ISBN 978-616-317-141-2
,
..
.
.
( )
( )
( )
(.)
1 .
.
.
...................................... 1 ........................................................................................ . 2 ....................................................................................... 8 .................................................................................... 9 3 ................................................................... 11 ................................................................................................. 12 .............................................................. 13 .................................................................................................... 14 ............................................................. 15
1 ........................................................................................... 11.1 .................................................................................. 31.2 ........................................................................................ 151.3 .............................................................................................................. 211.4 ....................................................................................................... 241.5 .................................................................................................... 33
2 .............................................................................................. 552.1 .................................................................................................................. 562.2 ................................................................................................................ 612.3 ......................................................................................................... 632.4 ........................................................................................... 68
3 ................................................................................................. 753.1 ............................................................................................... 763.2 ................................................................................................ 893.3 .................................................................................. 1013.4 ..................................................................................... 104
2551
5 .
1
1 1 1
2 2
2 3 3
4 4
3 5 5
6 6
2
.
1
3
2
2
5 3
3
5 3
2551
3
1
2
4 .
4
.
31
5
32
1.5
1 5
1
5 - 6
6
33
7
39
8
1
1.1
1.2
2
2.1
2.2
3
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
4.2
9
5
5.1
6
6.1
7
7.1
7.2
8
8.1
10
3
11
2551
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
360 9
1. 1
1 1 60 1.5 (3 /)
2 2 60 1.5 (3 /)
2. 2
1 3 60 1.5 (3 /)
2 4 60 1.5 (3 /)
3. 3
1 5 60 1.5 (3 /)
2 6 60 1.5 (3 /)
12
13
. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. ./, ./, /
. ./, ./, /
. ./, ./, ./, ./, ./
......
()
1
-
-
-
-
-
25
2
-
-
-
-
10
3
-
-
-
-
25
14
5 3
: 3 60
5
3
1
1.
1.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
15
-
-
-
8.
9.
10
.
2.
2.1
-
-
-
-
,
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.2
2.3
2.4
16
3.
3.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
220
50
7.
8.
9.
3.2
3.3
3.4
17
10.
(B3.17
)11
.
18
1
1 - 36
21
1.1 8
1.2 3
1.3 3
1.4 4
1.5 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1 1
2
1 3
1.1 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1
1.2
8
1.1
2
4
1
1
1.1
4 - 6
()
1.1
2
/
1. 1
2. 4 - 6 1
3. 2 - 3
4. 1
5. () 1
6. 1
*
1 5
1.
2. 50
1 1 50 1
3. 1.1
4.
C (C-clamp)
5.
6.
7.
-
8.
150
6
2
2
1 7
(cm)
(cm)
2 2
1 1
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E-F
F-G
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
A-C
C-E
E-G
8
( 6
)
2
B E
B E
B E
10
B E
0
2 8 ( 1 )
250
250
350
150
B
E
A C
250
D F
250
1 9
1.1
10 /
1.5
9
9.8
10
8
(g) (m) (W)
W = mg
10
( 1 )
2
1 (
)
2
9.8 /
(m/s2)
9.81
1.63
2.93
25.3
g
1 2
v = 0
1 11
( 2 )
x
12
( x )
( x)
( x)
1 13
(
1 )
( 2 )
-
1. 2
14
2.
projectile motion
10
( 2 )
1.7
. .
ac
ac
acFcFc
Fc
1 15
2
-
-
-
-
- ()
- ()
-
-
-
-
11
1.2
12
16
1.2
1.2
-
1 17
1.2
1
2
1.
2. 1.2
3.
4.
(N)
1 2
5 5
8 8
9 9
18
2 3 4
()
()
()
1.8
-
-
1.9
1 19
2
-
-
.
. -
-
-
F1F2
F3F4
F1 F2
F3 F4
1 2
20
1.10 1.11
- 3
1 21
1.3
1.3
1.3
30 cm 250 ml
1.3
3
15
22
1.3
50
1. 1.3
2.
3.
4.
= 4.8 N
= 4.5 N
= 4.2 N
/
1. 1
2. 30 cm 1
3. 1
4. 250 ml 1
5. 1
1 23
1.
2.
1.1 1.2
16 18
(Vincent Callebant)
(Lilypad City) :
http://www.artgazine.com/shoutouts/viewtopic. php?t = 8230
24
1.4
1.4
1.15
1.4
20
3
1 25
1.4
1
/
1. 3
2. 1
3. 1
*
1.
2.
3. 1.4
4.
26
()
(N)
1 0 0.5 1.0 1.6 1.4
2 0 1.0 2.5 3.0 2.6
3 0 1.5 3.0 3.9 3.3
()
(N)
1 0 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.0
2 0 1.0 2.5 2.6 2.3
3 0 1.5 3.0 3.6 3.0
1 27
( 26)
1
1.6 ( 26 -
)
28
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
2
(static friction; fs)
(kinetic friction; fk)
1 29
30
1 31
1.17
12 15
32
1.
2.
1 33
1.
2.
3.
3
1.5
25
34
1.5
1 30
*
1.5
1.5
/
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
3. 30 cm 1
1 35
1.
2. 1.5
3.
1. 1 = 5.0
2. = 0.15
3. = 4.9
4. = 0.15
x = (4.9 N) x (0.15 m)
= 0.74 Nm
x = (5.0 N) x (0.15 m)
= 0.75 Nm
36
(fulcrum) 1.19
(Nm)
1
1 (
5.0 ) 20 10
10.0
1.20
10.0 N
5.0 N
20 cm 10 cm
1 37
(M)
= x
M = F
F (N)
(m)
M (N m)
1.21
1.22
50 cm 50 cm25 cm
1 N
3 N2.5 N
38
1.22
(1 N x 0.50 m) + (3 N x 0.25 m) = 1.25 N m
(2.5 N x 0.50 m) = 1.25 N m
1.22
5
29
1.3
19 23
W1
W2
1 39
1
1.
2.
3. 6.02
137
= 6.02
= 137
=
= ()
= (6.02 ) 137 s
= 824.74 m
.
.
1 39
ms
40
4. 160
10.00 .
12.00 .
= 160
= 160000
10.00 . 12.00 .
= 2
= 2 60 60
= 72000
=
=
= 2.22
16000072000
1602
ms
=
1
40
ms
kmh
1 41
= 150 + 30
= 180
= (+150 ) + (-30 )
= 120
= 3
= 3 60
= 180
=
=
= 1
=
=
= 0.67 /
180180
120180
5. 150
30
3
+
1
1 41
ms
ms
ms
42
7
3 10
7
3 10
10
10
= = 1
= = 1
=
10 m 10 s
=
6.
1
42
7 3
7
3
ms
10 m 10 s
ms
1 43
10
= = 1
4
= = 0.4
7. 10
20 10
.
20 10
. 10
10
= x
10 = x
= (2 ) x 10 s
= 20
=
=
=
=
= 2
10 - 0
20 N10 kg
ms2
1
1 43
10 m 10 s
ms
4 m 10 s
ms
ms
44
8. 60 12
.
5
.
=
= () x
. 40
5 40
1000 = 1
5
3600 = 1
1
=
51000
=
13600
=
= km
=
= 18
x 3600
51000
13600
h
kmh
51000
kmh
= (5 ) x 40 sms
1
44
= 60 m125 s
=
= 200 m
ms
1 45
9. 25
100
0.2 60
.
0 25 100
=
=
=
=
(+)
= +0.25
= 26.7 s
=
. 7.5
( )
7.5 200
2007.5
25 - 0100
25100
mm/s
m/ss
1
1 45
=
ms2
ms2
46 46
.
25 0.2 60
=
(-)
= -0.41
=
0.2 - 2560
-24.860
10.
.
.
.
.
11.
1
= m/ss
ms2
ms2
1 47 1 47
12.
1
fs
fs
fs
fsfs
48 48
13.
14.
15.
16. (lifejacket)
(buoyancy aid)
1
() ()
1 49 1 49
17. 0.001
1000 9000
.
.
9.8
V = 0.001
F = 9000
= 1000 g = 9.8
.
FB = Vg FB = (0.001 m
3) (1000 kg/m2) (9.8 m/s2)
= 9.8 N
9.8
.
= -
W = mg - FB W = (1000 kg 9.8 m/s2) - 9.8 N
= 88.2 N - 9.8 N
= 78.4 N
78.4
1
50 50
18. 1
10 20 30
. 16
.
.
= 30 N 0.5 m
= 15 Nm
= (20 N 0.3 m) + (10 N 0.5)
= 11 Nm
16 16 4 Nm
16N = 4 Nm
= = 0.25 m
16 25
25
.
20 0 10
416
NmN
1
1 51 1 51
19. 300 5
3
F
F
=
F 3 = F 2
3 F = 2 F
F = F (1) 300
F + F = 300 N F (1)
F + F = 300 N
F = 180 N
F = 120 N
300
300N = 300 N 3m
= 900 Nm
1
F F
23
23
52 52
F = F 5 m
F
900 Nm = F 5 m F = 180 N
F = 300N - 180 N = 120 N
20. 1
1 x 10 x x 5 x
=
(10 x) x = (10 + 5 x) x 10 x = 10 + 5 x 5 x = 10 x = 2 Kg 2
1
2
1 53 1 53
21. 2
5
22.
.
.
.
.
F
F
1
54 54
=
.
.
.
.
F1
F2
F1 = F
2
1
2 55
37 - 52
2
2.1 2
2.2 2
2.3 3
2.4 2
9
1.
2.
56
2.1
2.1
2.1
. . .
38
2 57
2.1
2.1
1. 2.1
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5
2
58
3.
4.
1.
2.
F
F
F
F
2 59
2, 3 4
(work; W)
5.
6.
F
F
60
2.1
2, 3, 4 6
2.1
2
- 1
- 2
1
2
2.1
= x
W = F s
F (N)
s (m) W (N m) (J)
2 61
2.1
1 2
2.1 2.2
2.3
2.3
(1.5 )
43
1.
2.
2
62
1 1000 10 5
2 10
1
(power; P)
W (J)
t (s)
P (J/s) (W)
P = W t
2.4
(horse power)
2 63
2.3
46
1.
2.
3
64
2.2
1
/
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
*
1.
3 - 4
2.2
3.2
2 65
2. 2.2
3.
66
()
2 67
1.
2.
(kinetic energy)
(gravitational potential energy)
(mechanical energy)
68
2.3
2.4
2
2.3
2.4
2
49
2 69
v = u =
= 0
u
g g
v
v = 0
2.4
2.4
70
2.4
2 71
Ek = 1 mv
2
Ek = m = v =
1 3
2
72
2
1.
.
.
2
( 3 )
2.
.
1
2
3
2 73
.
.
2
74
3. 200 10
.
=
= (200 N) x (10 m)
= 2000 Nm J
2000
. 4
4
=
=
= 500 J/s W
500
2000
4
J
s
2
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
53 - 85
20
3.1 5
3.2 5
3.3 3
3.4 7
3 75
76
3.1
1.
2.
3 .
5
55
3 77
3.1
2
1
/
1. 1
2. 6V 2
3. 2
4. 1
5. 6 - 8
3.1 3.1
2
3.1
78
1. 2
1.
2. 3.1
-
3.
-
4.
- -
3 79
3.1 2
2
3.2
80
3.2
30
/
1. 1
2. 1
3. 6V 1
4. 1
5. 4
1.
3.1
3 81
2.
a b
3. 3.2
4.
-
5.
a bab
82
1.
-
-
2.
3.2
2
2
/ (J/C) (V)
3 83
3.3
30
/
1. 1
2. 1
3. 6V 1
4. 1
5. 4
1.
2.
3.3
3.
84
4. 3.3
5.
-
6.
7.
3.3
3 85
3.4
3.4
3.4
1
/
1. 1
2. 26 1 1
3. 1
4. 1
5. 1
6. 2 2
7.
4
86
1.
2. 3.4
3.
-
4.
(I) (V)
() () ()
1 1.1 0.12
2 2.2 0.24
3 3.0 0.33
4 4.0 0.44
3 87
1.
(V) X (I) Y
88
2.
3. tan
1
I (A)
I (A)
V (V)
V (V)
tan =
= =
tan =
IVIV
1R
1R
O
O
3 89
3.2
110
220
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
62
90
3.5
1
1.
2.
3.
()
3.5
3 91
1. 220 36
2. 220
50 98
3. 220 90
92
300
0.5 2
70oC
220
12 5
3 93
3.6
1 30
/
1. 1
2. 26 10 cm,
20 cm 30 cm
1
3. 30 10 cm 1
4. 26 10 cm 1
5. 1
6. 1
7. 6
8. 1/4
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
94
1. 3.6
2.
3.
30 26
4.
-
5.
220
3
1.
2.
3.
3 95
()
26(10 cm)
26(10 cm)
30(10 cm)
26(20 cm)
26(30 cm)
I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V)
1. 0.50 0.25 0.70 0.02 0.28 0.35 0.38 0.2 0.36 0.35
2. 1.15 0.55 1.75 0.05 0.7 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.75 1.05
3. 1.55 0.70 1.85 0.05 1.1 1.25 1.2 1.1 1.05 1.4
4. 1.7 0.75 2.60 0.075 1.4 1.45 1.45 1.3 1.2 2.0
1.
2.
()
26 10 cm
I (A)
V (V) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
96
()
26 30 10 cm
()
26 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm
I (A)
V (V) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
26 30
I (A)
V (V) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
26 10 cm 26 20 cm
26 30 cm
3 97
V/A
()
I (A)
V (V) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
1.5
0.6
98
1.
200C
R ( )
(m)
A (m2)
( m)
R =
2.
A
1.59 10-8
1.70 10-8
2.82 10-8
11.0 10-8
1.50 10-6
3.5 10-5
( m)
3 99
1.
2.
3.7
/
1. 1
2. 10 cm 2
3. 6V 1
4. 4
5. 1
30
100
1.
3.7
2. 3.7
3.
3.7
3 101
100W 220V 40W 220V 100W 40W
1 100 40
220 (V)
100W 220V 1 40W
220V 8
5
3.3
1.
2.
3.
3
66
102
3.8
1.
2.
/
1. 5
1. 1
2
2.
1
3 103
(electrical power)
3.3
(kW)
(h)
(kWh) (unit)
P =
W (J)
t (s)
P (W)
W t
=
=
W = Pt
104
3.3 3.4
2
3.4
1.
2.
7
73
3 105
3.9
4
3.9
3.9
/
1. 6V 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. D 1.5V 4
5. 4
6. 1
7. 1
8. 100 200 300 400 1
30
106
1.
2.
3.
4. 3.9
5.
-
6.
2
LDR
3 107
1
2
3
4
0 0 1 -
1%
2%
-
-
0.5%
0.25%
0.1%
0.05%
-
5%
10%
20%
1 1 101
2 2 102
3 3 103
4 4 104
5 5 105
6 6 106
7 7 -
8 8 -
9 9 -
- - 10-1
- - 10-2
- - -
3.4
1
2 2 3
4
108
2
5
103
5
25 103
5 23750 26250
.
1 3 2 .
1 3
2
3 109
R
E S
A
3.10
/
1. 4 1.5V 1
2. 1
3. 330 1
4. 1
5. 50 1
6. LDR 1
25
LDR
110
3
3.11
1.
2.
LDR
3. 3.10
4.
-
5.
LDR
LDR
3 111
3.11
25
1.
2.
3. 3.11
4.
-
5.
/
1. 470 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. 1
5. 1.5V 4 1
112
1
3
3.12
/
1. 4 1.5V 1
2. 1
3. 6V 1
4. 1
30
3 113
1. LED
2. (LED)
3. 3.12
4.
-
5.
3.12
/
5. 1
6. 1
7. (LED) 1
114
3.13
90
/
1. 4 1.5V 1
2. 1
3. 100 1
4. 1
5. 10
6. 3.3 2
7. 24 1
8. C 458 1
1. 100
3.3 24 C 458
2.
C (collector)
C B (base) E (emitter)
3 115
3.
4.
5.
3.13
C E (R1) B E (R2)
C
E ( ) B
E (R2) C E (R1)
C E (
)
116
R1 R2 ( R1 R2 potential divider)
6V R1 5.46
R2 0.54
R1 R2 6V
(potential divider)
3.3 k
330
3.3 k
330
V
V6V
V
V
3.3 k
5006V
V1
V2
3 117
V2 VBE 0.54 V ( IBE )
C E
V2 VBE 0.79 V ( IBE )
C E
VBE C458 0.7 V
VBE 0.7 V
( B E
( C
E)
1
B E
C458
100
6V
6V
3.3 k
330
R1
R2
C458
100
C458
3.3 k
500
R1
R26V
100
118
3
(B) (C) (E)
2
PNP A
B 2 SA, 2 SB
NPN C
D 2SC 373 C373
3 119
3 1
2
1.
2. (B) (
) (
)
. 2
(B) NPN
. 2
(B) PNP
120
3. (C) (E)
. B C
E
. B
. B
B
C E
3 4
C E
3 121
3.14
1.
2.
30
1.
2.
3.
1.
2
1.1 100 4 4
1.2 1,000 1
1.3 150 4
1
= [ 4 ] 4
= 1.6
= 1
= 1
= 4
= 0.6
1 = 1.6 + 1 + 0.6 = 3.2
= 3.2 30 2 = 192
192
2.
150
1000
1000
1000
3. (R)
6 V
3
122
3 123
3.1
()
()
()
1 1.5 0.003
2 3.0 0.006
3 4.5 0.009
4 6.0
3.2
R = = 500 3
0.006
V
A
3.3 4
I = = = 0.012 A6
500
V
= RV I
= RV I
V I
3
124
4.
15
220
15
14.66 14.66 15
5.
1.
2.
3.
6.
R = = = 14.66220
15
V
AV I
1
125
126
5 3 1
1
/
1. 1
2. 2
3. 30 cm 1
4. 20 cm. 1
5. 30 cm 1
6. 3
7. 1
8. 1
9. 1
10. 1
11. 1
12. 3
13. 1
14. 250 ml 1
15. 1
2
/
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
127
2
/
1. 1
2. 1
3. 5
4. 1
5. (LED) 1
6. 1/4
7. 1
8. 4 1.5 V 1
9. 2
10. 470 1
11. 100 W 1
12. 200 W 1
13. 300 W 1
14. 330 W 1
15. 400 W 1
16. 500 W 1
17. 3.3 kW 2
18. LDR 1
19. 50 kW 1
20. D 1.5 V 4
21. C 458 1
22. 10 cm 2
23. 26 10 cm 1
128
/
24. 26 1 1
25. 26 10 cm 1
26. 26 20 cm 1
27. 26 30 cm 1
28. 30 10 cm 1
29. 1
30. 2 2
31.
10
32. 1
33. 6 V 2
34. 1
129
law of conservation of energy
electrical current
projectile motion
power
electrical power
collector
base
emitter
capacitance
potential difference
resistance
acceleration
gravitational acceleration
centripetal acceleration
ticker timer
work
fulcrum
diode
light-emitting diode
capacitor
main circuit breaker
conductor
transistor
mechanical energy
kinetic energy
electrical energy
gravitational potential energy
fuse
130
short circuit
moment of a force
International System Unit
action force
reaction force
buoyant force
net force
centripetal force
friction
kinetic friction
static friction
close circuit
integrated circuit
volt
voltmeter
neutral
ground
live
ampere
ammeter
light dependent resistor
ohm
131
. . : . 2537.
. . : . 2540. ().
, . . 1. : .
, . . 2. : .
. 1. : . 2535.
, .
1. : . 2548.
______. 3. : .. 2548.
Ciccotti, F. and Kelly, D.. Physics. London: Harper Collins Publishers. 2000.
Hewitt, P.G.. Conceptual Physics. Teachers edition. California: Addison - Wesley. 1987.
Jones, M., Jones, G. & Marchington, P.. Physics. Cambridge :Cambridge University. 1997.
Weast, R.C.. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th edition. Boca Raton: CRC. 1998.
Zitzewitz, P.W. and Murphy, J.T.. Physics Principles & Problems. Columbus, OH: A Bell & Howell.
1990.
3 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
()
. .. 2556
.