vận đơn hàng không

8/3/2019 vn n hng khng

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BI TP LN: THANH TON QUC T GVHD: NGUYN TH HOIGIANG

NHM THC HIN: NHM 3 Trang 1

MC LC

I. Khi qut v vn ti hng khng ......................................................... 3

1. c im ca vn ti hng khng ....................................................... 3

2. C s vt cht k thut ca vn ti hng khng ................................ 4

3. Hng ho thng vn chuyn bng ng hng khng .................... 4

II. T chc vn chuyn hng ho bng ng hng khng .................. 4

1. C s php l ca vn ti hng khng quc t ................................. 5

1.1.Cc iu c quc t v vn ti hng khng .................................... 5

1.2. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng ............................ 6

a. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng theo cng c

Vc-sa- va 1929 .............................................................................. 6

b. Nhng sa i , b sung Cng c Vc-sa-va v trch nhim cangi chuyn ch .............................................................................. 9

2. Khiu ni v kin tng ngi chuyn ch hng khng ..................... 11

2.1. Khiu ni ........................................................................................... 11

2.2. Thi hn khiu ni ngi chuyn ch hng khng ........................ 12

2.3. i tng khiu ni ........................................................................ 12

2.4. Ni kin . ........................................................................................... 13


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3. Vn n hng khng (Airwaybill-AWB) ........................................... 13

3.1. Khi nim v chc nng ca vn n hng khng ........................ 13

3.2 Phn loi vn n ............................................................................. 14

a. Ni dung mt trc vn n ...................................................... 16

b. Ni dung mt sau vn n .......................................................... 18

3.3. Lp v phn phi vn n hng khng ........................................... 19

a. Trch nhim lp vn n .......................................................... 19

b. Phn phi vn n ......................................................................20

4. Cc hng khng ................................................................................ 21

4.1. Khi nim ......................................................................................... 21

4.2. C s tnh cc ................................................................................. 22

4.3. Cc loi cc ..................................................................................... 22

III. Giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng dng hng

khng ................................................................................................................ 26

1. Giao hng xut khu ........................................................................... 26

2. Nhn hng nhp khu ........................................................................ 31


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TI: TM HIU V CHNG T VN TI HNG KHNG

Phng thc vn ti hng khng ra i sau nhng phng thc vn ti khc,

song n nay vn ti hng khng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vn ti quc t.

I. Khi qut v vn ti hng khng

1. c im ca vn ti hng khng

- Cc tuyn ng vn ti hng khng hu ht l cc ng thng ni hai

im vn ti vi nhau.

- Tc ca vn ti hng khng cao, tc khai thc ln, thi gian vn

chuyn nhanh.

- Vn ti hng khng an ton hn so vi cc phng tin vn ti khc.

- Vn ti hng khng lun i hi s dng cng ngh cao.

- Vn ti hng khng cung cp cc dch v tiu chun hn hn so vi cc

phng thc vn ti khc.

- Vn ti hng khng n gin ho v v chng t th tc so vi cc

phng thc vn ti khc.

* Bn cnh u im trn, vn ti hng khng cng c nhng hn ch sau:

- Cc vn ti hg khng cao.


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-Vn ti hng khng khng ph hp vi vn chuyn hng ho kng knh,

hng ho c khi lng ln hoc c gi tr thp.

- Vn ti hng khng i hi u t ln v c s vt cht k thut cng nho to nhn lc phc v.

2. C s vt cht k thut ca vn ti hng khng

a. Cng hng khng (air port)

Cng hng khng l ni cng nh ct h cnh ca my bay, l ni cung

cp cc iu kin vt cht k thut v cc dch v cn thit lin quan ti vnchuyn hng ho v hnh khch.

Cng hng khng c cc khu vc lm hng xut, hng nhp v hng chuyn

ti.

b. My bay.

My bay l cng c chuyn ch ca vn ti hng khng. My bay c nhiuloi. Loi chuyn ch hnh khch cng c th nhn chuyn ch hng di boong.

Loi chuyn ch hng v loi ch kt hp c khch c hng.

c. Trang thit b xp d v lm hng.

Trang thit b xp d v lm hng cng hng khng cng a dng v

phong ph. C cc trang thit b xp d v vn chuyn hng ho trong sn bay.

c trang thit b xp d hng ho theo n v. Ngoi ra cn c cc trang thit b

ring l nh pallet my bay, container my bay, container a phng thc...

3. Hng ho thng vn chuyn bng ng hng khng

- Cc l hng nh


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- Hng ho i hi giao ngay, an ton v chnh xc

- Hng ho c gi tr cao

- Hng ho c c ly vn chuyn di

II. T chc vn chuyn hng ho bng ng hng khng

1. C s php l ca vn ti hng khng quc t

1.1.Cc iu c quc t v vn ti hng khng

* Cng c Vc-sa-va 1929

Vn t hng khng quc t c iu chnh ch yu bi Cng c quc t

thng nht mt s quy tc v vn t hng khng quc t c k ti Vc-sa-

va ngy 12/10/1929 gi tt l Cng c Vc-sa-va 1929.

* Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Vc-sa-va. Ngh nh th ny k ti

Hague 28/91955, nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Hague 1955.

* Cng c b sung cho cng c Vc-sa-va c k kt ti Guadalazala

ngy 18/9/1961, nn gi tt l Cng c Guadalazala 1961.

* Hip nh lin quan ti gii hn ca Cng c Vac-sa-va v ngh nh th

Hague. Hip nh ny c thng qua ti Montreal 13/5/1966, nn gi tt l Hip

nh Montreal 1966.

* Ngh nh th sa i Cng c Vc-sa-va 12/10/1929 c sa i bingh nh th Hague 28/9/1995.

Ngh nh ny k ti thnh ph Guatemala 8/3/1971, nn gi tt l Ngh

nh th Guatemala 1971.


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* Ngh nh th b sung 1

Ngh nh th sa i cng c Vac-sa-va 1929. Ngh nh th ny c

kt ti Montreal ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1975 nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Montreal1975 s 1.

* Ngh nh th b sung s 2

Ngh nh th sa i cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 c sa i bng Ngh

nh th Hague 1955. Ngh nh th ny c k kt ti Montreal ngy

25/9/1975, nn gi tt l Ngh nh th Montreal 1975, bn s 2.

* Ngh nh th b sung th 3

Ngh nh th sa di cng c Vac-sa-va 12/10/1929 c sa i bi

cc ngh nh th ti Hague ngy 28/9/1955 v ti thnh ph Guatemala ngy

8/3/1971. Ngh nh th ny c k kt ti Montreal 25/9/1975, nn gi tt l

Ngh nh th Montreal nm 1975, bn s 3.

*Ngh nh th b sung s 4

Ngh nh th sa i cng c Warsaw 12/10/1929 c sa i bi

ngh nh th Hague ngy 28/9/1955. Ngh nh th ny k kt ti Montreal, nn

goil tt l Ngh nh th Montreal nm 1975, bn s 4.

Cc cng c, hip nh, ngh nh th... ch yu sa i b sung gii hn

trch nhim bi thng ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng i vi tai nn vhnh khch, thit hi v hng ho, hnh l v thi hn thng bo tn tht, khiu

ni ngi chuyn ch...

1.2. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng


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a. Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng theo cng c Vc-

sa-va 1929

Khi ni ti trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng , cng c Vc-sa-va 1929 cp ti 3 ni dung : thi hn trch nhim , c s trch nhim , gii

hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch .

* Thi hn trch nhim

Thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l iu khon quy nh trch

nhim ca ngi chuyn ch v mt thi gian v khng gian i vi hng ho .

Theo cng c Vc-sa-va, ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim i vi

hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn bng my bay . Vn chuyn bng my bay

bao gm giai on m hng ho nm trong s bo qun ca ngi chuyn ch

hng khng cng hng khng, trong my bay, hoc bt c ni no nu my

bay phi h cnh ngoi cng hng khng .

Vn chuyn bng my bay khng m rng ti bt k vic vn chuyn nobng ng b , ng bin hoc ng sng tin hnh ngoi cng hng khng.

Tuy nhin , nu vic vn chuyn nh vy xy ra trong khi thc hin hp ng

vn chuyn bng my bay nhm mc ch ly hng , giao hoc chuyn ti hng

th thit hi c coi l kt qu ca s kin xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn

bng my bay .

* C s trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng

Theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 , ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim

v thit hi trong trng hp mt mt, thiu ht, h hng hng ho trong qu

trnh vn chuyn hng khng .


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Ngi chuyn ch cng phi chu trch nhim v thit hi xy ra do chm

trong qu trnh vn chuynr hng ho bng my bay .

Tuy nhin , ngi chuyn ch khng phi chu trch nhim nu anh tachng minh c rng anh ta v i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php cn

thit trnh thit hi hoc khng th p dng c nhng bin php nh vy

trong kh nng ca mnh .

Ngi chuyn ch cng khng phi chu trch nhim bi thng nu anh ta

chng minh c rng thit hi xy ra do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy hoc

vn hnh my bay hoc trong mi phng tin khc m anh ta v i l ca anhta p dng mi bin php cn thit nhng thit hi vn xy ra .

Nh vy theo cng c Vc-sa-va , ngi chuyn ch hng khng phi chu

trch nhim bi thng trong hai trng hp sau : hng ho b mt mt h hi v

hng ho b giao chm trong thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch .

Nhng, theo cng c th ngi chuyn ch c hng min trch nhim

khng phi bi thng khi tn tht ca hng ho l do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch

huy vn hnh my bay hoc trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch hay ngi thay

mt h c gng ht sc trong kh nng c th nhng tn tht v hng ho vn xy

ra .

* Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng

Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l iu khon quy nh s tinln nht m ngi chuyn ch phi bi thng cho mt n v hng ho trong

trng hp tnh cht v tr gi khng c k khai trn vn n hng khng.


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Theo cng c Vc-sa-va 1929, trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch c

gii hn mt khon 250 Frng/kg tr phi ngi gi hng c t k khai c

bit tr gi ni giao hng, vo lc hng ho c giao cho ngi chuyn ch v

mt khon ph b sung nu ngi chuyn ch yu cu.

Trong trng hp tr gi hng ho c k khai trn vn n th gii hn

trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l tr gi k khai trn vn n . Nu tr gi

hng ho m ngi gi hng k khai trn vn n ln hn gi tr thc t ca hng

ho lc giao hng th ngi chuyn ch ch phi bi thng ti gi tr ca hng

ho lc giao hng nu h chng minh c nh vy .ng Frng ni y l ng Frng Php c hm lng vng l 65,5 mg

vng, tinh khit 900/1000 . Khon tin ny c th i ra bt k ng tin quc

gia no theo s trn .

Trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch c gy tn tht cho hng ho th h khng

c hng gii hn trch nhim ni trn.

b. Nhng sa i, b sung Cng c Vc-sa-va v trch nhim ca

ngi chuyn ch

Theo ngh nh th Hague 1955 th ngi chuyn ch khng c min

trch i vi nhng tn tht v hng ho do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy v

iu hnh my bay. Nhng theo Hague th ngi chuyn ch c min trnh

nhim khi mt mt, h hi hng ho l do kt qu ca ni t , n t v phm cht

ca hng ho chuyn ch (Mc XII , ngh nh th Hague).

Cng c Guadalazara 1961 cp n trch nhim ca ngi chuyn

ch theo hp ng v ng chuyn ch thc s m Cng c Vc-sa-va cha

cp ti .


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Theo Cng c Guadalazara th ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng l ngi

k mt hp ng vn chuyn c iu chnh bng Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929

vi ngi gi hng hay vi ngi thay mt ngi gi hng (mc I , khon b ).

Ngi chuyn ch thc s l mt ngi khc, khng phi l ngi chuyn ch

theo hp ng, thc hin ton b hay mt phn hp ng vn chuyn (mc I

khon c ). Cng c Guadalazara quy nh rng, c ngi chuyn ch thc s v

ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng u phi chu trch nhim thc hin hp ng.

Nhng khi bao gm c vn chuyn k tip th ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng

c trch nhim i vi ton b qu trnh vn ti, ngi chuyn ch thc s ch c

trch nhim i vi phn thc hin ca anh ta Khi khiu ni , ngi nhn hng c

th la chn khiu ni tng ngi chuyn ch thc s hoc khiu ni ngi

chuyn ch theo hp ng .

Ngh nh th Guatemala 1971 quy dnh chi tit hn cch tnh trng

lng hng ho xt bi thng. Theo ngh nh th Guatemala, trong trng

hp hng ho b mt mt, h hi hoc giao chm mt phn th trng lng c

xem xt tnh s tin m ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim bi thng l

trng lng ca mt hay nhiu kin b tn tht.

Nhng nu phn hng ho b mt mt, h hi hay giao chm li nh hng

n gi tr ca kin khc ghi trong cng mt vn n hng khng th ton b

trng lng ca mt kin hay nhiu kin khc y cng dc xem xt v gii hn

trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch (mc VIII, khon 2b). iu ny khng c

quy nh trong Cng c Vc-sa-va cng nh ngh nh th v cng c trc

ngh nh th Guatemala.

Cc ngh nh th Montreal 1975, s 1,2,3,4 quy nh mt s im khc sau

y:


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- Gii hn trch nhim c th hin bng ng SDR ch khng phi ng

Frng nh cng c Vc-sa-va 1929. Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch

theo ngh nh th s 1 i vi hng ho l 17SDR/kg.

- Vi nhng nc khng phi thnh vin ca Qu tin t quc t th c th

i ng SDR ra tin t quc gia khi bi thng. Nu lut quc gia khng cho

php nh vy th c th s dng gii hn trch nhim l 250 Fng vng/kg nh

ni trn.

- Tng thm nhng min trch sau y cho ngi chuyn ch hng khng

khi hng ho mt mt, h hi do:

+ Thiu xt trong ng gi hng ho do ngi chuyn ch, ngi phc v

hay ngi i l ca h thc hin.

+ Hnh ng chin tranh hoc xung t v trang.

+ Hnh ng do chnh quyn nhn dn thc hin c lin quan n xut nhp

khu qu cnh.

2. Khiu ni v kin tng ngi chuyn ch hng khng

2.1. Khiu ni

Khiu ni l vic lm cn thit v quan trng ca ngi i nhn hng khi

hng ho b tn tht v giao chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Khiu ni m

ng cho vic kin tng sau ny.

Mun khiu ni c hiu qu th vic khiu ni phi tin hnh ng th tc

v thi hn. iu 26, cng c Vc-sa-va quy nh nh sau ? Vic nhn hng m

khng c khiu ni g ca ngi nhn hng l bng chng u tin rng hng ho

v hnh l c giao trong iu kin tt v ph hp vi chng t vn chuyn.


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Trong trng hp thit hi, ngi c quyn nhn hng phi khiu ni

ngi vn chuyn ngay lp tc sau khi pht hin ra thit hi v chm nht l 7

ngy sau ngy nhn hng.

Trng hp chm ch n khiu ni phi chm nht trong vng 7 ngy k

t ngy nhn hng.

Trng hp chm ch, n khiu ni phi lm chm nht trong vng 14

ngy k t ngy hng ho l ra phi t di quyn nh ot ca ngi nhn

hng.

Mi n khiu ni phi c lp thnh vn bn ng vi chng t vn

chuyn hoc bng thng bo ring gi trong thi gian ni trn.

Khng khiu ni vo trong thi gian ni trn th khng vic khi kin no

c coi l hp php chng li ngi vn chuyn tr khi h gian ln.

Theo ngh nh th Hague 1955, thi gian khiu ni ngi chuyn ch v

tn tht hng ho v giao chm theo Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 l 7 ngy v 14ngy c nng ln l 14 n 21 ngy k t ngy nhn hng.

2.2. Thi hn khiu ni ngi chuyn ch hng khng

Theo cng c Vac-sa-va, quyn i thit hi b hu b, nu vic khi kin

khng c thc hin trong vng 2 nm k t ngy my bay n a im n

hoc k t ngy l ra my bay phi n hoc k t ngy vn chuyn chm dt

(iu 29, khon 1, cng c Vac-xa-va 1929).

2.3. i tng khiu ni


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Hnh trnh hng khng c th c nhiu ngi chuyn ch khc nhau, trong

trng hp ny, ngi nhn hng, ngi gi hng c khiu ni nhng ngi

chuyn ch sau y:

+ Ngi chuyn ch u tin

+ Ngi chuyn ch cui cng

+ Ngi chuyn ch m on chuyn ch ca h hng ho b tn tht

2.4. Ni kin

Do tnh quc t ca vn ti hng khng, ngi i kin v b kin c th

nhng nc khc nhau. V vy khi i kin phi xc nh ni kin ph hp.

Theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 th tu s la chon ca nguyn n, th vic

khi kin c th c tin hnh ti:

+ To n ca mt trong cc bn k cng c, hoc

+ To n, ni c nh ca ngi vn chuyn, hoc

+ Ni c tr s kinh doanh chnh ca ngi vn chuyn, hoc

+ Ni ngi vn chuyn c tr s m hp ng c k, hoc to n c

thm quyn ti ni hng n.

Nhng vn v th tc t tng do to n th l v kin iu chnh.

3. Vn n hng khng (Airwaybill-AWB)

3.1. Khi nim v chc nng ca vn n hng khng

Vn n hng khng (Airwaybill-AWB) l chc t vn chuyn hng ho v

bng chc ca vic k kt hp ng v vn chuyn hng ho bng my bay, v


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iu kin ca hp ng v vic tip nhn hng ho vn chuyn ( Lut Hng

Khng dn dng Vit Nam ngy 4 thng 1 nm 1992).

Vn n hng khng bao gm mt s chc nng nh sau:

+ L bng chc ca mt hp ng vn ti c k kt gia ngi chuyn

ch v ngi gi hng

+ L bng chng ca vic ngi chuyn ch hng khng nhn hng

+ L giy chng nhn bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng hng

khng

+ L chng t k khai hi quan ca hng ho

+ L hng dn cho nhn vin hng khng trong qu trnh phc v chuyn

ch hng ho

Khng ging nh vn ti ng bin, trong vn ti hng khng, ngi ta

khng s dng vn n c th giao dch dc, hay ni cch khc vn n hngkhng khng phi l chng t s ha hng ho nh vn n ng bin thng

thng. Nguyn nhn ca iu ny l do tc vn ti hng khng rt cao, hnh

trnh ca my bay thng kt thc v hng ho c giao ngay ni n mt

khong thi gian di trc khi c th gi chng t hng khng t ngi xut

khu qua ngn hng ca h ti ngn hng ca ngi xut khu ri ngn hng

ca ngi nhp khu gi cho ngi nhp khu. V nhng l do trn m vn n

hng khng thng khng c chc nng s hu hng ho. Vn n hng khng

c th do hng hng khng pht hnh, cng c th do ngi khc khng phi do

hng hng khng ban hnh.

3.2 Phn loi vn n


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* Cn c vo ngi pht hnh, vn n c chia lm hai loi:

- Vn n ca hng hng khng (Airline airway bill):

Vn n ny do hng hng khng pht hnh, trn vn n c ghi biu tng

v m nhn dng ca ngi chuyn ch ( issuing carrier indentification).

- Vn n trung lp ( Neutral airway bill):

Loi vn n ny do ngi khc ch khng phi do ngi chuyn ch pht

hnh hnh, trn vn n khng c biu tng v m nhn dng ca ngi chuyn

ch. Vn n ny thng do i l ca ngi chuyn ch hay ngi giao nhnpht hnh.

*. Cn c vo vic gom hng, vn n c chia lm hai loi:

- Vn n ch (Master Airway bill-MAWB):

L vn n do ngi chuyn ch hng khng cp cho ngi gom hng c

vn n nhn hng sn bay ch. Vn n ny dng iu chnh mi quan hgia ngi chuyn ch hng khng v ngi gom hng v lm chng t giao

nhn hng gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gom hng.

- Vn n ca ngi gom hng (House airway bill-HAWB):

L vn n do ngi gom hng cp cho cc ch hng l khi nhn hng t h

cc ch hng l c vn n i nhn hng ni n. Vn n ny dng iu

chnh mi quan h gia ngi gom hng v cc ch hng l v dng nhn

hng ho gia ngi gom hng vi cc ch hng l.

Nhn chung, chng ta c th hnh dung qu trnh gom hng trong lnh vc

hng khng nh sau:


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Ti sn bay ch, ngi gom hng dng vn n ch nhn hng t ngi

chuyn ch hng khng, sau chia l hng, giao cho tng ngi ch hng l v

thu hi vn n gom hng m chnh mnh pht hnh khi nhn hng u i.

- Ni dung ca vn n hng khng

Vn n hng khng c in theo mu tiu chun ca Hip hi vn ti hng

khng quc t IATA (IATA standard form). Mt b vn n bao gm nhiu bn,

trong bao gm 3 bn gc (cc bn chnh) v cc bn ph.

Mi bn vn n bao gm 2 mt, ni dung ca mt trc ca cc mt vn

n ging ht nhau nu khng k n mu sc v nhng ghi ch pha di khc

nhau, v d bn gc s 1 th ghi ch pha di l bn gc s 1 dnh cho ngi

chuyn ch pht hnh vn n, cn bn s 4 th li ghi l bn s 4, dng lm

bin lai giao hng.

Mt sau ca bn vn n khc nhau, nhng bn ph mt sau trng,

cc bn gc l cc quy nh c lin quan n vn chuyn hng ho bng ng

hng khng.

a. Ni dung mt trc vn n

Mt trc ca vn n bao gm cc ct mc trng ngi lp vn n

in nhng thng tin cn thit khi lp vn n. Theo mu tiu chun ca IATA,

nhng ct mc l:

+ S vn n (AWB number)

+ Sn bay xut pht (Airport of departure)

+ Tn v a ch ca ngi pht hnh vn n (issuing carrier?s name and

address)


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+ Tham chiu ti cc bn gc ( Reference to originals)

+ Tham chiu ti cc iu kin ca hp ng ( Reference to conditions of

contract)

+ Ngi ch hng (Shipper)

+ Ngi nhn hng (Consignee)

+ i l ca ngi chuyn ch (Issuing carriers agent)

+ Tuyn ng (Routine)

+ Thng tin thanh ton (Accounting information)

+ Tin t (Currency)

+ M thanh ton cc (Charges codes)

+Cc ph v chi ph (Charges)

+ Gi tr k khai vn chuyn (Declare value for carriage)

+ Gi tr khai bo hi quan (Declare value for customs)

+ S tin bo him (Amount of insurance)

+Thng tin lm hng (Handing information)

+ S kin (Number of pieces)

+ Cc chi ph khc (Other charges)

+ Cc v chi ph tr trc (Prepaid)

+ Cc v chi ph tr sau (Collect)


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+ k xc nhn ca ngi gi hng ( Shipper of certification box)

+ dnh cho ngi chuyn ch (Carrier of excution box)

+ ch dnh cho ngi chuyn ch ni n (For carrier of use only at

destination)

+ Cc tr sau bng ng tin ni n, ch dng cho ngi chuyn ch

(Collect charges in destination currency, for carrier of use only).

b. Ni dung mt sau vn n

Trong b vn n gm nhiu bn, ch c ba bn gc v mt s bn copy c

nhng quy nh v vn chuyn mt sau.

Mt hai ca vn n hng khng bao gm hai ni dung chnh:

*Thng bo lin quan n trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch

Ti mc ny, ngi chuyn ch thng bo s tin ln nht m h phi bi

thng trong trng hp hng ho b tn tht trong qu trnh chuyn ch, tc lthng bo gii hn trch nhim ca mnh. Gii han trch nhim ca ngi chuyn

ch c quy nh y l gii hn c quy nh trong cc cng c, quy tc

quc t hoc lut quc gia v hng khng dn dng.

* Cc iu kin hp ng

Ni dung ny bao gm nhiu iu khon khc nhau lin quan n vn

chuyn l hng c ghi mt trc. Cc ni dung thng l:

+ Cc nh ngha, nh nh ngha v ngi chuyn ch, nh ngha v cng

c Vac-sa-va 1929, nh ngha v vn chuyn, im dng tho thun...


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+ Thi hn trch nhim chuyn ch ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng

+ C s trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng

+ Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng

+ Cc ph ca hng ho chuyn ch

+ Trng lng tnh cc ca hng ho chuyn ch

+Thi hn thng bo tn tht

+ Thi hn khiu ni ngi chuyn ch

+ Lut p dng.

Nhng quy nh ny thng ph hp vi quy nh ca cc cng c quc t

v hng khng nh Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 v cc ngh nh th sa i cng

c nh Ngh nh th Hague 1955, Ngh nh th Montreal...

3.3. Lp v phn phi vn n hng khng

a. Trch nhim lp vn n

Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929, iu 5 v iu 6 quy nh nh sau: mi ngi

chuyn ch c quyn yu cu ngi gi hng lp v giao cho mnh mt chng t

gi l giy gi hng hng khng (n Ngh nh th Hague 1955 i tn l vn

n hng khng), mi ngi gi hng c quyn yu cu ngi chuyn ch chp

nhn chng t ny.

Ngi gi hng phi lp giy gi hng hng khng thnh 3 bn gc v trao

cng vi hng ho. Bn th nht ghi dnh cho ngi chuyn ch v do ngi gi

hng k. Bn th hai dnh cho ngi nhn hng do ngi gi hng cng ngi


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chuyn ch cng k v gi km cng hng ho. Bn th ba do ngi chuyn ch

k v ngi chuyn ch giao cho ngi nhn hng sau khi nhn hng ch.

Ngi chuyn ch s k vo vn n vo lc nhn hng. Ch k ca ngichuyn ch c th ng du, ch k ca ngi gi hng c th k hoc ng du.

Theo yu cu ca ngi gi hng, nu ngi chuyn ch lp giy gi hng

th ngi vn chuyn c coi l lm nh vy thay th cho ngi gi hng.

Tr phi c chng c ngc li.

Nh vy theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 th ngi gi hng c trch nhim

lp vn n.

Ngi gi hng phi c trch nhim v s chnh xc ca cc chi tit v

nhng tuyn b c lin quan ti hng ho m anh ta ghi trn vn n.

Ngi gi hng phi c trch nhim i vi tt c nhng thit hi m ngi

chuyn ch hay bt k ngi no khc phi chu do nhng tuyn b c lin quan

n hng ho c ghi trn vn n khng chnh xc, khng hon chnh, khngng quy tc d vn n c ngi gi hng hay bt k ngi no thay mt

ngi gi hng, k c ngi chuyn ch hay i l ca ngi chuyn ch c

ngi gi hng u quyn lp vn n.

Mt khc, ngi gi hng k vn n th ngi gi hng xc nhn

rng anh ta ng vi nhng iu kin ca hp ng vn chuyn c ghi mt

sau ca vn n.

b. Phn phi vn n

Khi pht hnh vn n cho mt l hng, ngi ta pht hnh vn n gm

nhiu bn khc nhau. B vn n c th gm t 8 n 14 bn, thng thng l 9


21/34



bn, trong bao gi cng gm ba bn gc, hay cn gi l cc bn chnh

(orginal), cn li l cc bn ph (copy), c nh s t 4 n 14. Vn n c

phn phi nh sau:

Bn gc s 3 dnh cho ngi gi hng, dng lm bng chng ca vic

ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch v lm bng chng ca hp ng chuyn

ch. Bn ny c ch k ca c ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng.

Bn s 9, dnh i l, bn ny c ngi i l hay ngi chuyn ch pht

hnh gi li.

Bn gc s 1, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch, mu xanh l cy, c ngi

chuyn ch pht hnh vn n gi li nhm mc ch thanh ton v dng lm

bng chng ca hp ng vn chuyn. Bn ny c ch k ca ngi gi hng.

Bn gc s 2, dnh cho ngi nhn hg, mu hng, c gi cng l hng

ti ni n cui cng v giao cho ngi nhn khi giao hng.

Bn s 4, l bin lai giao hng, c sn ni n cui cng. Bn ny c chk ca ngi nhn hng v c ngi chuyn ch cui cng gi li lm bin

lai giao hng v lm bng chng l ngi chuyn ch hon thnh hp ng

chuyn ch.

Bn s 5, dnh cho sn bay n, c sn sn bay n.

Bn s 6, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch th 3, dng khi hng c chuyn

ch ti sn bay th 3.

Bn s 7, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch th 2, dng khi hng c chuyn ti

ti sn bay th 2.


22/34



Bn s 8, dnh cho ngi chuyn ch th 1, c b phn chuyn hng ho

ca ngi chuyn ch u tin gi li khi lm hng.

Bn s 10 n 14, l nhng bn ch dng cho chuyn ch khi cn thit.

4. Cc hng khng

4.1. Khi nim

Cc (charge) l s tin phi tr cho vic chuyn ch mt l hng v cc

dch v c lin quan n vn chuyn.

Mc cc hay gi cc (rate) l s tin m ngi vn chuyn thu trn mt

khi lng n v hng ho vn chuyn.

Mc cc p dng l mc ghi trong biu cc hng ho c hiu lc vo

ngy pht hnh vn n.

4.2. C s tnh cc

Hng ho chuyn ch c th phi chu cc theo trng lng nh v nng,theo th tch hay dung tch chim ch trn my bay i vi hng ho nh v cnh

knh, theo tr gi i vi nhng loi hng ho c gi tr cao trn mt n v th

tch hay trng lng.

Tuy nhin cc hng ho khng c nh hn cc ti thiu.

Cc ph trong vn ti hng khng c quy nh trong cc biu cc thng

nht. IATA c quy nh v quy tc, th l tnh cc v cho n hnh trong biu

cc hng khng, vit tt l TACT (The Air Cargo Tariff), gm 3 cun:

- Quy tc TACT (TACT rules), mi nm 2 cun:


23/34



- Cc TACT, gm 2 cun, 2 thng ban hnh mt cun: gm cc ton th

gii, tr Bc M v cc Bc M gm cc i, n v cc ni a M v

Canada.

4.3. Cc loi cc

* Cc hng bch ho (GCR- general cargo rate)

L cc p dng cho hng bch ho thng thng vn chuyn gia hai

im. Cc ny c gim nu khi lng hng ho gi tng ln.

Cc hng bch ho c chia lm hai loi:

- i vi hng bch ho t 45 kg tr xung th p dng cc hng bch ho

thng thng (GCR-N: normal general cargo rate)

- i vi nhng l hng t 45 kg tr ln th p dng cc bch ho theo s

lng (GCR-Q: quanlity general cargo rate).

Thng thng, cc hng bch ho c chia thnh cc mc khc nhau: t45 kg tr xung; 45 kg n 100 kg; 100 kg n 250 kg; 250 kg dn 500 kg; 500

kg n 1000 kg; 1000 n 2000 kg...

Cc hng bch ho c coi l cc c bn, dng lm c s tnh cc

cho nhng mt hng khng c cc ring.

* Cc ti thiu (M-minimum rate)

L cc m thp hn th th cc hng hng khng coi l khng kinh t i

vi vic vn chuyn mt l hng, thm ch mt kin rt nh. Trong thc t, cc

tnh cho mt l hng thng bng hay ln hn mc cc ti thiu. Cc ti thiu

ph thuc vo cc quy nh ca IATA.


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* Cc hng c bit (SCR-specific cargo rate)

Thng thp hn cc hng bch ho v p dng cho hng ho c bit trn

nhng ng bay nht nh. Mc ch chnh ca cc c bit l cho chongi gi hng gi cnh tranh, nhm tit kim cho ngi gi hng bng ng

hng khng v cho php s dng ti u kh nng chuyn ch ca hng hng

khng.

Trng lng hng ti thiu p dng cc c bit l 100 kg, c nc p

dng trng lng ti thiu di 100 kg. Theo IATA, nhng loi hng ho p

dng cc c bit c chia thnh 9 nhm ln l:

- Nhm 1: Sc sn v rau qu, k hiu 0001-0999

- Nhm 2: ng vt sng v ng vt phi sc sn, hoa qu, 2000-2999

- Nhm 3: Kim loi v cc loi sn phm kim loi tr my mc, xe vn ti

v sn phm in t, 3000-3999

- Nhm 4: My mc, xe vn ti v sn phm in t, 4000-4999

- Nhm 5: Cc khong vt phi kim loi v sn phm ca chng, 5000-5999

- Nhm 6: Ho cht v cc sn phm ho cht, 6000-6999

- Nhm 7: Cc sn phm g, cao su, sy, giy, 7000-7999

- Nhm 8: Cc dng c, thit b chnh xc, nghin cu khoa hc, 8000-8999

Cc nhm ln li c chia thnh cc nhm nh hn.

* Cc phn loi hng (class rate)


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c p dng i vi nhng loi hng ho khng c cc ring, n thng

c tnh theo phn trm tng hoc gim trn cc hng ho bch ho, p dng

i vi nhng loi hng ho nht nh trong nhng khu vc nht nh. Cc loi

hng ho chnh p dng loi cc ny:

- ng vt sng: gi cc i vi ng vt sng c tnh bng 150% so

vi cc hng ho thng thng.

Thc n v bao gi cng c chia vo khi lng tnh cc ca l hng.

- Hng tr gi cao nh vng bc, trang sc c tnh bng 200% cc

hng bch ho thng thng.

- Sch bo, tp ch, thit b v sch bo cho ngi m c tnh bng 50%

cc hng bch ho thng thng.

- Hnh l c gi nh hng ho (baggage shipped as cargo): Cc c

tnh bng 50% cc hng bch ho thng thng.

- Hi ct (human remains) v gic mc loi nc (dehydrated corneas):

c min ph hu ht cc khu vc trn th gii...

* Cc tnh cho mi loi hng (FAK-freight all kinds)

L cc tnh nh nhau cho mi loi hng xp trong container, nu n chim trng

lng hay th tch nh nhau .

Cc ny c a im l n gin khi tnh, nhng li khng cng bng, loi hng

c gi tr thp cng b tnh cc nh hng c gi tr cao, v d: cc tnh cho mt

tn ct cng nh tnh cho mt tn vng.

* Cc ULD (ULD rate)


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L cc tnh cho hng ho chuyn ch trong cc ULD c thit k theo

tiu chun ca IATA. Thng thng, cc ny thp hn cc hng ri v khi

tnh cc khng phn bit s lng, chng loi hng ho m ch cn c vo s

lng, chng loi ULD. S ULD cng ln th cc cng gim.

* Cc hng chm

Cc ny p dng cho nhng l hng khng cn ch gp v c th ch cho

n khi c ch xp hng trn my bay. Cc hng chm thp hn cc hng

khng thng thng do cc hng hng khng khuyn khch gi hng chm h

ch ng hn cho vic sp xp chuyn ch.

* Cc hng thng nht (unifined cargo rate)

Cc ny c p dng khi hng ho c chuyn ch qua nhiu chng

khc nhau. Ngi chuyn ch ch p dng mt loi gi cc cho tt c cc chng.

Cc ny c th thp hn tng s tin cc m ch hng phi tr cho tt c

nhng ngi chuyn ch ring bit, nu ngi ch hng t thu nhiu ngi

chuyn ch khc nhau, khng thng qua mt ngi chuyn ch duy nht.

* Cc hng gi nhanh (priority rate)

Cc ny c gi l cc u tin, p dng cho nhng l hng c yu

cu gi gp trong vng 3 ting k t khi giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch.

Cc gi nhanh thng bng 130% n 140% cc hng bch ho thng thng.

* Cc hng nhm (group rate)

Cc ny p dng i vi khch hng c hng gi thng xuyn trong cc

container hay pallet, thng l i l hay ngi giao nhn hng khng.


27/34



Ti hi ngh Athens nm 1969, IATA cho php cc hng hng khng thuc

IATA c gim cc ti a l 30% so vi cc hng bch ho thng thng

cho i l v ngi giao nhn hng khng. iu ny cho php cc hng hng

khng c gim cc nhng trnh s cnh tranh khng lnh mnh do gim

cc qu mc cho php.

III. Giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng dng hng

khng

Giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu bng ng hng khng c quc

t ho v nhng quy nh th tc, trnh t, chng t do tnh cht quc t ca vnti hng khng.

1. Giao hng xut khu

Sau khi k hp ng ngoi thng, ngi xut khu tin hnh chun b

hng ho v lp mt s mt s chng t cn thit v hng ho giao hng cho

hng hng khng.

Thng thng, h u thc cho ngi giao nhn hay i l hng khng bng

mt hp ng u thc giao nhn.

Ngi giao nhn hay i l ny phi c hng vn chuyn ch nh v cho

php khai thc hng ho.

Quy trnh giao hng xut khu nh sau:

- Ngi xut khu giao hng cho ngi giao nhn km vi th ch dn ca

ngi gi hng ngi giao nhn giao hng cho hng vn chuyn v lp vn

n.


28/34



Th ch dn ca ngi gi hng c in sn thnh mu v bao gm nhng

ni dung chnh sau:

Tn v a ch ca ngi gi hng; Ni hng n v tuyn ng vnchuyn; S kin; Trng lng; Kch thc ca hng; c im v s lng hng

ho; Gi tr hng; Phng php thanh ton cc ph; K m hiu hng ho; C

hay khng mua bo him cho hng ho; Lit k cc chng t gi km.

- Ngi giao nhn s cp cho ngi xut khu giy chng nhn nhnhng ca ngi giao nhn (FCR-forwarders certificate of receipt). y

l s tha nhn chnh thc ca ngi giao nhn l h nhn hng.FCR gm nhng ni dung chnh sau :

Tn, a ch ca ngi u thc; Tn, a ch ca ngi nhn hng; K m

hiu v s hiu hng ho; S lng kin v cch ng gi; Tn hng; Trng

lng c b; Th tch; Ni v ngy pht hnh giy chng nhn.

- Ngi giao nhn s cp giy chng nhn vn chuyn ca ngi giao nhn

(FTC-forwarders certifficate of transport), nu ngi giao nhn c trch nhim

giao hng ti ch.

Ni dung chnh ca FTC gm:

Tn a ch ca ngi u thc; tn v a ch ca ngi nhn hng; a ch

thng bo; Phng tin vn chuyn; T/qua; Ni hng n; Tn hng; K m v

s hiu hng ho; Trng lng c b; Th tch; Bo him;

Cc ph v kinh ph tr cho; Ni v ngy pht hnh chng t.


29/34



- Ngi giao nhn s cp bin lai kho hng cho ngi xut khu (FWR-

forwarders warehouse receipt) nu hng c lu ti kho ca ngi giao nhn

trc khi gi cho hng hng khng.

FWR gm nhng ni dung chnh sau:

Tn v ngi cung cp hng; Tn ngi gi vo kho; Tn th kho; Tn kho;

Phng tin vn ti; Tn hng;

Trng lng c b; Tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ho khi nhn v ai nhn;

M v s hiu hng ho; S hiu v bao b.

Bo him; Ni v ngy pht hnh FWR.

Trn c s u thc ca ngi xut khu, ngi giao nhn tin hnh tp hp

v lp chng t sau y chun b giao hng cho hng hng khng.

+ Giy php xut nhp khu:

Giy php xut nhp khu do c quan qun l xut nhp khu ca mt nccp, Vit Nam l B Thng mi.

Giy php xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam c hai loi chnh: Loi mt l giy

php m, tc loi giy php cp cho doanh nghip c php xut hay nhp mt

khi lng hay tr gi hng trong mt nm. Loi 2 l giy php con, c cp cho

tng chuyn hng mt, giy php con cn gi l giy php chuyn, loi 2 c s

dng ph bin hn.

Giy php xut nhp khu gm nhng ni dung ch yu sau:

Tn, a ch ca ngi xut nhp; S giy php; Ngy cp;Thi hn hiu

lc; C s cp giy php; Loi hnh kinh doanh; Ca khu nhp; Hp ng s;


30/34



Ngy; Dng hp ng; Chi tit v vn ti; iu kin v a ch giao hng;

Thi hn giao hng; Phng thc thanh ton; ng tin thanh ton; Tn hng,

chng loi bao kin, tn v c im hng ho; K m hiu hng ho;

S lng hng ho; n gi; Tr gi; Ngi v ngy xin cp giy php; Xc

nhn ca hi quan; C quan duyt cp giy php k tn, ng du.

+ Bn k chi tit hng ho:

y l bn khai chi tit v hng ho ca ngi gi hng, nhiu khi ngi ta

dng phiu ng gi thay bn k khai chi tit.

Ni dung chnh ca bn khai chi tit:

Tn v a ch ca ngi gi hng; Tn hng; K m hiu ca hng; S kin

hng; Trng lng ton b;

Trng lng tnh; Kch thc ca hng ho; t hng ho; Ch k ca

ngi lp.

+ Bn lc khai hng ho:

L mt bn k khai tm tt v hng ho chuyn ch. Lc khai hng ho do

ngi giao nhn lp khi hng c nhiu l hng l gi chung mt vn n (trng

hp gom hng).

Lc khai hng ho bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau:

Tn, a ch ngi gi; Tn, a ch ngi nhn; S th t ca vn n; Tn

hng; K m hiu; Trng lng;

S kin hng ca tng vn n; Ni i; Ni n.


31/34



+ Giy chng nhn xut x:

L chng t ghi ni sn xut ca hng ho do ngi xut khu k khai, k

v c c quan c thm quyn ca nc xut khu xc nhn ( Vit Nam lphng thng mi v cng nghip).

Giy chng nhn xut x bao gm chng ni dung ch yu sau:

Tn v a ch ca ngi gi hng; Tn v a ch ca ngi nhn hng;

Phng tin v tuyn vn ti; Mc ch s dng chnh thc; S th t ca l

hng; M v s hiu bao b; Tn hng v m t hng ho; S lng hng ho;

Trng lng hng ho; S v ngy ca ho n thng mi; Cam oan ca ngi

xut khu v hng ho;

Chng nhn ca c quan c thm quyn.

+ T khai hng ho XNK (khai hi quan)

L mt vn bn do ch hng, ch phng tin khai bo, xut trnh cho c

quan hi quan trc khi hng hoc phng tin xut hoc nhp qua lnh th quc

gia.

+ Vn n hng khng, ho n thng mi (xem phn chng t hng

khng)...

Sau khi lm song th tc vi hng hng khng, sn bay v thanh ton cc

chi ph, ngi giao nhn s gi chng t km theo hng ha gm:

+ Cc bn cn li ca MAWB v HAWB

+ Ho n thng mi

+ Bn k khai chi tit hng ho


32/34



+ Giy chng nhn xut x

+ Phiu ng gi

+ Lc khai hng ho

V cc chng t cn thit khc theo yu cu ca nc nhp khu.

Ngi giao nhn s giao li bn gc s 3 cho ngi gi hng (MWAB hoc

HAWB) cng thng bo thu v thu tin cc cng cc khon chi ph cn thit c

lin quan.

2. Nhn hng nhp khu

Theo s u thc ca ngi giao nhn nc ngoi hay ngi nhp khu,

ngi i l hay ngi giao nhn hng khng s tin hnh giao nhn hng ho

bng chng t c gi t nc xut khu v nhng chng t do nc nhp khu

cung cp.

- Nu ch c trch nhim giao hng cho ngi nhp khu ti kho hay trmgiao nhn hng ho ca sn bay th sau khi nhn c thng bo n ca hng

vn chuyn cp vn n (theo quy nh ca cng c Vac-sa-va th ngi chuyn

ch c trch nhim thng bo ngay cho ngi nhn hng, ngi giao nhn, i l

nc nhp khu khi hng ho c vn chuyn h i nhn hng) th:

+ Ngi giao nhn trc tip ln sn bay nhn b h s gi km theo hng

ho ( trnh by phn giao hng xut khu)

+ Sau khi thu hi bn vn dn gc s 2, ngi giao nhn cng ngi nhp

khu lm cc th tc nhn hng sn bay.


33/34



+ Nu ngi giao nhn l i l gom hng th phi nhn l hng nguyn

bng vn dn ch sau chia hng v giao cho cc ch hng l v thu hi li vn

n gom hng.

- Nu ngi giao nhn c trch nhim giao hng n dch, th ngoi vic thu

hi cc bn s 2 ca vn n ch hoc vn n gom hng, ngi giao nhn cn

phi yu cu ngi nhp khu cung cp cc chng t sau:

+ Giy php nhp khu

+ Bn k khai chi tit hng ho

+ Hp ng mua bn ngoi thng

+ Chng t xut x

+ Ho n thng mi

+ Lc khai hng nu gi hng theo HAWB

+ T khai hng nhp khu

+ Giy chng nhn phm cht

V cc giy t cn thit khc.

Ngi giao nhn tin hnh nhn hng t hng vn chuyn, thanh ton mi

khon cc thu sau, lm th tc v np l ph vi cng hng khng, thng quan

cho hng ho.

Giao hng cho ngi nhp khu ti kho ca ngi nhp khu cng giy t

hi quan v thng bo thu.


34/34


Ngi nhp khu nhn hng v thanh ton cc chi ph m ngi giao nhn

np cng ph giao nhn cho ngi giao nhn.

------------------HT--------------------

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