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ƨĈȈƎǻȂĄǻƢǬdzơƨăǸăƳąǂăƬdzơƨăNjąǁăȁLLeeggaall TTrraannssllaattiioonn WWoorrkksshhoopp
igraveszligaeligszligETHtimesėĈOslashtimesOumlcentĞAn introduction to Legal Translation
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ȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯǺŻƗňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁśȇǂǐŭơśȇȂǤǴdzơȁśŦǂƬŭơƨȈǠŦdžȈƟǁƤƟƢǻ
ƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơȅǁƢnjƬLJơƾǸƬǠŭơƨȈǻȂǻƨdzȁƾdzơdžǴůȁŅƢǠdzơǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơǶǯƢŰǵƢǷƗǵƢŰ
IacuteIcircIumlOcircOgraveIumlOcircIacuteOumlIacutecomgmailsafwahaa
śȇǂǐŭơśȇȂǤǴdzơȁśŦǂƬŭơƨȈǠǸŪƨǛȂǨŰǩȂǬūơǞȈŦIumlIacuteIcircIacute
EumlyenEcirchtEcircEacutecopysup1cedilEgraveIuml
id925515 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer - a great PDF creator - httpwwwpdfmachinecom httpwwwbroadguncom
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ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷǒǠƦdzơƣǂǤƬLjȇƾǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǹƗƩƗƾƥǵƢǟǀǼǷIcircIumlOtildeIacuteƽȐȈŭơDzƦǫƩƾordmǬǟƢǷƾǼǟ
śȈưȈūơȁƨǼǟơǂǨdzơśƥƨƥȂƬǰǷǵȐLJƧƾǿƢǠǷDZȁƗƿƛƢĔƗśǻơȂordmǬdzơǪȈƦǘƫśƥƪǠŦƩƢǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƾȈǯƘƫȁƣȂǠnjdzơǪƷǹƢǸǓȁƨǷƢǫƛDŽordmȇDŽǠƫȁDzǷƢordmNjȁDZƽƢǟǵȐLJǂordmǏơȁƗƨȇǂǰLjordmǠdzơƩƢordmǫȐǠdzơ
ȁƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơDZƽƢƦƫĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơƩǁȂǴƦƫƾǫȁƢǸƦLjƷȁǥȁǂǠŭơǺǸǧśƬdzȁƾdzơśƥƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơƢordmǷ
ȁƧǂǬƬLjŭơƝƽƢƦǸǴdzƆƢǬǧȁƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơȄǴǟǩƾǐƫDZȁƾdzơǹƗǥǂǠdzơǾȈǴǟǂǬƬLJơĿƢordmđDZȂǸǠŭơǞordmǷƢȀordmǓǁƢǠƬdzƨȇǁƢLJȁƧƾǧƢǻŚǣƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơƪƸƦǏȋǮdzǀǯŚǣǂǷȋơǹƢǯǹƜǧƨȈǼǗȂdzơƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơƝƽƢƦŭơƨdzȁƾǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǧƨdzȁƾǴdzƨȈƴȀǼŭơƨǴǰȈŮơȁǵƢǠdzơǁƢǗȍơDzǰnjȇDzǬƬLjǷǶǴǠǯDZȁƾordmdzơǺLjordmƫǹƗǶȈǬƬLjȇȏȁ
ǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƨǷȂǜǼŭơǦdzƢţƩƢǠȇǂnjƫȁƗśǻơȂǫƧƾordmȈdzȁƩƢǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzƢǧĽǺǷȁDzƳƗǺǷƨȈŭƢǠdzơƩơŚǤƬŭơǮdzǀǯȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨǼƟƢǰdzơƨȈǧƢǬưdzơƩƢƯǁȂŭơƨƸǴǐǷǪŹǹǃơȂƫńƛDZȂǏȂdzơ
ƽǂǨdzơȁƨdzȁƾdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǮordmdzƿǞƦƫƘordmǧśǻơȂǬdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬǴdzȆƟƢȀǼdzơƲƬǼŭơĿǂȇƢǤƫDzǰNjƩƢǧƢǬưdzơĿǂȇƢǤƬdzƢǧ
ȃǂƻȋƨdzȁƽǺǷŚǤƬƫDZȂǏƗȁǶȈǿƢǨǷȁƝƽƢƦǷȁǵȂordmȀǨŭơǺordmǷDZȂŢȁŖȈǧȂLjdzơƽƢŢȏơǁƢĔơƢǷƾǼǠǧǂnjŭơƾƳȁǂūơǩȂLjdzơńƛȆǯơǂƬNjȏơƧȂƳǂŭơǥơƾǿȋơǪǬŢȁƗȄnjǸƬƫȏśǻơȂǫśƥƆơǂƟƢƷǾLjǨǻǝ
ǞǸƬĐơĿDzǏƢūơŚǤƬdzơǞǷǪǨƬƫȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈŷƗ
ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷĿƩǂǯƿƢǸǯIcircƧƾȇƾǟƆȐǸȀǷƆƢǟǂǧƪǻƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƧǂordmǏƢǫƨŦǂƬdzơƪǻƢǯȁnjdzơǒǠƥƨȈǸǴǠdzơȁƨȈƥƽȋơȁƨȈǧƢǬưdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơȄǴǟDzǰnjordmƫŖordmdzơȆǿƽơȂŭơǽǀǿǹƗǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƔȆ
ȃǂƻȋơƩƢǧƢǬưdzơȄǴǟǝȐǗȏơǹƘƥǹƢŻȍơȁƨǬȈǬƷƨǔĔǪǴƻńƛƧȂǟƾdzơȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨȈǧƢǬưdzơƨdzƢūơƾȈƷȂdzơDzȈƦLjdzơȆǿƨŦǂƬdzơƪǻƢǯȁƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁǂȇȂǘƬdzơDzǷơȂǟƾƷƗśordmƥśordmǷȋơDzordmǫƢǼdzơǁȁƽƤǠǴdz
ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗǺǷǶǣǂdzƢƥȁƢȀȈdzƛǹȁǂǜǼȇơȂǻƢǯŚưǰdzơǹƗȏƛǝȁǂǨdzơǵƾǫƗǺǷƪǻƢǯƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿƢŶȁƤdzơȂǬǯƽǂƴǸǯƧDŽǿƢƳƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǺǷƽƾŰƽƾǠdzoacuteǢordmȇǂǨƬdzơȁǺƸnjǴdzŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛ
ƪǫȁȅƗĿƨordmŭȂǠdzơȁǹƢLjǻȍơǩȂǬƷńƛƩơȂǟƾdzơȁǁǂƸƬdzơƩƢǯǂƷǁȂȀǛȁȆǓƢŭơǹǂǬdzơƩƢȇơƾƥǞǷȁŖordmdzơ
ǶordmƴƷƧƽƢordmȇǃȄordmǴǟƧȁȐǟƢēƢǠȇǂnjƫƨȈǫǂƫȁƮȇƾŢńƛDZȁƾdzơǾƴƬƫǹƗńƛŚƦǯǁȁƾƥƪǸȀLJƗ
˺ΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΘϟϞΧΪϤϟϲϋΎΒδϟϝΎϤϛϦϤϳϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟ
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ǶȈordmLJǂƫĿƆƢordmǷƢǿƆơǂǷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơńƛƨƳƢūơƪƸƦǏƗǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥDZȁƾdzơśƥƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơǯǞǸƬĐơƽơǂǧƗȁƽǂǨdzơȁƨdzȁƾdzơśƥȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥDZȁƾdzơśƥƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơDzǰ
ƧƽƢŭơǎǻĿDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟǮdzƿȄǴšƾǫȁǹƢȈƦdzơǺǷƤLJƢǼȇƢŠƨǟȂǨnjǷƤǠnjdzơdžǴůƢȀǤǴƦȇȁƩơƾǿƢǠŭơǵŐȇƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơdžȈƟǁƢordmŮǹȂǰƫȁ
ƾǠƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǫƢȀǷơǂƥƛƢǬǧȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢȀȈǴǟǪȇƾǐƬdzơȁǝƢǓȁȌdzƧǁǂǬŭơ| Article 151 The President of the Republic shall conclude treaties and communicate them to the Peoples Assembly accompanied with suitable clarifications They shall have the force of law after their conclusion ratification and publication according to the established procedure
ǿDZơƚLJǃŐȇƢǼǿȁȆLJƢLJƗȁǵƢǶordmǴǟǺǟǦǴƬźǾƫơǀƥDzǬƬLjǷǶǴǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬdzơǝȁǂǧƾƷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDzǿ
ǾƬǨLjǴǧȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǠƥƨǴǐdzơǪȈƯȁȁǪȈǐdzǶǴǟȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬdzơǂǧǞȈǸŝǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǺǷǦdzƘƬȇǶǴǟȆǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƨƥǂƴƬdzơƪƦƯƗǾƬǨLjǴǧȁǾǟȁǺordmǧƵȁǁȁƨǴǐdzơƩơƿȃǂƻȋơǁȂǷȋơȁƆƢȇȂǤdzƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏǺLjƷĿDzưǸƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơ
DZƢưǷƾƷơȁǶǫǁƨŹǂnjdzơǑǂǟgt
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿƨǼǼǬŭơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǷśƸǴǘǐŭǹȉơǑǂǠǼLJAppeal and Review
ńȁȋơƨǴǿȂdzơǺǷƾǫȇŭơƨǣƢȈǏńƛǶƳǂƬŭơƤǿǀńƛśƸǴǘǐƨǠƳơǂŭơȁǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơśƸȈƸǏƢǸȀǧƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷȂǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơǩƢȈLJĿƢǸŮȆǸǴǠdzơŘǠŭơƢǷƗǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ
ǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟƛDžƢǸƬdzơȁƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơĿƢǷƗȅȂǤǴdzơƢǸȀǼǠŻśƸǴǘǐŭơǺȇǀǿDzǸǠƬLjĄȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈȀǬǨdzơƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơȆǨǧ
ȂŴȄǴǟǮdzƿƾǠƥȃǂǼLJƢǷƢǸŮȆǸǴǠdzơŘǠŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽńƛǹȉơDZȂƸƬǻȁȄǴǟDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƢȀǠǷ
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IcircmiddotWIcircjfb Case-study
Activity 1
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţFirst Party shall pay the brokerage fees not less than three months
DZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơȄǴǟśǠƬȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǃȁƢƴƬƫȏƧƾǷĿƧǂLjǸLjdzơǵȂLJǁǞǧƾȇǹƗǂȀNjƗƨƯȐưdzơǃȁƢƴƬȇȏƢŠƨǗƢLJȂdzơƣƢǠƫƗǞǧƾƥDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǵDŽƬǴȇƧǂLjǸLjdzơǦȈdzƢǰƫDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǞǧƾȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǹȂǔǣĿƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 2
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe Court will be decided the limitation challenge after next hearing
ƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƫǥȂLJǑơǂĉƬąǟĉơdzơƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨLjǴƳƾǠƥƨǷƽƢǬdzơǝƢǸƬLJȏơƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƬLJƤǴǘdzơdzƢƥƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨǸǯƢƄơƨLjǴƳĿřǷDŽdzơƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨLjǴŪơĿƢŮǁǂǬŭơňȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟȂŭơĿȃȂǟƾdzơǞǧǂƥǞǧƾdzơĿƨǸǰƄơDzǐǨƬLJƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 3
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe evidence at trial established that Claimant had actual authority to contract on behalf of the Defendant
ǹƗȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǻƔƢǼƯƗƨdzƽȋơƩǂȀǛƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƾǫȈƷȐǏǾȇƾdzƪǻƢǯǥǂǐƬdzơƨƾǫƢǠƬǴdzǺordmǟƨƥƢȈǻƌŭơĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾ
džLJƚƫƨdzƽƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸƨǘǴLJƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻƾǫƢǠƬǴdzĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƔƢǼƯƗDzȈdzƾdzơƪƦƯƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸǹƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻǪǨƬȈdzǥǂǐƬdzƢƥDZȂűǹƢǯĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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Activity 4
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţArbitration award discharged the innocent Company to conduct these transactions with the Other Party
ƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǶǰƷņǞǷƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơǽǀǿńȂƬƬdzǾȈƟǂƥƪǻƢǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹŚǤdzơƽƢǧƗƨǯǂnjdzơƧƔơǂƥǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫLJǁƢŲĿƨǞǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơǽǀǿǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǹƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫǁƢNjƗƾǬdzƨȈǼdzơƨǼLjƷƪǻƢǯǞǷƩƢǬǨǐdzơǽǀǿǵơǂƥƛƾǼǟŚǤdzơƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 5
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţA tribunal is established by the present statute as the first instance of the two-tier formal system of administration of justice to be known as the United Nations Dispute Tribunal
ƘnjǼƫ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƨǸǰŰ ǥǂǠƫ ǶLJƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ǶordmǷȋơ ƩƢordmǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƧƾordmƸƬŭơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ńȁȋơ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƾǠdzơ Ȇũǂdzơ ȅƿ śƬƳǁƾdzơǴdzƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơƨǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫƩƢǟǃƢǼǸƗƾordmƦǷDžƢLJƗȄǴǟ
śƬƳǁƽȄǴǟȆǓƢǬƬdzơƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫśƬƳǁƽȄǴǟƨȈƟơƾƬƥơȁƧƾordmƸƬŭơǶordmǷȋơƨordmǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫ
ƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơńȁƗǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬLJơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊdzǺǷƨǤǴdzơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫDzǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮdzƿǺǷƽƢǨƬLjȇȁ
ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴdzơǹƗǂǟƢnjŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾdzơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ
DZƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨdzơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ
DZƢordmůDzƻơƽƆƢLJȂLjŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀdzơDŽǷǂdzơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁƗǚǨǴdzơȂǿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂǴǠdzơ
ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘdzơǵȂǴǠdzơDZƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼdzơǵƾdzơǂǬǧ
ǵƢǜǠdzơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗDZȂdzƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗDzǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠdzơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤLjƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈLJƤLjƷdžȈdzŘǠǷ
ƢưǷDZdžƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆnjdzơDŽƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴdzȅȂǤǴdzơDZȂdzƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǩƢȈLjdzơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰNjƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơdžƦƷƨdzƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmLJȏǂƳƘƬLjordmŭơ
ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingDžƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼdzơĿƨƳȁDŽdzơǪƷDzǏȋơƮȈƷ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨdzȏƾǴdzDZȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ
ƬLjȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬdzơƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇŖdzơƨǤǴdzơńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzňƢưdzơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬNjȏƨǷƢǠdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁDZƾǠdzơƣƢƬǯȁ
ƨȈǷȂȈdzơǶēƢȈƷĿDžƢǼdzơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇȏŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁDZƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴdzňȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿȂǸǼdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯDzǠǧǺǷdžƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
˺
ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷǒǠƦdzơƣǂǤƬLjȇƾǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǹƗƩƗƾƥǵƢǟǀǼǷIcircIumlOtildeIacuteƽȐȈŭơDzƦǫƩƾordmǬǟƢǷƾǼǟ
śȈưȈūơȁƨǼǟơǂǨdzơśƥƨƥȂƬǰǷǵȐLJƧƾǿƢǠǷDZȁƗƿƛƢĔƗśǻơȂordmǬdzơǪȈƦǘƫśƥƪǠŦƩƢǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƾȈǯƘƫȁƣȂǠnjdzơǪƷǹƢǸǓȁƨǷƢǫƛDŽordmȇDŽǠƫȁDzǷƢordmNjȁDZƽƢǟǵȐLJǂordmǏơȁƗƨȇǂǰLjordmǠdzơƩƢordmǫȐǠdzơ
ȁƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơDZƽƢƦƫĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơƩǁȂǴƦƫƾǫȁƢǸƦLjƷȁǥȁǂǠŭơǺǸǧśƬdzȁƾdzơśƥƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơƢordmǷ
ȁƧǂǬƬLjŭơƝƽƢƦǸǴdzƆƢǬǧȁƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơȄǴǟǩƾǐƫDZȁƾdzơǹƗǥǂǠdzơǾȈǴǟǂǬƬLJơĿƢordmđDZȂǸǠŭơǞordmǷƢȀordmǓǁƢǠƬdzƨȇǁƢLJȁƧƾǧƢǻŚǣƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơƪƸƦǏȋǮdzǀǯŚǣǂǷȋơǹƢǯǹƜǧƨȈǼǗȂdzơƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơƝƽƢƦŭơƨdzȁƾǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǧƨdzȁƾǴdzƨȈƴȀǼŭơƨǴǰȈŮơȁǵƢǠdzơǁƢǗȍơDzǰnjȇDzǬƬLjǷǶǴǠǯDZȁƾordmdzơǺLjordmƫǹƗǶȈǬƬLjȇȏȁ
ǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƨǷȂǜǼŭơǦdzƢţƩƢǠȇǂnjƫȁƗśǻơȂǫƧƾordmȈdzȁƩƢǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzƢǧĽǺǷȁDzƳƗǺǷƨȈŭƢǠdzơƩơŚǤƬŭơǮdzǀǯȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨǼƟƢǰdzơƨȈǧƢǬưdzơƩƢƯǁȂŭơƨƸǴǐǷǪŹǹǃơȂƫńƛDZȂǏȂdzơ
ƽǂǨdzơȁƨdzȁƾdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǮordmdzƿǞƦƫƘordmǧśǻơȂǬdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬǴdzȆƟƢȀǼdzơƲƬǼŭơĿǂȇƢǤƫDzǰNjƩƢǧƢǬưdzơĿǂȇƢǤƬdzƢǧ
ȃǂƻȋƨdzȁƽǺǷŚǤƬƫDZȂǏƗȁǶȈǿƢǨǷȁƝƽƢƦǷȁǵȂordmȀǨŭơǺordmǷDZȂŢȁŖȈǧȂLjdzơƽƢŢȏơǁƢĔơƢǷƾǼǠǧǂnjŭơƾƳȁǂūơǩȂLjdzơńƛȆǯơǂƬNjȏơƧȂƳǂŭơǥơƾǿȋơǪǬŢȁƗȄnjǸƬƫȏśǻơȂǫśƥƆơǂƟƢƷǾLjǨǻǝ
ǞǸƬĐơĿDzǏƢūơŚǤƬdzơǞǷǪǨƬƫȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈŷƗ
ƩƢƦLJƢǼǷĿƩǂǯƿƢǸǯIcircƧƾȇƾǟƆȐǸȀǷƆƢǟǂǧƪǻƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƧǂordmǏƢǫƨŦǂƬdzơƪǻƢǯȁnjdzơǒǠƥƨȈǸǴǠdzơȁƨȈƥƽȋơȁƨȈǧƢǬưdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơȄǴǟDzǰnjordmƫŖordmdzơȆǿƽơȂŭơǽǀǿǹƗǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƔȆ
ȃǂƻȋơƩƢǧƢǬưdzơȄǴǟǝȐǗȏơǹƘƥǹƢŻȍơȁƨǬȈǬƷƨǔĔǪǴƻńƛƧȂǟƾdzơȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨȈǧƢǬưdzơƨdzƢūơƾȈƷȂdzơDzȈƦLjdzơȆǿƨŦǂƬdzơƪǻƢǯȁƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁǂȇȂǘƬdzơDzǷơȂǟƾƷƗśordmƥśordmǷȋơDzordmǫƢǼdzơǁȁƽƤǠǴdz
ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗǺǷǶǣǂdzƢƥȁƢȀȈdzƛǹȁǂǜǼȇơȂǻƢǯŚưǰdzơǹƗȏƛǝȁǂǨdzơǵƾǫƗǺǷƪǻƢǯƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿƢŶȁƤdzơȂǬǯƽǂƴǸǯƧDŽǿƢƳƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǺǷƽƾŰƽƾǠdzoacuteǢordmȇǂǨƬdzơȁǺƸnjǴdzŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛ
ƪǫȁȅƗĿƨordmŭȂǠdzơȁǹƢLjǻȍơǩȂǬƷńƛƩơȂǟƾdzơȁǁǂƸƬdzơƩƢǯǂƷǁȂȀǛȁȆǓƢŭơǹǂǬdzơƩƢȇơƾƥǞǷȁŖordmdzơ
ǶordmƴƷƧƽƢordmȇǃȄordmǴǟƧȁȐǟƢēƢǠȇǂnjƫƨȈǫǂƫȁƮȇƾŢńƛDZȁƾdzơǾƴƬƫǹƗńƛŚƦǯǁȁƾƥƪǸȀLJƗ
˺ΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΘϟϞΧΪϤϟϲϋΎΒδϟϝΎϤϛϦϤϳϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟ
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ǶȈordmLJǂƫĿƆƢordmǷƢǿƆơǂǷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơńƛƨƳƢūơƪƸƦǏƗǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥDZȁƾdzơśƥƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơǯǞǸƬĐơƽơǂǧƗȁƽǂǨdzơȁƨdzȁƾdzơśƥȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥDZȁƾdzơśƥƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơDzǰ
ƧƽƢŭơǎǻĿDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟǮdzƿȄǴšƾǫȁǹƢȈƦdzơǺǷƤLJƢǼȇƢŠƨǟȂǨnjǷƤǠnjdzơdžǴůƢȀǤǴƦȇȁƩơƾǿƢǠŭơǵŐȇƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơdžȈƟǁƢordmŮǹȂǰƫȁ
ƾǠƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǫƢȀǷơǂƥƛƢǬǧȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢȀȈǴǟǪȇƾǐƬdzơȁǝƢǓȁȌdzƧǁǂǬŭơ| Article 151 The President of the Republic shall conclude treaties and communicate them to the Peoples Assembly accompanied with suitable clarifications They shall have the force of law after their conclusion ratification and publication according to the established procedure
ǿDZơƚLJǃŐȇƢǼǿȁȆLJƢLJƗȁǵƢǶordmǴǟǺǟǦǴƬźǾƫơǀƥDzǬƬLjǷǶǴǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬdzơǝȁǂǧƾƷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDzǿ
ǾƬǨLjǴǧȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǠƥƨǴǐdzơǪȈƯȁȁǪȈǐdzǶǴǟȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬdzơǂǧǞȈǸŝǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǺǷǦdzƘƬȇǶǴǟȆǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƨƥǂƴƬdzơƪƦƯƗǾƬǨLjǴǧȁǾǟȁǺordmǧƵȁǁȁƨǴǐdzơƩơƿȃǂƻȋơǁȂǷȋơȁƆƢȇȂǤdzƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏǺLjƷĿDzưǸƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơ
DZƢưǷƾƷơȁǶǫǁƨŹǂnjdzơǑǂǟgt
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿƨǼǼǬŭơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǷśƸǴǘǐŭǹȉơǑǂǠǼLJAppeal and Review
ńȁȋơƨǴǿȂdzơǺǷƾǫȇŭơƨǣƢȈǏńƛǶƳǂƬŭơƤǿǀńƛśƸǴǘǐƨǠƳơǂŭơȁǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơśƸȈƸǏƢǸȀǧƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷȂǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơǩƢȈLJĿƢǸŮȆǸǴǠdzơŘǠŭơƢǷƗǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ
ǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟƛDžƢǸƬdzơȁƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơĿƢǷƗȅȂǤǴdzơƢǸȀǼǠŻśƸǴǘǐŭơǺȇǀǿDzǸǠƬLjĄȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈȀǬǨdzơƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơȆǨǧ
ȂŴȄǴǟǮdzƿƾǠƥȃǂǼLJƢǷƢǸŮȆǸǴǠdzơŘǠŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽńƛǹȉơDZȂƸƬǻȁȄǴǟDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƢȀǠǷ
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IcircmiddotWIcircjfb Case-study
Activity 1
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţFirst Party shall pay the brokerage fees not less than three months
DZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơȄǴǟśǠƬȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǃȁƢƴƬƫȏƧƾǷĿƧǂLjǸLjdzơǵȂLJǁǞǧƾȇǹƗǂȀNjƗƨƯȐưdzơǃȁƢƴƬȇȏƢŠƨǗƢLJȂdzơƣƢǠƫƗǞǧƾƥDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǵDŽƬǴȇƧǂLjǸLjdzơǦȈdzƢǰƫDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǞǧƾȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǹȂǔǣĿƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 2
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe Court will be decided the limitation challenge after next hearing
ƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƫǥȂLJǑơǂĉƬąǟĉơdzơƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨLjǴƳƾǠƥƨǷƽƢǬdzơǝƢǸƬLJȏơƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƬLJƤǴǘdzơdzƢƥƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨǸǯƢƄơƨLjǴƳĿřǷDŽdzơƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨLjǴŪơĿƢŮǁǂǬŭơňȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟȂŭơĿȃȂǟƾdzơǞǧǂƥǞǧƾdzơĿƨǸǰƄơDzǐǨƬLJƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 3
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe evidence at trial established that Claimant had actual authority to contract on behalf of the Defendant
ǹƗȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǻƔƢǼƯƗƨdzƽȋơƩǂȀǛƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƾǫȈƷȐǏǾȇƾdzƪǻƢǯǥǂǐƬdzơƨƾǫƢǠƬǴdzǺordmǟƨƥƢȈǻƌŭơĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾ
džLJƚƫƨdzƽƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸƨǘǴLJƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻƾǫƢǠƬǴdzĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƔƢǼƯƗDzȈdzƾdzơƪƦƯƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸǹƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻǪǨƬȈdzǥǂǐƬdzƢƥDZȂűǹƢǯĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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Activity 4
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţArbitration award discharged the innocent Company to conduct these transactions with the Other Party
ƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǶǰƷņǞǷƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơǽǀǿńȂƬƬdzǾȈƟǂƥƪǻƢǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹŚǤdzơƽƢǧƗƨǯǂnjdzơƧƔơǂƥǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫLJǁƢŲĿƨǞǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơǽǀǿǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǹƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫǁƢNjƗƾǬdzƨȈǼdzơƨǼLjƷƪǻƢǯǞǷƩƢǬǨǐdzơǽǀǿǵơǂƥƛƾǼǟŚǤdzơƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 5
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţA tribunal is established by the present statute as the first instance of the two-tier formal system of administration of justice to be known as the United Nations Dispute Tribunal
ƘnjǼƫ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƨǸǰŰ ǥǂǠƫ ǶLJƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ǶordmǷȋơ ƩƢordmǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƧƾordmƸƬŭơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ńȁȋơ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƾǠdzơ Ȇũǂdzơ ȅƿ śƬƳǁƾdzơǴdzƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơƨǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫƩƢǟǃƢǼǸƗƾordmƦǷDžƢLJƗȄǴǟ
śƬƳǁƽȄǴǟȆǓƢǬƬdzơƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫśƬƳǁƽȄǴǟƨȈƟơƾƬƥơȁƧƾordmƸƬŭơǶordmǷȋơƨordmǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫ
ƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơńȁƗǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬLJơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊdzǺǷƨǤǴdzơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫDzǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮdzƿǺǷƽƢǨƬLjȇȁ
ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴdzơǹƗǂǟƢnjŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾdzơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ
DZƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨdzơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ
DZƢordmůDzƻơƽƆƢLJȂLjŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀdzơDŽǷǂdzơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁƗǚǨǴdzơȂǿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂǴǠdzơ
ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘdzơǵȂǴǠdzơDZƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼdzơǵƾdzơǂǬǧ
ǵƢǜǠdzơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗDZȂdzƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗDzǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠdzơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤLjƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈLJƤLjƷdžȈdzŘǠǷ
ƢưǷDZdžƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆnjdzơDŽƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴdzȅȂǤǴdzơDZȂdzƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǩƢȈLjdzơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰNjƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơdžƦƷƨdzƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmLJȏǂƳƘƬLjordmŭơ
ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingDžƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼdzơĿƨƳȁDŽdzơǪƷDzǏȋơƮȈƷ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨdzȏƾǴdzDZȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ
ƬLjȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬdzơƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇŖdzơƨǤǴdzơńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzňƢưdzơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬNjȏƨǷƢǠdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁDZƾǠdzơƣƢƬǯȁ
ƨȈǷȂȈdzơǶēƢȈƷĿDžƢǼdzơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇȏŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁDZƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴdzňȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿȂǸǼdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯDzǠǧǺǷdžƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
˺
ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
˺˹
death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ǶȈordmLJǂƫĿƆƢordmǷƢǿƆơǂǷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơńƛƨƳƢūơƪƸƦǏƗǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥDZȁƾdzơśƥƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơǯǞǸƬĐơƽơǂǧƗȁƽǂǨdzơȁƨdzȁƾdzơśƥȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥDZȁƾdzơśƥƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơDzǰ
ƧƽƢŭơǎǻĿDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟǮdzƿȄǴšƾǫȁǹƢȈƦdzơǺǷƤLJƢǼȇƢŠƨǟȂǨnjǷƤǠnjdzơdžǴůƢȀǤǴƦȇȁƩơƾǿƢǠŭơǵŐȇƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơdžȈƟǁƢordmŮǹȂǰƫȁ
ƾǠƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǫƢȀǷơǂƥƛƢǬǧȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢȀȈǴǟǪȇƾǐƬdzơȁǝƢǓȁȌdzƧǁǂǬŭơ| Article 151 The President of the Republic shall conclude treaties and communicate them to the Peoples Assembly accompanied with suitable clarifications They shall have the force of law after their conclusion ratification and publication according to the established procedure
ǿDZơƚLJǃŐȇƢǼǿȁȆLJƢLJƗȁǵƢǶordmǴǟǺǟǦǴƬźǾƫơǀƥDzǬƬLjǷǶǴǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬdzơǝȁǂǧƾƷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDzǿ
ǾƬǨLjǴǧȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǠƥƨǴǐdzơǪȈƯȁȁǪȈǐdzǶǴǟȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬdzơǂǧǞȈǸŝǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǺǷǦdzƘƬȇǶǴǟȆǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƨƥǂƴƬdzơƪƦƯƗǾƬǨLjǴǧȁǾǟȁǺordmǧƵȁǁȁƨǴǐdzơƩơƿȃǂƻȋơǁȂǷȋơȁƆƢȇȂǤdzƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏǺLjƷĿDzưǸƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơ
DZƢưǷƾƷơȁǶǫǁƨŹǂnjdzơǑǂǟgt
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿƨǼǼǬŭơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǷśƸǴǘǐŭǹȉơǑǂǠǼLJAppeal and Review
ńȁȋơƨǴǿȂdzơǺǷƾǫȇŭơƨǣƢȈǏńƛǶƳǂƬŭơƤǿǀńƛśƸǴǘǐƨǠƳơǂŭơȁǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơśƸȈƸǏƢǸȀǧƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷȂǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơǩƢȈLJĿƢǸŮȆǸǴǠdzơŘǠŭơƢǷƗǥƢǼƠƬLJȏơ
ǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟƛDžƢǸƬdzơȁƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơĿƢǷƗȅȂǤǴdzơƢǸȀǼǠŻśƸǴǘǐŭơǺȇǀǿDzǸǠƬLjĄȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈȀǬǨdzơƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơȆǨǧ
ȂŴȄǴǟǮdzƿƾǠƥȃǂǼLJƢǷƢǸŮȆǸǴǠdzơŘǠŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽńƛǹȉơDZȂƸƬǻȁȄǴǟDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƢȀǠǷ
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IcircmiddotWIcircjfb Case-study
Activity 1
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţFirst Party shall pay the brokerage fees not less than three months
DZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơȄǴǟśǠƬȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǃȁƢƴƬƫȏƧƾǷĿƧǂLjǸLjdzơǵȂLJǁǞǧƾȇǹƗǂȀNjƗƨƯȐưdzơǃȁƢƴƬȇȏƢŠƨǗƢLJȂdzơƣƢǠƫƗǞǧƾƥDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǵDŽƬǴȇƧǂLjǸLjdzơǦȈdzƢǰƫDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǞǧƾȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǹȂǔǣĿƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 2
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe Court will be decided the limitation challenge after next hearing
ƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƫǥȂLJǑơǂĉƬąǟĉơdzơƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨLjǴƳƾǠƥƨǷƽƢǬdzơǝƢǸƬLJȏơƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƬLJƤǴǘdzơdzƢƥƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨǸǯƢƄơƨLjǴƳĿřǷDŽdzơƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨLjǴŪơĿƢŮǁǂǬŭơňȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟȂŭơĿȃȂǟƾdzơǞǧǂƥǞǧƾdzơĿƨǸǰƄơDzǐǨƬLJƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 3
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe evidence at trial established that Claimant had actual authority to contract on behalf of the Defendant
ǹƗȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǻƔƢǼƯƗƨdzƽȋơƩǂȀǛƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƾǫȈƷȐǏǾȇƾdzƪǻƢǯǥǂǐƬdzơƨƾǫƢǠƬǴdzǺordmǟƨƥƢȈǻƌŭơĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾ
džLJƚƫƨdzƽƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸƨǘǴLJƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻƾǫƢǠƬǴdzĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƔƢǼƯƗDzȈdzƾdzơƪƦƯƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸǹƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻǪǨƬȈdzǥǂǐƬdzƢƥDZȂűǹƢǯĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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Activity 4
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţArbitration award discharged the innocent Company to conduct these transactions with the Other Party
ƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǶǰƷņǞǷƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơǽǀǿńȂƬƬdzǾȈƟǂƥƪǻƢǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹŚǤdzơƽƢǧƗƨǯǂnjdzơƧƔơǂƥǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫLJǁƢŲĿƨǞǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơǽǀǿǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǹƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫǁƢNjƗƾǬdzƨȈǼdzơƨǼLjƷƪǻƢǯǞǷƩƢǬǨǐdzơǽǀǿǵơǂƥƛƾǼǟŚǤdzơƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 5
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţA tribunal is established by the present statute as the first instance of the two-tier formal system of administration of justice to be known as the United Nations Dispute Tribunal
ƘnjǼƫ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƨǸǰŰ ǥǂǠƫ ǶLJƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ǶordmǷȋơ ƩƢordmǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƧƾordmƸƬŭơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ńȁȋơ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƾǠdzơ Ȇũǂdzơ ȅƿ śƬƳǁƾdzơǴdzƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơƨǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫƩƢǟǃƢǼǸƗƾordmƦǷDžƢLJƗȄǴǟ
śƬƳǁƽȄǴǟȆǓƢǬƬdzơƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫśƬƳǁƽȄǴǟƨȈƟơƾƬƥơȁƧƾordmƸƬŭơǶordmǷȋơƨordmǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫ
ƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơńȁƗǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬLJơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊdzǺǷƨǤǴdzơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫDzǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮdzƿǺǷƽƢǨƬLjȇȁ
ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴdzơǹƗǂǟƢnjŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾdzơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ
DZƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨdzơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ
DZƢordmůDzƻơƽƆƢLJȂLjŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀdzơDŽǷǂdzơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁƗǚǨǴdzơȂǿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂǴǠdzơ
ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘdzơǵȂǴǠdzơDZƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼdzơǵƾdzơǂǬǧ
ǵƢǜǠdzơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗDZȂdzƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗDzǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠdzơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤLjƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈLJƤLjƷdžȈdzŘǠǷ
ƢưǷDZdžƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆnjdzơDŽƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴdzȅȂǤǴdzơDZȂdzƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǩƢȈLjdzơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰNjƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơdžƦƷƨdzƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmLJȏǂƳƘƬLjordmŭơ
ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingDžƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼdzơĿƨƳȁDŽdzơǪƷDzǏȋơƮȈƷ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨdzȏƾǴdzDZȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ
ƬLjȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬdzơƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇŖdzơƨǤǴdzơńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzňƢưdzơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬNjȏƨǷƢǠdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁDZƾǠdzơƣƢƬǯȁ
ƨȈǷȂȈdzơǶēƢȈƷĿDžƢǼdzơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇȏŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁDZƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴdzňȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿȂǸǼdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯDzǠǧǺǷdžƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
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ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
˺˻
ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
˻
ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
˺˼
ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
˺˽
ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
˻˼
ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
˻˽
ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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IcircmiddotWIcircjfb Case-study
Activity 1
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţFirst Party shall pay the brokerage fees not less than three months
DZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơȄǴǟśǠƬȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǃȁƢƴƬƫȏƧƾǷĿƧǂLjǸLjdzơǵȂLJǁǞǧƾȇǹƗǂȀNjƗƨƯȐưdzơǃȁƢƴƬȇȏƢŠƨǗƢLJȂdzơƣƢǠƫƗǞǧƾƥDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǵDŽƬǴȇƧǂLjǸLjdzơǦȈdzƢǰƫDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơǞǧƾȇǂȀNjƗƨƯȐƯǹȂǔǣĿƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 2
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe Court will be decided the limitation challenge after next hearing
ƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƫǥȂLJǑơǂĉƬąǟĉơdzơƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨLjǴƳƾǠƥƨǷƽƢǬdzơǝƢǸƬLJȏơƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƬLJƤǴǘdzơdzƢƥƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨǸǯƢƄơƨLjǴƳĿřǷDŽdzơƨǷƽƢǬdzơƨLjǴŪơĿƢŮǁǂǬŭơňȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟȂŭơĿȃȂǟƾdzơǞǧǂƥǞǧƾdzơĿƨǸǰƄơDzǐǨƬLJƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 3
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţThe evidence at trial established that Claimant had actual authority to contract on behalf of the Defendant
ǹƗȃȂǟƾdzơǂǜǻƔƢǼƯƗƨdzƽȋơƩǂȀǛƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƾǫȈƷȐǏǾȇƾdzƪǻƢǯǥǂǐƬdzơƨƾǫƢǠƬǴdzǺordmǟƨƥƢȈǻƌŭơĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾ
džLJƚƫƨdzƽƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸƨǘǴLJƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻƾǫƢǠƬǴdzĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƔƢǼƯƗDzȈdzƾdzơƪƦƯƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸǹƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻǪǨƬȈdzǥǂǐƬdzƢƥDZȂűǹƢǯĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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Activity 4
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţArbitration award discharged the innocent Company to conduct these transactions with the Other Party
ƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǶǰƷņǞǷƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơǽǀǿńȂƬƬdzǾȈƟǂƥƪǻƢǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹŚǤdzơƽƢǧƗƨǯǂnjdzơƧƔơǂƥǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫLJǁƢŲĿƨǞǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơǽǀǿǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǹƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫǁƢNjƗƾǬdzƨȈǼdzơƨǼLjƷƪǻƢǯǞǷƩƢǬǨǐdzơǽǀǿǵơǂƥƛƾǼǟŚǤdzơƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 5
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţA tribunal is established by the present statute as the first instance of the two-tier formal system of administration of justice to be known as the United Nations Dispute Tribunal
ƘnjǼƫ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƨǸǰŰ ǥǂǠƫ ǶLJƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ǶordmǷȋơ ƩƢordmǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƧƾordmƸƬŭơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ńȁȋơ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƾǠdzơ Ȇũǂdzơ ȅƿ śƬƳǁƾdzơǴdzƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơƨǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫƩƢǟǃƢǼǸƗƾordmƦǷDžƢLJƗȄǴǟ
śƬƳǁƽȄǴǟȆǓƢǬƬdzơƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫśƬƳǁƽȄǴǟƨȈƟơƾƬƥơȁƧƾordmƸƬŭơǶordmǷȋơƨordmǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫ
ƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơńȁƗǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬLJơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊdzǺǷƨǤǴdzơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫDzǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮdzƿǺǷƽƢǨƬLjȇȁ
ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴdzơǹƗǂǟƢnjŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾdzơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ
DZƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨdzơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ
DZƢordmůDzƻơƽƆƢLJȂLjŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀdzơDŽǷǂdzơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁƗǚǨǴdzơȂǿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂǴǠdzơ
ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘdzơǵȂǴǠdzơDZƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼdzơǵƾdzơǂǬǧ
ǵƢǜǠdzơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗDZȂdzƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗDzǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠdzơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤLjƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈLJƤLjƷdžȈdzŘǠǷ
ƢưǷDZdžƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆnjdzơDŽƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴdzȅȂǤǴdzơDZȂdzƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǩƢȈLjdzơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰNjƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơdžƦƷƨdzƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmLJȏǂƳƘƬLjordmŭơ
ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingDžƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼdzơĿƨƳȁDŽdzơǪƷDzǏȋơƮȈƷ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨdzȏƾǴdzDZȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ
ƬLjȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬdzơƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇŖdzơƨǤǴdzơńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzňƢưdzơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬNjȏƨǷƢǠdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁDZƾǠdzơƣƢƬǯȁ
ƨȈǷȂȈdzơǶēƢȈƷĿDžƢǼdzơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇȏŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁDZƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴdzňȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿȂǸǼdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯDzǠǧǺǷdžƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
˺
ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
˺˹
death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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Activity 4
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţArbitration award discharged the innocent Company to conduct these transactions with the Other Party
ƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǶǰƷņǞǷƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơǽǀǿńȂƬƬdzǾȈƟǂƥƪǻƢǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹŚǤdzơƽƢǧƗƨǯǂnjdzơƧƔơǂƥǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫLJǁƢŲĿƨǞǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơǽǀǿǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǹƗǶȈǰƸƬdzơǁơǂǫǁƢNjƗƾǬdzƨȈǼdzơƨǼLjƷƪǻƢǯǞǷƩƢǬǨǐdzơǽǀǿǵơǂƥƛƾǼǟŚǤdzơƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
Activity 5
ƨȈdzƢƬdzơƧǂǬǨǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬdzơŚţA tribunal is established by the present statute as the first instance of the two-tier formal system of administration of justice to be known as the United Nations Dispute Tribunal
ƘnjǼƫ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƨǸǰŰ ǥǂǠƫ ǶLJƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ǶordmǷȋơ ƩƢordmǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƧƾordmƸƬŭơ
ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ńȁȋơ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƾǠdzơ Ȇũǂdzơ ȅƿ śƬƳǁƾdzơǴdzƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơƨǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫƩƢǟǃƢǼǸƗƾordmƦǷDžƢLJƗȄǴǟ
śƬƳǁƽȄǴǟȆǓƢǬƬdzơƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘnjǼƫśƬƳǁƽȄǴǟƨȈƟơƾƬƥơȁƧƾordmƸƬŭơǶordmǷȋơƨordmǸǰŰǶLJƢƥǥǂǠƫ
ƨȈũǂdzơƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǵƢǜǼdzƆƢǬǧȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdzƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ
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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơńȁƗǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬLJơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊdzǺǷƨǤǴdzơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫDzǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮdzƿǺǷƽƢǨƬLjȇȁ
ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴdzơǹƗǂǟƢnjŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾdzơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ
DZƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨdzơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ
DZƢordmůDzƻơƽƆƢLJȂLjŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀdzơDŽǷǂdzơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁƗǚǨǴdzơȂǿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂǴǠdzơ
ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘdzơǵȂǴǠdzơDZƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼdzơǵƾdzơǂǬǧ
ǵƢǜǠdzơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗDZȂdzƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗDzǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠdzơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤLjƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈLJƤLjƷdžȈdzŘǠǷ
ƢưǷDZdžƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆnjdzơDŽƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴdzȅȂǤǴdzơDZȂdzƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǩƢȈLjdzơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰNjƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơdžƦƷƨdzƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmLJȏǂƳƘƬLjordmŭơ
ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingDžƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼdzơĿƨƳȁDŽdzơǪƷDzǏȋơƮȈƷ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨdzȏƾǴdzDZȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ
ƬLjȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬdzơƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇŖdzơƨǤǴdzơńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzňƢưdzơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬNjȏƨǷƢǠdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁDZƾǠdzơƣƢƬǯȁ
ƨȈǷȂȈdzơǶēƢȈƷĿDžƢǼdzơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇȏŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁDZƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴdzňȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿȂǸǼdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯDzǠǧǺǷdžƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
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ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
˺˼
ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
˺˽
ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƩƢȈdzƢǰNjȍơńȁƗǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬLJơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊdzǺǷƨǤǴdzơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫDzǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮdzƿǺǷƽƢǨƬLjȇȁ
ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴdzơǹƗǂǟƢnjŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾdzơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ
DZƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨdzơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ
DZƢordmůDzƻơƽƆƢLJȂLjŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀdzơDŽǷǂdzơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠdzơȁƗǚǨǴdzơȂǿňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂǴǠdzơ
ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘdzơǵȂǴǠdzơDZƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼdzơǵƾdzơǂǬǧ
ǵƢǜǠdzơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗDZȂdzƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗDzǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠdzơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤLjƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈLJƤLjƷdžȈdzŘǠǷ
ƢưǷDZdžƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆnjdzơDŽƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴdzȅȂǤǴdzơDZȂdzƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơǩƢȈLjdzơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰNjƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơdžƦƷƨdzƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmLJȏǂƳƘƬLjordmŭơ
ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingDžƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼdzơĿƨƳȁDŽdzơǪƷDzǏȋơƮȈƷ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨdzȏƾǴdzDZȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠƬLjȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ
ƬLjȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬdzơƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇŖdzơƨǤǴdzơńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzňƢưdzơƶǴǘǐŭơDzǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬNjȏƨǷƢǠdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁDZƾǠdzơƣƢƬǯȁ
ƨȈǷȂȈdzơǶēƢȈƷĿDžƢǼdzơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇȏŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁDZƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴdzňȂǻƢǬdzơƱƿȂǸǼdzƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯDzǠǧǺǷdžƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
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ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
ňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽDžƢȈǫǺǰŻDzƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷDzǰnjȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ
ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢLjǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢLjǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠdzơǝȂǓȂŭơ
ƧǂǿƢǜdzơǭȂǴLJǂLjǨƫŖdzơIumldzƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ
ĿƢordmǬưdzơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơDzǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠdzơƨǨǏƤLjƬǰȇǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ
DZƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc
ƛDzưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿDzưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦLJƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬdzơƔƢǬdzȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬdzơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴdzǎƼnjdzơʼnƾǬƫȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ
ǾƷơǂLJǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬLJƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦLJȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơDZȁƾdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬLjȇȁ
ƨǬǗƢǼdzơDZȁƾdzơĿǖǬǧDzǸǠƬLjȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁDZȁƾordmȈdzƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦLJȋơƨǤǴdzƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟDzȇƾƥtemporary protection
ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨdzƗDzǰnjȇňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ
ƆȐưǸǧŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml
ȏȂǿȁƩơǀdzƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈNjǎƼNjǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬnjǸǴdzǃƢƳȃDZƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦdzơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁDzƴLjȇŃȁƗƾǬǠdzơDzƴLJǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦdzơǞǫȁȂdzȁǮdzǀǯ
ȂǿƢǼǿȆLjȈƟǂdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢLjdzơƧǂǬǨdzơĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨdzƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁDzưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦdzơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈdzŚǤdzơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿDzưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ
ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦdzơDZ
˺
ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺
ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ
ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ
αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ
ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻
ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
DzǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨdzƢūơƩƢLJơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨLJơǁƽńƛ
Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will
Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
˼˼
ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơDZƽƢǠƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛƨŦǂƬdzơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc
ȁǎǼdzơơǀǿĿDzǷƘƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷDzȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂLJƨȈǏȂdzơȁƗƾǬǠdzơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗĿȂƬ
ƾǼƦdzơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸLjȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơśǐƼNjǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸLjǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ
ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼnjdzơjuridical personality
ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖdzơǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰLjǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơśǻơȂǬdzơĿ
ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠdzơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈdzƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơDzǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơĿĿ
ȆLJƢLJȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂdzơdžǨǻƨȈdzƢǰNjƛĿǞǬǻǥȂLJǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧdzơŚLjǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƨȈǐƼnjdzơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂdzƢƥǎƼnjdzơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾdz
ƨǨǐdzƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼnjdzƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾdzƤLjǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇƢǟǂdzơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ
ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾdzǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷDzǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơȄǸLjȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖdzơ
ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ǧ ǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJňȂǻƢǬdzơǎǼǴdz ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂnjȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤdzơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢLjdzơǵȂȀǨǸǴdzƆƢǬƦǗ
ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂnjŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦdzȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼnjdzơdžȈdzȁǹƢLjǻȍơȂǿ
ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬdzơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦdzơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ
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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȋǶȈLjƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂdzƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ
ƨǠƥơǂdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤdzĿǹǃơȂƬdzơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮdzƿȁƨȈǴǸǠdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ
ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤdzȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥDžƢǼdzơƨǤdzśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴLJƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈLJǺǷǹƗśǬȈdzơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁDžƢǼdzơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈLjƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘdzơśƥ
ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦdzơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteDzƥŚƦǠƬdzơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫDzƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂLJƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂnjordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬdzơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈdzƢǷƧǁƢLjƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬdzơƔȂLJǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ
ǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕƨȈƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚLjƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗDzƦǫ
ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưdzƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơƨȈdzƢǰNjƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology
ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬdzơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǐǐƼƬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ
ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮdzƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬdzơ ƾȈǬƬdzơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤdz ǺǷǍȂǐǼdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜDZȂǏƗ
ǹǃơȂƬƫŖdzơƨǸȈǴLjdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁśǻơȂǬdzơǞǷIcirc
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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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dzơǹƜǧǒǠƦdzơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬLjŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂdzơĿǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨŦǂƬdzơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬLjǸǴdzƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦLJƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐdzơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ
ƩƢƦƳơȂdzơƾȇƾŢƤƦLjƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐdzơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵDŽƬǴȇ ȆǟǂNjȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ
ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼdzơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬdzơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠdz ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂdzơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ DzǸŹ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿdz śǠǷ ǩƢȈLJȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ
ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾdzƨȈdzƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤdzȁƗƨǤdzńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǤǴdzơƾǟơȂǬdzǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ
ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ DZȂǬdzơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹdžƦdz ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈLjƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION
ȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơǶLjǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫ
translating domestic statutes and international treaties
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law
NtildeƨȈȀǬǨdzơƨŦǂƬdzơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works
ƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
ƨȈLJƢLJƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơIuml
ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷDzǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫDzǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǸȈLjǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ
ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPublic LawIuml
1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻
ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ
ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ
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ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˺˻
ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƨȈLjȈƟǁǵƢLjǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơConstitutional Law
ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůǺǷDzǰnjƬȇȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơƧDŽȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨdzȁƾdzƢƥƽǂǨdzơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬdzơƨȈǠȇǂnjordmƬdzơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ
dzơǵƢǜǼdzơȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁƨdzȁƾǴdzȆLJƢȈLjȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬLJƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨdzȁƾǴdzȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼdzơ
ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǰūǦdzƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơƨLJơǁƽȂǿƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ
ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǟƨǴǬƬLjǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭLJơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬLJƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂnjƬdzơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼdzơǭȂǴLJĿƧǂƯƚŭơDzǷơȂǠdz
ȁƢǼdzǺǰŻƨǘǴLjordmdzơƨLJǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơǂǿơȂǜdzơDžǁƾȇȅǀdzơǶǴǠdzơǾǻƘƥƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬdzơśƥDzǷƢǰƬdzơơǀǿȁ
ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǶǜǼdzơƨLJơǁƽDzƳơǺǷƨLJƢȈLjdzơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬLJƾdzơȅśǻơȂǬdzơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơDŽŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ
ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơDŽŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴdzƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment
ǺƴLjdzơprison džƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤdzơfineǂǨdzơśƥǩPrison and Jail
ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơDzƟƢLjŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥDŽȈǸƬdzơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤdzǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿdžȈdzǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠdzơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀdzơƔȏƚǿńƛǂnjȇȅDŽǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ
ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ
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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ
ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ
˺˼
ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƣňƾŭơƔơDŽŪơǹȐǘƦdzơnullity or invalidity
ƾǬǠdzơƺLjǧrevocation
ǒȇȂǠƬdzơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨdzơompensation and indemnityC
CompensationǵƗDZƢǸǠdzơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠdzơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơDŽŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬdzơƩơƔơDŽŪơDisciplinary
ƨȇǁȂƬLJƾdzơǍȂǐǼdzơDzǰnjdzƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ
ȄǴǟǒƦǬdzơǃȂŸȏdžƦǴƬdzơƨdzƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁdžŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾLjƦƷȁƗǾnjȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ
ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷDŽǴƬLjordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛDzǬǼƬdzơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬdzơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ
ǺǷȆǓƢǬdzơǠdzơƨƥƢȈǼdzơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮdzƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋ
džƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ
Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody
IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơIumlAdministrative Law
ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨdzȁƾdzơĿȅǁƢƦǰdzơȁǩǂǘdzơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐdzƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨdzȁƾdzơłơ
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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom
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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
˼˼
ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˺˽
ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬdzơCriminal LawŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬdzơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǝǂnjŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮdzǀǯȁ
ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬdzơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁDZȁȋơǝǂǨdzơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫETH
dzơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫDZƢǼƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠdzơĿƨdzȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴLjdz ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ
ƨƥȂǬǠdzơĿDzưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơDŽƳƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀŮƨǨdzƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮdzǀdzȁƢǬdzơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ
ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǮdzǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖdzơDZƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊdzȐǸǰǷśǬnjdzơǺȇǀǿǺǷDzǯŐƬǠȇȁ
ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ
ňƢưdzơǝǂǨdzơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰnjordmdzơƨordmȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂdzơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơȂǿ
ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơFinancial Law
ƨdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻơDŽȈǷǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼdzơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬdzƘLjŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǝȁǂǨdz
ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơĿƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁLaw
ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨdzơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬdzơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc
DZȁȋơŘǠŭơƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷDŽǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮdzǀdzƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎdzƢǬǧȁȁ
˼
˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺
ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ
˺˾
ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂnjƬdzƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈLjȈLJƘƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬLJƾdzƢǧ
ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂdzǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼdzơȄǴǟŇƢưdzơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴLjdzơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐdzơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ
ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳDZȂǫľǞȇǂnjƬdzơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦLJƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁƢǿǂnjǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴdzƢȀǷơDŽdzƛƤLjƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨdzȁƾdzơľƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼNjȋơǕƢnjǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨdzƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơDŽŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ
ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ śƥ ǩǂǨdzơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌdzǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬdzơ ȐǯdžȈǴǧIacuteIacuteDZȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧdzƾȈƷȂdzơǁƾǐŭơdžȈdzǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ
ƧǁơƾǐdzơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơDzƬŹĿƽȐƦdzơŖdzơƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂnjƬdzơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠdzơǵƾǬƫŕdzơƨȈǻȂLjǰLJȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥǀƻƘƫŖdzơƽȐƦdzơǥȐşǮdzƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǪƥơȂLjdzơȁƧǁơƾǐdzơǾdzƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘnjdzơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬdzơȏȁƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ
ȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟDZƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗdzơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛDZƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ
ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂnjƬdzơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕdzơƢȇơDŽŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮdzǀdzƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơDŽŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ
IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂnjƬdzơǺLJƨdzȂȀLJƾǟơȂǬdzơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮdzǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧƨdzȂȀLJȁƨǟǂLjƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteǁƢnjdzơǞȈǘƬLjȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ
IumlǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJǾǠǔƫǞȇǂnjƬdzƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzơǁƾǐǷǮdzǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨdzƧƾǟƢǬdzơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ
ơȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂdzơ ƧƽơǁȍơDzǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔdzǁơǂǬƬLJȏơƨǬưdzơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀdzơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ DzȀLjȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǽǁǂǬƫ
ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬdzơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƬdzƧơƽƗǞȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨdzȁƾdzơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴLJƨǘLJơȂƥǞȇǂnjƬdzơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨdzȁƾdzơ
ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂnjƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨdzƢǨǯĿ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Dzǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȃƽƚȇǮdzǀƥȁ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼdzơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơDŽƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬdzơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬdzơƧƾƷȂdzơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨdzȁƾdzơƧƾƷȂdzơƨǷȋơ
Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬdz ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơȏ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ DzǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐdzƢƥŖdzơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢnjǻƢȀȈdzƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼdzơǺǷǹơȂdzƗǭƢǼȀǧ
ǽǀǿDzưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦdz ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂLjƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼdzơǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬdzƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƶƦǐȇǮdzǀƥȁ
ƨȀƳȂdzơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖdzơǵƾǬƬdzơȁǑȂȀǼdzơǾdzDzǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨdzơDzȇDŽȇȄǯ ľǞLJơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢnjdzơDzƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮdzƿ ƨȇƕȁ
ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨdzơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬdzơȁDZȐǤƬLJȍơǹȁƽDZȂŹȁƤǠnjdzơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂnjƬdzơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬdzơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂnjƬdzơ
ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦdzơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀdzơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗDzǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷ
ƽȂƳȂdzơľƞNjƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬǴdzƨƠnjǼŭơƣƢƦLJȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦLJȐƥƨȈƦƦLjdzơǹȂǻƢǫ
ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬLjȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǝǂnjŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬLjȇIacuteIacuteDzǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ
ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơȁƨȈǼȇƾdzơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬdzƢƥȁDzǷơȂǠdzơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘnjǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦdzơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ
ĿǮdzƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂdzơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿDZȁƗȁ
ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂLjƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼdzơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơ
ǪƦLJƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂnjƬdzơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢLjȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐdzƢƥƨȇƢǼǠdzơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƧǁȂLjȈǷȁ ǶȀǨdzơ ƨǴȀLJ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ
ƨdzȁƾdzơľŇȂǻƢǬdzơ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
˻˼
ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
˻˽
ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƩƢǣƢȈǐdzơĿƩƢǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơMeaning and Spelling of Words
ƆȏȁƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ OrandAnd
śƬǸǴǰdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈdzƢǰNjƛƩƢǸǴǰdzơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈdzƢǠdzơƨƳǁƾdzơIcirc
The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father
IcircƨȈLJƢLJȋơƧƾǟƢǬdzơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆNjńƛƧǁƢNjȎdzȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁDŽdzƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ
a husband and father
IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢNjȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement
ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼnjdzơǹƗƨdzȏƾdzƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴdza minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫDzǰnjdzơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼdzƾƦƬLJơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬdzƢǯ
a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement
ūơ ƨƸǐdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǰdz ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼnjdzơ
śƬǸǴǰdzơDzǸǠƬLjƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐdzơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂnjƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall
ƢȈǻƢƯDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơorAndDŽǷǂdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơDZơȂƷȋơǺǷDZƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬLjȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴdzơǹƗandorƨȇDŽȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơǺǷƔDŽƳƪLjȈdzDZƢǸǠƬLJơƆƢưdzƢƯThe An A
DzǸǠƬLjƫa anDzưǷƧǂǰǼdzơƔȆnjdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday
(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
˻˼
ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
˻˽
ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼLJƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠdzơĿǮdzƿDzǸǠƬLjȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫ
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟƨǠȇǂLJƨƄƔƢǬdzȍǮdzƿƾǠƥDzǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCivil Law
ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơDžƢLJȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮdzǀdzȁ ǍƢŬơ
ƷƗDZƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀdzơǵƢǠdzơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂnjdzơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘnjƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬLJơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬdzƢǯȅǁƢƴƬdzȁƗȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơȁƗDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ
ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿdz ơDŽȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮdzƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ȃǿȁ
ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ĿǮdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂdzơƩƢǫ
ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈLJȂdzơǂǐǠdzơĿǹƢǷȁǂdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬLjƳDžƽƢLjdzơǹǂǬdzơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶLJơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆLjǼǰdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLJƢƥƪȈũŖdzơȁ
Corpus juris canoniciśȈLjȈƟǁśǸLjǫńƛDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶLjǬǼȇȁ
IcircƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂLJȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily
Law ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ DZơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂLJƘƥ ƽǂǨdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁdzơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷDŽȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼdzơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘdzơȁƱơȁƧǂLJȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾdzơDzƟƢLjŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ
IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫ
ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơ ȁ DZƢŭơƨȈdzƢǷƽǂǨǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼNjǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ
ƗřȈǠdzơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴLJȂǿǺǿǂdzơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦdzƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮdzƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ
ƣȆǐƼnjdzơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
˼˼
ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨdzơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ƔDŽŪơǮdzƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶēǁƢšƨLJǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬdzơǕƢnjǻȁ
ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧ DZƢǸǟȋơȆǿDZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬdzơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬdzơ
ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮdzǀdz Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶǿǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞǶǰŢŖdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƾǟơȂǬǴdzǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠȇǂnjdzơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀdzơňƾŭơ DzǏȋơ
ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼdzơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ
ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷDzǏȋơĿǪƬnjǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰdzơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿDzǸnjƫȏȆǿƿƛ
DZȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơȃȂLJŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃDZȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿDzǸnjƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưdzơǴǸǠdzơǮdzƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷDzſƗȁǞLJȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴdzǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐdzƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾdzƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿdžǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐdzơȁƧǁƢƴƬdzơśƥ ƣǁDzǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ
ŷȆLJƢLJȋơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈLjǬƬǴdzƢǬǧȁDzǸnjȇǞLJơȂdzơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǨdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁ
ordm dzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸnjȇȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦdzơ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿȅǂNjƢƦǷśƥƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ
DZȐǤƬLJȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦdzơȅǂƸƦdzơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾdzǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴLJ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦdzơ ǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ǂNjƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦdzơDZȐǤƬLJȏơƧơƽƗȁƗDZȐǤƬLJȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨLjdzơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ
ǥǂǟdzơƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨLjdzơƨǘLJơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦdzơĿDžǁƢŤŖdzơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ
IumlƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƢȀǓǂǟƤLjŞƨȇǂƸƦdzơƨƷȐŭơǶLjǬƫ
IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂdzơǥƾȀƬLjƫŖdzơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ
ƢǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦdzơǹȂǻ
Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ DZȐǤƬLJơȁ
ETH ƨǿŗdzơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬdzơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗdzơ ǺǨLJ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ
NtildeƧƾǟƢLjŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠLJȍơȁǂǘǬdzơȁƽƢNjǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ
Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨLjdzơ ƨǘLJơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦdzơĿ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǝǂǨdzơǮdzƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơDZȐǤƬLJơƨƠȈƦdzơǶǜǼƫŖdzơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯDZȐǤƬLJȏơ
ǶǴǠdzơƢȀǼǟǦnjǯŖdzơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴLJȐdzơȁƨȈǰǴLjdzơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂdzơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law
ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼLJƢǼǼǰdzȁDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁDZȂƷƔƢȀǬǨdzơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬdzơDZƾŪơȂǿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơǎǴƼƬLjǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů
ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬdzơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬdzơDzǸǠdzơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǍƢŬơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȁǵƢǠdzơŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƆơŚƻƗȁ
ĿƢǼdzȄǬƦȇŃƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǩȁǂǨdzơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂLJƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴdzơȁňȂǻƢǬdzơǦȈǛȂƬdzơ
Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿDzǸǠƬLjȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠdzơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈLjǬƬǯƢǷƨdzƘLjǷǶȈǜǼƬdzǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄLJąǂăǷ
Act ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰLJȍơǹȂǻƢǫDzưǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆLJƢLJȋơǵƢǜǼdzơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈdzƛǁƢnjȇȁ
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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˻˺
ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾdzƨȇȂǤǴdzơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨLJƢūơDžƢȈǫȂǿǕƢnjǼdzơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟDzȈȀLjordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦdzơ
Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed
˻˻
ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
˻˼
ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
˻˽
ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
˻˾
In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨǷƾƼƬLjordmŭơƨǤǴdzơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢnjdzơƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬLjǼLJƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂdzơśǻơȂǬdzơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰdzƢƥƲǠƫƨȈdzȁƾdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇDŽȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ
ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzƢƥƆƢLJƢLJƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂdzơ
IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǪƟƢƯȂdzơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents
ǵƢǟDzƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈNjƘƥǶȀǼǷDzǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠdzơȂǿȃǂ
ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several
persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do
somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠdzơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂNjƾǬǠdzơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠdzơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract
ȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴdzƨȈLJƢLJȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬdzơǵƢǜǼǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢLjdzơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǧǂǗDZƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠdzơǶƬȇ
ƾǬǠdzơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮdzƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬdzơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈLjȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠdzơǹƗǮdzƿǺǷǎǴƼƬLjȇȁȆǿ
IcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬdzơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlDzƄơObjectgtETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration gtIcircDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨdzƢƷDZȂƦǬdzơȁƣƢŸȍơDzǰnjȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ Dzƥ ǾƬƸǐdz ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖdzơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢnjǻƛ
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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˻˼
ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇDzǸǠdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǸǠdzơǹƢǯǁƘǧ
IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠdzơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂnjǷƤƦLJLEGAL OBJECT
ȆǓơǂƬdzơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ
ƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂdz ǹƢLjǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐLJȍơ ǾǬǨdzơ DZȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾdzȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮdzƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼnjdzơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂdzơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ
ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾLJƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơDZƢǸǠƬLJȏǎƼnjdzơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬLjǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾLjǨǼƥǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơǞȈǘƬLjȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂdzơƨȈǴǿƗDzǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮdzƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀdzơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ
ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ
DŽȈǸƬdzơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮdzƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰdzȁƾNjǂdzơǺLJǹƢLjǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨLjdzơȁƨǴǨǤdzơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤdzơ
ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦLJȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨdzȁƽǺǷƾNjǂdzơǺLJǺȇƢƦƬȇǺLJȅƾǼǴƬǰLJȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƽƾƷDZƢưŭơDzordmƥƾNjǂdzơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǶǜǠǷDzǷƗƨǼLJIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼLJ
ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent
IcircǖǴǤdzơError ǞǫơȂdzơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟDzǸŢdžǨǼdzƢƥǵȂǬƫƨdzƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤdzơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂdzơŚǣȁ
ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢLjǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumldžȈdzƾƬdzơFraud
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ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
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ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˻˽
ǺȇǂǐǼǟdžȈdzƾƬǴdzIcircƣǀǰdzƢǯƨȈdzƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗDZƢǸǠƬLJơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸŢƢǷƔȆNjǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆLjǨǻ
ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoerciondzơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬdzơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼnjDzƟƢLJȂdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơȁ
ƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǞǬƫŖdzơƨƦǿǂdzơȆǿDzƥǽơǂǯȍơĿDzǸǠƬLjƫŖdzơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂdzơƾLjǨȇȅǀdzơǹƗƢǸǯDzȈǴǔƬdzơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơdžǨǻĿǩǂǘdzơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷDzƥƨȈdzƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘdzơȆǿƪLjȈdzdžȈdzƾƬdzơĿ
ǶǿȂdzơȁIumlDzƄơObjectgt
ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠdzơDzŰƨȈǟȁǂnjǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼdzƨdzƢūơǽǀǿDžǁƾǼdzIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin
ƾǼƦdzơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬdzƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠdzơDzŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬnjǸǴdzƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦdzơǪǨƫơǮdzǀdzƔơǂnjdzơDzƦǫȅǀdzơȁƾǬǠdzơDzŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬǴdzĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂnjǷŚǣƨǫȐǠdzơǵƢȈǬdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǕȁǂnjdzơǾƬǨdzƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠdzơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬdzơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦLjdzơConsideration
ǾǷơDŽƬdzơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈdzƛDZȂǏȂdzơǵDŽƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀdzơǂNjƢƦŭơǑǂǤdzơȂǿƤƦLjdzơƾǬǠdzơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơƽȂǼƦdzơContract boilerplate clauses
ǬǠdzơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖdzơȁƾǬǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖdzơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦdzơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬdzƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǴǟDzǸƬnjȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰdzȁ
IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐdzơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠdzơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzơȁňƢǠǸǴdz ƆƢƷǂNjȆǿȁ
ƧǁƢƦǠdzơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơŚƦǠƬdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ
ǮdzƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears
śǻơȂǬdzơĿȁ
ĿDZƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷDzǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈdzƢƬdzơƩơǁƢƦǠdzơȁƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮdzƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼdzơǩƢȈLJ
˻˾
In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
˼˼
ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˻˾
In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text
IumlƩơŚLjǨƬdzơInterpretations ƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟȅǂLjƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚLjǨƬdzơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈdzơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦdzơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ
ƾǬǠdzơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘnjƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘdzơƾǬǠdzƢƥȅŚLjǨƫƾǼƦdzDZƢưǷ
njƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸnjƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏDzǸƶȈƸǏdžǰǠdzơȁƾȇƢƄơ
The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa
ETHƾǬǠdzơƧƾǷ
ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠdzơǺǸƩƢǯǂnjdzơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơDzǸǠdzơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖdzơƧƾǸǴdzƾȇƾŢƾǬǠdzơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠdzơƢȀȈǧ
NtildeǪȈƦǘƬdzơƤƳơȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬLjƬLJȅǀdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾdzơǝơŗdzơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠdzơŚLjǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơDznjǨdzơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ
ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction
ƾǬǠdzơƽȂǼƥDZȂƷǝơŗdzơDZƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖdzơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘdzơƽƾŹśǷƘƬdzơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts
The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy
DzǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǖLjǬdzơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬLjŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴdzȁƗǾdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơŁƢǐdzǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘdzơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ
ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬdzƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơDzǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǠdzƨȈLjȈƟǂdz
ȆǿȁƨȈLjȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬdzơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬLjŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖLjǬdzơpremium
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˻˿
ǂǘŬơRisk
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract
ƘƬdzơƾǬǟDŽȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠdzơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory
ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤdzơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷDzǯǞȈǘƬLjȇȏŖdzơƾǫƢǠƬdzơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơDŽƬdzơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷDzǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰdzơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ
ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖdzơǕȁǂnjdzơƨnjǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀdzơǦȈǠǔdzơǥǂǘdzơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬLjǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬdzơŐƬǠȇ
ƨǬȈƯȂdzƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯDžƢǼdzơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠLJȂƥdžȈdzǺǷƘƬLjŭơǹƗȏƛǼdzơǕȁǂnjdzơDZȂƦǫǾdzƢǷDzǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢLjŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖdzơƨȈǘǸ
ƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼdz ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼdzơ ǺLjƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮNj ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗdzơ
ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼdzơǺLjƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟDzǸƬNjơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ
ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơDZȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬLjȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬLjŭơƢđŅƾȇŖdzơ
ȆǐƼNjƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤdzƢǤdzơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬdzơƤdzƢǗǎƼnjdzơ ȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơśƥ ƨȈ
ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴdzśǷƘƬdzơǺǟǾdzǺǷƚŭơDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬdzơśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ
ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz śǷƘƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ
ǼǨdzơǕȁǂnjdzơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽDŽȈŤŖdzơƨȈƾǬǠdzơǥơǂǗƗParties
ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬdzơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾdzǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬdzơƩƢǯǂNjȃƾƷƛȂǿDZȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴdzƨȈǻȁƢǠƬdzơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬLjŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ
ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƢǷơDŽƬdzơƩǾdzǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsDZȁȋơǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬdzơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦdzƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƾǬǠdzơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǖLjǬdzơǞǧƾƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƮdzƢưdzơǵơDŽƬdzȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƽȂǬǠdzơCommercial contracts
ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠdzơǹƗDZȂǬdzƢƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬdzơƾǬǠǴdzƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬdzơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘLJơȂƥĻƾǬǟDzǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠdzơƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷƨƦLJƢǼŠǵŐȇ
ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂnjǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠdzơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ
IcircȅǁƢƴƬdzơDzǬǼdzơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨdzƢǯȂdzơȁǺǿǂdzơȁǞƟƢǔƦdzơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơǶȈǜǼƫȁdžȈLJƘƫƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿDzŰȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟETHnjdzơȁƨdzƢȈƦǸǰdzơȁƨdzơȂūơDzưǷDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǬdzơƩơƾǼLjdzơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ
ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂLJȁƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƩƢǯǂnjdzơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ
ǥƾȀƬLjȇǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶǿƢLjȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNjǽƢǔƬǬŠǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂnjdzơ ƶƥǂdzơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢLjƬǫȏDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢLjƻ
ǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơƩƢnjǼǸǴdzƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨdzơƨLjLJƚŭơ
Ǯdzƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼNj ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƘnjǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǷǀdzơǖƦƫǂƫȁ DzǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨLjLJƚǸǴdz
ƨLjLJƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈdzƢŭơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơƨǯǂnjdzơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼNj ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵDŽƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǥƾȀƬLjȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂnjǷĿǶȀǼǷDzǯǶȀLjȇǹƢƥDzǸǟȁƗDZƢǷǺǷƨǐƷʼnƾǬƬƥǮdzƿȁƶƥǂdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂnjŭơǺǟƘnjǼȇƢǷǵƢLjƬǫơȁDzǸnjȇȁ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ȅǁƢšǕƢnjǻDzǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂnjŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮdzƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢnjǼdzơ
Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity
ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂnjdzơ
ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂNjƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂNjDzǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂNjŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦLjǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂdzǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤdzơDzǸǟȁƗ
Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry
ƩƢǯǂnjǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢǰNjȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies
ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼNjȋơƩƢǯǂNjSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjGeneral Partnership
ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNjDzǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠLjǷƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾdzơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟ DzǯƤLjƬǰȇǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂNj
ǺǷƢǔƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzȂƠLjǷƔƢǯǂnjdzơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬdzơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦLjƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈŦ DžȐǧƛ ǁƢȀNjƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂnjdzơ DžȐǧƛ ǂȀNjƗ ơƿƛ ȁ
ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơETHŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơĿǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷŚǤǴdzȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷȋƔơȂLJDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬdzơǶLJȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠdzơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǶLJơǺǷǦdzƘƬȇƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟ
ƨǯǂnjǴdzOgraveȁƗDžȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂnjdzơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂnjǴdzȆǐƼnjdzơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂnjdzơǵȂǬƫ
ǧƣƢƸLjǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮdzƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơDzƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ
IcircƾǬǠdzơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƔƢũƗPartners name
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ETHƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂnjdzơDŽǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂnjdzơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂnjdzơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơȁƣƢƸLjǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂnjdzơƺLjǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸLjǫȁƨǯǂnjdzơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀdzơňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơdžǨǼdzǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj Ǿdz Ǟǔź
ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬdzơ ƨǯǂNjĿ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơȂƠLjǷ ƨȈdzȂƠLjǷśdzǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂdzƘLjȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂNjȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ
ƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢnjȇȏȁǂƳƢƬdzơƨǨǏǹȂƦLjƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital
ƨǘȈLjƦdzơƨȈǏȂƬdzơƨǯǂNjǎƟƢǐƻ
IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀdzơDZƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢLjŬơǺǷǶȀǷDŽǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂdzơȁǥơǂNjȍơǪƷǾdzǺǰdzȁƢēǁơƽƛĿDzƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjǴdzǃȂŸȏ
ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂnjdzơƩơƾǼƬLjǷETHDzǸǠdzƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂnjdzơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂdzơńƛDZƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂnjdzơ
džȈLJƘƬdzơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂdzơƽȂǼƦǴdzƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟDZǃƢǼƬdzơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂnjdzơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂnjdzơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjParticular Partnership
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ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼˹
ȇǂNjśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjǺǟǂƟƢLjŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢLjƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšDzǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂnjdzơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂnjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơ
ǩǂǗDzǰdzƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂNjƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤdzơǪƷĿȅǂLjƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯDZơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂNjCorporations
ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂNjȆǿȁƢLJƗƆƢLJǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀdzȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂnjdzơƨȈǐƼnjdzǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾLJȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂnjdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂnjdzơ
ǖǬǧƨǯǂnjdzơȂǿƨŷƢLjŭơƩƢǯǂnjdzơIcircƨŷƢLjŭơƨǯǂnjdzơJoint stock company
ǷDžƗǁǶLjǬǼȇŖdzơƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơDZƘLjȇȏȁDZȁơƾƬǴdzƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬdzơƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗńƛƢŮƢƨLjŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟDzǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀLJƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ
joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others
IumlǶȀLJȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂNjPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢLjƬǷǶȀLJƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷDžƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂNjȆǿȁƗǶǿƢLjǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬdzơ
ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ
ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈdzȂƠLjǷƩơƿƨǯǂNjLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂnjdzơǹȂȇƽǺǟśdzȂƠLjǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂNjǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơȆǿ
DŽȇȏȁDZƢŭơDžƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂnjdzơƔƢǯǂnjdzơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂNjśLjŨǺǟƨǯǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50
ƽȁƾƄơƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơƩơƿƨǯǂnjdzơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂnjdzơǶLJơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠdzơƢǿDŽǯǂǷ
Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂnjdzơDZƢǷDžƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ
Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂnjdzơƧǁơƽƛ
Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠdzơƨȈǠǸŪơ
The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơDZƢŭơDžƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢLjūơƽǂŪơƨȈdzƢŭơƨǼLjdzơ
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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼˺
Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬdzơǁƢnjƬLjŭơȁƩƢƥƢLjūơƤǫơǂǷ
Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ
Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂnjdzơDzƷ
Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơAdministrative contracts
ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠdzơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚLjƬdzȅȂǼǠǷǎƼNjśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠdzơǝơȂǻƗ
IcircƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works
ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨdzȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢLjūƨǻƢȈǐdzơȁƗƔƢǼƦdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzơƨǷƢǠdzơDZƢǤNjȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂNj
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơIumlƾȇǁȂƬdzơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts
ƨǯǂNjȁƗƽǂǧňƢưdzơǥǂǘdzơȁǵƢǠdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǍƢƼNjƗǺǷǎƼNjǾǴưŻDZȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿDZȁȋơǥǂǘdzơƣƢLjūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬdzơƾȇǁȂƬdzơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ
ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠdzơǪǧơǂŭơǵơDŽƬdzơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸLjȇȁƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ
ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂnjŭơDZȐǤƬLJƢƥǾdzƶȇǂǐƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷǮdzƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴdzʼnƾǬƬƥƨdzȁƾdzơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷDŽdzơ
ƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠdzơ
ƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴdzƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐLJȍơƨǠȇǂnjdzơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿ
ƢŮňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǷDZƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂnjdzơƽȂǬǠdzơȄǸLjǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠdzơǽǀǿǶLjǬǼƫȁ
IcircƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǾǬǨdzơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔdzơȁDzȈƦǬƬdzơȁƧǂNjƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂdzƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬLJȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ
ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴdzƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮdzƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥ
˼˻
The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife
ƱơȁDŽdzơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘdzơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂdzơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀnjdzơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂnjdzơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂdzơƾǬǟWill
ETHƨǯǂƬdzơƨǸLjǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract
ƨȈdzƢǸǠdzơƽȂǬǠdzơIcircDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟEmployment contract
DzǸǠdzơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰnjdzơƨȈƷƢǼdzơǺǷDzǸǠdzơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿDzǸǠdzơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿ Obligations śǸLjǫńƛǶLjǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴLJƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈLJƢLJȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơȅƽƚȇ
śȈLjȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂLJƘƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼnjdzơDZơȂƷȋơǶLjǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶLjǫDZƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨdzơƨǫȐ
ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǂǜǻĿDZƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶLjǬǼƫ
Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆNjȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼnjdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴLJȆǿȁśǠǷ
ƨȈǐƼNjǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼNjśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾdzơDZȂźǺDzǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗDzǸǠƥǵƢȈǬdzƢƥȁƗƔȆNjƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦdzƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ
ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂdzơȄǴǟ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷDzǬǼȇǹƗǎƼnjdzơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷǵơDŽƬdzȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗDzǸ
DzǸǟ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
˼˾
ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȐdzƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢưdzơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ
ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖdzơȁǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖdzơƩƢƦƳơȂdzơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨdzƢƷƔƢnjǻƛřǠȇǵơDŽƬdzȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬdzơ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations
ƆƢǬƦǗǾdz ƘȈǿȁǮdzƿǝǂnjŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦLjƷȁƧƾƟƢLjdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴdz ƆƢǬƦǗǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưdzơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơDzǷơȂǠǴdzǹȂǻƢǬdzơƤƦLjdzơȂǿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ
ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƘnjǻƗȅǀdzơǐǷǺǸưdzơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬnjŭơǵơDŽƬdzƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦLjƬŭơǵơDŽƬdzơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzǸǠdzơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁDŽdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȁ
ǹȂǻƢǬdzơňƾŭơśǼǬƬdzơǺǷDZȁȋơƣƢƦdzơĿǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰdzơǝǂnjŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢLjdzơƶȈǓȂƬǴdzƆƢǬǧȁȁ
ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠdzơContract
IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition
ETHǁƢǔdzơDzǠǨdzơDamages NtildeŚǤdzơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬdzơLaw
ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨdzȁƽDzǰdzƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢLJƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨdzơňƾŭơȆǿǵơDŽƬ
1 Legally valid civil intercourse
IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities
IumlƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law
ETHdzơǞƟƢǫȂdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖdzơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership
NtildeƨȇǂǰǨdzơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖdzơƨȈƷȁǂdzơǶȈǬdzơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis
OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴdzƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law
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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼˽
OacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǦdzƢţDZƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼdzơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization
OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥDZƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis
OtildeƧƔƢLJƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼLJǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤdzơƨȈǰǴǷDZƢǸǠƬLJơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law
OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȁƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘnjǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ǽƢƦNjƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ
ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦNjƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷDZȁȋơDzǐǨdzơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂnjŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠdzơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂnjŭơŚǣDzǸǠdzơƤƦLJȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨLJơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷDZȂƷDZƙƢLjƫ
ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂnjdzơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐdzơǂǰǨdzǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂdzơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈdzȂƠLjŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǬȈƯȂǴdzȆ
ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆLJǂȇǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǬȈƯȂdzơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷDŽǴǷ ȁ
isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬdzơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬdzƧƽƢŭơǎǼdzǂǜǼdzIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯƣƢƦLJƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ
Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance
ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾdzơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴdzǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂnjŭơƨȈǟǂnjdzƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬdzơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿ
ǎǼdzơ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂdzơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢLjƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈLjƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ
ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮdzƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴdzǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦLJƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǿƽƾƷŖdzơƣƢƦLJȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗ
ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘdzơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤLjǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠdzơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠdzơ DzŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬnjŭơƤLjƬǯƗ ǞȈƦdzơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ
Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬLJƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢLjƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦdzơǾdzƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮdzƿƽƢǨǷ
ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖdzơƨȇȂǤǴdzơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟDŽǯǂƫƢǼƬLJơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟDŽǯǂǻȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥDzȈŴǥȂLjǧƽȂǬǠdz
ƾǬǠdzơ
ƾǬǠdzơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥǩǂǨdzơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (
ǥǂǟƾǬdz ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢnjǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơDŽƬdzơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞnjǼȇǞȈƦdzơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnj ǞƟƢƦdzơǺǷDzǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ
ȅǂƬnjŭơȁƨdzơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơDzǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾdzǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾdzơȁƗǪūơDzǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷDzȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂNjƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƢƥDzƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơ
ǾdzȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾdzơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂdzơǾǴưǷǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢĔƛ
ƾǬǠdzơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆLjǻǂǨdzơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơDŽƬdzơƔƢnjǻƛDzǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟDzǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮdzƿǺǷȁ
ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾdzƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏƆƢƠnjǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơDZƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơDŽƬdzȏơƆơƾǬǟ džȈdz ȂȀǧ
ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗDzȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠdzơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬdzơDzǨǰȇƽȂǟȂdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠdzơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ
ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬdzơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟDZȂƦǬdzƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠdzơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬdzơǹȂǻƢǬdzơDŽȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠdzơśƥ
ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠdzơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ
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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
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ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
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ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
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ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
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ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼˿
ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘnjǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƆƢǬǧ
ǪȈƦǘƬdzơƨƦƳơȁǾdzƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ
Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws
ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀdzơǦdzƢLJǹȂǻƢǬdzơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟDZƾƬLjȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ
ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥDzǷƢǠƬdzơƨǤdzĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJȁƗƨǸƟƢǬdzơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈLJǮdzƿ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩơƽƢǠdzơ ǩƢȈLJ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ
ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave
Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in
ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠdzơƨȈǿƢǷDZȂdzƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦNjǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơDŽƬdzȏƘnjǼǷƾǬǠdzơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơǵśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨdzƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾdzȁśǠǷ
ƽȂǬǠdzơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơǵơDŽdzȍơ ƨǤdz ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƾǠĄƫ
ǴǟǾǗƢnjǻƽǂǨdzơDžǁƢŻŖdzơƨȈLJƢLJȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơǍȂǐǼdzơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬdzơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ
ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌdzǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơDzǯȁ DZƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨnjdzơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮdzƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǝơȂǻƗ
ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ DzǸǠdzơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơDzǷƢǠdzơ Ƨ
ƨȈƦǴLJƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬdzơĿƾƟơȂǨdzơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖdzơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴdzƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ
ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢŮ
ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨdzȁƾdzơDzǰNjƽƾŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǶǰŢŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ
ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƨȈǷơDŽdzȍơ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼
ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ( ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ
ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖdzơƾǟơȂǬdzơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǸLjƫ ȁƢĔȂǰdz ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ DzǸǰƫ
ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬdzơơȂǴǨǣƗŖdzơDzƟƢLjŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬdzơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈdzƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾLJńƛ ƾǐǬƫ DZȂǴƷ ʼnƾǬƫ DZȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ
ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ
ƾordmǟơȂǬdzơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬdzơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬdzơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰnjdzơȆordmǜǨǴdzơ
ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂdzơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂnjŭơƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ
ƗǂǏ ǎǼdzơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ
ȁƗ
ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼdzơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ
ǮdzƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮdzƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂdzȁǮdzƿǥǮdzƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮdzƿǦdzƢźǩƢǨƫơDzǯƆȐǗƢƥ
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼdzơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ
ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ Dzƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ǙƢǨdzȋơ
ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨdzƢű
ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨdzƢű ǃȂŸ
ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨȇǂƷȂǿDzǏȋơ ǜǼdzơƨǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦdzƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ
śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴdz ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠdzơǵƢǜǼdzơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơȁƨŦǂƬdzơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơDZƢǸǠƬLJơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǦȇǂǠƫ
ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơǢȈǐdzơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơDzȇȂţ
DZƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐdzơǺǟŐǠƬdzƨȇȂǤdzǙƢǨdzƗDZƢǸǠƬLJơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ
DzǠdzȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬLJơǢȈǐdzơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨ
ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏDzǰdzƽǂǨǼLJȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ
ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨŦǂƬdzơDZƢůĿĽǺǷȁ
IcircƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơShallŖdzơƧǃǁƢƦdzơƩƢǷȐǠdzơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơDŽȈŤ ( shall ) ŚnjƬdz
ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬdzơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟDzǟƢǨdzơƢǷDzǸǠƥǵ
ơƿƛƢǸȈLJȏȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǵDŽǴǷȁƗ ǎƼnjdzơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂLJƆƢǐƼNjƢȀǬƦLjȇȅǀdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ
ǵƢȈǬdzƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơĿƨǤȈǐdzơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƢǷDzǸǠƥ
ƟơƽƢŮȁDzǸǠdzơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴdzǵơDŽƬdzơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬLjƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơDŽdzȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơȁƗǥǂǐƬdzơƨȇǂƷ
ƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬdzơDZƢůĿ
IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz ƾǫƢǠƬdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơDŽdzƛƆƢƠȈNj The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month
ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬLjŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿDZƙƢLjƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬLjǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )
ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơDŽdzƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬLjŭơǵDŽdzƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰdz ƢǫǞǷDzǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌdzǞǧƾdzơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ
ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈNjDzȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses
ƪǷƾƼƬLJơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠdzơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤLJƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫDzǷƢǸǟETHDzƦǬƬLjŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂLJƢǷƔȆNjǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˼
ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂLJǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥDzƦǬƬLjŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzȆǠȈƦǘdzơƢȀǷƾƼƬLJơĿĿETHIcircŐǸLjȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵDŽǟǹƢȈƦdzƢǔȇƗDzǸǠƬLjƫƔȆNjDzǠǧĿƤǗ
The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions
ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫDZǀƥĿǂƳƘƬLjŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦNjƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơDŽdzƛƨǤȈǏƪLjȈdzƢǼǿǁƢǬǠdzơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈdz
OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴdzinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall
řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿƨȈLjȈƟǁDZƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵDŽƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to
DZƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following
DzǠǨdzơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆnjƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦdzƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨdzǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈNjƗƽƾŢǥȂLJƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơǹƗ
ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷDZƢưŭơơǀǿDzǷƘƬǼdzȁshall
The licensee shall abide by the following
ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴdzƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦdzơǺǷDzǠƴǧśǧǂǘdzơƾƷƗǵơDŽƬdzơƾȈǬƬƥ
ƢȀƬǨdzƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬdzơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation
ǪƥƢLjdzơDZƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬdzDZƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơDŽƬdzƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƟƢLjǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴdzƽƾŹDzȈǸǠdzơǹƗŘǠŠ
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈLjƦdzơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơDŽdzƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ
ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent DzƦǬȇaccept
ǪǧơȂȇagreeDZȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ
The Company shall agree to
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˽˹
ȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to
ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈLjȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨǤǴdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjƫDzǟƢǨdzơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƆƢƦƳ
ǾƥǵƢȈǬdzơƤŸƢǷDzǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days
ǵơƾƼƬLJơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠdzơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵDŽƬǴȇƢǷDzǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁDZƢưǷ
The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay
śǠǷǵơDŽƬdzơǦǛȂŭơȁƗDzǷƢǠdzơȄǴǟǎǼdzơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂNjƢƦŭơǾLjȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗʼnƾǬƫȂǿȁǟDZȂǐūơƤǴǘdzƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ
DZƢǸǠƬLJơƨdzƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷDZƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơDŽƬdzȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋDzǠǨdzơǺǷǑǂǤdzơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘdzơʼnƾǬƬƥǵơDŽƬdzȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ
ƆƢưdzƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦdzơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐdzƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠdzơĿ
IcircƾǬǠdzơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘdzơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬLjǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơ
ǵƾƼƬLjƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁdžȈƬȈLJoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơƨƥƢƬǰdzơǶLjǫǂȇƾǷoacuteDžƢLjǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿDZƢǸǠƬLJơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ
ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơƨǫȐǠdzơĿDZȂƻƾǴdzǪƥƢLjdzơƾȈȀǸƬdzơĿǮdzƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơDŽƬdzơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂdzơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơmay
ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬLjƫDZȂdzƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯDZȂdzƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưdzơƢǷƗDzǟƢǨdzơȆǴǟƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ
DzǠǨȇȏȁƗDzǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƽȂǬǠdzơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐdzƆƢǬǧȁDZƢưǷ
If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
˽˻
ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
˽˺
ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨdzƢƷĿDzǸǠdzơƣǂdzǎǼdzơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzDzǸǟƧƽƢȀNjƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁDzǷƢǠdzơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼdzơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬdzơƢǼǿ
ǂǜǼdzơƨǛȂƸǴǷ
ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢLjdzơǎǼdzơǶȀǨdzlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀNjȆǿƩƢȇȏȂdzơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơDzǸǠdzơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫDzǷƢǠdzơƣǂdzƢȀǷƾǬȈdzœǼƳȋơDzǷƢǠǴdzƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰDzŹǺǷƾƳȂȇDZȂǏȂǴdzǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼdzơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ
ƨdzȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴLJƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ
IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷDzǸǟDzǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆNjƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬdzǵƾƼƬLjƫ
DZƢưǷƨǯǂnjdzơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇDzǸǟȅƗǂNjƢƦȇǹƗDzǷƢǠǴdzdžȈdz
Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may
DzǠǨdzơDzǠǨȇǹƗǾdzƵȂǸLjǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬdzơDzǟƢǨdzơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơƨǘǴLjdzơƤǴLjdzǵƾƼƬLjƫǾȈdzƛǁƢnjŭơ
DZƢưǷ
ǮdzƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦdzơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠdzơǺǟDZǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬLjǸǴdzǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent
ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷDzǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notDZƢǸǠƬLJơĿǵƢƬdzơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơdžǨǻMay not
DZƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm
ƨLjǷƢŬơƨǟƢLjdzơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơDZȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂnjȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴdzȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤdzơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđDZȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ
ŅƢƬdzƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐdzơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm
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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬdzơȁƶƟơȂǴdzƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴLJǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟdžƦǴdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ
ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦLjdzơDZƢǸǯ
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