trophodynamics

= Fisheries biology and oceanography in theKuroshio

ISSNISSN 13455389

,

// 13

p. 1-9

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Tsukuba Office, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat

13 1 -9 (2012)

trophodynamics*1

Trophodynamics hypothesis

over the mechanisms underlying the regime shifts l

Tsuyoshi KA WASAKI*2

1 .

BREAKTHROUGH

(regimeshift)

(regime) (shift)

"(6 2008;)11 2009)

Sandinosmelanostictus

1983

FAO

(Kawasaki 1983)

ES Russell (931)Beverton. Holt

(956) 20

(equilibrium theory) MS

(Schaeferand Beverton 1963)

1 / p. dP/ dt r(P)g(P)-M(P)-F(X)1)

p: rg ;[;

F:X:

1) PX

dP/ dt 0=0

Fj r(P)g(P)-Mj

"

P

X

MSY

MSY(jlll

2009)

MSY

(Bakun1996)

Engraulis

Jaonzcus (Kawasakiand Omori

* 1 23('[1239)'J i'lilf'SST[!.10.

2 251-0031 1-10-6 mail: aceg-1937-xz@cfnet. n lP

1-10-6 Fujigatani Wu-numa Fujisaw shiKanagawa 251-0031 Japan

2

1988)

(Andersen et al. 1999)J

1980

;j Nitta and Yama-

da (1989) Tren berth (1990)

NAO(North Atlantic Oscillation)

20 (regime

shift theor) (Schwartzloseet

al. 1999 ;()2007; 2009; Alheit and

Bakun 2009)

"

J

@

JohanHjort (192

first feeding stage

critical period theory

D.H. Cushing (1974)

availability

springbloom

match-mismatch

Hjort

predation"

predation"

growthselective hypothesis

J 11

maternaleffect hypothesis

o

2

TL(trophic level)

TL

top predator

regimeshift

mechanismI--l breakthrough

2.

"

grazingfood chain

detritusfood chain

2( 1977)

1

trophodynamics {

2TL SP (small pelagics

)TL

ScomberjaomcusScomber

australascicusTrachurtlsjaonzcus

Cololbis szraTL

LPOarge pelagics)+

Katsuwonuselamis

TL

proxy ()

(SPLP)/ ()

3

%

2TLbiomass

(LP)/ (SP)

SPLP

1926-201085

O.fj

tructuralFrarnework of the Regirne Shift

TrophodynamicR ofthe warm-water pelagic fish esystem m the Northwest Pacific

0.4

0.:1

Large ISmall

0.2

0.1

Large PeJa C.RI Tot..J

C %

ITrTBrRate Higher Transfer Rate 50 40

i

a

t

o

T

j

eo c

wa

e

n---1

8

m

QU

30

B 20

A

10

1920 1930 1940 1950

COOL WARM

nas

Lower Transfer Ratc

19RO 1990 2000

COOL WARM

r

10

5

PDO

1926-2010( 3).

A()/ ( B ()/ (j)

c ()/ ( D()/ ()

4

SP Biornass I Zooplankton Biomass in Oynshio Area

6

3 1- /// /

../----\/\~

H)f)O 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

2 3)/ (

3):1954-2003.

.11.

3.

3 -1.

| 1 4 A

B C DA

1930

1980 0%40%

g

'

BSP

BAi

'

B

SP

MTL(TL)

MTL

CLP

DSPLP

12

trophodynamics b

PDO dex

3.0

'3.0

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Observed ll10nthlv values for the PDO ( 1900-2(10).

PDOindex

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

1000 1200 1400 1600 18o 2000

ReonstrutedPDO (993-1996).

3 PDO 1900-2010

PDO 993-1996

Tikipedia.

SPTL Cdi-

verge)

SPTLTL

TL

SPLPgrazingfood chain SP

TL(

)(

) o

D 19602000

DA

1980

1970

19721970-

80trigger

DSPLP

19701060

1972

"2010( 2011)

DSP

LP

200010

0.8

0.4

0_2

0.0

-0.2

0.6

4 PDOpositive() negativet()SST() SLP () .()

. Mantua et al. (1997).

6

lF'r50N

40N

L 20N

10N -EO 10S 20S 30S 40S 50S 60S 70S 80S

O 60E 120E 180 20W 60W LJ:

0.75 -0.6 -0.45 0.3 -0.15 o 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75

5 PDO positiveSST.1-1P.

60N 50N 40N 30N 20N 10N EQ 10S 20S 30S 4CS 50S 60S 70S 80S

O 60E 120E

-2 -1.6 -1.2 0.8 -0.4 0

180 i20W 60W

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

6 PDO positiveSLP. HP .

3-2. (PDO)

20PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscil-

lation10) positive

1925~46 77~981947~76

1924 99 negative( 3)

positive (COOL) negative

(TARM)

( 1)

PDOpositive negatlve

( 3)

SST()

( 4) 5positive

SST

negatlveposltlve

SLP()6

AL (

)

SST

trophodynamics 7

AL

4.

trophodynamics

Sardine regime

LP

(Lower Lt.'1nsfel' ralc)

Low.lVITL SP (Energy converging)

(Higher transfer ralc)

(shift)

(shiftl

Non-sardine regime

LP

T (Higher lransfer raleJ

High-MTL SP (Energyverging)

(Lower lransf>r ralc) 4-1 trophodynamics opl Z'pln

trophodynamics

trophodynamicsTL

TL

Mil1er et al. (2011)j

TL(

)

(

)

TL

Ikeda et al. (2008)iI

trophodynamics

van der Lingen et al. (2006)

TL

(resource partitioning)

~( trophodynamics

4 -2 trophodynamics

trophodynamics

PDO positive

negative 2

( 3/4)0positive

SST

Stronger AL (high]llluctivity)

Coo]er SS']' anom]v(PDO positive phase) (shift)

Weaker AL Gow ]lroductivity)

WerSST al1oma] (PDO negative phase)

7 grazingfood chain

trophodynamics.

(5) AL(6)

AL

MTLSP

MTL

SP

SP MTL

predator

SP

2

SP

7trophodynamics

5. Paulyfishingdown" hypothesisl

BritishColumbiaD Pauly et al

(2002) 1970-98FAO

MTL

fishing

down" hypothesis

8

1D

Paulyfishingdown"

6.

grazingfood chain

proxy

measure

trophodynamics hypothesis

21

8.

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