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Environmental Health and Environmental Health and EcotoxicologyEcotoxicology

والسموم البيئة والسموم صحة البيئة صحة

اعداد

المهندس محمد احمد نجم الدين

ماجستير في الهندسة البيئية

مديرية بيئة كركوك

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Lay out of the PresentationLay out of the Presentation IntroductionIntroduction Chronic and acute PoisoningChronic and acute Poisoning Uptake ,Distributions and Elimination of Toxin in Uptake ,Distributions and Elimination of Toxin in

human and Animalshuman and Animals Distribution, Fate and Effect of Toxins in the Distribution, Fate and Effect of Toxins in the

EcosystemEcosystem Bioaccumulation and BiomagnificationsBioaccumulation and Biomagnifications Factors in Environmental ToxicityFactors in Environmental Toxicity Some examples of Toxic chemicals used in some Some examples of Toxic chemicals used in some

small industries in Baghdadsmall industries in Baghdad Some Practical problem regarding to dealing with Some Practical problem regarding to dealing with

some chemical compounds some chemical compounds

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IntroductionIntroduction

Illness and mortality caused by:Illness and mortality caused by:

1.1. Infectious agents Infectious agents والفايروسات والفايروسات البكتريا البكتريا

2.2. Parasitic agent Parasitic agent الطفيلياتالطفيليات

3.3. Diet and Nutrients Diet and Nutrients من ناتجة من امراض ناتجة امراضالغذاءالغذاء

4.4. Toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals الكيمياوية الكيمياوية المواد الموادالسامةالسامة

5.5. Physical factorsPhysical factors الفيزياوية الفيزياوية العوامل العوامل

6.6. Psychological factors Psychological factors النفسية النفسية العوامل العوامل

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ECOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGYECOTOXICOLOGY

Toxicology(Toxicology( السموم السموم علم is most commonly )is most commonly( علمconcerned with effects of toxicants on humans. concerned with effects of toxicants on humans.

Ecotoxicology (Ecotoxicology ( البيئي السموم البيئي علم السموم is is (( علمconcerned with effects on organisms other than man. concerned with effects on organisms other than man. This has three dimensions: toxicity to single species This has three dimensions: toxicity to single species other than man, toxic effects on interrelationships other than man, toxic effects on interrelationships between species, and accumulation of toxicants by between species, and accumulation of toxicants by organisms and their movement between organisms organisms and their movement between organisms and species.and species.

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Traditional hazardsTraditional hazards التقليدية البيئة التقليدية مخاطر البيئة مخاطر

lack of access to safe drinking waterlack of access to safe drinking water inadequate basic sanitationinadequate basic sanitation indoor air pollution from cookingindoor air pollution from cooking inadequate solid waste disposalinadequate solid waste disposal

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Modern hazardsModern hazardsالحالية البيئة الحالية مخاطر البيئة مخاطر

Water pollutionWater pollution urban air pollutionurban air pollution climate changeclimate change ozone depletionozone depletion transponder pollutiontransponder pollution

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Classes of Toxic compounds Classes of Toxic compounds (public interest)(public interest)

1.1. Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd) Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd) النزرة النزرة المعادن المعادن

2.2. Chemicals with neurotoxin mode of action Chemicals with neurotoxin mode of action (DDT) (DDT) على تؤثر التي الكيمياوية على المواد تؤثر التي الكيمياوية المواداالعصاباالعصاب

3.3. Chemical with genotoxic mode of action Chemical with genotoxic mode of action (Mustered gas)(Mustered gas) تؤثر التي الكيمياوية تؤثر المواد التي الكيمياوية المواد

الجينات الجينات على على

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Acute and Chronic PoisoningAcute and Chronic Poisoning

AcuteAcute : short term exposure (high dose ) e.g. Leak : short term exposure (high dose ) e.g. Leak accidentsaccidents..

ChronicChronic : long term exposure (low dose) i.e. : long term exposure (low dose) i.e. accumulation e.g. : traffic police men, Lead accumulation e.g. : traffic police men, Lead smelter workerssmelter workers..

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Toxic and hazardous chemicalsToxic and hazardous chemicals

ToxicToxic :harmful in low doses e.g. Arsenic :harmful in low doses e.g. Arsenic in drinking waterin drinking water..

HazardousHazardous : relatively harmless in low : relatively harmless in low doses e.g. fluoride in drinking waterdoses e.g. fluoride in drinking water..

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Up take , Distribution andUp take , Distribution and elimination of toxin in the bodieselimination of toxin in the bodies

UptakeUptake

* *Ingestion ( food and water)Ingestion ( food and water)

* *Inhalation( lungs)Inhalation( lungs)

* *SkinSkin

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DistributionDistribution

* *Blood and lymph: depending on physical Blood and lymph: depending on physical and chemical quality of the compounds and and chemical quality of the compounds and the body tissuesthe body tissues..

* *Some compounds have high affinity for Some compounds have high affinity for specific tissues e.g. Pb in bone , DDT in fat specific tissues e.g. Pb in bone , DDT in fat tissues( hydrophobic )tissues( hydrophobic )..

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EliminationElimination::

Biological half life :time needed for the Biological half life :time needed for the disappearance of 50% of the compounddisappearance of 50% of the compound

e.g. t1/2 for Cd about 2 decadese.g. t1/2 for Cd about 2 decades

When t1/2 is high ……….Accumulation will When t1/2 is high ……….Accumulation will happened ( e.g. Cd)happened ( e.g. Cd)

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Elimination RouteElimination Route: :

* *UrineUrine

* *FecesFeces

* *Expired air and waterExpired air and water

* *hairhair

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2.2. Factors related to exposure Factors related to exposure-dose ( conc. And volume of exposure)-dose ( conc. And volume of exposure)

-Route, site of exposure-Route, site of exposure

-duration and frequency of exposure-duration and frequency of exposure

- Time of exposure (time of day, season )- Time of exposure (time of day, season )

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Fate and Effect of Toxin in the Fate and Effect of Toxin in the ecosystemecosystem

1.1. Factor related to the toxic agentFactor related to the toxic agent-chemical composition-chemical composition-physical characteristic (e.g. solubility)-physical characteristic (e.g. solubility)-presence of impurities-presence of impurities-stability (change with time) and storage -stability (change with time) and storage

characteristiccharacteristic

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3.3. Factors related to organismFactors related to organism-resistance to uptake , storage in the body-resistance to uptake , storage in the body-ability to metabolize, or eliminate agent-ability to metabolize, or eliminate agent-tendency to activate or alter non-toxic -tendency to activate or alter non-toxic

substance so they become toxicsubstance so they become toxic-genetic characteristic-genetic characteristic-age ,sex, and body weight-age ,sex, and body weight

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Bioaccumulation and Bioaccumulation and biomagnificationsbiomagnifications

Bioaccumulation (bio concentration):Bioaccumulation (bio concentration):

The concentration of hydrophobic compound The concentration of hydrophobic compound (DDT, PCBs) in organism(DDT, PCBs) in organism

Biomagnifications: the process of Biomagnifications: the process of bioaccumulation when a hydrophobic bioaccumulation when a hydrophobic compounds accumulates via the food-chaincompounds accumulates via the food-chain

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Some example of toxic chemicals Some example of toxic chemicals used in small industries in Iraqused in small industries in Iraq

Paint industryPaint industryWhite sprit, Ethylene glycolWhite sprit, Ethylene glycol

Xylene, Toloene, Red lead oxide, Lead Xylene, Toloene, Red lead oxide, Lead NaphatanateNaphatanate

GluesGluesNitro Cellulose ,Thinner, Methanol, Nitro Cellulose ,Thinner, Methanol, ButanolButanol

CosmeticsCosmeticsAcetone, Ethanol, NitrocelluloseAcetone, Ethanol, Nitrocellulose

Cloth industryCloth industryHeavy MetalsHeavy Metals

Mirrors industryMirrors industrySulphric acid, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Sulphric acid, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals

Gold FinishingGold FinishingNitric acid, sulphric acid, Cyanide saltNitric acid, sulphric acid, Cyanide salt

LeadLead batteries industriesbatteries industries

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10

20

40

60

80

100

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Pb in bloodμg/ l

Effects

Rising severity death

Severe CNS effects

Overt anemia

Nerve conduction velocity

Hemoglobin

Vitamin D

CNS, growth

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Practical ProblemsPractical Problems

1.1. PCBs as transformer oilsPCBs as transformer oils

specially ministry of electricityspecially ministry of electricity

2. Used lubricating oil and TEL empty containers in 2. Used lubricating oil and TEL empty containers in the ministry of oilthe ministry of oil

3. Empty pesticides containers in the ministry of 3. Empty pesticides containers in the ministry of agricultureagriculture

4. Heavy metal in the sludge, Clinker in cement plants 4. Heavy metal in the sludge, Clinker in cement plants (thousands of Tones)(thousands of Tones)

5.Ash and Dioxin produced by hospitals incinerators5.Ash and Dioxin produced by hospitals incinerators

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