDP9¡RWLV£QFµÒ¤WK\3KLQJLGLJFPQ7KQJQK´FUDYTXDQWUQJ%¢F1JX\WWURQJ\1JFQKL«QÒQPFKRQJKW4XQK+QJKLQJD\%¢FFKDNKRVDROLÒQÒ£\JLDWUDQQJWKQ¡\"0¡\ELWFKX\QJ-NKµQJ"

3KLEWE+LWKWWFFL&KQJOE¢F1JX\WWLY-TXDQW£PÒQHP"1K-QYÒÄPFKL«XFD+QJ3KLQ´LWK«PPWF£XO¡PFµJLWP-QK&KFE¢F\PXQFLG£XVPKQQD4XQK+QJQWÒºD0¡\JLLÒR¢QE\$LELXE¡KL/LFWKQJQK´FPWF¢L+QJEFYLY¡RQK¡QJÑFJWJQJÑLÒ£XGY\"0LQJLFKFRQFWLQJÒQJKUL4XQK+QJKLKS&´FKX\QJ-"6DROLFKFRQ"

%¡1JX\WYLE«QKYF;LQDQKÒQJQ´QJ4XQK+QJO¡PVDRELWFK»QJWDFKQ´%£\JLFK¢XYULWµL[LQY¡RYQÒ0\QJ¡\OLQEQÒL[LQYLFO¡P+QJNKµQJÒQWKÄP+µPQD\FµFKQJÒR¢QQLE¡1JX\WFQJSFµÒÒFSWLYQÒJ-





202

*LQJE¡1JX\WYDQJO«QQKQKQJUWU¶U¡QJ7µLYDWKR¢WFKW+QDLKWWµLELWFXFVQJTX®ÒQQJQQ¡R7µLQPPWP-QKWU«QJLQJY¡QKOLKWTX¤QJÒLÒ¤TXDULWKLWµLF´ÒFWGRF´ÒFKQKSK»FEDRJLFKD"1KFKPµLÒ\FD\ÒQJE¡1JX\WQ´L1KLXQJLQK-QY¡RQJµLQK¡Ò´QKQJÒDFRQ[«QJ[DQJTXQ¢RWLQEFUQJUQKÒ´P¡JDQKWYLQKQJJ-WµLF´ÒFQJÑFWYEWE-QK0LQJLF´PWVSKQ$LOLJDQKWN-Y\.K¢FKTXDQP¡Q´LFKO¡QJLKQKSK»FÒ´FK

Ñ»QJY\1XÒQJWU«QTXDQQLPKSK³LFDF¢FµQJFKQJOXµQFRLYQKO¡QµOÒFQKWµLO¡KQKSK»FOPULQJÑFNK´FKX&KQ´LTX¢OLNKµQJÒ\%¡1JX\WÒLPÒPOFÒX7µLFKQ´LYP-QKWKµLY¡WµLQ´LUWWKW7µLO\FKQJO»FKDLPLWXLWKX\FRQJ¢LNKGLKQEQWUE£\JLQKLXFKDPJÒ£XWK-QJÒ´/»FÒ\EDWKQJ&QJÒ¤O¡PWµQJFKEQPLWXLYLQKLXTX\QKQWURQJWD\6XWEDPLP\QÄPWµLÒ¤O¡

Ò\WFKRFKQJFKRFRQY¡O\ÒÓ¡PKQKSK»FGX\QKWFDÒLP-QK1KQJF¡QJYJL¡FKQJWµLF¡QJNK´W®QKNKRQJF¢FKWXLW¢FJLDµQJY¡F¢FFRQO¡KV£XNKLQJLDÒ-QKWµLOXµQEWKR¡,POQJPWFK»WE¡1JX\WQ´LWLS7URQJEDÒDFRQµQJ\FQJFKLXWKQJ&QJQKWQJÑFNKHQQJD\1´WW\FKÃQQ´LÒ£XUDÒ´KDPO¡PYLFY¡OXµQOXµQFXWR¡QFXWLQ

9£QJ1KQJQJLNKµQJELWQKLXY&QJÒXNKHQQ´QKWK1KQJWKFFKW&QJO¡PWÒDFRQKÒQPWQJLNKµQJUDJ-1ÓQO«QQKPO»FJLDÒ-QKWµLVX\VSEDQ´JL¡\XNKµQJO¡PUDQKLXWLQY-Y\WKD\Y-Ò¢SOLO³QJWKQJ\«XFDQJQÓLR¢QWU¢FK7URQJQK¡Q´FKVDQK+DLQ´QKQJNKLÒDFRQOQFDWµLVDQJ0&QJNKµQJF³Q[HPDLWURQJQK¡UDJ-4XQK+QJEQJO\QFÒDWQWD\E¡1JX\WFµQJSQJQJ





203

%¢FPWOPULÑQJQ´LQKLXQD.KOFÒXE¡FQJTX\WÑQJFQE¢FPXQQ´LQKQJÒLXFÓLFKRFK¢XE¢FPXQQ´LKWQKQJJ-O£XQD\E¢FJLXN®Q4XD\VDQJSK®DµQJÑFE¡NKV.KµQJE¡PQ¡RÒLNKDL[XFRQP-QKWµLFQJY\[LQDQKKLXFKRQKQJOLFDWµLKR¡QWR¡QO¡WKW&QJUWEWKLXY¡KQO¢R.KLµQJQK¡WµLEWÒXOQWKQQ´Ò¤FQJTX\WÒDQJY¡RWULQXµLGQJQJLJL¡1JQJOLÒWKY-[»FÒQJE¡1JX\WQJKQQJ¡R/UDO»FÒ´SKLFQQ´QKQJWµLTX¢®FKNNKLQKÒQP\FKFQÄPO¡PYFD

P-QKQJ\ÒL[YLWµLWKHRNLXFKQJFK»DYWµLQJO¡YXDF³QWµLFKO¡PWQµW-WµLNKµQJÒFO¡PWWKSKLÒQJQ´LFKLO¡PKR¡QJKX7µLWQJWQJUQJNKLµQJ\Ò¤ÒLULWµLVÒFWGRWKWKL7K¢QJQJ¡\F³QOLWµLVQK¡QKE«QFRQFK¢XWµLNKµQJSKLY£QJGKXKWQJFK»WQJLFKQJYµW£POXµQ[HPYQKPWFµQJFSKFYÒ´Q«QWKD\Y-QJÄQTX\WÒQKEWKLXFDFRQWUDLWµLÒ¤LPO-PPFQ´K¡QKÒQJQJÑFN«XO«Q7ªUD&QJEWDQK\Y¡RYLQGQJO¤RFKNKµQJSKLWLJLQ&PP¡QKEY¡RWUQJ

%¡1JX\WJWÒXÑ»QJY\/»FÒ´&QJERQÓ¡PY\FKQJTXDNKµQJQWK\WµLFFQKFQDÑDµQJ\Y¡RYLQGQJO¤RQÉLGQJUL«QJQKQJQJLSKFYWURQJÒ´VÒFKFKÄPV´FÒFELW7µLÒ¤QJ£\WKWLQQKY\ÒOQJW£PNKµQJFQUW0WQK®XOLSKQQµQJÑFQ´L;LQOL7µLNKµQJVDRFKSQKQÒFF¢FKQJKêF¢FKVQJNKµQJW-QKQJKêDYFKQJQKFK

%¡1JX\WWUPQJ£P7µLNKµQJE¡RFKDFKRP-QKQKQJÒ¤NKLQ¡RDQKWKFPF7LVDRF´QKQJQJLÒ¡QE¡\XÒXLK¡QJQJ¡\OXµQEÒL[WEFVFKQJQKVFSPWKµPOLJLWFKQJY-PWO¾GRWKWWPWKQJNKµQJ"7µLNKµQJÒ¾WLQKQJKQJ¢FSKÒ´





204

%¡1JX\WWKQQKL«Q7µLOLKD\QJKêYKY¡WµLKLXWLVDR1JLWDERÑ¢QKFK´FQJSKLFKDÒQJFKRQ´FK\1KQJQKQJQJLÒ¡QE¡QKWµLF³QWKQFK´FK»QJWµLEGQY¡RWURQJÒQJFºQJQ«QSKLSKQNK¢QJ6DXFºQJWµLÒ¤WKQJNKLWKQJ&QJWQJEDQÝ¡RYLQGQJO¤R&¢FKSKQNK¢QJFDWµL«PGXWKWSKLNKµQJ"4XQK+QJUºQJP-QKY-ÒµLPWFDE¡1JX\WFµOROQJ&K¢XÒDE¢FYQKª%¢FPWUL%¢FQ´L[RQJFKX\QF¢LÒ¤/»FQ¤\DQKJLÒ¡QE¡JLWFKQJO¡¢FSKK"FSKOXµQOXµQSKLEWUQJSKW7µLÒ¤EWUQJSKWULÒ´7KQJ&QJF³QÒ¡\ÒDWµLKQEDQ´QKLX7KQJFRQWµLFKXÒQJWWFNFFKX\QQ´LGLDQK+DLQÚQJ%DPQPPWFKFQUWQKLXWLQÒFK\FKDFKÄPV´F7KQJ+¡RJLWLQYQ´JLKWNKµQJÒHPY¡RYLQGQJO¤RPWÒQJÒµLNKLOLÄQFKQEWSKQFDFRQ&PÒ¤Y\ÒDFKE«Q0Q´FWNFKDLOL«QKTXDEQÒFWUQ´

QJÑFEWUW&KNQKQJFKX\QQ¡\YLWµLO¡PJ-"ÑFKRDQKELW&QJO¡WK1ÝDQ´L[DQ´LJQYLWµLUQJ.KLFLYKDLYFKQJQ´VPWP-QKQŃKµQJPXQYSKLO¡PG£XSKFGFKPFKQJ4XQK+QJN«XO«Q&K¢XNKµQJF´¾Ò´

%¢FELW1´Q´LWKÒE¢FWOROLXFKRP-QKQXNKµQJPXQWWD\Q´GWY¡RYLQGQJO¤RQJÑFÒSWD\Y¡RJK7KQJWULÒ¢QK1FPWE¡1JX\WDUDÑ¢QJOWµLÒ¤F´QLÒÒLULFKELWQJLWDFXWµLVQJO¡PJ-WU«QÒLQ¡\Ò£XF³QFKFDWµL

4XQK+QJVQJV7K-UDE¢FWWFKNKµQJSKLXQJOQWKXF&KSO\KDLWD\E¡FµQJKQOL%¢FLVDRE¢FOLO¡PWKQJR¡L&QJUDE¢FYQF³QDQK+¡RFK&PP¡





205

&³QFK»QJQ´WK-VDR"7KQJ+¡RKLXWKRQKWOLWQFK£QWUL3KQFRQ&PO¡J¢LÒDQJE«QFKQJE¢FFKDNKLQ¡ROROQJFKÄPV´FFKRPFRQQÓ¡PVDRQ´F´WKFKXQJÒFQJÑFWFWL7LVDRFKSKLQJKêWLFKX\QÒLNKLQJµLQK¡FDP-QKÑÓ¡W¡LVQFºDYFKQJFKWKQJ&QJNKµQJF´TX\QFKLPÒRW5LWµLSKLQ´LFKRQ´KLXO¡PWKF³QUDWKWKQJJ-QD4XQK+QJLPOQJQK-QFKDEDFµFKTXDQTX¢NKLQ´LWKQJQJKêUQJ&QJWKWVWµQWUQJN®QKQµQJQKQKQJOLÒXPµLFK´WOLDQKWKQJW£QJEF¡%DFµTX«QUQJYLFKDPUXW&QJF³QÒL[NKµQJUDJ-KXQJKFKLµQJPWµQJEYWQJODL%¡1JX\WWKQWK

1JµLQK¡\Ò¤VDQJW«QFKRQÚL7µLÒ£XF³QO¡FKQDQJÑFNLQKQJF7LVDRSKLVDQJW«QFKRQ´"3KLWKQJ&QJªSFKSKLNKµQJ"%¡1JX\WQXWO7UFÒ£\QK¡FDYFKQJWµLNKµQJF´FKTX\Q6DXQ¡\FK®QK&QJEREDQ´Q«QO¡PFKRKSO/¡PWÒDFRQWKÒRQQ´WRDQW®QKWURQJÒXQKQJJ-YFKQJWµLFKQJKELWÒF.KLO¡PJL\WQ´JL¾YLµQJ\Q«QÒW«QQ´FKRWLQY-µQJÒ¤JL¡

UL7LQFRQWKQJFRQFKQJWµLÒ¤FK-XWKHR¾Q´.KLJL\W[RQJ[XµL&QJW-PÒFKX\QÒD\QJKLQEDP-QKQÚ«XUDRYLK¡QJ[´PO¡QJWU¢LW®QKWU¢LQWNKµQJPXQFKXQJYLQ´Q«Q&QJSKLPXDPWFÄQQK¡NK¢FFKRQJPWP-QKWO£XVDXQ´ÒDQJÒL'ºFKQJDLQ´LUDQKQJOL[´PWKDELWQ´PDQJµQJ\ÒLÒ£XQJÑFWKG¡LQJDRQJ¢QNKOLF4XQK+QJµQJWK\FµOÒ¤QJQK-QWPP¡QFDVOD\ÒQJWKHRJL´9L+QJK-QKQKFKX\QQ¡\NKµQJF´J-PL7UFÒ£\FµWQJNY¡LÒLXY&QJQKQJµQJNKµQJKWLQY¡FKRUQJ+QJÒWÒLX*LQJE¡1JX\WYQÒXÒXYµFP

.KLµQJ\ÒLULQÉWÒXVQJWKHRQ´%DRQKL«XY¡QJF³QÒGQJJL¡WµLFWLQÒDQ´JLQ´ÒHPVPVDWUDQJWU®OLWR¡QEQK¡FDFKRKSYLQJLJLFKFYTXDQWUQJWURQJFµQJW\7µLOLO¡Ò\W7KQJ&QJNKHNKWKQEDQ´QKLXQJÑFVWUXWFWQJDQJ1´Ò¤O¡PJ-ÒFKÒQQLQ¡\"







207

1K-Q4XQK+QJEQJÒµLPWWU-XPQE¡Q´LWLS9FKQJWµLÒ¤GXQJW»QJQ´ÒE£\JLWUWK¡QKQQQK£QFDFK®QKFRQWUDLP-QK7µLUWWKQJ4XQK+QJWµLNKµQJPXQFXFÒLQ´VNKQKWµLQJÑFQJLOQJWKLQK4XQK+QJNKµQJÒR¢QQLEDÒDQJQJKêJ-7KLJLDQQKQJQJOLE¡1JX\WÒQJG\&KDEDRJLO³QJWµLWKDQKWKQWKQ¡\7µLÒLÒ£\&¢PQDQKÒ¤QJLQJKHWµLQ´L4XQK+QJOWÒWÒQJWKHR%¢FÒFK¢XÒDE¢FY%¡1JX\WOFÒX

%¢FF³QÒLQKLXFK&K¢XNKLÒDQJÑFKRDQJPDQJ1KQJOLFDFKO¡PWµLÒDXO³QJY¡WKWYQJTX¢5LWµLVJLLTX\WFKX\QQ¡\UDVDRÒ£\"%¡1JX\WQKQK¡QJ7U¢FKQKLPFDQJLFKDVNKLQDQKV¢QJVXWNKLQJKêWLFRQP-QK7K¡VDXQ¡\&QJFLPWQJLWµLNKµQJELWFµWDVQJYXLEXQNKWµLNKµQJUD\UWQKQJYL4XQK+QJWK-NK¢F7µL£QKQÒ¤NKµQJG\ÒFFRQP-QKWK¡QKQJLWW

0FFKRµQJÑFÒÄPFKL«XQJLOLWU«QJKE¡1JX\WEFUDV£Q4XQK+QJÒLWKHRY¡QÄPWD\E¡WKWFKW&K¢XF¢PQE¢FÒ¤Q´LYLEDFK¢XQKWK%¡1JX\WYXWQKP¢+QJ9¡RQK¡ÒLWULQQJOP4XQK+QJFPÒQJµPYDLE¡

.KµQJVDRÑFK¢XJL[®FKOµFKRE¢F1K-QFKLF[HOFOWKHRWULQQQJÒ+QJPXQNK´FNKLQJKêÒQQJLÒDQJQJLE«QWURQJ&KFKQVXWP\QJ¡\QPQK-QWUQJWUQJO«QWUQQK¡QLW£PE¡Ò¤[XQJÒWGGL%¡UWWKQJ&QJWURQJNKLDQKFKOLGQJW-QKWKQJÒ´FKNKµQJFQQ´QKWWFQKQJÒDFRQFQV\«XWKQJFDP&K®QK&QJÒ¤Ò\PDQKWK¡QKQJLFKQJOLDQK%¡Ò¤GWNKR¢WYLEQWK£QULFKFFKQVNK´VQJFKXQJ





208

YL&QJÒFQD5LE¢F1JX\WVUDVDR"YLDL"/³QJ4XQK+QJWUêX[XQJPWQLOROQJP¡FµELWP-QKNKµQJJLLTX\WÒFJ-F7UY¡RQK¡FµWK\µQJÑFYQF³QQJLWKWU«QJK7KQJQK´F3KLOFFKFQJLQKSFK£QNE«Q1K¢\PWYL+QJPWF¢L3KLGLGWEXµQJPWF£X7K-UDFKD&QJWÒQWK8QJFµQJEDO£XQD\ODXWLODXOXLFKLFJQJÒEWHPQRLWKHR&£XQ´LFD3KLO¡PµQJÑFW¢LYE¡QÒ¢QKESµQJTX¢WO«Q&£PQJD\&RQQ®WJLLQ´LOHR0P¡\FQXµQJFKLXFKRFY¡RWK-FQJKQKQÉ£\JL+P1KQJWDRNKµQJSKLQKEDWKQJ&QJÒ£X

%´SE´SWU¢QµQJOPEP7LVDROL[\UDÒFKX\QWKQ¡\/UDE¡1JX\WNKµQJQ«QOLÒ£\WNKFRQWUDLP-QKNKLÒ£XÒ¤Y¡RÒÚL7QK¡ESÒLO«QE¡9£QPDPDL%£\JLU¶FRQQJLQÚLQKQJµQJYQF´WKY-WKGLQGDQKGX\W®QJ-Ò´ªSJFRQ+QJFKRQ´\QKO»FµQJFKDELWJ-P¡&KFKQWKQJ&QJO¡UTX®FDµQJ

QJÑFFDXF´%¡ÒQJÒWK«PGXY¡RODQD7µLÒDQJULWU®Ò£\&RQYLF¢L&KÒDQ¡RUDKQKW4XQK+QJFQPµLO¡PWKLQK&µÒQKY¡RSK³QJWK-QJR¡LFQJF´WLQJ[HQJQJ%¡9£QN«XO«QÒ\NLQKQJFWKQJ&QJ&KX\QJ-QDÒ£\QJÑFQK®XP¡\UDOQKFKR3KL

0FDFKRQ´&QJKSWSEFY¡RYLEPWNKQWUQJ1JKH3KLQ´LPFK¢XF´ÒQÒ£\9\E¡ÒLÒ£XULQJÑFNKRDQKWD\O¡PWKLQK4XQK+QJWUOL





209

%¢FYDPLY[RQJ7KSK¡RQKQK¶P&QJQ´L0D\TX¢$QKFORPEÒLY-E¡JLQDQK0Ò¤NKRKQÒ£X&´FKX\QJ-OLNKLQDQK+¡RPLÒ¢QKID[YEREDQJ¡\QDQKVYQK¡1JQJPWFK»WQKÒTXDQV¢WWK¢LÒFDPLQJL&QJQKQPQKQKYWKÄPEDPQKQJFK\XÒORÒ¢PFLFDP-QK3KHQQ¡\SKLWFKFWKWWRFKRYDO³QJDQK\QJÑFNKR¢WWD\Ñ¢PFLFDP-QKVDROLQKPO¡PYDO³QJQJLNK¢FFK"

0W&QJKLQJUDPWFK»WULDQKYLWKDQKPLQK%¢FQ´LÒ»QJQKQJFKDPDQKFKQ¡RNKµQJYDO³QJKGNKLWK\FRQF¢LHP»WÒ¢PFLU-QKUDQJ'ºVDRFK¢XFQJO¡PÒ¢PFLFKRWR1K¢\PWPWF¢LWKWO¢XF¢&QJQ´LWLS&Ý\E¢FFQJQPWQP¡\VNKµQJWLNKLQJKêWL4XQK1K1KFKPµLÒ\NK´FKXµQJÑFOOQJ&KX\QÒ¢PFLFRLFKQJSKL[HPOL

&QJQJFQKL«Q1KQJWLVDR"QJÑFQK-QWKQJY¡RPW&QJ%¢FPXQF´WK«PWKLJLDQÒÒ¢QKJL¢WKWÒ»QJPWQJL&QJG©GW

$LY\E¢F"QJÑFFKPFKS0FDFK¢X/»FQ¤\FK\Q´LQKLXFKX\QP¡E¢FNKµQJWKWLQÒFY-O£XQD\E¢FOXµQÒWQKLXNYQJY¡RFK¢X&QJJQJJR





210

0FK¢XÒDQJW£PWKQEWDQQ´LQÄQJWWLQKLÒ£XE¢FOLWLQ9LOLPÒDQJJLQFK¢XP¡7LVDRFK\JLQÒQPFFKQJKDPVQJE¢FELWUL0FK¢XUWWQKW¢RFK\V¢QJVXWFKQWQJOLP¡Q´LFKNKµQJWº\WLQQKFK¢XÒ£X&QJFÝELULDQKVX\QJKêPWFK»WULKLE¢FO¡VGLQJ¡\FLOL¡"QJÑFUFP%¢FUWWLFQKQJÒ»QJWK1KQJGLÒQFKQJQ¡R"

ÑQO»FDQK+DLFK¢XÒ¤ÒLPLFKX\QWURQJJLDÒ-QKFDFK¢XÒ¤JLLTX\WÒ£XUDÒ´0W&QJÒDQKOL&K¢XNKµQJKLXJ-KWQJÑFEQJF¢XO«QÑQJJLYQD0FXÒ¤Q´LFULÑ»QJO¡[RWU¢O£XQD\FXTXDPWFWµL7KWPWG\&QJWYNKV

%¢FNKµQJQ«QPQJFK¢XY-QKQJO¾GRÒ£XÒ£X1J¡\FLÒ¤FKQUL%¢FÒQJO¡PNK´FK¢XQDQJÑFWKQJWKQJ7µLNKµQJO¡PNK´QKQJPXQWQPWWK\FQKFXJLLWK®FKYLDQK+DLP-QKQKQJFKX\QÒ¤O¡PYLFKDPVXWP\QÄPTXD6DXÒ´PLTX\WÒQK&QJQJWOLµQJ

&K®QKE¢FWQJQ´LFL[LQO¡FKX\QTXDQWUQJQKWÒLQJL&KQJOE£\JLE¢FGG¡QJÒL¾NKLFK¢XY¡4XQK+QJÒ¤FKXQEÒ£XÒ´4X\WÒQKFDE¢FVQKKQJÒQGDQKGFD+QJ'X\«QFRQJ¢LF´PWWKLFKVPLQJÒLQ´LFK¢XE+QJY-+QJNKµQJUDJ-WKµLQJÑFJQWQJWLQJ&XNKLFQSKLO«QJLQJNLXÒÝLWµL$LNKµQJUDJ-ULQJLÒLFQJVELW







212

&QJFK£PFKF$QKFKQ´LÒ»QJEQFKWFDµQJJL¡WKµLFKF´FKLQJWLQJQ¡RÒ£XP¡KQQJÑFJLQUXQFQJL0LQJQJKLQUÄQJNHQNªWWD\µQJEWQJYXQJPQKY¡RPW&QJPWF¢LQÒRPÒ´P9-NKµQJQJKêµQJVSKQQJNLXEROFÒQWKQ«Q&QJNKµQJQªNSDQKKQJWUQF¢LW¢WQKYE¤RFDµQJÑF&´WKQ´LÒ£\O¡OQÒXWL«QDQKEW¢WWKQJY¡RPWÑDXY-Ò³QOQY-QKFQK¤&QJQKQPWNKµQ$QKYºQJÒQJG\QK¡RYSK®DµQJÑF3KLFKQQJDQJ&QJOLY¡Ò\DQKUDFD*LQJOFKQÒLY-N®FKÒQJ$QKYÒLO¡WWQKW%LW3KLQPWURQJÒLWX\Q.DUDWªFDWK¡QKSKQ«Q&QJNKµQKQOºLOL$QKYDWKWUDV£QYDJ£QFODWR

0\QJLÒµQJÄQKLSWµLSKLNKµQJ"7KWWLEL&RQJ¢LFDµQJOQJOPWQWVDROLEXFWµLFL"+7K¡WµLÒLFLÒLPYO¡PYF³QKQFµWDFKDO¡YFDWµLP¡Ò¤ODQJFKYLQJLNK¢F+QJJ¢LÒ´ÒHPF£XVXQ´FQJFK«3KLKPKPFKSF&QJ$QKQ´LPWWLQJQDWKµLNKµQJF³QUÄQJÄQFP/LFPWF¢LWK\K¡QJ[´PKDLE«QFK\UDQK-QYLYW³P³OQQJFQKL«Q&QJGDQJYLWD\SK£QEXD

7µLÒLYL4XQK+QJWKQ¡RF´WULELWWKQKQJFµWDOLSKQELWµLÒ©REQJFSYLQJLNK¢F7JLWUÒLWµLNKµQJFRL4XQK+QJO¡YVSFLQD&µWDNKµQJ[QJÒ¢QJYLO³QJWLQ\«XFDWµL&QJKWPWGQWQJWLQJ1´LWUQJUDO¡WµLEKQJJ¢LWKLWKDÒ´%¢FQJKHU¶ULFK4XQK+QJWFÒQQJKWWKFµNKµQJQ´LÒFOLQ¡RQJR¡LYLFÒQJFKWWU£QQK-Q&QJYXQJWD\P»DPªSÃQNKµQJÒFSK¢FKRKG$QKWDTX¢UL

3KLÒPWW®DWDLG®&QJV¢WY¡RFDU¡RE¡9£QYLFK\WLNªRFXUD$QKHPNKµQJP¡ÒQJQ«QO¡PY\3KLFFOF$QKHPJ-YLKQJO¢XF¢Q¡\&»WUDNKLÒ£\QJD\ÒL





213

&QJSKLSKLFK¢RE3KLQPULQK»QYDLKÄPKH&KQJKQJWK»J-NKLÒQJÒ£\1KQJYQK¡KLFKX\QE¡JL¡[RQJFKFFKQWµLVWUOXLEWE¢FÑF[LQOLY-Ò¤QKFPWµLQJÑFFLQKW0¡\[QJÒ¢QJÄQWK«PPWF¢LEWWD\QDQXF´FDQÒPWLÒ£\WK-WDRVFK&QJNKLQKNKQKOHRO«Q[H&ÄQQK¡FD+QJEQJLPÒQQQJQ&KXNKµQJQLQKQJ¢QKPWW³P³FDK¡QJ[´P4XQK+QJYLEFYµQK¡FµQJKHEDP-QKÒD\QJKLQP7JLWUÒLWµLSKLÒLPRPLG¢PUDÒQJ&RQJ¢LE¡ÒDQ¡RFQJW¡LJLLQKQKDX1KFLO¡QKF4XQK+QJQKPQJKLQPWOL&µWK\WKQJEDTX¢9-FµµQJÒ¤E&QJQQJ

QKEQJQKQJOLWKWFK´LWDL7O£XFµÒ¤ELW&QJUWWQKQJNKµQJQJDQKOLWÒQPFQKY\ÑDQJGQYWP-QKEDRQKL«XO¡VX\QJKêFKQJFKªRQKDX4XQK+QJEQJQKWLE¡1JX\W7UYQK¡FKF&QJVÒL[UWFD\ÒFYLP1XNKµQJY-FµE¡Ò£XFQYFKWL&QJ$QKWDO¡QJLQKPQFFKSQ«QVNKµQJÒE¡\«QWK£Q0LQJOLFD\ÒFFDDQKELWÒ£XOLO¡PE¡QJKêTXQ4XQK+QJQJLEWG\YL¾QJKêYDWKR¢QJTXD+WKLFK\UDV£QFµJS3KLQ«QQ´LQJD\&KSKLWLQK¡DQK&QJPLÒF

3KLQJFQKL«Q&KWLÒÓ¡PFKL"/»FQ¤\KQÒ¤FQW¡XU¢RP¢QJULF³QJ-"4XQK+QJOROQJ&KVFKRE¢F1JX\WFKFFKQ&QJNKµQJÒFKRE¢F\\«QÑDQJEXQEFFKFQ[»FÒQJFK»WWKµLE¢F\OLQJKêTXQ3KLEêXPµLNKLQKE

&KNKªRORYQY/»FQ¡\DQKWDSKLREE¢F1JX\WO¡PFKGDFKVFP\P¡G¢PO¡PEXQE¢F\.KLµQJDQK0VSYWLYLÒµODUQJUQK4XQK+QJEQFKQ1KQJFKYQNKµQJDQW£PFKF´FPJL¢FE¢F1JX\WTX\WÒQKFKX\QJ-Ò´TXDQWUQJ/»FÒDE¢FO«Q[®FKOµFKWK\PWE¢F[D[µLWKQ¡R\





214

1K-Q3KLPWF¢L+QJQ´L&KSKLWLQK¡&QJ[HPVDR3KLSKQÒL(PWK\NKµQJQ«QY-DQKWDÒDQJUWKQFK$LELWFKX\QJ-V[\UD4XQK+QJÒQJG\&³QFKX\QJ-QDFK&KWLWKÄPE¢F1JX\WP¡%DF´KLHPÒQJQ´LQKH'WOLFµGW[HUDFQJ3KLQK-QWKHROPEP

%DP¡ELWEÒ£PÒXWLÒ´FKFJLµQJE¤ROLEºQJO«QQD1KQJQXQJKLP-QKVQ´LVDRFKR[XDWDQKWP£\PºÒ£\"

qqq

0W&QJQK®XQK®XOLÒ\WRDQW®QKNKLQK-QWK\4XQK+QJ7LÒ£\QÄQQWµLÒ\¡"4XQK+QJFJQJGXG¡QJ%¢FJ¢LÒ£XUL"&QJNKRDQKWD\KWK¡P%¡JL¡WµLYDÒQJ\YHPW-PO¡PFKLQD"1KQJE¢FÒ£X"$QKF´Q´LJ-ÒE¢FEXQNKµQJÒ´"7KWUDWLDQKWWFE¢FJ¢LKWO³QJWKQJ\«XOROQJFKRDQKQJFOLDQKÒL[YLE¢FTX¢W&QJLPOQJDQKWDQK-Q+QJULFKWQ´LQKDQK0WµLWURQJSK³QJ0XQJSWK-Y¡RWUQJÒLÑQJOLQKLP¤LQKWK

4XQK+QJOLFYL&QJPWF¢LWUFNKLÒLY¡RWURQJ3K³QJFDE¡1JX\WWLRPY¡OQKQJWO¡PFµGRGO»FEFYµ*LQJWRPWQK-QYSK®DJLQJ4XQK+QJJLQK%¢FL%¢F





215

ÑDQJQJFQKL«QY-NKµQJWK\DL+QJÒ¤KRQJKQY-QJKHJLQJ&QJWK-WKPV¢WE«QWDL/¡PJ-F´DLÒ£\QJR¡LKDLÒDP-QK4XD\QJLOL4XQK+QJWUQWêQKÑQJF´ÒºDP¡%¢F1JX\WÒ£X"/ÒWLQWL&QJÒDQKJLQJ%EÒLUL4XQK+QJQJFQKL«Q6DROLY\"

&QJOFÒXPWQK-QFµÒÄPÒÄP7µLYQK¡Ò¤WK\O¢WKQPWU«QE¡Q%¡YLWUQJ9-FÓLYLEDWµLY¡Y-Ò¤FKHFKQKQJYLFO¡PVDLWU¢LFDWµLQ«QENKµQJPXQJSDQK+¡R1KQJE¢F\ÒLÒ£XPLÒFFK"&QJYQEFWLNKLQ+QJSKLWKWOºL$QKWDOPO-Q´L7KWUDEW®QKWR¢QJ-WµLELWKW+%ELQPWO»FQ¡\QKPO¡PNK´GWµLEPXQDQK+¡R[HPWµLQKPWÒDÒQPWWURQJNKLFKX\QÒDµQJJL¡Y¡RYLQGQJO¤REFQJJ´SSKQFKÒ£XSKLNKµQJ&KDFÉ¡PQ¡RÒFQKE%PXQWµLPWWW

F7WLQK¡QJWK¢QJDQK+¡RJLYFKRWLQJµLQK¡Q¡\Y¡FHP&QJVQWLO¡P+QJKWKQWªQJLO«QJLQJ$QKFLQKW&´WKWµLVPWNKRQÒµODK¡QJWK¢QJFDDQK+¡RQKQJQJµLQK¡Q¡\ENK´Ò³LOLOPQXÒ¤W¾ULNKLÒ£\1K¡RÒQµPÒL4XQK+QJ&QJU®WO«Q(PFQJY\Ñ¤O¡FDWµLWK-NKµQJWKO¡FDDLNK¢F7µLFÝWHPQKYWP´QÒKQJWK-P´QÒ\FQJFKQJDLÒFÒQJWL

4XQK+QJ[µ&QJUD/¡PJ-Y\"$QKÒL«Q¡7µLODO«QE£\JL.ªR+QJQPG¡LWU«QJLQJ&QJWK¢FKWKF/DÒL;´PQ¡\OFKVOPKNKµQJW³P³QKFKHPÒ£X&´QJKHODQJLWDFQJWQJÒºD/»FQ¡\SKLÒºDYLHPWµLPLEWFÄQJWKQJ







217

7KQJFK´Ò\O¡PJ-P¡\"1´Ò£XUL"9DKLµQJYDÒLQKFK\Y¡RWURQJ*S&QJQJD\SK³QJNK¢FKµQJJLQUXQO«Q7KQJNKQQQ7DRVWKDFKRP¡\WºUF[QJ7KDYWLJ-"&KQJTXDWµLÒºDFKLWKµL&RQJ¢LE¢FPWP¡XWNLSQ¡RUL$LP¡WK©P7FµWDWLÒ£\QÄQQWµLÒQJEFµWDP¡4XQK+QJPXP¢R&RQNKµQJVDRF0-QKYWKµLEDÒµLFRYLKQJQJL\O¡PJ-FKREQ%¢F1JX\WÒ¤EÒLPWUL7LQJKLSE¢F\F³QNKµQJFKXQLFRQUXWP-QKKXQJFKLFK»QJWD&RQNKµQJPXQY£\Y¡R&QJQD;LQEDKLXJLºPFRQQJÑFJPJPQJ´&QJ4XQK+QJVWUXWY-NKµQJKLXµQJÒDQJQJKêJ-&µÒ»QJO¡QJXQJFNKLWLÒ£\PWP-QK1XE£\JLO¡QK¡FKFFµÒ¤EÄQEWWDL

UL%DUWQ´QJQ\VDRµQJOLO¡PWKLQKWKNLD"0¤LPWO»FVDXµQJPLO«QWLQJ*LDP¡\Y¡FRQJ¢LWDRNKµQJF³QJ-QDKW%WÒXKµPQD\FÒQJÒWDRWK\PWQXP¡\O¡PFKX\QJ-WQWKQJÒQ4XQK+QJWDRVOLXPQJJL¡YLP¡\+¤\QKO\WDRNKµQJGRVXµQJÒ£X4XQK+QJULXU®XO«QQJLVDXOQJµQJFµEFKLF[HFKR3KLFK\ÒQJVDX7ULFKLXUL/LPWFKLXQDWUµLTXD4XQK+QJQKFQK´LNKLWK\W´FEDP-QKÒ¤EFKQSK£QQD7URQJÒ´FKQJELWFÉDRQKL«XVLEFY-Fµ

7QKL«Q4XQK+QJOLVWVºL&RQ[LQOLÒ¤O¡PEDEXQ%DÒQJJLQFRQQDQJKH.KµQJQJKHµQJÑFWUOLQKQJFµOLQJKHWLQJµQJWKG¡LUWNK%DFKPRQJVDXFKX\QQ¡\FRQVOQKQY¡FK®QFKQKQWURQJFµQJYLFFQJQKW-QK\«X4XQK+QJUPUPQFPW7URQJNKRQKNKFQJQQJLFµEQJWK\P-QKQKWUWKÒFEDFKÒLFKLJLDFKLXOQJJL´0F&QJY¡PFF.KµLWÒ£\FµV

TX«QKWQKQJJ¤Ò¡QµQJÒ´&µPXQO¡PÒDFRQQJRDQWKD\FK1KFKÄPV´FFKDPWKWO³QJÒ¡QJKR¡QJ1KPFPXQQ¡\FµWKFKLQÒFNKµQJQK"

&KQJNW

1K-Q4XQK1KQQJQWURQJFKLF¢RÒPG¡QKFKRE¡EX4XQK+QJFKWPP





218

FLNKLQKWLOLDQK&K¢QKQ´LKµPTXD$QK\WQKENKHQUQJ9DQKO¡E¡EXÒSQKWQFWUFPWQKLXQJL/LNKHQ\F´SKQWKP[QJQKQJQK-QFK1KNKµQJDLSKQKQÒFVK£QKRDQQLPKQKSK»FWR¢WUDTXDQKFK1JLÒ¡QE¡KQKSK»FQ¡ROLFKÒSFFK4XQK+QJFKWKL&KWK®FKVDQKFRQWUDLKD\J¢L"1JKL«QJÒXQK-QNKRQJQQJQJR¡LV£Q1KWUOL$QK&K¢QKUWWK®FKFRQJ¢L+QJQKHRQKHRPW%DFQJY\QJQ´LYLP0RQJFKVDQKFRQJ¢LYDGWKQJOLYDGG\

4XQK1KK´PKQKD%DNKµQJVFÉRPQFKPWURQJQK¡KD\VDR"4XQK+QJFLFL%DVERPQJX\«QWNLXQKµQJ&QJKQ'RQ¡\EDNK¢FWUFQKLX&KELW1XNKµQJGJ-DQK&K¢QKG¢PFKFKYWKÄPQK¡1KQJWUµQJEDYQNK´ÒÄPÒÄPQKQOP

%DO¡QJLOXµQFKRUQJP-QKÒ»QJ1XQJD\O»FQ¡\EDFLWK£QWKLQYLDQK&K¢QKWK-EDÒ£XSKLO¡EDQD+DLQJLU¢QJFKXNK´WLO»FVDQKFKRµQJQJRLPWFµQJFK»DWK-DQK&K¢QKOLÒR¢LFµQJFKXFWLFKJ-4XQK1K£X\PQK-QHPJ¢L'RQ¡\FRQEªÒ¤O\OLÒFSKQQ¡RQªWQJKFKQJPKQQKL«QQJ¡\[DQKQJ+QJNKµQJF³QQK[DQDFRQEªÒ¤FK®QFKQKQQJLOQKQQKLX4XQK+QJQJSQJQJ'RQ¡\FKF´JS&QJNKµQJ"

1KJWÒX1J¡\Q¡ROLNKµQJJSQKQJWKQJWK-QKQªFKY-V[XLÒQJSKLE¡EX&QJYQQKWUFKPKêQKFRLWKQJQJLGLW£QJEFFSWU«QY¡NKRHNKRDQJF¢FKVQJOXµQYQWLVKR¡QWKLQFDP-QK&µQJW\ÒDQJÒ´QPWQK´PVLQKYL«QWKFWS7URQJÒ´FÝ¡LFµEªNK¢[LQKP¡&QJSKWU¢FKKQJGQ7KQ¡RULFQJFŃWµQDQKWDO«QQJµLWKQWQJQJLVD\VDQJKHQKXQJWQJOLY¡QJQJFFDDQKWD7L





219

QJKLSFKRFµJ¢LQJQJKFKQ¡RÒ´Ñ»QJO¡WLQJKLS4XQK+QJQ´L&¢FKÒ£\P\QJ¡\HPW-QKFJSE¢F1JX\WWURQJEQKYLQNKLÒLWKÄPQJLTXHQ1KN«XO«Q%¢F\EQKK"4XQK+QJOFÒX.KµQJSKL%¢F\ÒDQJO¡PYLFWWKLQ*SE¢FHPPQJTX¢FKQJ1JKHE¢FNPLELWE£\JLE¢F\VQJPWP-QKWURQJPWFÄQQK¡QK%¢FWUDLÒ¤PWUL%¢F1JX\WEXQNKY¡£QKQNKLQJKêOLF¢FKÒL[FDP-QKWUFÒ£\YLFKQJ1KQJWOL

9-Y\E¢FPLO¡PYLFWKLQSKLNKµQJ"1KQJFWKO¡YLFJ-"%¢FQXFPPLQSK®SKFYEQKQK£QQJK©RWURQJEQKYLQ1J¡\Q¡RE¢FFQJO¡PWV¢QJWLWLPLYQK¡%¢FERUWPWQKQJW£PÒFWKDQKWKQ+¡QJWK¢QJDQK+¡RJLYFKRE¢FY¡LWUÄPÒµ%¢FFKJLOLPW®WÒFKLSK®FKRPLVLQKKRWF³QEDRQKL«XE¢FÒ´QJY¡RTXêWWKLQSKFYFPPLQSK®KW&QJFÉLWFKX\QQ¡\NKµQJ"4XQK+QJWUPQJ£P

%LWY¡UWWF1KQJQKNKµQJO¡PÒFJ-KW%¢F1JX\WVQJNK¢FWUFQKLXOP&¡QJWKQJE¢FEDRQKL«XHPF¡QJNKLQK&QJE\QKL«X4XQK1KFKªSPLQJ&QJPD\HPNSQK-QUDFK£QWQJFDDQKWD+QJLPOQJ&µFKWQJKH1KQ´L'RQ¡\HPY¡.KµLUDVDRUL"

4XQK+QJFKDNSQ´LÒ¤QJKHWLQJN©Q[HYDQJO«QWKWYXLWDLWUFQK¡&µWPWPFLÒQJG\.KµLWLÒ\&´WKFPFJ-FKFKLQK6DRFK¡QJELWHPÒ£\KD\Y\"





220

9DÒLUDV£Q+QJYDÒ¢S7LHPF´KQWUFP¡4XQK1KK£QKRDQQK-QHPJ¢LW®XW®WEFY¡RYL.KµL7U«QWD\+QJO¡PWEFKWU¢LF£\NK¢WR*LQJFµWKWYXL7WD\DQK.KµLFKQFDPÒ´ÑHP[HPWKQJWFQ¡R1K¢\PWYL.KµLPWF¢L+QJFK\WXWYµES1JL[XQJVDORQ.KµLO»QJW»QJPOL&KNKHNKµQJ"

4XQK1KWU«X.KR1KQJFKF.KµLWLNKµQJSKLKLWKÄPVFNKRE¡EXÒ£XQK"*¤LJ¤L´W.KµLFLWU&KFKQÒXQKWKWµLFKQJELWQ´LVDRÒ£\+µPQD\WµLWLWKÄPFKY¡DQK&K¢QK1KKDLQJLE¢FWUDLPLKLXY¡WKµQJFPFKRWµLYL4XQK+QJ4XQK1KYTXDQW£P+DLQJLF´W®QKJ-FKD"

.KµLWUPJLQJ0WµLYQUWOR[DQ«QFKQKWQ¡\E¡GÒQKVTXDWKÄPKDLE¢FQKQJNKµQJELWQKWKFÝLY¡QJNKµQJ.KµLFKWQJQJOLQK-Q1K7µLÒQKKL¾FKÒ£\4XQK1KQJPQJKê

7-QK\«XY¡KQKSK»FFK£QWKWÒXUWTX¾7£PÒX¾KSWK-GºPL\«XPWY¡LWK¢QJWQJTXHQELWQKDXWNLSQ¡R7µLNKµQJQJKêYLY¡QJÒ£X+QKSK»FÒQWURQJWPWD\NKµQJQ£QJQLXFWJLO¡GLGWÒ\.KµLWKSK¡RQKQK¶P7µLY¡+QJFQJQJKêY\





221

4XQK+QJEQJKDLGêDFDPUDJLQJPDPDLQDÒºDQDWKW(PNKµQJQJKHKDLQJLQ´LJ-KWQKH4XQK1KFL.KµQJQJKHWK-O+QJSKQJSKX0¡QJKHWK-NK.KµL£X\PQK-QFµ9\HPFKXF¢LQ¡R"

1JX¾WDQKPWF¢L4XQK+QJQQJQX7K¡FKXNKFKÒ£XWKQ¡RFKXO.KQKFKE£\JLFQJQ«QOPFK7QKL«QFPPWPLQJFDPO«Q1KNKHQ1JWWKW.KµLWLQJD\QªWPW7KWK-PD\TX¢(PF´PXDÒELXKDLE¢FQKQJFKDG¢PPDQJWLY-VFKXDJLWK-FKFÄQUL

*LQJ4XQK1KK´PKQK.KµLP¡O¡PUQK¡Q¡\WK-DQK&K¢QKWKXD[DOF.KµLPPFLYL4XQK+QJY¡QKQUDPWFµÒDQJORQJODQKÑL4XQK1KNKXWVDXFDESDQKGXG¡QJQ£QJPW+QJO«Q&µWK-WKPWKWG\«X

.KµQJVFK1KVDR".KµLW-QKWF»L[XQJ&K1KÒLY¡RO¡QJPERDQKKµQHPÒL\FK4XQK+QJELKLNKªSPL1KµQQJWKQJFDPQKQK¡QJOHQY¡RKQFµQJ£\QJW




.KµQJJLDQOQJWKLQKFKRWU¢LWLPKDLQJLÒDQJ\«X[µQ[DRKQKSK»F

Documents

Tran Thi Bao Chau - Chieu Mua Ngay Ay