Lecturer’s Name: Dr. Ruslin Bin AmirGroup Members:•Nik Siti Maisarah Binti Abd Rahman A143827•Hayani Amanina Binti Hisham A143822•Yazmalina Binti Yaacob A143844

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN

GENERAL

PSYCHOLOGY IS A SCIENCE, AND TEACHING IS AN ART; AND SCIENCE NEVER GENERATE ARTS

DIRECTLY OUT OF THEMSELVES.

-WILLIAM JAMES, A GREAT AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER SAID IN ‘TALKS TO TEACHERS’.

Psyche – soul / mindLogic – study

Psychology – a study of human soul or mind OR a study of human mind and behavior OR a scientific study of human mind to understand, explain and predict human behavior.

PSYCHOLOGY

What is Educational Psychology?

Why do we enroll with Educational Psychology?

How can Educational Psychology benefit teachers?

QUESTIONS

Definition: 1. It is simply knowledge gained from psychology &

applied to the activities in the classroom.

2. A combination of psychology and education; scientific research on student behavior in education

aspect.

3. According to Brophy,2003 & Wittrock,1992 – It involves applying the methods of psychology to

study classroom and school life.

WHAT IS EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY?

Atan Long (1976); Science of research on

student behavior in learning environment in

the classroom.

Smith (1978); Scientific research on individual behavior in education including teaching & learning

principles and techniques to solve education problems.

Slavin (1991); Research on student, teaching & learning focuses on education process, skills, values

and attitude distracted from teacher to student

in the classroom, including psychology principle in teaching.

DEFINITION

1. Critical thinking – What would you do in order to help all your students to progress

& prepare for great achievements?

Answer : Of course by learning the right methods and skills required for us to teach

in an environmental classroom.

WHY DO WE ENROLL WITH EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY?

2. Educational Psychology teaches us to be aware of the challenges & possibilities of

teaching.

3. For example : In a class, there will be a group of students who performed very well in their examination while some obtained

low marks.

Solution : You will realize that some students who are gifted and talented learners while some might be having

learning disabilities.

WHY DO WE ENROLL WITH EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY?

CONCEPT

Educational

Psychology

Theories Principles

Techniques

CONCEPT OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

1. Provide knowledge on theories & psychology principles for them to practice in class.

2. Give knowledge on students behavior - teachers can avoid discipline problems in class.

3. Teachers can create a healthy personality & positive self-concept with better guidance.

HOW CAN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY BENEFITS TEACHERS?

4. Give better understanding to students & able to use motivation techniques to create good teacher-student relationship.

5. Provide teachers knowledge, skills and useful teaching attitude in education activities.

HOW CAN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY BENEFITS

TEACHERS?

LEARNER DIFFERENCES

Language and labels - “Labelling students is a controversial issue” Eg: students with learning disabilities NOT learning disabled students

Disabilities An inability to do something specific such as pronounce words or see or walk.Handicaps Is a disadvantage in certain situations.

STUDENTS WITH LEARNING

CHALLENGE

CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING

DISABILITIES ANXIETY AROUND READING DIFFICULTY RECOGNIZING

WORDS OR LETTERS

Reluctant to read Inserts an incorrect word, substitutes or skips words

Cries or acts out to avoid reading

Reverses letters or numbers - 48 for 24 for example

Seems tense when reading Mispronounces words – “cape” for “cope”

Mixes up order of words in sentences: “I can bikes ride” for “I

can ride bikes”

Reads very slowly and with little fluency – starts and stops often

According to Friend, 2011, there are two general

approaches:

•Direct instructions – Clear explanations and

demonstrations of new material, teaching in small steps

with practice after each step, immediate feedback and

teacher guidance and support.

• Strategy instruction – specific rules for focusing

attention and accomplishing tasks.

TEACHING STUDENTS WITH LEARNING

DISABILITIES

Other types of challenges faced by learners are:-Hyperactivity and Attention Disorders (ADHD)-Communication Disorders-Emotional or Behavioral Difficulties-Intellectual Disabilities -Health and Sensory Impairments-Autism Disorder and Asperger Syndrome

The No Child Left Behind Act (2002), defines

gifted students as those “who give evidence of

high achievement capability in areas such as

intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership

capacity, or in specific academic fields.

- IQ test: Gifted learners- 130, highly gifted-

above 145, exceptionally gifted- 160 and

profoundly gifted- above 175 (Kronholz, 2011).

GIFTED/TALENTED LEARNERS

-The work of gifted students is original, extremely advanced for their age and potentially of lasting importance.

Originated from? - Deep and prolonged practice is necessary to achieve at the highest level. Problems faced?- More likely to be depressed. May be bored, frustrated and isolated.

Methods and strategies:-Encourage abstract thinking, creativity, reading of high level and original texts, and independence. Not just the learning of greater quantities of fact. -One approach that doesn’t seem promising is cooperative learning in mixed-ability groups.

TEACHING GIFTED STUDENTS

HOW DO PSYCHOLOGISTS EXPAND THEIR BODY OF

KNOWLEDGE ?

•The answer to the question is by research.

•Research is the mechanism professionals used in order to expand their body of knowledge.

•The theories are developed by them and tested through research.

•The field of psychology has attempted to answer complicated questions about human nature, such as:•What treatments are effective for mental illness?•What is the most effective way to teach children?•What makes people happy?

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Cross-sectional research = to study a group of people just one

time, in a single session.

CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH

PRO

• Easy and cheap• Only need them for a

single. session• It's easier to get

people to agree to be in a study if it only takes a single hour or single day

CON

• Cannot observe whether people change over time.

• That's where the second type of research comes into play.

Longitudinal research = to study a certain group of people over multiple sessions, or over an extended period

of time.

LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

PRO

• Can follow people over time

CON

• Expensive and time consuming

• Difficult to get volunteers

•Field Study / Naturalistic Observation•Experimental Study•Case Study•Survey Study•Correlational Study

TYPES OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

The experimenters observe the participants in their natural

environments.

FIELD STUDY / NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

PRO

• the behaviors you observe will certainly be more natural because, ideally, you are simply watching what would have happened anyway, even if you weren't there.

CON

• Have no control over the environment.

Classic type of research , which is when a researcher creates two or

more groups of people to compare.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

PRO

• Have control over the situation

CON

• Requires a lot if advance planning and control over the participants for them to be done correctly.

Case study = use of a single person in a research study.

CASE STUDY

PRO

• Allows a researcher to gain a lot of in-depth, detailed information due to the close examination of this single case.

CON

• What you learn about this particular person might not be true of anyone else.

Survey study = researchers give a group of people a survey with lots of

questions, and the participants simply answer the questions.

SURVEY STUDY

PRO

• Easy, simple and inexpensive

• can get hundreds of people to complete the survey in a relatively short period of time

CON

• Difficult to truly test the impact of certain variables when all people are doing is filling out a survey.

• Some people might not be honest in their survey responses.

Correlation means relationship, so the purpose of a correlational study is to

determine if a relationship exists, what direction the relationship is, and how

strong it is.

CORRELATION STUDY

PRO

• Can assess the strength of a relationship

• Is popular with lay population because it is relatively easy to explain and understand

CON

•  Can not make any assumptions of cause and effect (explain how third a variable can be involved, or how the variables can influence each other).

THE END!