English Writing (sentence structure)英文句型寫作 ( 一 )

日四應二乙黃麗莉老師

Unit one

• Understanding Sentence Basics:

• What Is a Sentence?• A sentence is a group of words that expresses

a complete thought. The words in a sentences are in a special order.

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• Words, sentences, paragraphs, and essays are all related.

• letter• • word • •

sentence

Unit one•

•

essay •

paragraph

Unit one

• Activity 1• Unscramble the words below to make correct

English sentences.• 1. is not/very big/my family/.• 2. only /four people/ there are/.• 3. very much/ I / my family/ love/.• 4. I/ two parents/ have/.

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Activity 2 Writing Simple Sentences: A DiagnosticWrite five to eight sentences about your family.Topic: My family1._______________________________ 2._______________________________ 3. _______________________________ 4. _______________________________ 5. _______________________________

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• In English, there are three ways to end a sentence:

• 1. with a period (.)• 2. with a question mark (?)• 3. with an exclamation (!)

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Using Capital LettersProper Nouns In English, the name of a specific person, place, orthing always begins with a capital letter. These types ofwords are called proper nouns.

Nelson Mandela is the name of a specific person.San Francisco is the name of a specific place.Mona Lisa is the name of a specific thing.

Unit one

Common Nouns

Common nouns do not begin with a capital letter.They begin with a lowercase letter. Some examples ofCommon nouns are cars, computer, garage, snow, andtelevision.

Unit one• More Capital Letters• In English, many other kinds of words begin with capital

letters.

• 1. Days of the week• Incorrect: My birthday is on monday.• Correct: My birthday is on Monday.• 2. Months• Incorrect: The shortest month of the year is february.• Correct: The shortest month of the year is February.

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• 3. Languages• Incorrect: Sarah speaks hindi.• Correct: Sarah speaks Hindi.

• 4. Countries• Incorrect: My father is from thailand.• Correct: My father is from Thailand.

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Unit one

• Activity 3 Geography Quiz • Unscramble the words below to write

questions about geography. Then write the answers in complete sentences. Be careful to use capital letters and end punctuation.

• 1. what /the capital/ of brazil/ is• Question: What is the capital of Brazil?• Answer : The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.

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• 2. is/ what city/ the white house in• Question:________________________• Answer: ________________________ • 3. what country/ the nile river in/ is• Question:________________________• Answer: ________________________

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• 4. what/ the biggest city/ in mexico/ is• Question:________________________• Answer: ________________________ • 5. Where/are/ the andes mountains • Question:________________________• Answer: ________________________

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• Prepositions of Place ----- at, on, and in

• At= an exact or specific locations• She works at First United Bank.

• On= a street (without a house number)• The bank is on Great Street.

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• In= a city, state, country or region• The bank is in San Diego.

Exclamation PointsSimple Fact: It is snowing.With surprise: It is snowing!

Unit two

• Connecting Sentences

• Conjunction ( 連接詞 ): 是用來連接單字 , 片語 , 或子句的單字 .• 可分類為 :• A. 對等連接詞• B: 從屬連接詞

Unit two

• A: 對等連接詞 (coordination conjunction):• for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

• B: 從屬連接詞 (subordination conjunction):• after, as, although, because, before, if…

Unit two

• 單字對等連接詞： and, or, but, yet, nor 等，其前後要平行對稱。 • 例： 1. The people in my town are friendly

and hardworking. ( 平行形容詞 ) • 2. Did she leave by train or by car? ( 平行介系詞片語 ) • 3. He studied hard, but he failed. ( 平行子句 ) .

Unit two

• 從屬連接詞引導從屬子句 :• 副詞子句：功用等於副詞，主要用以修飾動詞或整個子句 .

• (a) 表示“雖然”、“縱然• 1. Even though it is hard work, I enjoy it. • 2. Although she has earned a lot of money,

she is not happy.

Unit two

• (b) 表達“因為”：• 例： 1. Since you are going, I will go too. • 2. My sister didn’t go to school, for she

had a flu. • 3. You should stop drinking in that it’s

harmful to your health.

Unit two

• (c) 表達“目的”：• 例： 1. I prepared some food for him so that

he wouldn’t get hungry. • 2. he worked hard in order that he can

get a promotion.

Unit two

• (d) 表達“條件”： 1. Unless you study harder, you will fail. • 2. If it rains, we will stay at home. • 3. Once she arrives, we will start the party.

Unit Three

• Sentence Types: Simple and Compound • A: Simple Sentences• A simple sentence usually has one subject

and one verb.• She studies hard everyday.• A simple sentence can have more than one

subject and more than one verbs in these combinations:

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• ●2 subjects + 1 verb: • Japan and Germany import oil from Saudi• • Subjects + Verb • Arabia.

Unit three

• ● 1 subjects + 2 verbs:

• Japan imports oil and exports cars.

Subject + Verbs

Unit three

• ● 2 subjects + 2 verbs:

• Japan and Germany import oil and export

• Subjects + Verbs

• cars.

Unit three

• Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a connecting word, such as and, but, or , so, nor, yet. A compound sentence has two subject- verb combinations.

Unit three• ★ Japan imports oil, and Saudi Arabia imports • Subject #1+ Verb# 1 subject #2 + verb # 2

• vegetables.

• ★ Sue watched TV, so she did not finish her • Subject #1+ Verb# 1 subject #2 + verb # 2

homework.

Unit three

• John likes to eat Italian food, but he prefers to • Subject #1+ Verb# 1 subject #2 + verb # 2

• eat Chinese food. • Note: Compound sentences always use a

comma (,) and a connecting word ( and, but ,so) to connecting two sentence.

Unit three

• Activity 1 Combine two simple sentences into one sentence with a comma and a connecting word. Use and, but or so.

• 1. Mary lives in Turkey. Abdul lives in Kuwait.• ____________________________________ • 2. The weather was cold. I stayed indoors. • ____________________________________

Unit three

• 3. We go to school every day. We play tennis on weekends.

• ____________________________________ • 4. John and Kelly are related. They are not brother

and sister.• __________________________________ • 5. The restaurant manager was happy. He gave all the

servers a raise.• _________________________________________

Unit three

• Non-count nouns Count nouns• singular plural• money a dollar twenty dollars• ice a number numbers• information an ice cube ice cubes• clothing a slice of bread slices of bread• vocabulary an assignment three assignments • bread a blue shirt blue shirts• honest a word fifteen words

Unit4

Writing about the Past

Simple Past Tense

When you talk about actions in the past, you use the simple past tense. Simple Past Tense of Be: StatementsVerb be I was we were you were you (plural) were he/she/it was they wereIncorrect: You are at home yesterday.Incorrect: You was at home yesterday.Correct: You were at home yesterday.

Simple Past Tense of Be: Questions

Verb be Was I…? Were we…? Were you…? Were you (plural)…? Was he/she/it…? Were they…?

Incorrect: Was they students last year?Incorrect: they were students last year?Correct: Were they students last year?

Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs: StatementsVerb live I lived we lived you lived you (plural) lived he/she/it lived they livedIncorrect: Janet visit her parents yesterday.Correct: Janet visited her parents yesterday. Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs: QuestionsVerb live Did I live…? Did we live…? Did you live…? Did you (plural) live…? Did he/she/it live…? Did they live…?Incorrect: Do Daphne walk to the bus stop this morning?Incorrect: Did Daphne walked to the bus stop this morning?Correct: Did Daphne walk to the bus stop this morning?

Time Phrases with the Simple Past Tense

We use certain words and phrases in a sentence to help show that something happened in the past. Include:last night, last week, this morning, yesterday, (two minutes) agoYou can put these time phrases at the beginning or the end of asentence. Avoid using them in the middle of a sentence.

Incorrect: Jason last night washed his hair.Correct: last night Jason washed his hair.

Incorrect: Did she yesterday see a movie?Correct: Did she see a movie yesterday?

Irregular Simple Past Tense Verbs

be →was/were feel →felt pay →paid send →sent

Buy → bought go →went run →ran sit →sat

cut → cut have →had ride →rode speak →spoke

do → did leave →left say →said teach →taught

draw → drew make →made see →sew write →wrote

Some verbs are irregular. This means that they take a different form in the simple past tense. Here are some common irregular verbs.

Incorrect: I writed several novels last year. Correct: I wrote several novels last year.

Making Be Negative

When you want to make a negative sentence with be, you use the word not. Not comes after the form of be.Verb be I was not we were not you were not you(plural) were not he/she/it was not they were not

Using Contractions:It is important to remember that contractions might be too informal for academic writing. Ask your instructor if using contractions in this course is acceptable.

Activity 1

1.lived (negative)/. /in Johannesburg in 2002/ Carmen=Carmen did not live in Johannesburg in 2002.2.Ling/engineering/. /studied (negative)=Ling did not study engineering.3.last year/him/Humberto’s parents/visited (negative)/.= Humberto’s parents did not visit him last year. 4.large brains/had (negative)/. /Dinosaurs= Dinosaurs did not have large brains.5.!/John/ helped (negative)/me/with my homework=John did not help me with my homework!

6.Edda/the letter/. /sent (negative)/to her parents=Edda did not send the letter to her parents.7.spoke (negative)/. /Karl/with his parents/last night=Karl did not speak with his parents last night.8.I/my homework/did (negative)/. /yesterday=I did not do my homework yesterday.9.Janiel and Yosemy/last night/. /left (negative)/the party early=Janiel and Yosemy did not leave the party early last night.10.went (negative)/My brother/to the grocery store/last Saturday/.=My brother did not go to the grocery store last Saturday.

Compound Sentences with But

The connector but indicates a contrast between the ideas it connects. It has two separate subject-verb combinations.Sue likes Japanese food, but her husband doesn’t.I enjoy reading books, but my sister enjoys watching TV.

NOTE: Sometimes but is not a connector. It is preposition that means the same as the word except .We eat all of the food in restaurant but pasta.

Compound Sentences with And

1.And is used to join two (or more) words that are in the same grammar category (or group).Example A: And join two nouns and makes the subject of the sentence plural. My mother plants flower in the garden.My father plants flower in the garden.= My mother and my father plant flower in the garden.Example B: And join two nouns and makes the object of the sentence pluralPaul drinks coffee in the restaurant.Paul drinks tea in the restaurant.= Paul drink coffee and tea in the restaurant.

Example C: And join two verbs in a sentence.Bruce sings at the party.Bruce dances at the party.= Bruce sing and dance at the party.Example D: And join two adjectives in a sentence.The food is cheap.The food is delicious.= The food is cheap and delicious.

2.And is also used to from compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentence join by a comma and a connecting word. A compound sentence has two subject-verb

combinations. Example A: Patch lives in Kaohsiung.Patch studies at Cheng Shiu University.=Patch lives in Kaohsiung, and She studies at Cheng Shiu University.

Compound Sentences with So

The first subject-verb combination gives the “cause”, and the second subject-verb combination gives the “result”.

She was sick , so she did not go to work. (cause) (result)Sally was cold, so she put on a sweater. (cause) (result)

NOTE: So has several other meanings. A comma is not possible with these other meanings.1.So = an adverb that means very or extremely.The man is so cool.2.So = a connector that means in order to; it is a short form for sothat; there is no different in meaningShe left the party early so she could catch the last train.=She left the party early so that she could catch the last train.3.So = a comma word at the beginning of a statement or questionto continue a conversation; not used in academic writingCarlos: We went to the beach all day yesterday.Maria: So what time did you finally get home last night?

Activity 2

Write C (for cause) or R (for result)1a. C I was thirsty. b. R I drank three glasses of water.= I was thirsty, so I drank three glasses of water.2a. R We did not play tennis. b. C It rained very hard.= It rained very hard, so we did not play tennis.3a. R Mrs. Lopez took Ana to the doctor. b. C Ana was very sick.= Ana was very sick, so Mrs. Lopez took Ana to the doctor.4a. C The audience loved the show. b. R The audience applauded wildly.= The audience loved the show, so they applauded wildly.

5a. C Jonathan did not feel well. b. R Jonathan did not go to the party.= Jonathan did not feel well, so he did not go to the party.6a. R I did not buy the DVD. b. C The DVD was very expensive.= The DVD was very expensive, so I did not buy the it.7a. C The plane did not leave on time. b. R We arrived at our destination late.= The plane did not leave on time, so we arrived at our

destination late.8a. C Angela forgot to set her alarm clock. b. R Angela woke up late.= Angela forgot to set her alarm clock, so she woke up late.

Activity 3

Write what you think is happening based on whatyou see. Be sure to use the connector so and the present progressive on your compound sentences.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Activity 4

1.horrible2.century3.to communicate4.excellent5.to continue6.proud7.province8.librarian9.separate10.to graduate

very bad newsone hundred yearsto share informationthe bestto not stopgrade of 100%regionbooksapartto complete school

11.beginning12.manager13.original14.to arrive15.to scare

initialbossnot a copyto come to a placeto scream

Activity 5

1.the first thing to do2.a trip to Puerto Rico3.arrive at the supermarket4.share information about the problem5.have a question about you homework6.excel all hope7.make a decision8.effective communication9.the freedom to do anything that you want to do10.be excited about a new class

1.before/first2.to/for3.to/at4.information/communication5.about/for6.abandon/excel7.take/make8.excellence/communication9.freedom/beginning10.supposed/excited

Unit5

Describing Actions

Using the Present Progressive

The present progressive tense is often used to describe actions that are happening right now.

Iyou he/she/itweyou (plural)they

am eatingare eating is eatingare eating are eatingare eating

Some verbs in English do not usually take the progressive tense because they are not action verbs. Include: be, have, see, love,believe, own, and want

Activity 1

John is watching a movie. Milk has a large amount of vitamin D.

Oranges contain a lot of vitamin C. I hope that will grow quickly.Bolivia is a landlocked country in South America.

Ann is doing her homework.

That blouse is the perfect color for you.

Ajman is a part of the United Arab Emirates.

I a planting marigold seeds. She hopes they will arrive on time.

Arizona is a part of the United States.

It matches your pants and your handbag

Valia is having guests for dinner tonight.

Switzerland is a landlocked country in Europe.

Activity 2

Identify the type of sentence as S (simple) or C (compound) .If the sentence is compound, insert a comma where necessary.1. S My brother and I went hiking and fishing last weekend.2. C The motorcycle is in the garage, and the car is in the driveway.3. S Harry and Darlene went to the picnic yesterday and the party

last night.4. C I do not know the answer to the question, so I will ask the

teacher.5. S How many time have you visited Europe and Asia?6. C There are many great places to visit in this city, so you can’t

see them all in one day.

7. S The main agricultural product from the countries in that area of Central Asia is cotton.8. C A noun is a word like sandwich, and a verb is an action word such as eat.9. C Lisana works for a computer company, but she does not have computer engineering degree.10. S Where did you get those beautiful earrings and bracelets?11. C The capital of Sudan is khartoum, and it is the most populates city in the country.12. C The traffic was terrible, so Lance missed his plane.

Common Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs usually Describe verbs.I write this e-mail quickly.Viola talks to her friends loudly.The adverbs describe how the action is done.How do you write this e-mail? Quickly.How does Viola talk to her friends? Loudly.NOTE: Adverbs of manner usually end in –ly and usually follow the verb.Some common adverbs of manner that describe actions:quickly, easily, nervously, carefully, happily, slowly, suddenly,Silently, correctly, fast*, hard*, well**These adverbs do not use the –ly form

Activity 3Write an adverb that describes the action of the underlined verb.1.Joann is studying in the library.2.She jumped on the bus because it was raining.3.Mary Ann spoke at the conference.4.David is doing in this class. He never studies!5.Norma cried during the movie.6.Leslie typed the letter . I thought she would never finish.7.Nathalie read the directions . She did not want to make a mistake.8.I had a cold, so I did not play at the soccer game last week.9.Maria and Faisal passed the test because they studied very for it.10. Lawrence opened the door because he was afraid.

Activity 4

There are 10 mistakes in the paragraph: 2 mistakes with compound sentences, 2 mistakes with adverbs, 2 mistakes with verbs,2mistkes with adjectives, and 2 mistakes with capitalization. Find and correct the errors.

A small brown squirrel climbing a tree.He looks like a young squirrel. His tail is twitching nervously, and his nose is moving quick. I think he is looking for food. Now the squirrel brown is on a long tree branch.

is

quickly

He wants to jump to another tree. The squirrel hears something, so he looks down. he is coming down from the tree tall. Someone dropped a few pieces of chocolate chip cookie. These pieces lying on the grass. the squirrel is walking toward the food, and he is inspecting it. He is putting it in his mouth. His tail is moving rapid. The little brown squirrel is now eating happily.

He

areThe

rapidly

Activity 5

1.to be in a crowd2.feel very lucky3.to be worried about4.to wash dirty clothes at the laundry5.to see an art exhibit6.a strong lion7.a vacuum cleaner8.at the end of the trip9.an empty room10.to get nervous about something

1.safari/crowd

2.have/feel

3.about/on

4.dirty/delicious

5.audience/art

6.soda/lion

7.machine/cleaner

8.trup/family

9.room/monkey

10.powerful/nervous

Simple One independent clauseShe did the work well.

Compound Two or more independent clausesShe did the work well, and she was paid well.

Complex One independent clause and one or more dependent clausesBecause she did the work well, she was paid well.

Compound-complex

Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clausesBecause she did the work well, she was paid well, and she was satisfied.

分詞構句1.分詞構句通常置於句首2.在分詞構句和主句之間需加逗號A.主句和副詞子句的主詞相同時 ,將附屬連接詞與主詞去除 ,動詞改為進行式1.While I was walking along the street, I come across him.= Walking along the street, I come across him.2.As he is ill, he can’t attend the meeting.=Being ill, he can’t attend the meeting.3.As I don’t know what to do, I telephone to the police.=Not knowing what to do, I telephone to the police.4.After I had seen my brother, I felt much relieved.=Having seen my brother, I felt much relieved.

5.Though he hadn’t found his key, he still had the money withhim.=Not having found his key, he still had the money with him.6.Because the book is written in an easy style, it has any reader.=(Being) Written in an easy style, it has any reader.7.As he has been praised too much, he becomes too proud.=(Having been) Praised too much, he becomes too proud.8.After Kat graduated from college, she worked in an internet corporate.=Graduating from college, Kat worked in an internet corporate.

B.主句和副詞子句的主詞不同時 ,此時的“分詞構句”稱“獨立分詞構句”。主詞保留 ,將附屬連接詞去除 ,動詞改為進行式1.When school was over, the boys went home.=School being over, the boys went home.2.After the sun set, we arrived at the station.=The sun setting, we arrived at the station.3.As my homework has been finished, I have nothing else to do.=My homework (having been) finished, I have nothing else to do.4.As his life was threatened by the secret police, the human-right activist can’t help escaping from his country.=His life (being) threatened by the secret police, the human-right activist can’t help escaping from his country.

C.連接詞加分詞構句 ,為了明確表示原來引導副詞子句的連接詞的意義 ,所以將原本在分詞構句中已去除的從屬連接詞予以保留1.When he speaks English, he often makes mistakes.=When speaking English, he often makes mistakes.