Welcome to

ourpresentation

stress

BLUE PENCIL1.Surovi Yasmin Shimu…………………………….

……….151033532.Md. Erfan Ullah Bhuiyan………………………….

……..151033253.G.M. Rashid-Ul-

Haq………………………………….151033444.Kaji Abdullah Al Mamun…………………………….…

151033245.Afsana

Nasrin……………………………………….....151033046.Md.

Nasirujjaman……………………………………....14303010

Contents to be discussed1. Definition2. When we feel stress3. Three models to understand stress.

a. Response-based modelb. Stimulus-based modelc. Interactional model of stress

4. Comprehensive definition of the three models5. Stress reaction

a. Emotional disruptionb. Thinkingc. Concentrationd. Memorye. Physiological disruptionf. The “Fight or Flight ” response

6. Brain-Body pathway of stress

Definition of StressStress is simply a reaction to a stimulus that disturbs our physical or mental equilibrium. In other words,

it's an omnipresent part of life.According to Wikipedia-

“Stress is a feeling of strain and pressure.”

When we fell stress……?At the time of examination.When we have more than one thing

and we have to chose one of them then we fell stress.

When it appears something in front of us but we don’t have the ability to face it.

Three models of stress

There are three models to understand

stress.They are-

Response-based model Stimulus-based model Interactional model of stress

Response-based model The response-based model attempts to

identify the patterns of psychological and physiological responses that occur difficult environments. A pattern or cluster of responses is known as a syndrome. The central notion of this model is that different environmental events which is known as Stressor.

Stressor : By the term stressor we means any kind of stimuli that can produce the stress response syndrome.

Hans Selye’s ConceptThe most influential of several response-based model is Hans Selye’s concept of the general adaptation syndrome ,or GAS.The GAS is a pattern of physiological response that is produced by many different stressors.

general adaptation syndrome Selye believed that the body’s ability to resist a stressor was limited. Animal

experiment showed that muscular exertion ,exposure to cold ,or other stressors could be withstood just so long. After a period of resistance to a stressors exhaustion and death ensued. Selye called the body ability to resist a stressors “Adaptation Energy.”

Stages of GasThere are three stages of GAS.

Alarm stage:The first stage occur when a stressor is first encountered. In this stage the body rapidly mobilized it’s physiological defenses against the stressor. If the continues to be present then the second stage starts. The second stage is-

Stage of resistance:In this stage the body returns to it’s normal level’s of activity and resistance rises. In the other words the organism has learned to adapt to the presence of the stressor. With the further exposure to stressor this ability to exposure is lost. The lost of adaptation is the third stage-

Exhaustion stage:Here the organism’s resistance to the stressor gradually declines and death ensues.

Figure of GAS stages

Evaluation of the response-based model The major strength of the response-based model

is its demonstration of many stressful events or stressors and it produce a similar syndrome of responses.

It’s major weakness is that it does not describe the characteristics of stressors but simply defines a stressors as any event that produces a stress-response syndrome.

The stimulus -based modelThe stimulus-based model focuses on the nature of stressful stimuli. It asks the question “What is that makes certain stimuli stressors?”

A large number of specific stimuli are known to produce stress responses.For example:-♠ Laboratory studies of stress have employed stimuli such as shocks.♠ Threats to self esteem♠ Crowding♠ Isolation♠ Group pressureBut it’s a matter that this list will not tell us why they are stressful. We must look for their common characteristic

Characteristic of stressful stimuli

There are three important characteristics of stressful stimuli :- Overload Conflict Uncontrollability

Overload Overload occurs when a stimulus becomes so intense that we cant adapt to it.People can adapt to a wide range of intensities of physical stimulus such as cold,heat,noise. Yet there is a limitation and stress occur when these limits are exceeded.Example :-Noise test.

conflictConflict occurs when a stimulus simultaneously arouses two or more incompatible response tendencies.Ivan Pavlov’s experiment.

uncontrollabilityMost people prefer to have control over the events in their lives, even when these events are unpleasant. Uncontrollability means that events in our lives are independent of our behaviors. Uncontrollable situations is very stressful.ExampleThe stressful impact can be lessened just if we think that we till now control over the situation.

Evaluation of stimulus-based model This model is important in helping predict the kinds of situation people will find

stressful. This means the stress can often be reduced or eliminated by modifying the stimulus.

The major limitation of this model is that not all people find the same stimuli equally same stressful. For example a course assignment may feel difficult to someone or may feel overload to someone.

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The interactional modelThis model builds on the contribution of Response-Based model and Stimuli-Based model. it suggests that these two earlier models need to supplemented with information about individual motives and coping ability. This model predicts that stress will occur when two individual conditions are met.

1. When the individual perceives a threat to important needs and motives.2.When he or she is unable to cope with the stressor.

Perceived threatTo experience stress one must perceived that environment poses a threat to personally important needs or motives.Example :- when we have exam acidity level our stomach increase.

coping abilityCoping ability refers to the ability to cope with any unpleasant or stressful situation.Example :-Mercury space program of 1960.

formula of stress

S= M(D-C)

Evaluation of interactional modelThe major strength of this model is that it accounts for individual differences in the experience of stress. This model shows that to predict whether a person will experience stress in any given situation, we need to know something about his or her needs and skills in relation to situation.

On the other hand the interactional action says a little about the nature of stress reaction or the stimulus conditions most likely to produce such reactions.

A comprehensive definitionAfter all the discussion we can define stress as a particular pattern of disturbing psychological and physiological reactions that occur when an environmental event threatens important motives and taxes one’s ability to cope in.

Stress reactionAt the stage of stress we feel many kinds of problem. We can’t concentrate our daily work, we often present wrong activities, we physically become unfit to work.How we disrupted by stress here I will try to discuss in an ordered way…………

Emotional disruptionA person under stress usually responds with terms like anxious,irritable,angry,depressed and guilty.Some people experience only one of them and some people experience a few of them.But it’s a matter that all the feelings are unpleasant.Example :-

thinkingNonstressful thinking is rational, logical and flexible. We are able to put our thought in a sequenced order so that we can face any kind of situation with full control.But when we are in stress we can’t think rationally and logically. That way stress cause our thinking disturbance and we create the situation more unpleasant.

concentrationUnder the situation in stress we can’t concentrate our work because of obsessive thoughts and external stimuli.

People under stressful event are often confused and forgetful.

memory

Physiological disruptionPeople under stressful situation feel Headache,Constipation,Dizziness,Hot flashes, Dry mouth,Sweaty palms etc.

Flight and fight responseThe “Fight of Flight” response in simple word we can define as like this,“When a threat appears to us we have tendency to face them or we become afraid and give up.It something like that someone is coming to beat us. Now we have two option ,1. We will fight with him2. We will ran away.The main theme of this reaction is also like that.

Brain-body pathway of stress reactionThe mobilization of body resources under stress is ultimately controlled by the brain. We know that there are two brain-body communication system.1. Somatic nervous system.2. The autonomic nervous system.The brain controls the level of tension in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system. It also control the internal visceral organs by autonomic nervous system. Under stress the brain actives both of them as a part of the preparation for “fight or flight.”

The brain also communicates with the body by means of a third system known as the endocrine system. The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that secrete chemical messengers or hormones, into the bloodstream. Hormones travel to specific organs in the body, where they play important roles in regulating physiological activity.For example the testes are endocrine glands whose hormones are crucial for the development and maintenance of sexual and reproductive functioning.The hormones of the adrenal glands are especially critical in stress reactions. The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney like two caps. 1. Adrenal cortex and 2. Adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones ,adrenaline and noradrenaline.Adrenaline accelerates the heart increases the flow of blood to muscle and liberates sugar from the liver.Noradrenaline constricts the blood vessels in the skin so more blood can be delivered to the muscles. We know that these two hormones are important for flight and fight reaction. The brain controls the release of these two hormones by means of the autonomic nervous system.

The adrenal cortex secretes a large number of hormones known as adrenal cortical hormones. Two adrenal cortical hormones important in stress reactions are cortisol and cortisone. When released into the bloodstream, these hormones release stored energy from body cells and also help reduce inflammation caused by disease or injury. The brain controls the release of these hormones.

34Stressor

Central nervous system

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Autonomic nervous system Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

Blood stream

35ConclusionAfter all the discussion we can reach in a conclusion that stress is a compulsory matter in our life. You can’t show me a person who doesn’t feel stress for a single moment.But it’s a matter that without stress nobody does any work. Just as an example we can say that ,Today is our presentation. If we think that what will happen when I will do bad in my presentation I don’t care. I won’t take preparation. That means there is no stress. But what will be the result ?In the result we will do bad in our presentation and in the long run it will affect in our CGPA.On the other hand if we take the presentation as a stress then we automatically take it as a challenge and will try to do well with proper preparation. So what I want to say that stress always provide us the strength to do well. But everything in the excessive case is not good at all. So when we will take anything more stressful than our toleration level then it will produce even worst result.

36So what will I advice you to maintain is………..

Keep calm.Use your brain.Try to overcome the stress.You will become successful.

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Thank you For your patience

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