socialur mecnierebaTa seria

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSimomzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

TinaTin zurabiSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria mTavari redaqtori: enobrivi redaqtori: marine CitaSvili lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 Center for Social Sciences, 2006q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3

swinaTqmaTema 1.Tema 2. magaliTi #1.Tema 3. magaliTi #2.magaliTi #3.

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Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilvasiRrmiseuli interviu axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegmafokus-jgufi Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier.

fokus-jgufebis angariSiTema 4.Tema 5.Tema 6. magaliTi #4.danarTi #1.danarTi #2.

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dakvirvebamonografiuli gamokvlevasocialuri kvlevis eTika gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survilikorufcia saqarTveloSi.

fokus-jgufis transkriptiTvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis ganmartebiTi leqsikoniQUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

77100104

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winaTqmawinamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi. Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad SevimuSave. socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gadamemuSavebina am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv meTodebis eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kaliforniis universitetSi losanjelesSi, sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi vimyofebodi. samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda socialuri kvlevis yvela Tvisebrivi meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze, romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic, Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis CatarebaSi. TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bolos moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia. ramdenadac kvlevis meTodebis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi. minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebiT da ramdenime Zalze saintereso kvlevaSi miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi wamyvani Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebis kursebs kaliforniis universitetSi los-anjelesSi (UCLA); socialur mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis programas (AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss socialur mecnierebaTa centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.

4

Tema 1.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilvasocialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki Zveli Teoriis uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna qveklasis Teoria.1 siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili. empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi; siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris SeswavlaSi e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmarebelTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kompaniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba. socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi. socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecnieruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs, romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an uaryofis mizniT. socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvisebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs qulebs, procentebs 1

2

ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The Underclass Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. qveklasis Teoria da misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi. epoqa 2: 76-84. sityvebi meTodi, meTodika warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc Seswavlis gzebi.5

da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire. meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini mkacri meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili. raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs. raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli konkretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT. raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia masobrivi gamokiTxva xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi, rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis (jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawvdis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi urTierTSemcvlelni arian. 3 Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respondentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socialur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad. socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRrmiseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed bunebriv pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris iqneba es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva. Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv. zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; araformalizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri. samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi, romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4 Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod3

Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. 4 ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281. 6

vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben; ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs ra?, ramdeni? (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT), aramed kiTxvebs ratom?, rogor? Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis TvaliT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individualuri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad interpretaciuli sociologiis farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi seriozuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezentatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Sedegebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi kvlevis mizani Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi. Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT saSualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmundebiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5 Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad: siRrmiseuli interviu; cxovrebis istoria; biografiuli interviu; zepiri istoria; werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tvisebrivi Seswavla; fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu; dakvirveba; monografiuli gamokvleva (SemTxvevis Seswavla).

xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTodebis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis (SemTxvevis Seswavlis) farglebSi xdeba.5

Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. 7

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed inglisurenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi, dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli unificirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs Tvisebrivi meTodebi, eTnografia, CarTuli dakvirveba, SemTxvevis Seswavla xmaroben rogorc sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli meTodebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnografiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs [gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8 Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT rbil, moqnil meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im situaciaSi rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis individualur Tvisebebs. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixelmZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba, afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9. ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba individualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi, gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveblis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic. is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia piriqiT, es Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unarCvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia, vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa. Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva SeuZlebelia. Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros6

ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7 Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3. 8 am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i. 9 Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285. 8

mkvlevris informantebis rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas SeaRwios Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba, saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansakuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli. rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi, iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias. Teoriuli winamZRvrebi Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis, daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis, Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad subieqturi sociologiis, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben. Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva filosofia udevs safuZvlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs, rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs, Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs. simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise, rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis, herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10 1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven; 2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesabamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTgaziarebaa; 3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damokidebulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze; 4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis procesSi. es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili10

Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. P. 50. 9

iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im moqmedebas, da ara daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire. istoriuli mimoxilva Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da florian znaneckis poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi (1918 w.) srulad emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da sxv.) da e.w. cxovrebis istoriebis Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da, upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociologiaSi ganviTarda meTodebis konfliqti, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTarebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, WeSmariti mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad, socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles yovlisa respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba. Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs warmoadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieqturobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniSvnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis meTodebis konfliqtSi droebiTi gamarjveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s11

manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion smolis mier. 10

furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar iyo xangrZlivi meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi. meTodebis konfliqti dRes Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am meTodebidan ukeTesi da romeli uaresi, an romels unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes aris amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi; damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs; Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv, raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv. amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas miviRebT. sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erTerTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva, romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001 wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic Seiswavlida e.w. eTnikuri siRaribis problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs, rom meTodebis konfliqtis gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac SeviswavliT. amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis12

raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis. 13 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. 14 am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da amasTan Zalian ZviradRirebuli. 11

sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli interaqtiuli kontiniumis Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am kontiniumis nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15. Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis kontimuumze laparaki socialuri kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes romelime erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixilebodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT. gamokvlevis programa empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani is miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socialuri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad. dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia misi mizania, Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, dazveros misi mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia. aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs. analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganviTarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli meTodi. yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia: gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba; savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba; informaciis damuSaveba; miRebuli Sedegebis analizi; kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.15

ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 12

nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos. maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni miznebi da amocanebi. gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra, misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis logikur Tanamimdevrobas: o ra unda SeviswavloT? o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT? o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT? o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da CatarebaSi gvexmareba. gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve gamokvlevis koncefciis saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da proceduruli. programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1) socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamokvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare, gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis (jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxasiaTeba. ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16 programis meTodologiuri nawili 1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba saerTod mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isini yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socialur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvadasxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda, gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi. ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri problemis Seswavla aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia, xSirad ki SeuZlebelic. gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs Soris. gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT. 2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo16

qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevisaTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas. 13

kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvlevis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqturobis Sefaseba da sxv. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania. socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili) an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am universitetis yvela studentebi. 3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba, codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba. es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S. Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba. 4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba. kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces gamokvlevas. programis proceduruli nawili 1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras, romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili. socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis14

anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla. magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians, mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, romelic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas, maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs. 2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi, instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas. davalebebi: 1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT. 2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT. rekomendebuli literatura: 1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia. // sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44. 2. . . : , , . - , 1995. . 42-80. 3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. Qualitative Filed Research). 4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. The Epistemology of Qualitative Research. Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. 5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60. 6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. The Extended Case Method. Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press. 7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. Field Research). 8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26. 9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 316 (Chapter 1. Ethnography and Culture). 10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. Introduction).15

Tema 2.

siRrmiseuli interviurogorc cnobilia, interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod socialur mecnierebebTan dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlevrebisa intervius sazogadoebas uwodebs17 mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxvadasxva forma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia. interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis formis safuZvelze gamoiyofa pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes, xolo e.w. cxovrebis istoria SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes. Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli. masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu, romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsimalurad formalizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba arastruqturirebuli interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan SedarebiT, siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi savizito baraTia, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTodis erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul intervius mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: Tavisufali interviu, naratiuli interviu, fokusirebuli interviu, biografiuli interviu da sxv.18 Tavad vaisi am meTods Tvisebriv intervius uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca Tvisebrivi interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli socialuri kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi saxeliT moixseniebodes19. siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socialur mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi, kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba.20 xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu, kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs. preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an17

ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. From Individual Interview to the Interview Society, pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F. Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 18 zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods CaRrmavebul intervius uwodebs. 19 Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. P. 208. 20 Ibid. P. 210. 16

videofirze. kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro informacias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb. da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis, Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv. meTodis daxasiaTeba Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli. siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad detaluri mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom rogor? da "ratom?" kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSirad aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebisadmi, mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba. robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles erTi mizani amoZravebs esaa axali informaciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri is instrumentia, romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs21. amitom interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius msvlelobis procesi piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos. rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents, gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT informacia, romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania22. mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla socialuri problema, romelsac interviu exeba.23 iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis informaciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents mogvces es inforamcia24, aRniSnavs robert vaisi.21 22

Ibid. P. 65. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209. 23 es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve Tvisebrivi interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis farglebSi Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi mkvlevari da interviueri ixmareba rogorc sinonimebi. 24 Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66. 17

siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqturirebul kiTxvars magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instrumentia, romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisgan CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.25 sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando Tvisebrivi monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvadasxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmisagan gadaxveva, kiTxvebis formulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos. siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelobisas wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamokvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis formulireba da Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba. siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad Ria kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba, anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar ubiZgebs maT garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansakuTrebiT mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis saSualebas gvaZlevs. daxuruli kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi. sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo mdidari da detaluri informacia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi inforamciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respondents misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas aseTi kiTxva: rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva? an rodis moxda es ambavi bolos?26 rac ufro vrcel informacias viRebT respondentis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba. siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro warmatebulia interviu. siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respondentisgan informaciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met informacias miviRebT misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, droulad gamoicnos is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic25

am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis magaliTi. 26 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76. 18

zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT. iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba27, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli informacia meordeba, axali informacia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli28. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (gaSifvras) sul cota 68 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis teqsts (transkripts); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa. Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba respondentebis SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan. respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveulebriv saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo problemebi, maSin kvlevaSi monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamokvleva umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S.29 siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respondentTan da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas es SeiZleba iyos respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe, biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi. siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi analizis mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respondentebis konfidencialobis dacva). siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi siRrmiseuli interviu Tvisebrivi kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da cxovrebis istoria, iseve27

SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri komunikaciis maRali donea. 28 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21. 29 ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. 19

rogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi Tumca maT sakmaod specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria. cxovrebis istoria iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba. cxovrebis istoriis meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, migraciis gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi, dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv. Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben). cxovrebis istoriis meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli socialuri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi. socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba cxovrebis istoriis ramdenime saxeoba, kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis istoria da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evropeli (upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi (1918) da kliford r. Sous jek roleris cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav gaZlierda. cxovrebis istoriis gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva: tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT socialuri procesebis subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba socialur procesebsa da individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT socialuri cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba axali socialuri fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala. SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba. amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) cxovrebis istoriis gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis problemebi CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira.3030

ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. 20

cxovrebis istoriis analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalurad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba cxovrebis istoriisagan imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul interviuSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.31 respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia mxolod kvleviTi amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli. amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba, gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti informacia, vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc zondirebis saSualebebi (probing); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respondents, daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan. qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime meTodikas siCumes, eqos da ganacxads; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoyenebis dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas respondentebis pasuxebze. 1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda. es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria, mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxulia, raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia, vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxerxuli gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze. 2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daasrula pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul informacias mogvawvdis. 3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo gascen. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan daxuruli an akrZa31

Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realt locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identit nelle societ multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag. 21

luli detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia mkvlevarma isedac icoda yvelaferi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informacia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda.32 zondireba SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli zondirebis aseTi magaliTi: interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT? respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni. interviueri: (siCume.) respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi meSleba xolme. interviueri: kidev? respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao... interviueri: hm. respondenti: a, gamaxsenda kidev baralgini. interviueri: baralgini... respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs, raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs. interviueri: kidev? respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba. interviueri: aRaraferi? respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb.33 sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma Tvisebrivi Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi. ramdenadac TviTon es meTodebi araa formalizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damuSavebis formalizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa. avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri Tvisebrivi monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsaxeobis) Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasrulebisTanave unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaanalizeba dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis.34 amis sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele etapis damTavrebamde.35 ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom Tvisebrivi analizi bevradaa damokidebuli mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas32

damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217. 33 . . 2001. -. .: . . 26. 34 James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92. 35 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151. 22

axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma Tvisebrivi teqsturi informaciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi, hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpretaciuli analizi; dafuZnebuli Teoria (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards.36 teqstis Tvisebrivi analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs informaciis kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa. Tu adre kodireba xeliT xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa, romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba37; miuxedavad amisa, rigi Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisa mainc xeliT muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis, an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu socialurad mniSvnelovani tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT, ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia. bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli socialuri problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebaSi. siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.

davalebebi: 1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli saintereso Temaze. intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis

2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad sxvadasxva socialuri da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audiokasetaze. dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi). 3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri, romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.

36 37

H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488. aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST. 23

rekomendebuli literatura: 1. . . 2000. . .: . 2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (Unstructured Interviewing) and 449-488 (Some Traditions of Text Analysis). 3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realt locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identit nelle societ multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag. 4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescus Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life). 6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89. 7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press.

24

magaliTi #1 axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma38SeniSvnebi: rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis formulireba ar aris mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel variantebs aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare. Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze mizanSewonilad ama Tu im informaciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.] vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,

pirveladi identifikacia]ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT; skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze] ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla? [Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara; arc ucdia; sxva] ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu fiqrobdiT? dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom? ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom? rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli? ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT] ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba? visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba] vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?38

materialur

es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebisas. 25

eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad? [ara:] ratom ara? [diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;

rogori anazRaurebiT]rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?

[Semosavlis wyaro; saxlidan gasvla, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo

Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori variantebi iyo es?]Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri daiwyoT? romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli? visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi megobrebis dasaqmeba] Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor

iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?

26

Tema 3.

fokus-jgufifokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi, moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris urTierTobis formebi. zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs jgufur siRrmiseul intervius uwodebs, vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seriozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokusjgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi dasaxeleba jgufuri diskusia). siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani, romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs. garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze. fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto aRar aris mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas. empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen. Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTodebi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli interviuebi dominirebda. Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecnierebebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli fokusirebuli intervius meTodi iTvleba. am meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956 wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni fokusirebuli interviu,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul39

Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 27

kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjobeson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokusjgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi, politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno Sansebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT. amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokusjgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi, maT Soris piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokusjgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod, maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas. meTodis daxasiaTeba rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sedegad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri problemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba 5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans. rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli. upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba (marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxmareblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi). saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icobnden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. Tanamgzavris efeqti gaCndes, da respondentebi met gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Catarebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTmaneTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi respondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi

40

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar aris mizanSewonili. 28

savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41 mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yuradRebis gafantvas iwvevs. fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze. moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia. moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad warmarTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac respondentebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso unda iyos maTTvis. fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents, romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad naklebad moaxdinos gavlena respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvlelobisas gamarTul diskusias piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba. iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Catarebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan41

42

David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. P. 19. moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa. 29

respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontrolos diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze. fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan, SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44. amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadawyvetilebis miRebas misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris gamoTqmis saSualeba misces. magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45 fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas. Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes. es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisa