View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
1/84
MU
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
t ai cung cp cho con ngi ti nguyn v ng thi cng lm chc nng
cha ng nhng ph thi sn sinh ra trong qu trnh sinh sng v pht trin ca
con ngi. Nhng khi s lng ph thi ny vt qu mt mc nht nh th vic
cha ng chng tr thnh mt vn phc tp. c bit l khi nn kinh t cng
pht trin, tc th ho nhanh th din tch t ai ca cc th dnh cho cc
mc ch sn xut kinh doanh phi nng nghip cng nhiu, vy nh ca rc su? Vn tm v tr chn lp rc cng l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng
ca quy hoch s dng t. 1 triu 600 nghn tn l con sc tnh v lng rc ca
H Ni nm 2010 do SKhoa hc v Cng ngh Thnh pha ra. Nu chng ta
khng c bin php x l th khi lng rc thi khng l nu trn s trthnh mt
thm ho ca th. Chn lp rc l bin php x l cht thi rn s dng nhiu
nht v ph bin nc ta. Lu nay, cc bi rc thng c hnh thnh mt cch
t pht, lm mt m quan th, lng ph s dng t v nhim mi trng.
Trong cng tc quy hoch s dng t, vic chn a im xy dng bi chn lp
cht thi l rt cn thit v s la chn ng gip chng ta bo v mi trng v
gim thiu chi ph xy dng, cng nh gii quyt cc vn x hi khc.
Chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn l mt bi ton phn tch khng gian
phc tp nhm phc v cho mc ch quy hoch s dng t, quy hoch th. N
i hi phi nh gi rt nhiu cc tiu ch khc nhau v t nhin, kinh t, x hi,mi trng. gii quyt vn ny th v phng php lun, phn tch a ch tiu
l mt cch tip cn thch hp nht, v h thng tin a l (GIS) l cng c h tr
quyt nh hiu qu. GIS cho php chng ta phn tch, x l d liu khng gian,
tnh ton n nhiu ch tiu v tch hp cc lp thng tin phc v cho vic xc nh
v tr bi chn lp.
Huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H Ni l mt huyn c tc pht trin tng
1
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
2/84
i nhanh v c nhiu khu cng nghip c xy dng trong thi gian gn y. B
mt ca huyn ang dn khi sc nhng bn cnh th vn rc thi ang l ni
lo trong cng tc qun l t ai v mi trng. Trong nhng nm qua, thc hin
ch trng x hi ha cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc thi, huyn ng
Anh thnh lp cc t thu gom rc v bi chn lp ti 156 thn lng ca huyn.
Tuy nhin, hu ht cc bi chn lp rc ti ch ca cc thn lng l tn dng nhng
h hay h ao, bi tha ma. Thc trng chn lp rc khng ng quy nh ti mt s
bi rc cc thn lng khng ch gy kh khn cho cng tc qun l t ai m cn
li nhiu nguy c tim n v nhim ngun nc, t ai v khng kh. V th
m bin php lu di l cn phi quy hoch xc nh v tr mt bi chn lp cht thirn c quy m ph h p v p ng cc yu cu v mi trng. y cng l mt
trong nhng nhim v cp bch ca qun l t ai.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Xy dng phng php la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh
hot trn c sng dng GIS v phng php phn tch a ch tiu. Th nghim
trn a bn huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H Ni.
3. Ni dung nghin cu
- Nghin cu tng quan v vn la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht
thi rn.
- Nghin cu quy trnh ng dng GIS v phng php phn tch a ch tiu
trong vic tm a im b tr bi chn lp hp l.
- ng dng quy trnh trn xc nh v tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
cho huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H Ni. So snh kt qu ca ti vi
phng n quy hoch s dng t ca huyn n nm 2020.
4. Phng php nghin cu
- Phng php phn tch tng hp t ti liu: cc ngun ti liu thu thp c
bao gm gio trnh, sch tham kho, bo ch, mng Internet, cc bi vit, bo co
trong v ngoi nc,sc nghin cu, phn tch, v tng hp cc vn lin
quan n ti.
2
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
3/84
- Phng php iu tra thc a: bit c thc t ca khu vc nghin cu
v thu thp thm ngun d liu cho ti.
- Phng php nh gi nh lng a ra nhng s liu c tnh khch quan
cao phc v trgip quyt nh.
- Phng php phn tch a ch tiu xc nh mc nh hng ca cc
yu t v tng hp cc ch tiu nh gi.
- Phng php phn tch khng gian bng GIS nh gi cc yu t nh
hng n vic la chn a im hp l cho bi chn lp cht thi rn.
- Phng php chuyn gia nh gi vai tr ca cc yu tnh hng.
- Phng php th nghim thc t kim chng kt qu nghin cu.5. Kt qut c
- Quy trnh ng dng GIS v phng php phn tch a ch tiu trong la chn
a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn da trn mt s ch tiu viu kin t
nhin, kinh t, x hi.
- Phng n b tr v tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot trn a bn huyn
ng Anh, H Ni.
6. ngha ca ti
- ngha khoa hc ca ti l a ra c quy trnh la chn v tr bi
chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot bng phng php nh lng trn csng dng
GIS v phng php phn tch a ch tiu.
- ngha thc tin ca ti l xc lp cskhoa hc v xut phng
n b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot cho huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H
Ni.
3
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
4/84
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V VN LA CHN A IM B TR
BI CHN LP CHT THI RN SINH HOT
1.1. Khi nim v cht thi rn sinh hot
1.1.1. nh ngha
C nhiu nh ngha v cht thi c a ra ca cc tc gi trong nc v
trn th gii nhng xt mt cch tng qut, chng ta c th hiu Cht thi l mi
th m con ngi, thin nhin v qu trnh con ngi tc ng vo thin nhin thi
ra mi trng. Trong qu trnh tiu ho, con ngi thi ra cc cht cn b. Thinnhin v c cy c, ng vt cng thi ra mi trng t l rng n xc cc ng
vt. Con ngi tc ng vo mi trng thc hin qu trnh sn xut thi vo
mi trng v s cc loi cht thi [7].
Tu theo mc ch m c th phn chia cht thi theo cc tiu ch khc nhau:
- Theo tnh cht vt l c: cht thi rn, cht thi lng, cht thi kh.
- Theo ngun gc pht sinh c: cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip, cht
thi c ngun gc khc trong lnh vc nng, lm, ng nghip v dch v.
- Theo tnh cht, mc c hi c: cht thi nguy hi, cht thi thng thng.
Nh vy, cht thi rn sinh hot c hiu l cht thi th rn pht sinh t
cc hot ng cc khu dn c, hot ng thng mi, dch v th. N bao gm
nhng cht hu c (giy, nha, thc n tha, cao su,), v c (thu tinh, kim
loi,) v cht thi c bit c ngun gc cc h gia nh, cc trung tm thng
mi, cquan, dch v cng cng. Trong thut ng ting Vit, cht thi cn c gil rc.
1.1.2. Cc lung cht thi rn sinh hot
Cht thi pht sinh t mt ngun nht nh c gi l mt lung cht thi [7].
Cng nhcc nc trn th gii, Vit Nam, phn ln (80%) cht thi pht sinh
t cc hot ng kinh doanh v sinh hot, ch yu t cc c s sn xut cng
nghip, thng mi v t dn c th, nng thn. Theo c tnh ca chuyn gia v
4
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
5/84
cc nh qun l mi trng Vit Nam th trung bnh Vit Nam lng cht thi rn
tnh trn u ngi thi ra mi ngy khong 1kg, trong lng cht thi rn sinh
hot th chim hn 80%, cht thi rn cng nghip khong 17%, cn li 1% l
cht thi rn nguy hi (gm cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi, cht thi rn y t v
cc loi thuc tr su).
Hin nay, chng ta ang ng trc nguy ccht thi rn sinh hot ngy cng
gia tng c th ln nng thn. c bit l khi qu trnh th ho din ra mnh
m th cng gy nn nhng vn v lng rc thi, nhim mi trng. Ta c th
phn tch mt s lung pht sinh nh sau:
Th nht: i vi nhng khu vc dn c th ln th do dn s ngy cngtng, trong khi din tch t th th khng p ng kp nn lng rc thi t
cc hot ng n, , gii tr,ca con ngi ngy cng qu ti so vi sc cha ca
th.
Th hai, cc th mi m rng ra cc vng ven v ngoi c nhng s
thay i ln t kiu cu trc lng x ngoi thnh cc nh theo li th. Cu
trc khng gian cng nh cu trc qun l x hi, qun l mi trng cng bo
ln. C th h vn quen theo kiu sinh hot c: rc vt ba bi, lp y h ao, cng
rnh, nn gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng nghim trng. Cng c th dn c
ngy cng ng vi cc thnh phn khc nhau nn rt kh vn ng, thuyt phc
lm theo quy nh (c th nhcc xm liu).
Th ba, cc khu th mi do Nh nc hay t nhn u t xy dng hon
chnh ri bn cho ngi dn hoc chia t cho cn b. Kiu th ho ny c u
im l khi xy dng ngi ta quy hoch kh y h thng cp thot nc,
cc h rc thi, x l rc thi, Tuy nhin, nhng khu vc ny nu khng c
nhng quy nh nghim ngt th nguy cn tc v nhim rc thi cng d xy ra
v rt nguy hi.
Th t l khu vc ca cc trung tm cng nghip tp trung. Trong qu trnh
cng nghip ho ang din ra mnh m th nhiu khu cng nghip mi xut hin. i
cng vi nhng ni ny l nhng vng ctr mi c hnh thnh. Mt l cc khu
5
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
6/84
nh tm, ln tri cho cng nhn xy dng. y l nhng loi nh c xy dng
khng kin c v cuc sng ca c dn trong cc khu ny thng l tm b. V th
v vic x rc v thu gom rc l khng c t chc. Hai l cc khu nh r tin cho
cng nhn t cc tnh xa li. Trong cc khu vc ny, phn ng l dn t x hp
li v lm vic nn vic qun l rc thi cng gp kh khn.
Th nm l rc thi sinh hot pht sinh t cc ni ngh ngi, tham quan du lch
v dch v gii tr. i lin vi qu trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha l s pht
trin ca cc khu dch v du lch v vui chi gii tr mi mc ln hoc mrng trn
c s cc khu ngh ngi, vui chi sn c. Thc t, thi gian qua cho thy, trong
nhiu khu du lch gii tr, c bit l vng bbin, ni c hot ng l hi tp trungng ngi hu nh cha t chc thu gom rc v hng dn thc hin cc quy
nh v v sinh cng cng mt cch cht ch v hiu qu.
Nh vy, ta c th thy rng rc thi rn sinh hot t p trung ch yu cc
vng th. nng thn th lng pht sinh cht thi sinh hot t hn v phn ln
l cht thi hu cd phn hu. Chng ta cn nm c cc ngun pht sinh ch
ng a ra nhng gii php thch h p v hu hiu nhm m bo v sinh mi
trng v cnh quan chung ca th.
1.1.3. Cc phng php xl cht thi rn sinh hot
a. Ti sdng, ti ch
- Ti s dng (re-use) l em cc vt thi cn c gi tr s dng tr li th
trng. Cc ca hng bn c, cc trm thu mua, bn dng v vt liu cu
nhm mc ch ti s dng. Bin php ny c u im [2]:
+ Tit kim nng lng;
+ Tit kim din tch bi thi;
+ To cng n vic lm cho mt s ngi tht nghip;
+ Cung cp dng cho ngi ngho vi gi r;
+ Gim bt nhim do sn xut.
Tuy nhin khng phi vt liu no cng c tha vo ti s dng. Cc vt
liu c th ti s dng trc tip l: g, t, bn gh c, chai ng nc ung,
6
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
7/84
- Ti ch (recycling) l hot ng thu hi li t cht thi cc thnh phn c th
s dng ch bin thnh cc sn phm mi s dng li cho cc hot ng sinh
hot v sn xut. V d thu tinh c cho vo l nu li, kim loi c nung chy
trli. Ti ch khng tit kim bng ti s dng nhng rt c li v:
+ Tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin bi vic s dng vt liu c ti ch vt liu
gc;
+ Tit kim din tch chn lp;
+ C th thu li nhun t hot ng ti ch.
Tuy nhin ti ch rc thi i hi s hp tc ca ton dn trong phn loi rc
thi trc khi vo h thng chung. S tm tt qu trnh thu hi ti nguyn,sn phm, nng lng c biu thhnh 1.1.
Hnh 1.1. S quy trnh cng ngh xl v thu hi ti nguyn,
sn phm nng lng [7]
b. Tip cn u vo
Vic gim bt rc thi cn c thc hin theo hng tip cn u vo (Input
approach). Tip cn ny da trn ba phng php sau [2]:
- Ko di thi hn s dng ca hng ho. Hng ho cht lng tt, c bn
cao s c thi hn s dng di, gim bt lng ph thi;
7
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
8/84
- Gim bt khi lng vt liu trong ch to hng ho. Vic chy ua theo cc
hnh thc hp dn trong th trng gy nn lng ph trong ch to hng ho. Ti cc
nc cng nghip pht trin, 40% sn lng giy, 14% sn lng nhm, 8% sn
lng thp c dng cho bao b hng ho, 40% lng rc thi rn l bao b;
- Gim bt s tiu th: Kinh t th trng to ra nhng nhu cu tiu dng mi
nhiu khi khng cn thit, thm ch c hi cho tng c nhn v x hi. C nhiu kh
nng gim bt tiu th tit kim vt liu, nng lng trong bi cnh ti nguyn
v mi trng c nhiu kh khn trn ton th gii hin nay.
c. Xl cht thi rn bng cng ngh p kin
Phng php p kin c thc hin trn cs ton b rc thi tp trung thugom vo nh my. Rc c phn loi bng phng php th cng trn bng ti.
Nhng cht khng thu li ti chc th sc chuyn qua h thng p nn
rc bng thu lc vi mc ch lm gim ti a th tch khi rc v to thnh cc
kin rc vi t s nn cao. Cc kin rc p c s dng vo vic p cc b
chn hoc san l p cc vng t trng ri ph lp t ct ln. Trn din tch ny,
ngi ta c th s dng lm mt bng xy dng cng vin, vn hay cc cng
trnh xy dng nh. S quy trnh cng ngh nh hnh 1.2.
Hnh 1.2. Quy trnh cng ngh xl rc thi bng phng php p kin [7]
d. Phng php sinh hc
sinh hc (compost) c hiu l qu trnh n nh sinh ho cc cht hu c
thnh cht mn, vi thao tc sn xut v kim sot mt cch khoa hc to mi
trng ti u i vi qu trnh.
8
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
9/84
Qu trnh c p dng i vi cht hu ckhng c hi, lc u l kh
nc, sau l x l cho ti khi n trnn xp v m. m v nhit c kim
tra gi cho vt liu lun lun trng thi hiu kh trong sut thi gian . Qu
trnh t to ra nhit ring nh qu trnh oxy ho sinh hc cc cht thi ra. Sn
phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu l CO2, nc v cc hp cht hu cnh
lignin, xenlul, si. Cht thi hu cny c phn gii ym kh bng cc vi sinh
vt c nn li thnh cc bnh phn hu c. Phn ny c tc dng tng ph nhiu
ca t, lm cho t thm ti xp, thm nc nhiu hn, hn ch xi mn mt t.
Tuy nhin phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im l gy mi hi thi,
c th gy dch bnh, vic phn loi rc thi hu ckhi rc thi chung cng tncng sc, tin ca. Ch yu sn phm l phn hu c tinh, mun c phn hu c
cao cp phi b sung thm cc thnh phn dinh dng N, P, K v mt s nguyn t
ho hc vi lng hoc mt s ph gia kch thch sinh trng.
e. Phng php t
-t c khng kh:
t c khng kh l giai on cui cng c p dng cho mt s loi rc nht
nh khi khng th x l bng cc bin php khc. y l mt giai on oxy ho
nhit cao vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh (hnh 1.3 l quy trnh cng ngh
t cht thi rn quy m cng nghip).
Cng nght c nhng u im [7]:
+ Gim ti mc ti thiu cht thi cho khu x l cui cng;
+ X l ton b cht thi th m khng cn nhiu din tch t s dng lm
bi chn lp rc;
+ Nng lng pht sinh c th tn dng cho cc l hi, l si hoc cc cng
nghip cn nhit v pht in.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l:
+ Khi t rc s sinh ra khi c v d sinh ixin nu gii quyt vic x l
khi khng tt;
+ Vn hnh dy chuyn phc tp v gi thnh u t rt ln.
9
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
10/84
Hnh 1.3. Quy trnh cng nght cht thi rn quy m cng nghip [7]
-t khng c khng kh (nhit gii):
y l phng php phn gii cc rc thi hu c trong iu kin ym kh
nhit cao. Phng php ny l mt cng ngh sch, nhng cng nh phng
php t c khng kh, n c gi thnh cao hn cc phng php khc.
f. Phng php chn lp
Phng php chn lp l mt hng tip cn x thi trong vic qun l cht
thi. Tc l em rc thi ti ni xa th trnh cc tc ng xu v gim bt
lng rc thi. Theo tip cn ny, ti hng lot cc th, ngi ta chuyn cc
bi thi t nhin, l thin thnh bi thi hp v sinh c lp t. l nhng bi s
dng mt khong t thp t nhin (thung lng, ao h cn) hoc nhn to, lm
bi rc. Hng ngy, rc thi c tp trung v, san i, lp trn mt lp t mng
vi phng tin cgii.Qun l bi chn lp cht thi rn bao gm cc cng vic quy hoch, thit k,
vn hnh, ng bi v kim sot sau khi ng bi. Hnh 1.4 l s th hin cc
quy trnh khi qut v qun l bi chn lp cht thi rn.
10
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
11/84
- Chun b mt bng xy dng bi rc.- Ni chn lp rc cn tho mn nhng tiu ch quy nh vquy hoch s dng t v bo v mi trng
Quy hoch
Hnh 1.4. Quy trnh qun l bi chn lp cht thi rn [7]
Trong cc bc trn th quy hoch hay la chn a im l bc u tin v
rt quan trng, quyt nh n thnh cng ca c d n. L do l mt v tr ph hp
s gip gim thiu ng k nhng tc ng mi trng tiu cc c th xy ra trong
qu trnh vn hnh BCL CTR, qua gim nguy cnh hng ti sc kho cng
ng v gim thiu s phn i ca cng ng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Mt v tr
thch hp cng gip gim chi ph u t xy dng bi.
Phng php ny c u im:
+ Chi ph thp nht so vi cc phng php khc;
+ Sau mt thi gian 5 10 nm, lc t lp y c th xy dng cc cngtrnh ln trn .
Nhc im ca phng php l [2]:
+ i hi din tch t nhiu hn so vi phng php khc;
+ C th gy nhim nc ngm;
+ Kh rc khng c kim sot thot ra khi bi gy mi hi. Sn sinh ra kh
metan t qu trnh phn gii ym kh cc cht hu c. Kh ny c th thot ra v
Thit k
Vn hnh
ng bi
Kim sot
o h chn lp v chun b cc k thut y bi cng nhtrn b mt
- Quan trc mi trng- Bo tr b mt bi rc
- rc, ban rc thnh lp mng, nn cht rc.- X l kh rc v nc rc
- Khi bi rc t n chiu cao quy nh th s tin hnh phln trn mt lp t mng. C th trng cy v 1 lp thm
thc vt bn trn lp ph- Lp t cc ng ly kh rc theo phng thng ng
11
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
12/84
gy n;
+ Nhn dn a phng c th phn i vic chn bi rc ni gn chca h.
Kinh nghim cho thy chn lp l bin php kinh t trong x l cht thi rn.
Ngy nay, c nhiu cng ngh tin tin c s dng nhm hn ch ti a cc
nhc im ca phng php ny nh [2]:
+ Ht rc bng chn khng kt hp vi phn loi rc ti ch gim bt
din tch bi cha rc. Bin php ny thng c p dng cc khu chung c;
+ Cch ly BCL CTR vi cc dng nc ngm, khoan cc ging quanh bi
cha theo di ng thi ca cc cht c hi t rc thm ra ngoi. Nu c nc
thi c hi th s kp thi x l;+ t cc ng thot kh metan ra kh quyn, hoc thu gom lm nhin liu cho
cc nh gn.
Vit Nam, mt s phng php x l cht thi rn hay c s dng l:
- Phng php thu gom vt liu thi ti s dng, ti ch. y l phng php
tt yu trong iu kin nn kinh t cn kh khn, mc thu nhp ca ngi dn cn
thp. Hu ht cc gia nh Vit Nam u c gng tn dng ti a nhiu loi vt dng
hoc bn li hay em cho ngi khc v h thng thu mua c kh pht trin Vit
Nam. Ngoi ra cn kn i ng sa cha gia dng hng (tivi, t lnh,).
- Phng php sinh hc: Hin ti Vit Nam c 9 nh my ch bin phn
hu c tp trung (Cu Din - H Ni, thnh ph Nam nh, Thi Bnh, Vit Tr,
thnh ph H Ch Minh, B Ra Vng Tu, Trng Ct - Hi Phng, Ninh Thun,
Hu). Cu Din H Ni c mt trm phn compost t nm 1994 n nay vi
cng sut 150 tn rc/ngy. Nguyn liu ch yu l rc ng v rc ch, phn bn
t b t hoi. Cng ngh x l, ch bin v thit b ca Ty Ban Nha [2].
- Cng nght thng dng x l rc c hi nh rc bnh vin v cht
thi cng nghip nguy hi.
- Phng php chn lp l c dng ph bin nht. Kt qu kho st trong
nhiu nm qua cho thy trong s 91 bi chn lp ln trn c nc ch c 17 bi
ng quy hoch, hp v sinh, chim t l rt thp, ch khong 15,5% [20]. S tn ti
12
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
13/84
cc bi chn lp t pht cc a phng ang to nn nhng bc xc v qun l
t ai v mi trng, x hi. Chnh v vy m i hi vic quy hoch cc BCL
CTR cng phi c tin hnh theo ng nhng tiu chun nht nh.
1.2. Cc yu tnh hng n la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi
rn sinh hot
La chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot l mt bi ton
phn tch khng gian tng hp, lin quan n rt nhiu cc tham s nh: a hnh,
thu vn, mc ch s dng t, khong cch n cc khu dn c, cc tuyn ng
giao thng, Chng ta cn phn tch r snh hng ny lm cscho vic
xc nh cc tiu ch la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn ph hp vitng khu vc.
1.2.1. Cc yu ttnhin
a.a hnh
a hnh l yu tnh hng rt r n v tr bi chn lp. Thng thng th
ngi ta hay tn dng ti a a hnh t nhin nhm gim bt khi lng o lp.
Nu nhng ni no c a hnh trng th vic o h s tit kim hn khi tn dng
nhng ao h cn. nhng khu vc i ni th ngi ta thng quan tm n khu
vc thung lng, sn ni hay hm m c chn lp rc.
a hnh cn lin quan n hng dc v dc ca bi. Vic chn v tr ni
qu dc c th s lm lng nc rc b r r ra ngoi d hn. Nhng nu dc
va phi th c th gip cho vic trnh ng nc ma.
Vic la chn kiu bi chn lp cng ph thuc nhiu vo yu ta hnh. Nu
nhng khu vc min ni cao th bi chn l p chm l thch h p. Ngc li
nhng ni th p th nn lm bi rc ni khng lm nh hng n tng nc
ngm v trnh vic b st ln thm. Cn i vi vng c cao va phi th bi
chn lp na chm na ni li thch hp v s tit kim c din tch bi chn lp
m vn c th tng lng cha hn.
b.a cht
Yu ta cht lin quan n cu trc ca cc loi v sn nh kin to.
13
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
14/84
Bi chn lp khng nn xy dng nhng khu vc c nt t gy, ng t, hay l
trn vi nhm bo v nc ngm. Trong trng hp khng c cch la chn no
khc th i vi a im c nn vi, bi chn lp phi xy dng lp chng thm
c h s thm thu k < 1 x 10-7 cm/s, b dy khng c nh hn 1m v phi c h
thng thu gom, x l nc rc [1]. Cc khu vc c cu to a cht phc tp cng
khng thch hp v gy kh khn cho vic quan trc v thc hin cc k hoch d
phng.
Khi tin hnh iu tra a cht, cn phi nm c cc thng tin sau:
- Din phn b ca cc lp t trong khu vc bi chn lp;
- Thnh phn thch hc ca cc lp;- H s thm nc ca cc lp;
- S hin din ca cc t gy khng, mc ng t,
c. Kh hu
Yu t kh hu c nh hng nhiu nht n vic b tr BCL CTR l gi.
Hng gi sa mi ca rc khuch tn xung quanh nn thng thng vic la
chn a im BCL CTR nn nm cui hng gi. Ngoi ra cng cn ch n
lng ma ca khu vc. V nu ma nhiu qu m h thng thot khng tt th s
lm ng nc rc v gim kh nng nn rc, cha rc, r r nc rc nhiu. Cc
khu vc hay xy ra thin tai ngp lt cng phi trnh.
Cc s liu cn thit khi iu tra v kh hu l [1]:
- Lng ma trung bnh cc thng trong nm, lng ma ngy ln nht, nh nht;
- bc hi trung bnh v ln nht trong thng;
- Hng gi v tc gi trong nm;
- Nhit trung bnh, ln nht, nh nht trong thng,
d. Thu vn
H thng thu vn bao gm nc mt v nc ngm. Cc khu vc nh h,
sui,khng ph hp xy dng BCL CTR v rt d gy nhim ngun nc.
Khu vc c nc ngm cng phi ch n khong cch ti thiu theo quy nh.
Nguyn nhn l do bi chn lp c th b r cc cht thi c hi v thm thu qua
14
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
15/84
t nn snh hng n tng nc ngm. Kt qu l d ly lan cc mm bnh
nguy him cho con ngi thng qua ngun cung cp nc ny.
Khi iu tra v thu vn, cn phi lm sng t cc vn sau:
- Mng li sng sui ca khu vc;
- Quy m ca cc dng chy: rng, su, hng chy v lu vc ca chng;
- Mc nc, cht lng nc, hin trng s dng nc;
- Khong cch t bi chn lp n cc dng chy,
e. Thnhng
Yu t th nhng lin quan n vic la chn a im BCL CTR l loi t
v thm. Ngi ta thng a ra tiu ch l lm sao tng ti a s thch nghi cat ti ch lm nguyn liu lt y bi v che ph bi. Thng thng th t st hay
c s dng v c thm nc km, gim vic r r nc rc hay cc cht thi
c hi khc t bi. Nu t ti ch khng ph h p th cn c gng gim thiu
khong cch t bi chn lp n cc a im c nguyn liu ny.
f. H sinh thi khu vc
Khi la chn a im BCL CTR cn phi tm hiu v h thc vt, ng vt
ch yu v cc loi ng thc vt qu him c trong sch ca khu vc v vng
ph cn. Bi v vic xut hin BCL s lm nh hng n mi trng sng xung
quanh ca cc loi sinh vt. Tiu ch thng l phi tng ti a khong cch n cc
khu vc .
1.2.2. Cc yu tkinh t- x hi
a. Thng tin sdngt
Thng tin s dng t cho php chng ta bit c s phn b ca cc loi
hnh sng t ti 1 thi im nht nh hay dnh trong tng lai. Mt iu tt
yu l a im bi chn lp phi c xc nh cn c theo quy hoch xy dng
c cquan nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt. Thng th nhng loi t cha
s dng sc u tin cho vic lm bi chn lp. Nhng tu trng hp m phi
la chn a im khc th nn tm kim v tr sao cho vic n b gii phng mt
bng t gp kh khn nht.
15
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
16/84
b. Dn c
y l mt yu t rt quan trng v n nh hng trc tip n sc kho ca
cng ng xung quanh khu vc BCL CTR. Cc vn thng ny sinh khi c bi
chn lp l: mi trng b nhim, mi hi thi, bnh tt d pht sinh, Do ,
gn nh khng c d n xy dng BCL CTR no l khng vp phi thi phn
i quyt lit ca ngi dn. Mt kho st thc t ti 2 bi rc Nam Sn (H Ni)
v bi rc G Ct (H Ch Minh) cho thy rng: ti bi rc G Ct, dn c phn i
mnh m nht (93%), Nam Sn th t lng h ch c 6%, cn 49% khng ng
[22]. Thm ch ngi dn cn chn xe rc, p vknh, khng cho xe ch
rc vo. V th m tiu ch a ra l phi tng ti a khong cch ti cc im dnc v gim thiu s lng c dn trong khu vc nh hng ca bi chn lp. Bn
cnh cc cp chnh quyn v cng ty mi trng cn ch n vic n b tho
ng cho nhng ngi dn ti khu vc bi rc, quan tm n vai tr ca h v c
trch nhim bo v mi trng xung quanh bi chn lp nhm tng ti a s chp
thun ca cng ng.
Cc s liu cn thu thp v dn c bao gm: s dn, mt , tc tng dn
s, c im dn c (lao ng, thu nhp, phong tc tp qun, tnh hnh y t,). T
cc thng tin ny ta c thc tnh c lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh v cc
bin php qun l, nm bt tm l ca ngi dn.
c. H thng qun l hnh chnh
Vic la chn a im b tr BCL CTR khng ch lin quan n ngi dn m
cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo c p qun l hnh chnh ti khu vc . Vai tr ca
chnh quyn a phng mt mt l s chp thun b tr a im chn lp rc hay
khng v mt khc l vn qun l, phi hp vi cng ty mi trng m bo
cho s vn hnh ca bi.
d. Cc khu di tch lch s, vn ho, du lch
Cc a im di tch lch s, vn ho, du lch thng yu cu v mi trng
phi trong sch thu ht khch thm quan hoc do yu t tm linh (nh cha,
miu, n,). Do vic la chn v tr BCL CTR phi nm cch xa nhng khu
16
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
17/84
vc trn vi khong cch ti thiu thng l 1km.
e. Hin trng kinh tv kh nng tng trng kinh t
Cn nh gi c tnh hnh pht trin kinh t ca khu vc v n s quyt nh
n quy m ca bi chn lp v loi cht thi ch yu. Mt iu chc chn rng cc
bi chn lp rc cng khng th nm ngay mt trung tm pht trin kinh t (v d
nh ni thnh thnh ph H Ni) m phi nm cch mt khong cch nht nh
nhm hn ch tc ng n nn kinh ta phng v s dng t.
iu tra thng tin v hin trng kinh t cn ch n s phn b v s lng
ca cc khu cng nghip, cssn xut kinh doanh, khai khong, cc ngnh cng
nghip tim nng v sn phm.1.2.3. Cc yu tcsh tng
a. Giao thng
Giao thng l mt trong nhng yu t rt quan trng lin quan n vn vn
chuyn, thu gom cht thi. Nu khong cch ny qu xa s gy tn km v c th
gy nhim trong qu trnh vn chuyn nhiu hn. Thng thng khi thit k BCL
CTR cn tnh n vic gim thiu khong cch vn chuyn rc t thnh ph hoc
khu thn BCL. Bn cnh cn ch n si li thun tin ca cc tuyn
ng dnh cho xe rc.
Khi iu tra v giao thng cn xem xt cc yu t nh rng ca cc con
ng, khong cch n ng giao thng chnh, mc kh khn, thun li trong
qu trnh vn chuyn.
b. Mng li in, nc
vn hnh v duy tr BCL CTR th h thng kim sot kh rc, nc rc,
quan trc mi trng phi hot ng lin tc. Do m mng li in v thot
nc khu vc c BCL rt cn c quan tm. Nn la chn nhng vng c h
thng in v nc tt gim chi ph xy dng csh tng cho bi v phc
v cho vic qun l bi c tt hn.
1.3. Cc ch tiu trong la chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn
i vi vic la chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn, ngoi cc phn tch v
17
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
18/84
mt nh tnh nh trn th cc ch tiu nh lng l rt quan trng. Cc ch tiu ny
cho php chng ta c nhng cs thc hin bi ton tm kim a im thch hp.
tng bc quy chun ho vic xy dng BCL CTRVit Nam, B Xy
dng v B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh TCXD 261:2001
Bi chn lp cht thi rn Tiu chun thit k, v Thng t lin tch s 01/2001
Hng dn thc hin cc quy nh bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a
im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn. Trong c mt sim
cn ch nh sau:
a. Quy m din tch bi chn lp
Quy m din tch BCL c xc nh trn cs[1]:- Dn s v lng cht thi hin ti, t l tng dn s v tng lng cht thi
trong sut thi gian vn hnh ca BCL.
- Kh nng tng trng kinh t v nh hng pht trin ca th.
- Vic thit k BCL phi m bo sao cho tng chiu dy ca bi k ty n
nh c th t 15m n 25m, tu thuc vo loi hnh BCL v iu kin cnh quan
xung quanh BCL.
- T l din tch xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr: ng, k, h thng thot
nc, dn nc, nh kho, sn bi, xng, h lng nc rc, h x l nc, h thng
hng ro cy xanh v cc cng trnh ph trkhc trong BCL chim khong 20%
tng din tch bi.
Quy m ca cc BCL CTR cho cc khu dn c thc th hin trong bng
1.1.
b. Yu cu la chn a im bi chn lp
- a im BCL phi c xc nh cn c theo quy hoch xy dng c
cquan nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt.
- Khong cch xy dng t BCL ti cc im dn c, khu thc quy
nh trong bng 1.2.
- Vic la chn a im phi cn c vo cc yu t t nhin, kinh t, x hi,
h thng h tng k thut ti khu vc d kin xy dng BCL.
18
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
19/84
19
Bng 1.1. Phn loi quy m BCL cht thi rn (ngun: TTLT 01/2001)
STT Loi bi Dn s th hin ti Lng rc Din tch bi
1 Nh < 100.000 20.000 tn/nm < 10 ha
2 Va 100.000 300.000 65.000 tn/nm 10 - 30 ha
3 Ln 300.000 1.000.000 200.000 tn/nm 30 - 50 ha
4 Rt ln > 1.000.000 > 200.000 tn/nm > 50 ha
Bng 1.2. Khong cch thch hp khi la chn BCL (ngun: TCXDVN 261:2001)
Khong cch ti thiu t vnh ai cngtrnh ti cc bi chn lp (n v: m)
Cc cng trnh
c im v quy m cng
trnh BCL nh vva
BCL ln BCL rt ln
thCc thnh ph, th x, th
trn, th t,3000 - 5000
5000 -
15000
15000 -
30000
Sn bay, cc khu cngnghip, hi cng
T quy m nhn ln 1000 - 20002000 -
3000
3000 -
5000
15 h cui hng gi chnh 1000 1000 1000Cm dn cng
bng v trung du Cc hng khc 300 300 300
Cm dn c min niTheo khe ni (c dng chy
xung)3000 - 5000 > 5000 > 5000
Cng trnh khai thcnc ngm
C.sut Q < 100 m3/ng
Q < 10.000 m3/ng
Q > 10.000 m3/ng
50 - 100
> 100
> 500
> 100
> 500
> 1000
> 500
> 1000
> 5000
Khong cch tnggiao thng n BCL
Quc l, tnh l >100 >300 >500
Ch thch: Khong cch trong bng trn c tnh tvnh ai cng trnh n hng ro bi chn lp
Ngoi cc quy nh trn, trong khun kh ca D n Kinh t cht thi do C
quan pht trin quc t Canada (CIDA) ti tr, cc tc gi Mc Nally v Lu c
Cng xy dng b mc tiu, tiu ch, gii hn chi tit c tnh cht tng qut p
dng cho BCL CTR (bng 1.3). Khi a phng thc hin vn c th b sung hoc
iu chnh ph hp vi iu kin khu vc ca mnh.
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
20/84
Bng 1.3. B mc tiu, tiu chun, gii hn v cc loi sliu trong xy dng bi chn lp ch
(Ngun: Byer, McNally, Luc Cng 2003) [7]
Mc tiu Tiu ch Gii hn Quy nh ca Vit Nam
Gim thiu cc tc ng titng ngm nc
BCL khng nn t ti cc khuvc c nc ngm l nguncung cp nc hin ti hoctng lai
a iqua nc nngm, k
Gim ti thiu thm chtthi vo lp a cht bndi
BCL khng nn xy dng tinhng khu vc c nt t gy, cng, a hnh vi
TT lin b 01/2001: i vi cca im c nn vi v phadi rng, BCL phi xy dnglp chng thm c h s thmthu k < 1x10-7cm/s vi b dykhng nh hn 1m v c hthng thu gom, x l nc rc
c ithm thlng t
Tng ti a khong cch ticc vt nt, rn
Khng c cc cu trc a chtnt, rn ln trong phm vi Xmt BCL
V tr c
Tng ti a khong cch ticc ngun cung cp nc vgim thiu s lng ccngun ny trong khu vc
Cc khu vc c ngun nc(h, sui, m ly,) hoc cckhu vc c bo v khngph hp xy dng BCL
Ti liu thng k m ly qucgia chnh v bo v cc khuvc m ly nhy cm, rngln v mt sinh thi
a icc khu
Gim tithiu cc
tc ngti khu
vc nhycm v c
ncngm
Gim thiu cc ri ro do ltbng vic tng ti a khongcch t bi n cc vng
ng bng trng v d b bo
BCL khng nn t ti cc vngngp lt c tn sut ngp lt 10nm/1 ln. Nu t BCL trong
cc vng c tn sut b lt 100nm/ln th phi s bn thitk gim tim nng b lt
Bn sut lt
Gim thiuchi ph xydng vvn hnh
Tn dng ti a t sn ctrong khu vc cho vic xydng lp lt y bi. Trongtrng hp t th nhng
Cc khu vc c cu to acht phc tp khng thch hpdo nhng kh khn trong vicquan trc v thc hin cc k
TCXDVN 261:2001: a imc t t nhin vi h s thmthu
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
21/84
Mc tiu Tiu ch Gii hn Quy nh ca Vit Nam
khng ph hp, gim thiukhong cch ti cc a imkhai thc t cho vic xy
dng lp lt y bi
hoch d phng. HDPE. BCL xy dng ti cch t nhin nh m hoc ni cct y bi cao hn mc nc
ngm v t t nhin c h sthm thu
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
22/84
Mc tiu
22
Tiu ch Gii hn Quy nh ca Vit Nam
Gim thiu cc tc ng tis pht trin kinh t
Khong cch ti thiu ti cckhu cng nghip
Mc thvc, snghip cng nphm
Tng ti a khong cch ticc khu qun s
S lnbi ti quanh
Tng ti a vic s dng bisau khi ng ca
Quy ho
Gim thiucc tc
ng tinn kinh
taphngv s
dng t
Gim thiu cc thay i v sdng t v chi ph n b
S dnnghip,nh v
Gim thiu chi ph thit lpbu chnh vin thng
Khongchnh v
Gim thiu chi ph xy dngh thng cung cp ncphc v bi
Khongnc cng su
Gim thiu chi ph xy dngmng li cp in cho bi
Khongin a
Tng khong cch nng quc l
TCXDVN 261-2001: khongcch t bi n ng giaothng chnh (tnh l, quc l) l> 100m
a ikhong
Gim thiuchi ph xydng c
s h tng
Gim thiu khong cch vnchuyn rc t thnh ph hockhu th
Khongphn
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
23/84
1.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc v phng php la chn a
im bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
Nhiu nc trn th gii quan tm rt sm n vic quy hoch v tr bi
chn lp cht thi rn hp l bi mt s tc ng tiu cc ca n ti mi trng,
sc kho cng ng, x hi v kinh t. Cc nghin cu l thuyt ca th gii v la
chn a im (LC), trong c LC BCL CTR bt u t nhng nm 70 ca
th k trc, thng qua kinh nghim thc tin M. Cch tip cn trong thi gian
ch yu da trn cc tiu ch kinh t (hiu qu kinh t cao nht) vi cng c ph
bin l phn tch chi ph li ch (Keeney, 1980). Hai cng cc s dng ph bin
nht trong thi k ny l k thut phn tch a tiu ch (Multicriteria analysis) vchng xp bn (Overlapping Map). Cui nhng nm 80 v thp k 90 ca th k
trc l giai on m cc nghin cu v LC khng ch tp trung M m lan
rng sang cc nc khc chu u v mt s quc gia pht trin chu . Cc l
thuyt v LC cng c lng ghp, r sot bng l thuyt ca cc ban ngnh
khoa hc khc nh khoa hc chnh tr, khoa hc x hi, kinh t, mi trng. Bc
sang th k XXI, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc my tnh, h thng thng tin
a l (GIS) c s dng nh mt cng c hu hiu trong LC [21].
Trong nhng nm va qua, ni ln mt s nghin cu ng dng GIS trong vic
la chn v tr BCL CTRMalaysia, Hy Lp, Nht Bn, i Loan, Malaysia,
th trn Klang thuc bang Selangor l mt khu vc c dn sng v tc pht
trin nhanh c chn lm a im nghin cu. Cc tc gi s dng phng
php phn tch a ch tiu c tch hp bi 2 thut ton l qu trnh phn tch phn
cp (AHP Analytical Hierachy Process) v lin kt trng s tuyn tnh (WLC
Weighted Linear Combination) gii quyt bi ton ny. Cc d liu u vo gm
11 yu t l cc bn h thng thu vn b mt, khu vc dn c, h thng ng
xe la, dc ca cc vng ngp lt, m ly, cc di tch vn ho, mt dc, th
nhng, hin trng s dng t, h thng giao thng v cc khu th [16]. Hnh 1.5
l quy trnh xc nh v tr BCL CTR do tc gi tham kho nghin cu Malaysia.
C 2 bc chnh trong quy trnh. Bc 1: Da trn cc ch tiu gii hn v v
23
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
24/84
tr bi chn lp phn tch cc d liu khng gian u vo nhm xc nh cc khu
vc tim nng. Bc 2: xc nh cc trng s cho cc tham s chnh v t tnh
im cho cc v tr tim nng.
Hnh 1.5. Quy trnh LC BCL CTR Malaysia [16]
y c 4 tham s chnh l hin trng s dng t (land use), mt dc (slope),
giao thng (road) v th nhng (soil type). Vic xc nh trng s ny da trn
phng php AHP. y l k thut do Thomas.L. Saaty nghin cu v xut t
nhng nm 1970. Theo phng php ny, chng ta s lp mt ma trn vung vi
hng v ct l cc tham sc chn. Cc gi tr trong ma trn l mc quan
trng ca cc tham s sau khi so snh tng cp vi nhau. Sau s xc nh trng
s tng quan chung RIW (Relative Importance Weight). Hnh 1.6 l bng ma trn
so snh mc quan trng ca cc tham s m cc tc gi th nghim
Malaysia.
Phng php WCL c s dng nh gi v tr (hay cn gi l tnh im)
cc khu vc tim nng thng qua cng thc:
=
=n
j
ijji xwS1
* (1.1)
Trong Si l gi trim chung ca khu vc tim nng i, wjl trng s ca
tham sj,xij l im thnh phn ca khu vc i vi tham sj, n l tng s cc tham
s. Khu vc no c gi tr cao nht th c chn. Phng php phn tch a ch
24
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
25/84
tiu s dng thut ton AHP v WCL tm khu vc ph hp cng c nghin
cu South Cork (Ireland) v Giroft (Iran).
Hnh 1.6. Ma trn mc quan trng ca cc tham schnh khi LC BCL CTR [16]
Cng theo hng tip cn phng php phn tch a ch tiu, tc gi Basak
Sener (Middle East Technical University) s dng thut ton Simple Additive
Weighting (SAW) nghin cu vng Ankara, Th NhK. Cc bc chnh
trong quy trnh l [11]:
- Xc nh cc ch tiu gii hn v cc khu vc kh thi;
- Chun ho (hay tnh im) cho tng ch tiu ca bn u vo bng SAW;
- Xc nh trng s ca tng ch tiu (dng SAW);
- Xy dng cc lp bn c chun ho v tnh trng s;
- Tnh im chung ca mi khu vc kh thi s dng thao tc chng xp bn ;- Phn loi v la chn khu vc thch hp nht.
K thut SAW l mt thut ton da trn trung bnh trng s. im ca cc
tiu chun sc tnh theo cng thc:
=
=n
j
ijji xwA1
* (1.2)
Trong xij l im ca khu vc i vi ch tiu j, wj l trng s ca ch tiuj.
Nhng nu im ca cc tiu chun xijc xc nh cc thang phn loi khcnhau th cn phi c quy chun. Mt php ton c p dng l [10]:
)/(' minmax jjijjij xxxxx = (1.3)
xij: im c quy chun ca khu vc i vi ch tiuj;
xij: im th (im cha c quy chun);
xjmax: im ln nht ca ch tiuj trong thang chia;
25
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
26/84
xjmin: im nh nht ca ch tiu j trong thang chia.
Trng s ca cc ch tiu c cc nh chuyn mn a ra nhhnh 1.7. Ct
Data Layer l cc tiu chun, Weight l cc trng s v Normalized Weights l cc
gi tr trng sc chun ho bng cch ly tng gi tr trong ct Weight chia cho
tng cc gi tr ca c ct Weight.
Hnh 1.7. Gi tr trng stheo phng php SAW [11]
Trong mt nghin cu khc [10], A. Karkazi v nnk ng dng GIS vi mt
cch tip cn khc l phn tch d liu u vo theo Lgic m (Fuzzy logic). a
im th nghim l qun Governorate ca Hy Lp. Logic mc ng dng khi
m cc iu kin hay ch tiu a ra khng phi i hi qu chnh xc, c th v
ranh gii ca cc khu vc l khng r rng m l phn cch dn dn. im khc
bit ca phng php phn tch logic ml khng cn xc nh cc trng s cho cc
tham s c th. N sc tnh gin tip thng qua cc quy tc xc nh da trn
khong cch t 1 im n 1 i tng. V d, nu khong cch n khu dn c lln th coi l ph hp (mang gi tr 1). Nu l nh th khng ph hp (mang gi tr
0). Gi tr ln hay nh bao nhiu c tham kho kin chuyn gia. Nu gi tr
khong cch nm trong gii hn ln v nh th mc ph hp sc tnh theo
mt cng thc nht nh. V d bng 1.4 l kt qu nghin cu vi mt siu kin
chnh khi xc nh v tr BCL CTR.
Bc tip l x l tt c cc quy tc a ra. Kt qu sc chuyn sang mt
26
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
27/84
gi tr tng i gi l qu trnh gim s m(defuzzification process). V d: 73%
khng ph hp, 37% ph hp th kt qu l khng ph hp.
Bng 1.4. Cng thc tnh gi tr vkhong cch ca mt schtiu [10]STT iu kin Cng thc
1Khong cchn khu th
>
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
28/84
Hnh 1.8. La chn a im BCL CTR theo phng php chng xp bn [15]
Ni chung ng dng GIS xc nh a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn
c thc hin kh hiu qu trn th gii. Cn Vit Nam th cng tc ny c
thc hin tng i t pht, ch yu l p dng cc ch tiu n gin. Nm 2001,
Thng t Lin tch 01/2001/BXD - BKHCNMT c a ra hng dn vic la
chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh BCL CTR. Nghin cu ng dng GIS trong
lnh vc ny mi ch c mt s tc gi. V d c th l nghin cu ca tp th tc
gi thuc trung tm Nghin cu Bo v Mi trng - i hc Nng tin hnh
quy hoch xc nh v tr BCL CTRng Nam, Khnh Sn, Nng. Trc
tin, cc tc gi xc nh cc ch tiu ph hp vi quy phm v khu vc nghin
cu. Sau tin hnh xc nh cc vng m pht hin nhng khu vc khng
ph hp. Trn cs chn sb v tr BCL CTR ri tin hnh kho st a chtv iu tra cc vn kinh t - x hi lin quan [5]. Nghin cu ny c pht
trin thnh phn mm Landfill. Tuy nhin vic xc nh c th cc trng s ca cc
ch tiu cha c xc nh r rng.
Ni chung, nhu cu thc tVit Nam hin nay l cn c mt quy trnh v
phng php tnh ton c th hn na h trcho cc nh quy hoch tm c v tr
chn lp cht thi rn hp l, gim thiu tc ng v kinh t, x hi v mi trng.
28
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
29/84
CHNG 2. QUY TRNH LA CHN A IM B TR BI CHN LP
CHT THI RN SINH HOT BNG GIS V PHNG PHP PHN
TCH A CH TIU
2.1. Khi nim v GIS
GIS l ch vit tt ca Geographic Information System (H thng tin a l).
GIS l t hp ca cc hp phn c quan h thng nht, lin quan cht ch vi nhau
l: phn cng gm my tnh v cc thit b lin quan; phn mm v t chc con
ngi c hot ng ng b nhm thu thp, lu tr, qun l, thao tc, phn tchv m hnh ho, hin th cc d liu khng gian c nh v theo to dng cho
Tri t v cc d liu thuc tnh nhm tho mn cc yu cu thc t [3]. Hnh 2.1
minh ho tng qut cho mt h thng tin a l.
Th giithc
GIS
CSDLPhn cngPhn mmCon ngi
U RAU VO
Cc yu cu ca ngi s dng
Hnh 2.1. S khi qut vGIS
Tnh ngha trn, ta c th thy cc thnh phn ca GIS bao gm phn cng,
phn mm, con ngi v csd liu. Chng u c vai tr nht nh v c mi
quan h vi nhau cht ch, trong csd liu l trung tm ca GIS.
Cc thnh phn trn ca GIS c nhim v thc thi cc chc nng chnh ca h
thng l: thu thp d liu; qun l csd liu; tm kim v phn tch khng gian;
29
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
30/84
hin th ho v tng tc. Mi chc nng l mt khu trong c mt h thng x
l GIS. Trong s cc chc nng trn th tm kim v phn tch khng gian c coi
l mt th mnh ca GIS. Mt s php phn tch khng gian hay c s dng
trong ti l:
a. Buffering
y l nhm thao tc khng gian to vng m nhm khoanh cc vng cch
u mt im, mt con ng hoc mt vng trn nhng khong cch nh trc
(hnh 2.2).
Vngngim
Hnh 2.2. Cc dng vngm (buffer)
Chc nng vng m dng vi mc ch g? Mt vng nhim cn c vch
ra vng cch ly, mt h cha nc cn vch ra mt hnh lang bo v, Ni chung
nhng vng m thng xuyn c vn dng cho s la chn khu vc.
b. Chng xp cc lp thng tin (Overlay)
y l thao tc khng gian trong cc lp chuyn c chng xp ln
nhau to ra mt lp chuyn mi cha ng nhng thng tin mi. C 2 dng l
chng xp lp thng tin raster v chng xp lp thng tin vector.
- Chng xp lp thng tin raster: Mi lp raster l mt ma trn cc pixel c
kch thc nh nhau to s d dng so snh gia chng. Gi tr ti mi v tr trn
mt ma trn c t hp vi gi tr ca v tr tng ng trn ma trn khc rt ra
gi tr mi. Cc php tnh ton c th l s hc (cng, tr, nhn, chia,) hoc
Boolean (And, Or, Xor, Not), hoc php ton quan h (=, >, ) (hnh 2.3).
- Chng xp lp thng tin vector: thao tc phn tch trn d liu vector da
trn vic nh gi mi quan h topology ca cc i tng. V d nh Intersect (tm
30
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
31/84
kim v to ra vng giao nhau ca 2 lp i tng), union (tm kim v to ra vng
hp ca 2 lp i tng), V bn cht chnh l cc php ton Boolean (hnh 2.4).
Hnh 2.3. Minh ho chng xp thng tin raster
Hnh 2.4. Mt sphp ton Boolean
Ngoi ra cn c mt s php phn tch khng gian khc trong GIS l:
- Phn tch a hnh: M hnh s cao (DEM), dc,
- Ni suy: ni suy tuyn tnh, ni suy IDW, Kriging,
- Phn tch mng;
- Phn tch dng;
- Phn tch chiu sng;
-
31
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
32/84
2.2. Phng php phn tch a ch tiu trong bi ton h trra quyt nh
Phng php phn tch a ch tiu - MCA (Multi-Criteria Analysis) l mt
php phn tch t hp cc ch tiu khc nhau cho ra mt kt qu cui cng. Cc
ng dng ca MCA ch yu l nh gi tc ng ca mt qu trnh n mi trng,
h trbi ton quy hoch la chn v tr ph hp nht cho mt mc ch xc
nh, Cc bc cbn ca MCA nh sau [3]:
2.2.1. nh chtiu
Bc u tin trong phn tch a ch tiu l nh ra cc ch tiu khc nhau
c tnh n. a s cc trng hp mt ch tiu khng phi l mt bin n gin
m l t hp ca cc d liu thuc tnh v hnh hc khc nhau.V da im thch hp cho bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot c 3 ch tiu
sau: ch tiu v kinh t (BCL nn xy dng nhng khu vc t cha s dng, t
nng nghip hiu qu kinh t thp; gim thiu khong cch vn chuyn rc t thnh
phn bi), ch tiu v mi trng (tng khong cch n h thng thu vn), ch
tiu x hi (tng khong cch n khu dn c).
Cc ch tiu ny phc v cho vic thu thp cc d liu u vo hay chnh l
cc bn xut pht u tin. Qua cc chc nng phn tch khng gian ca GIS,
chng ta s c cc thng tin cn thit hay l bn chit xut.
2.2.2. Phn khong cc chtiu
Cc ch tiu c tm quan trng khc nhau i vi mt mc ch nht nh v
trong tng ch tiu, mc thch hp cng khc nhau. V vy m chng phi c
xp theo th t cho mt mc ch ring bit. C 2 cch tip cn thc hin s
phn hng ny l cch tip cn kiu Boolean v cch tip cn kiu nhn t phn loi
hoc lin tc.
a. Cch tip cn kiu Boolean
Cch tip cn ny da trn vic phn vng ra thnh 2 nhm: vng thch hp
(gi tr 1) v vng khng thch hp (gi tr 0). V d vi ch tiu l BCL CTR phi
nm cch khu dn c th 3 km. iu c ngha l nhng vng nm ngoi
khong cch 3 km t ranh gii th l thch hp, cc vng khc khng thch hp.
32
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
33/84
Trong cch tip cn ny, cc ch tiu u cn c chuyn sang kiu gii hn
Boolean. Cui cng chng c gii m thnh nhng bn v chng ghp cho
ra cc vng tho mn tt c cc gii hn (cc gii hn cn c gi l constraint
criteria). Cch tip cn ny rt c ch khi chng ta bit c mc thch hp trong
mt vi mc ch nht nh v thng l n gin. Trong trng hp cc ch tiu
phc tp v c mc quan trng khc nhau th phng php Boolean khng thch
hp v nhc im ca n l xem xt cc nhn t vi mc quan trng nh nhau.
b. Cch tip cn nhn tphn loi hoc lin tc
Khi cc ch tiu c mc nh hng khc nhau v vn nghin cu th
phng php nn s dng l theo cch tip cn nhn t phn loi hoc lin tc.Nu cc gi tr ca cc ch tiu th hin mc bin thin lin tc v c s
tng quan r rng vi nhau th mt thang t l lin tc c xc lp. to thang
t l ny th d liu gi tr cn c lp li t l. Phng php c s dng l php
nh li t l kiu tuyn tnh:
)/()( minmaxmin iiiii xxxxX = (2.1)
Xi: nh li im s ca nhn ti;
xi: im gc;
ixmin : im nh nht;
ixmax : im ln nht.
Khi im s c gi tr t l nghch vi mc thch hp tc l gi tr cng
thp th cng c im cao th cng thc sc chuyn thnh:
)/()(minmaxmax iiiii
xxxxX = (2.2)
V d nh khong cch t bi chn lp n ranh gii thnh ph cng gn cng tt
th im cng cao gim thiu tuyn ng vn chuyn rc.
Nu cc gi tr ca cc ch tiu l gi tr s lin tc nhng khng c tng
quan r rng vi mc thch hp hoc khi cc gi tr khng c th hin di
dng s th cc gi tr c thc xp hng theo thang t l phn loi. V d nh
ch tiu v hin trng s dng t cho mc ch b tr BCL CTR c th phn loi
33
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
34/84
nh sau: 3 im: t cha s dng(rt thch hp), 2 im: t nng nghip hiu qu
thp (thch hp), 1 im: t nh tm, t ngha a (t thch hp), 0 im: cc mc
ch s dng khc (khng thch hp).
Phn loi nh vy c th thc hin cho bt k nhn t no lm cho chng
c th so snh c vi nhau.
2.2.3. Xc nh trng s
Khi cc ch tiu khc nhau m c cng mc quan trng, trng s ca tng
nhn t bng 1. Tuy nhin, trong i a s cc trng hp l khc nhau v cn phi
xc nh mc quan trng tng i ca chng. Trng s ca cc ch tiu c th
tnh thng qua thut ton thng k, php o, hoc da trn kinh nghim, hiu bitch quan ca chuyn gia. Qu trnh phn tch phn c p (Analytical Hierarchy
Process - AHP) l mt trong s k thut tnh trng s. y l k thut do GS. Saaty
nghin cu v sau pht trin t nhng nm 80. Qu trnh ny bao gm 4 bc
chnh [18]:
1. Phn r mt tnh hung phi cu trc thnh cc phn nh;
2. Sp xp cc thnh phn hay cc ch tiu theo mt th t phn cp;
3. Gn gi tr s cho nhng so snh ch quan v mc quan trng ca cc
ch tiu. Vic so snh ny c thc hin gia cc cp ch tiu vi nhau v
tng hp li thnh mt ma trn gm n dng v n ct (n l s ch tiu). Phn
taij th hin mc quan trng ca ch tiu hng i so vi ch tiu ct j.
Mc quan trng tng i ca ch tiu i so vijc tnh theo t l k (k
t 1 n 9), ngc li ca ch tiu j so vi i l 1/k. Nh vy aij>0, aij =
1/aji, aii=1. Hnh 2.5 th hin thang im so snh mc u tin (mc
quan trng) ca cc ch tiu. Hnh 2.6a minh ha cho ma trn mc quan
trng vi s ch tiu n = 4. X l tn cc ch tiu.
4. Tnh ton v tng hp cc kt qu chn ra ch tiu c mc quan trng
cao nht thng qua 2 bc:
+ Chun ho ma trn mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu bng cch ly gi
tr ca mi trong mt ct chia cho gi tr tng ca ct (hnh 2.6b).
34
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
35/84
+ Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca tng dng trong ma trn cho ra trng s tng
ng ca tng ch tiu (bng 2.6c).
1 3 5 7 91/51/71/9
Quantrngnhnhau
Quantrnghn
Quantrngnhiuhn
Rtquantrnghn
tquantrnghn
Rt tquantrng
Vcng tquantrng
1/3
tquantrngnhiuhn
Vcngquantrnghn
Hnh 2.5. Thangim so snh cc chtiu
a. Mc quan trng ca
cc chtiu
X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 1 2 1/3 1/2
X2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2
X3 3 3 1 2
X4 2 2 1/2 1
Tng 6.5 8 2.167 4
b. Chun ho ma trn
X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0.154 0.250 0.154 0.125
X2 0.077 0.125 0.154 0.125
X3 0.461 0.375 0.461 0.500
X4 0.308 0.250 0.231 0.250
Tng 1 1 1 1
c. Trng s
ca cc ch
tiu
X1 0.171
X2 0.120
X3 0.450
X4 0.259
Hnh 2.6. Mc quan trng ca cc chtiu v cch tnh trng s
Ma trn mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu thng c xy dng da trn
kin chuyn gia. i vi ma trn ny cn ch cc vn sau:
- Th nht: y l ma trn ph thuc vo kin ch quan ca ngi ra quyt
nh. V d ch tiu X1 quan trng hn ch tiu X2 nhng gi tr quan trng gp bao
nhiu ln th c th tu tng ngi.
- Th hai: Cn phi xem xt n tnh nht qun ca d liu. Tc l nu ch tiu
X1 quan trng gp 2 ln ch tiu X2, ch tiu X2 quan trng gp 3 ln ch tiu X3 th
v ton hc, ch tiu X1 s quan trng g p 6 ln ch tiu X3. Tuy nhin, kin
chuyn gia trong thc t s khng phi nh vy do h khng bao qut c tnh
logic ca ma trn so snh (v cng khng nn c gng bao qut nhm m bo tnh
khch quan ca nh gi).
35
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
36/84
Vy c phng php no nh gi tnh h p l ca cc gi tr mc quan
trng ca cc ch tiu? Theo Saaty, ta c th s dng t s nht qun ca d liu
(Consistency Ratio CR). T s ny so snh mc nht qun vi tnh khch quan
(ngu nhin) ca d liu [14]:
RI
CICR = (2.3)
CI: Ch s nht qun (Consistency Index)
RI: Ch s ngu nhin (Random Index)
1max
=
n
nCI
(2.4)
max : Gi trc trng ca ma trn
n: s ch tiu (trong v d trn n = 4)
+++=
====
44
4
1
4
33
4
1
3
22
4
1
2
11
4
1
1
1max w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
nn
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
(2.5)
i vi mi mt ma trn so snh cp n, Saaty th nghim to ra cc ma trn
ngu nhin v tnh ch s CI trung bnh ca chng v gi l RI (ch s ngu nhin)
(bng 2.1).
Bng 2.1. Gi tr RIng vi tng slng chtiu n [14]
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.11 1.25 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.49
Nu gi tr t s nht qun CR < 0.1 l chp nhn c, nu ln hn i hi
ngi ra quyt nh thu gim s khng ng nht bng cch thay i gi tr mc
quan trng gia cc cp ch tiu.
Theo v dhnh 2.6, ta c cc gi tr tnh ton kim tra tnh nht qun ca d
liu l:
n = 4 RI = 0.89
max = 4.083 CR = 0.031 (< 0.1 tho mn)
CI = 0.028
2.2.4. Tch hp cc chtiu
Sau khi phn khong v tnh trng s ca cc ch tiu th vic tch hp
36
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
37/84
chng cho ta tnh c ch s thch hp hay kt qu cui cng ca cc ch tiu. y
thc cht l mt t hp ca cc ch tiu khc nhau. Cng thc tnh ch s cui cng
l [3]:
)(1
i i
n
i
XWS ==
(2.6)
S: Ch s thch hp;
n: Tng s ch tiu;
Wi: Trng s ca ch tiu i;
Xi: im ca ch tiu i.
Kt qu cui cng ca phn tch a ch tiu l bn vi ch s thch hp chotng v tr. Trn cs, ngi ra quyt nh s la chn phng n thch hp nht
l mt trong s cc phng n c ch s cao nht.
2.3. Quy trnh la chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot bng GIS
v phng php phn tch a ch tiu
Da trn nhng phn tch trn, ti xin a ra mt quy trnh la chn a
im bi chn l p cht thi rn sinh hot trn c s s dng phn mm ArcGIS
(hnh 2.7). Cc bc ca quy trnh ny nh sau:
Bc 1: Thu thp ti liu, sliu khu vc nghin cu v ti liu chuyn mn
y l bc u tin trong quy trnh la chn a im. Mc ch l tm hiu
vc im t nhin, kinh t, x hi khu vc nghin cu. ng thi thu thp cc ti
liu bn a hnh, bn hin trng s dng t, bn a cht, cc s liu
thng k, bo co quy hoch, ca khu vc.
Cc ti liu chuyn mn cn thu thp l cc quy nh ca php lut, quy phm
k thut v la chn bi chn lp cht thi rn.
Bc 2: Chun b dliu u vo
T cc ngun bn thu thp c, tin hnh chuyn sang nh dng
Geodatabase trong phn mm ArcGIS v tch cc lp cn thit. Nhim v quan
trng ca bc ny l cung cp d liu u vo v m bo mi quan h topology
gia cc i tng. Mun vy, cn thit lp quy tc topology v tin hnh kim tra,
37
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
38/84
sa li to ra d liu c cht lng.
Thu thp ti liu, s liu khu vcnghin cu v ti liu chuyn mn
Chun b d liu u vo
Xc nh cc yu cu va im,v chtiu gii hn
La chn s b
Xc nh mt s chtiu c th
nh gi ngay
Phn loi v tnh im cc lp uvo
Xc nh s b cc khu vc timnng
La chn chnh xc
Xc nh nhng chtiu cn li nh gi chnh xc
Tnh trng s ca tng chtiu
iu tra, kho st thc a v ly kin cng ng
nh gi tng hp cc khu vctim nng
La chn khu vc ph hp nht
AHP
GIS
GISv
AHP
Hnh 2.7. Quy trnh la chn a im BCL CTR sinh hot bng GIS v phng
php phn tch a chtiu
Bc 3: Xc nh cc yu cu va im v chtiu gii hn
Vic xc nh cc yu cu ca bi chn lp (quy m, loi bi,) v ra cc
ch tiu gii hn l cs tin hnh la chn a im. Bc ny c thc hin
38
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
39/84
da trn cc quy nh, quy phm v c im iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi ca
a phng.
Bc 4: Tnh trng scho cc chtiu
Nh cp trn, c rt nhiu yu t tc ng n vic la chn BCL CTR
v mc nh hng hay tm quan trngca chng l khc nhau. Do cn phi
sp xp chng theo th t v th hin bng trng s. C nhiu cch tnh, trong
ti ny, tc gi p dng Qu trnh phn tch phn cp (AHP).
Khi s lng cc ch tiu nhiu, chng phi c gp li theo tng nhm. Mi
nhm s bao gm cc ch tiu c cng mt tiu ch. V d nhm A gm c ch tiu
a1, a2, a3; nhm B c cc ch tiu b1, b2. Nhm C c ch tiu c1, c2, c3. Cc nhmv ch tiu c sp xp nh hnh 2.8.
a im tt nht
Nhm A Nhm B Nhm C
Chtiua1
Chtiua2
Chtiua3
Chtiub1
Chtiub2
Chtiuc1
Chtiuc2
Mc 1
Mc 2
Hnh 2.8. Phn cp cc chtiu
a. Tnh trng sca cc nhm
Lp mt ma trn u tin ca cc nhm gm n dng v n ct (n l s nhm),
y theo v d hnh 2.8 th n = 3. Cc gi tr trong ma trn l mc u tin ca
nhm hng i so vi nhm ctj (i = 1 n 3, j = 1 n 3) Chng c lp da trn
cn c vo tnh hnh thc t ca khu vc, kin ca cc chuyn gia, ca ngi ra
quyt nh. Cc bc tnh ton trng sc thc hin theo phng php AHP
trnh by 2.2.3. Kt qu ta c trng s tng ng vi 3 nhm A, B, C l m, l, k.
b. Tnh trng sca cc chtiu trong tng nhm
Ln lt lp ma trn u tin ca cc ch tiu a1, a2, a3 v tnh trng sc
39
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
40/84
kt qu l m1, m2, m3.
Lp ma trn u tin ca 2 ch tiu b1, b2 v tnh trng sc kt qul1, l2.
Lp ma trn u tin ca 2 ch tiu c1, c2 v tnh trng sc kt quk1, k2.
c. Tnh trng schung ca cc chtiu
Trng s cui cng ca cc ch tiu c tnh bng trng s ca nhm nhn
vi trng s ca ch tiu trong tng nhm.
Hnh 2.9 th hin kt qu tng hp ca vic tnh trng s cho cc ch tiu.
a im tt nht
Nhm ATS: m
Nhm BTS: l
Nhm CTS: k
Chtiua1
TS: m1
Chtiua2
TS: m2
Chtiua3
TS: m3
Chtiub1
TS: l1
Chtiub2
TS: l2
Chtiuc1
TS: k1
Chtiuc2
TS: k2
Trngs
chung m x m1 m x m2 m x m3 lx l1 lx l2 kx k1 kx k2
Hnh 2.9. Cch tnh trng sca cc chtiu (TS: Trng s)
Bc 5: La chn sb
Vi mt khu vc rng ln, ngi la chn a im s gp kh khn khi xc
nh khu vc no ph hp cho bi chn lp. V vy cn phi sng lc sb lm
gim din tch vng tm kim.
a. Xc nh mt s ch tiu c thnh gi ngay:
Trong s cc ch tiu c t ra, c nhng ch tiu c thnh gi c d
dng qua cc gi tr gii hn theo quy nh. V d nh bi chn lp phi nm cch
khu th t nht l 3 km. Tc l khong cch xung quanh khu dn c th 3 km
l b cm, khng th b tr bi chn lp c. Nh vy la chn sb, chng ta
s chn ra nhng ch tiu c thnh gi trc.
40
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
41/84
b. Phn loi v tnh im cc yu tu vo:
Trong tng ch tiu u c nhng mc thch hp vi yu cu b tr bi chn
lp cht thi rn khc nhau. V d: khong cch t bi chn lp n khu dn c cng
xa cng tt, nhng khong cch t bi n ng giao thng th cng gn cng tt
thun tin cho vic vn chuyn rc,... c th phn loi v tnh im cho cc
yu tu vo theo cc ch tiu trn, ta to cc raster cha khong cch ti cc i
tng nh dn c, ng giao thng, V bn cht, gi tr ca mi pixel l khong
cch t cell ti khu dn c gn nht hay ng giao thng gn nht, Trn c
slp raster khong cch ny th chng ta s d dng phn khong v tnh im cho
cc lp.V d, da trn raster khong cch n lp dn c th, ta c th chia ra cc
khong gi tr nh 0 3000m, 3000m 5000m, 5000m 7000m, > 7000m. Vi
tiu ch l bi chn lp cng xa khu dn c th cng tt, ta c th tnh im nh
trong bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2. Bngim minh ho cho khong cch n khu dn c th
Khong cch < 3000m 3000m 5000m 5000m 7000m > 7000m
im 0 1 2 3
c. Xc nh cc khu vc tim nng:
Sau khi cc lp rasterc gn im, chng ta s to ra mt lp raster chung
trn cscng cc lp raster thnh phn li. N s th hin cc pixel vi cc gi tr
t th p nht n ln nht. Nhng khu vc no khng c d liu hoc gi tr qu
thp s b loi b. Thng thng nn gi li t 3 n 4 khu vc. Nu s lng t hnth c th ni lng cc gii hn sao cho hp l. Nu s lng nhiu qu th cn phi
xem xt cc khu vc theo tng ch tiu v lp thnh mt bng so snh, t loi b
bt khu vc. Hoc c th lm cht hn cc gii hn. Nh vy th min tm kim
c gim i ng k.
Bc 6: La chn chnh xc
T mt s khu vc tim nng, tin hnh nh gi v sng lc tip tm ra
41
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
42/84
c a im ph hp nht.
a. Xc nh nhng ch tiu cn li nh gi chnh xc:
Nhng ch tiu no cha tham gia vo nh gi sb th sc la chn
nh gi chnh xc. Vic nh gi ch cn thc hin cho cc khu vc tim nng
chn ra bc nh gi sb.
b. iu tra, kho st thc a v ly kin cng ng:
bc ny, cc s liu chi tit c thu thp cho tng a im tim nng.
Vic iu tra kho st a im nhm mc ch kim chng cc ngun s liu thu
thp v b sung nhng thng tin cn thit theo cc ch tiu ra. Quan trng nht
l ly kin t ngi dn v chnh quyn ca khu vc tim nng bit v nhucu v mc chp thun ca ngi dn, chnh quyn.
c. nh gi tng h p cc khu vc tim nng theo tng ch tiu la chn
chnh xc
Cc khu vc tim nng c nh gi tng hp theo ton b cc ch tiu nhm
mc ch la chn khu vc ph hp nht. Hnh 2.10 minh ha vic nh gi tng
hp cho 3 khu vc tim nng theo 7 ch tiu. Vi mi ch tiu nh gi tng hp,
chng ta s lp ra mt bng ma trn so snh mc u tin ca cc khu vc tim
nng v tnh im. V dnh gi 3 khu vc tim nng theo ch tiu a1 c th
hin hnh 2.11. Cch tnh cng theo phng php phn tch AHP trnh by
mc 2.2.3.
- La chn khu vc ph hp nht:
Trn csim thnh phn v trng s ca cc ch tiu, tin hnh tnh im
chung cuc ca cc khu vc tim nng theo cng thc:
)(1
iji
n
i
j XWS ==
(2.7)
n: Tng s ch tiu
Sj: Ch s thch hp (im chung) ca khu vcj
Wi: Trng s ca ch tiu i
Xij: im ca khu vc tim nngj theo ch tiu i
42
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
43/84
Kt qu l khu vc no c gi tr cao nht sc la chn v thng tin s
c cung cp cho nh qun l ra quyt nh.
Khu vc 1 Khu vc 2
Chtiua1
Chtiua2
Chtiua3
Chtiub1
Chtiub2
Chtiuc1
Chtiuc2
a im tt nht
Khu vc 3
Hnh 2.10.nh gi tng hp cc khu vc tim nng theo cc chtiu
a. Mc u tin ca 3 khu
vc tim nng
KV1 KV2 KV3
KV1 1 2 2
KV2 1/2 1 1/2
KV3 1/2 2 1
Tng 2 5 3.5
b. Chun ho ma trn
KV1 KV2 KV3
KV1 0.5 0.4 0.571
KV2 0.25 0.2 0.143
KV3 0.25 0.4 0.286
Tng 1 1 1
c.im sca 3 khu vc
tim nng
KV1 0.490
KV2 0.198
KV3 0.312
CR 0.058 (
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
44/84
CHNG 3. LA CHN A IM BI CHN LP CHT THI RN
SINH HOT TRN A BN HUYN NG ANH
3.1. Gii thiu v khu vc nghin cu
3.1.1. iu kin tnhin
a. V tra l
ng Anh l mt huyn ngoi thnh pha Bc thnh ph H Ni, c din tch
l 182.139 km2, nm trong vng quy hoch pht trin cng nghip, th, dch v
v du lch c Chnh ph v Thnh ph ph duyt, l u mi giao thng quantrng ni Th H Ni vi cc tnh pha Bc (hnh 3.1).
Hnh 3.1. V tr ca huynng Anh trong thnh phH Ni
- Pha ng, ng Bc ca huyn gip tnh Bc Ninh;
- Pha Nam gip sng Hng;
- Pha ng Nam gip huyn Gia Lm, H Ni;
- Pha Ty gip huyn M Linh, H Ni;
44
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_L%C3%A2mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AA_Linhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AA_Linhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_L%C3%A2mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
45/84
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3c_S%C6%A1n8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
46/84
c. Kh huKh hu ca khu vc c iu kin chung vi kh hu H Ni: nhit i gi ma
m, ma h nng ma nhiu vi gi thnh hnh hng ng Nam v ma ng
lnh, t ma, gi ng Bc thnh hnh. Cc thng s lin quan n kh hu ca khu
vc da ch yu vo s liu ca trm kh tng gn nht l trm Lng H Ni:
- Nhit trung bnh nm: 24.80C;
- m trung bnh nm: 79%;
- Lng ma trung bnh nm l 1700 mm, mi nm c khong 143 ngy ma;
- Thng ma nhiu nht l thng 8 vi lng ma bnh qun l 300 350 mm;
- Thng ma t nht l thng 12;
- Tc gi trung bnh nm: Gi hng ng Nam l 2.7m/s, gi hng
ng Bc l 3.3m/s.
d. Thu vn
Huyn ng Anh chu nh hng bi ch thu vn ca cc sng Hng v
sng ung. Ngoi ra, trong huyn cn c sng C L, sng Thip, sng Ng Huyn
Kh v rt nhiu ao h, trong ng k nht l m Vn Tr vi din tch 130 ha.
Tuy a hnh ca huyn c cao hn so vi ni thnh H Ni nhng vn nm
trong khu vc chu se do ca ngp lt sng Hng. Do vy, tuyn sng Hng
v sng ung l iu kin cbn bo v khu vc. Tnh hnh ng lt thng xy
ra cc x pha ng ca huyn: Thy Lm, Vn H, Lin H lin quan n cc
46
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
47/84
sng C L v sng Ng Huyn Kh. Thc trng ny cn phi c lu khi la
chn BCL CTR cho huyn.
Bng 3.1.c im a cht thu vn khu vcng Anh [9]
TT Tn tng K hiu su trung bnh,
dy trung bnhc im
T: 0.0 m
n: 11.6 m
1 Lp cch nc trong
trm tch Pleixtocen
trn
LCN1
St, st
pha Dy: 11.6 m
Phn b rng ri. Ti khu bi ging
nh my nc ng Anh, b dy
ca lp ny trung bnh l 3.8 m
T: 11.0 m
n: 24.9 m
2 Tng cha nc l
hng trong trm tch
Pleixtocen trn
TCNqp2
Ct ht mn
trung ln t
snDy: 13.9 m
Tng cha nc p lc yu,
c phn b rng ri, c gi tr
i vi cung cp nc vi quy
m nh dng cho h dn. Tikhu bi ging nh my nc
ng Anh, su trung bnh l
3.8m, dy l 23 m
T: 22.0 m
n: 31.2 m
3 Lp cch nc trm
tch Pleixtocen gia -
trn
LCN2
St, st
pha ct pha Dy: 9.2 m
Lp cch nc phn b khng
lin tc, c ni b bo mn hoc
mt hn. Ti khu bi ging nh
my nc ng Anh, gp lp
ny sau 24.4m, b dy
c 4.6m
T: 30.1 m
n: 56.0 m
4 Tng cha nc l
hng trong trm tch
Pleixtocen di -
gia
TCNqp1
Cui, si,
sn ln ct,
cui ktDy: 25.8 m
Phn b rng ri ton khu vc.
y l tng cha nc p lc,
rt phong ph nc p ng
nhu cu cp nc sinh hot v
sn xut quy m ln. Ti nh
my nc ng Anh, gp
su t 29m, b dy trung bnh
29.5 m
T: 57.5 m
n: 76.3 m
5 Phc h cha nc
Neogen
PHCN N
Ct kt, btkt kp st
kt viDy: 18.8 m
Phc h ny t c nghin
cu (Cc l khoan cha khoanht tng ny)
T: 53.0 m
n: 81.1 m
6 Phc h cha nc
trong trm tch Triat
trung - bc Ladini -
h tng N Khut
PHCN
T2lnk
Bt kt, ct
kt kp st
kt vi
Dy: 28.1 m
Phc h ny t c nghin cu.
Theo cc ti liu trc th y l
tng ngho nc, khng c
ngha cung cp nc ln (Cc l
khoan cha khoan ht tng ny)
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc cht lng nc thuc Trung tm Quy hoch viu tra ti nguyn nc
47
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
48/84
Theo bo co tng hp v quan trc cht lng, s lng nc ng Anh
ca Trung tm quan trc cht lng nc thuc Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra
ti nguyn nc th c im a cht thy vn ca khu vc ng Anh nh trong
bng 3.1.
Nh vy thi cc tng nc di t u c lp st bo v. iu ny l rt quan
trng v s trnh c cc ri ro do b thm nc rc.
e. Ti nguyn t
Din tch ca ton huyn l 18 214 ha bao gm c mt phn din tch sng
Hng, sng ung v vng bi t ven sng. t trong huyn bao gm t ph sa
ngoi v t ph sa trong .+ t ph sa ngoi l t c bi p thng xuyn trn cc bi bi ven
sng, bi gia sng.
+ t ph sa trong khng c bi p thng xuyn do c h thng .
ng Anh thuc nhm t bc mu pht trin trn t ph sa c: t chua, ngho
dinh dng, khng kt cu, thnh phn cgii nh, ri rc khi kh hn, kt dnh khi
ngp nc, nng sut cy trng thng thp.
3.1.2. iu kin kinh t- x hi
a. Dn c
Cn c theo s liu ca phng Thng k - UBND huyn ng Anh, dn s ca
huyn l 276 750 ngi (tnh n nm 2003), mt trung bnh l 1544 ngi/km2.
D kin quy m dn s ca huyn n nm 2020 l 672 000 ngi khu th v
158 000 ngi khu vc nng thn. Dn s khu th ch yu l tng chc, cn
dn s nng thn ch yu l tng t nhin.
Hin nay ccu lao ng trong huyn vn cbn l nng nghip (hn 80%),
s lao ng trong lnh vc cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v dch v cn t.
b. Tnh hnh kinh t
Hin ti, huyn ng Anh c khu cng nghip Bc Thng Long c quy m ln
v khu cng nghip va v nh Nguyn Kh. Theo quy hoch n nm 2020, khu
cng nghip tp trung ng Anh s hon thnh. Ngoi ra, cn c mt s lng ngh
48
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
49/84
truyn thng nhng in hnh v tp trung nht l lng ngh gLin H.
c. Csh tng x hi
- Gio dc: Hu ht cc x u c trng ph thng csv trung hc cs.
C x c trng ph thng trung hc. Nhn chung csvt cht cc trng u
kh tt.
- Y t: Ton b cc x u c trm y t nhng quy m nh v trang b cn
ngho nn. Huyn cng c 1 bnh vin huyn ti x Kim Chung v bnh vin ngnh
ti th trn ng Anh.
- Cquan, UBND x: Cc cquan lnh o ch yu ca huyn nh huyn u,
UBND, cc phng ban trc thuc u ng ti th trn ng Anh.- Hu ht cc x u c trung tm thng mi l chvi tng s 24 ch.
- Cc cng trnh di tch lch s v vn ho: Trn a bn huyn c rt nhiu di
tch lch s vn ho gn lin vi cc l hi. Trong c 29 di tch lch s xp
hng (bng 3.2), c bit phi kn l khu di tch C Loa v n Si.
Bng 3.2. Cc di tch lch svn ho huynng Anh c xp hng (n 1999)
STT Tn cng trnh a im (x) STT Tn cng trnh a im (x)
1 Khu di tch lch sC Loa
C Loa, Vit Hng,Dc T, Uy N
15 Miu Mch Lng i Mch
2 nh H V Lin H 16 nh Dc T Dc T
3 Nh th h Lin H 17 Cha Dc T Dc T
4 nh H Hng Lin H 18 nh L Nhn Dc T
5 nh L Kh Lin H 19 Cha L Nhn Dc T
6 Nh th ca cng Lin H 20 nh Phc Hu Dc T
7 nh Ngc Chi Vnh Ngc 21 Cha Phc Hu Dc T
8 nhng Tr ng Hi 22 nh L Giao Vit Hng
9 nh Li ng Hi 23 nho Thc Thy Lm
10 Cha Li ng Hi 24 Chao Thc Thy Lm
11 Miu Li ng Hi 25 nh Thy Li Thy Lm
12 nh Hi Ph ng Hi 26 n Thng Thy Lm
13 Cha Hi Ph ng Hi 27 n Si Thy Lm
14 Miu Hi Ph ng Hi 28 nh Hng Trm Thy Lm
29 Cha Hng Trm Thy Lm
49
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
50/84
d. Csh tng kthut
- H thng giao thng: Huyn ng Anh l mt trong nhng u mi giao
thng quan trng ca th H Ni. Mt s tuyn ng chnh i qua a bn
huyn l quc l 3 (t H Ni i Thi Nguyn), ng cao tc Bc Thng Long (i
Thng Long - Ni Bi) v quc l 23. Cc tuyn ng ny kt hp vi ng lin
huyn, lin x to thnh mt mng li lin hon, p ng nhu cu giao lu ca
huyn. ng st qua huyn ng Anh c 3 tuyn: H Ni Thi Nguyn, ng
Anh - Vit Tr v tuyn cu Thng Long n ga Bc Hng. C 33.3 km ng sng
(sng Hng, sng ung, sng C L) v 20 km sng ni huyn (sng Thip, sng
Ng Huyn Kh).- H thng cung cp in: ngun cp in cho cc ph ti ca huyn ng Anh
l mng li in quc gia thng qua trm bin th 110/35/6 KV ng Anh v trm
trung gian 35/6 KV Lm Tiu. Li phn phi gm 2 cp in p l 35 KV v 6 KV.
- H thng cung cp nc: Trong huyn ch c 2 khu vc c h thng cp nc
cng cng l khu vc th trn ng Anh (cng sut 13500 m3/ngy m v khu vc
Bc cu Thng Long (cng sut 3500 m3/ngy m). Hin ti pha Bc cu Thng
Long ang chun b xy dng nh my cp nc vi cng sut 30000 m3/ngy m.
- H thng thot nc trong khu vc th cng nh trong ton huyn ch yu
da vo h thng tiu nc nng nghip. Nc t cc khu th v cc im dn c
c thu gom li hoc x t nhin vo cc knh mng tiu nc nng nghip, sau
thot ra sng bng t chy hoc bm. Ton b huyn c chia thnh 3 lu vc
tiu nc chnh:
+ Lu vc tiu nc ra sng C L qua m Sn Du, cng Xun Nn v trm
bm Mnh Tn;
+ Lu vc trm bm Phng Trch ra sng Hng;
+ Lu vc tiu nc ra sng Ng Huyn Kh.
e. Tnh hnh sdngt
Tng din tch t nhin ca huyn l 18 213.9 ha. Theo s liu thng k t
ai nm 2007 th tnh hnh s dng t ca huyn nh sau (bng 3.3):
50
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
51/84
- t nng nghip c din tch 9569.48 ha, chim 45%, ch yu l t sn xut
nng nghip v nui trng thy sn.
- t phi nng nghip c din tch 8273.97 ha, chim 53%.
- t cha s dng chim 2%, ch yu l t bi bi ven sng Hng.
Bng 3.3. Thng k hin trng sdngt huynng Anh
TT Mc ch sdng t M Din tch (ha)
Tng din tch t nhin 18213.90
1 t nng nghip NNP 9569.48
1.1 t sn xut nng nghip SXN 9020.14
1.1.1 t trng cy hng nm CHN 8832.27
1.1.1.1 t trng la LUA 7918.65
1.1.1.3 t trng cy hng nm khc HNK 913.62
1.1.2 t trng cy lu nm CLN 187.87
1.3 t nui trng thu sn NTS 549.34
2 t phi nng nghip PNN 8273.97
2.1 t OTC 2119.29
2.1.1 t ti nng thn ONT 2014.95
2.1.2 t ti th ODT 104.342.2 t chuyn dng CDG 3901.75
2.2.1 t tr s c quan, cng trnh s CTS 246.48
2.2.2 t quc phng CQP 91.32
2.2.3 t an ninh CAN 3.21
2.2.4 t sn xut, kinh doanh phi nng CSK 886.90
2.2.5 t c mc ch cng cng CCC 2673.84
2.3 t tn gio, tn ngng TTN 11.24
2.4 t ngha trang, ngha a NTD 172.27
2.5 t sng sui v mt nc chuyn SMN 2049.48
2.6 t phi nng nghip khc PNK 19.94
3 t cha s dng CSD 370.45
3.1 t bng cha s dng BCS 370.45
Ngun: Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng huynng Anh
51
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
52/84
3.1.3. Hin trng mt sbi rc ng Anh
Vi ch trng mi thn lng u c mt t t qun v 1 bi chn lp rc thi
ti ch, ng Anh l huyn thc hin kh tt cng tc x hi ho v sinh mi
trng. Tuy nhin, do l huyn c tc th ho nhanh, khi lng cht thi rn
pht sinh trong nhng nm gn y tng mt cch ng k. Theo bo co ca X
nghip Mi trng th huyn ng Anh th hin nay, khi lng rc thi pht
sinh trn a bn huyn c tnh khong 130 T/ngy, d bo n nm 2010 l 135
T/ngy (khu vc th trn l 80 90 T/ngy). Trong khi , qut dnh cho chn
lp rc ngy cng hn hp, c ni quy trnh x l cha m bo yu cu k thut
nn rt d gy ra nguy c nhim mi trng. Hu ht cc bi rc u l t pht,tn dng nhng ao h, bi tha ma, l gch,
V d nh bi rc x Vnh Ngc (hnh 3.3a), bi rc y c tn dng khu
l gch c ch cch UBND x khong 200m, cch trng tiu hc v THCS Vnh
Ngc gn 300m. Theo quy nh, bi chn lp rc phi cch khu dn c t 300m tr
ln. Vi khong cch qu gn v rc c l thin cnh ng lin thn li
khng c x l, chn lp nn mi hi thi bc ln nh hng n khu vc
xung quanh, nht l i vi hc sinh ca cc trng hc gn .
Ti x Kim N, mt bi rc xut hin cch cng lng 10m, ko di khong
50m, rt mt v sinh (hnh 3.3b).
a. Bi rc x Vnh Ngc b. Bi rc x Kim N
Hnh 3.3. Hin trng cc bi rc x Vnh Ngc v x Kim N
52
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
53/84
nhiu ni, cc x t chc thu gom rc v vn chuyn ln bi rc Nam Sn.
Tuy nhin, s ln thu gom t, ch khong 2 ln/tun dn n tnh trng ng rc
trong khu dn c vn cn ph bin.
Xut pht t thc t trn, nhu cu quy hoch mt bi chn lp cht thi rn hp
v sinh cng trnn cp bch trn a bn huyn.
Nm 2003, UBND Thnh ph H Ni ph duyt d n u t Xy dng
khu chn lp v x l rc thi Huyn ng Anh (giai on 1 tc 2003 2006) s
3822/Q-UB. a im u t l x Vit Hng vi phm vi l 88448 m2. Khu chn
lp rc thi sinh hot ny c xy dng mi nhm mc tiu thu gom x l rc thi
trn a bn huyn v mt s vng ni thnh, ln cn (trong trng hp cn thit)gp phn lm gim thiu nhim mi trng. Hin nay khu chn lp ny mi ch
dng li xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh v h tng k thut. Tng thi gian
vn hnh ca bi l 12.47 nm. y c coi l mt cng trnh mang tnh quy m
ca huyn. Liu v tr ca bi chn lp ny hp l cha? y c phi l phung
n ti u hay khng? Chng ta hy cng kim chng vi kt qu ca ti khi ng
dng GIS v phng php phn tch a ch tiu.
3.2. La chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn trn a bn huyn
ng Anh
3.2.1. Cn cxc nh vtr bi chn lp cht thi rn trn a bn huyn ng Anh
a. Cn cphp l, kthut v ti liu thu thp
- B Xy dng. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam. TCXDVN 261: 2001. Bi
chn lp cht thi rn Tiu chun thit k. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 2002.
- B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, B Xy dng. Thng t lin tch s
01/2001/TTLT/BKHCNMT-BXD. Hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng
i vi vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn.
- Cc ngun ti liu bn thu thp c: bn hin trng s dng t huyn
ng Anh nm 2005 t l 1: 15000 dng s, bn a hnh huyn ng Anh t l
1: 25000 dng s, bn a cht v khong sn H Ni t l 1: 200.000 dng s.
Ngoi ra cn c cc ti liu khc nh Thuyt minh tm tt quy hoch chi tit
53
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
54/84
huyn ng Anh, Bo co c im a cht thu vn v hin trng khai thc nc
di t huyn ng Anh ca Trung tm quan trc cht lng nc.
b. Xc nh quy m, m hnh bi chn lp
Theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 261:2001 v thng t lin tch 01/2001, cn c
theo din tch, dn s v lng cht thi pht sinh ca huyn ng Anh th quy m
BCL l va vi din tch 10 30 ha.
Da trn c im a hnh, a cht thu vn th m hnh bi chn lp nn l
hn hp kt hp ni chm. y l bi chn lp na chm, na ni, thng c s
dng vng ng bng, c a hnh bng phng hoc dc nh. Cht thi sau khi
lp y h chn, c tip tc cht ng ln trn vi mt cao nht nh, p bao quanh to thnh chn lp. Nh vy s tit kim c din tch chn lp m
vn m bo kh nng cha rc thi.
Da theo quy hoch ca huyn th y khng phi l mt bi chn lp thun
tu m c kt hp vi cng ngh x l.
3.2.2. Chun bdliu u vo
T cc bn ti liu dng s trong Microstation, chng ta s tch ra thnh
nhiu lp i tng chuyn sang phn mm ArcGIS phc v cho vic phn tch,
x l. Bng 3.4 th hin cc lp d liu m ti s dng.
Tuy nhin cc i tng a l khi xy dng trong Microstation khng c mi
quan h khng gian topology. Chnh v vy khi chuyn i d liu sang nh dng
Geodatabase ca ArcGIS, chng ta cn phi thit lp li mi quan h topology v
kim tra, chnh sa li cho cc i tng trong mt lp v gia cc lp theo yu cu
quan h khng gian. C mt s li ch yu nh: cc tha t chng ln nhau hoc
nm chm ln nhau; cc ng giao thng khng kt ni vi nhau ng ba, ng t;
a gii hnh chnh huyn, x khng khp kn, S dng cng c Topology trong
ArcCatalog cho php ta thc hin cng vic ny. V d kim tra quan h topology ca
cc i tng trong lp hin trng s dng t. Nguyn tc l 2 khoanh vi mc ch
s dng t khng c chng ln nhau hoc nm chm ln nhau. Nhng vng mu
l nhng vng khng tun th theo ng nguyn tc. Hnh 3.4 minh ho li 2
khoanh vi mc ch s dng t b chng ln nhau (vng mu ).
54
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
55/84
Bng 3.4. Cc lp dliu u vo
Stt Tn lp M t nh dng
1 Diem_thu_gom im thu gom. Th hin v tr cc im thu gom rc Point
2 Tram_dien Trm in. Th hin v tr cc trm cung cp in Point
3 Nuoc_ngam Nc ngm. Th hin v tr ngun cung cp nc ngm Point
4 Gthong_chinh Giao thng chnh. Th hin cc tuyn giao thng chnh(quc l, cao tc, tnh l)
Line
5 Duong ng. Th hin cc tuyn ng giao thng khngphi l chnh
Line
6 Duong_sat ng st Line
7 Kenh_muong Knh, mng Line
8 Dia_chat a cht. Th hin cc t gy Line
9 Thi_tran Th trn. Th hin khu vc th trnng Anh Polygon
10 Dan_thuong Dn thng. Th hin cc cm dn c cc x Polygon
11 Thuy_van Thy vn. Th hin cc sng, m, ao, h, (ncmt)
Polygon
12 Di_tich Di tch. Th hin cc khu di tch vn ho c xphng
Polygon
13 Khu_CNghiep Khu cng nghip Polygon
14 Hien_trang Hin trng. Th hin mc ch s dng t trn a bnhuyn Polygon
15 Dong_anh Th hin cc n v hnh chnh x trn a bn huyn Polygon
16 Tho_nhuong Th nhng. Th hin khoanh vi cc loi t chnh trna bn huyn
Polygon
17 DEM M hnh s cao Raster
Cch sa cc li topology c thc hin bng cch xo i tng, thm mi
hoc l Merge ri xc nh li ng mc ch s dng ca tha t ,
Sau khi chy li Topology xong, csd liu c lm sch v c th s
dng tin hnh phn tch khng gian cc bc tip theo.
55
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
56/84
Hnh 3.4. Li topology ca cc i tng trong lp hin trng sdngt
3.2.3. Cc chtiu la chn a im btr bi chn lp cht thi rn
Da trn nhng cn c php l, cskhoa hc v vic la chn a im BCL
CTR v tng hp cc ti liu, nghin cu c im khu vc ng Anh cng nh
tham kho kin chuyn gia, ti a ra cc ch tiu la chn a im BCL
CTR cho huyn ng Anh nh trong bng 3.5 (Mu phiu tham kho kin
chuyn gia th hin phn ph lc).
Bng 3.5. Cc chtiu la chn a im BCL CTR huynng Anh
Nhm chtiu
Tn ch tiu Gii hn
1. Khong cch n ngun nc mt (sng,
h, m,...)
Khng xy dng bi chn lp gn cc ngun nc, ven sng, cc
vng c bo v (h, sui, m ly,...) hoc nhng ni c khnng bo lt thng xuyn nhng cng khng nn xa qu
thun tin cho thot nc thI (tham kho t d n WASTE
ECON ca Canada vi Vit Nam)
2. Khong cch n cng trnh khai thc
nc ngm
Tng ti a khong cch t bi n ngun cung cp nc. Tu
theo cng sut. ng Anh (Q > 10.000 m3/ngy khong
cch > 500m) (theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 261:2001)
A
Mi trng(Gim thiu
tc ng ti
mi trng)
3. Th nhng (tnh cht ca t khu vc
nh loi t, h s thm thu,...)Hn ch ti a s thm thu nc rc t bi vo mi trng t
56
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
57/84
4. Khong cch ti ng giao thng chnh
(cao tc, quc l, tnh l, ng st)
(ng st c xp l loi ng giao
thng chnh)
Khong cch t bi n ng giao thng chnh > 100m (theo quy
nh ca TCXDVN 261:2001)
5. Hng gi Hn ch nhim do mi Cng cui hng gi cng tt
6. Khong cch ti cc khu di tch, vn hoKhong cch t bi n khu di tch, vn ho > 1000m (tham kho
t d n WASTE ECON ca Canada vi Vit Nam)
7. a hnh Kt hp vi yu t gi hn ch s nhim khng kh do mi
8. Khong cch n khu cng nghipKhong cch t bi n khu cng nghip > 1000m (theo quy nh
ca TCXDVN 261:2001)
1. Khong cch ti trm cung cp in
Gim thiu chi ph xy dng mng li cp in cho bi cng
gn cng tt (tham kho t d n WASTE ECON ca Canadavi Vit Nam)
2. Khong cch ti ng giao thng
thng (khng phi ng quc l, ng
cao tc, tnh l)
Thun tin cho vic vn chuyn, thu gom rc cng gn cng
tt
3. Khong cch ti im thu gom rc ca
cc n v cp di v cc trung tm pht
sinh rc thi
Gim chi ph v thi gian vn chuyn cng gn cng tt
4. Hin trng s dng t
Gim chi ph n b, gii phng mt bng cho xy dng bi
u tin t cha s dng, t nng nghip hiu qu kinh t thp,cc bi rc ang s dng nng cp phc v cho chn lp v
x l rc trn a bn huyn
B
Kinh t
(Gim thiu
chi ph xy
dng v vn
hnh bichn lp)
5. a cht ( cp n yu t t gy)
Khng xy dng bi nhng ch c cu trc a cht phc tp,
nhng ni c nn nt rn Tng ti a khong cch ti cc vt
nt rn (tham kho t d n WASTE ECON ca Canada vi
Vit Nam)
1. Khong cch n cc khu th
Tng ti a khong cch n cc khu th.
Khong cch n khu th > 3000m
(theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 261:2001)
2. Khong cch n cm dn c thng
Tng ti a khong cch n cm dn c.
Khong cch n cm dn c> 1000m (hng gi chnh)
Khong cch n cm dn c> 300m (hng khc)
(theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 261:2001)
3. Chp thun ca cng ng Tng ti a s chp thun ca cng ng
C
X hi
(gim thiu
tc ng ti
x hi)
4. Chp thun ca chnh quyn a phng Tng ti a s chp thun ca chnh quyn a phng
57
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
58/84
3.2.4. Tnh trng scho cc chtiu
Phng php c s dng tnh trng s l Qu trnh phn tch phn cp
(AHP) trnh by mc 2.2.3.
a. Trng sca cc nhm chtiu
- Lp bng ma trn mc u tin ca 3 nhm l mi trng, kinh t v x hi
ri tin hnh chun ha ma trn, tnh trng s ca cc nhm (bng 3.6).
kim tra tnh nht qun ca d liu, thc hin tnh t s CR (Consistency
Ratio). Nu CR < 0.1 l chp nhn c.
Bng 3.6. Ma trn mc u tin v trng sca 3 nhm chtiu
Kinh t X hi Mi tr ng Tr ng sKinh t 1 1/3 1/4 0.126
X hi 3 1 1 0.416
Mi trng 4 1 1 0.458
CR 0.011 (< 0.1) tho mn
(Gi tr mc u tin tham kho t kin ca 3 chuyn gia)
b. Tnh trng scho cc chtiu trong tng nhm
Kt qu so snh mc u tin v tnh ton trng s cho cc ch tiu theo tng
nhm c th hin trong cc bng 3.7 3.9.
Bng 3.7. Mc u tin v trng sca cc chtiu trong nhm Mi trng
Ncmt
Ncngm
Th
nhngGT
chnhHng
giahnh
Di tch KCNTrng
s
Nc mt 1 1/2 1 3 1/2 2 1/2 2 0.118
Nc ngm 2 1 2 3 1/2 2 1/2 2 0.151
Th nhng 1 1/2 1 3 1/3 1 1/2 2 0.102
GT chnh 1/2 1/3 1/3 1 1/4 1/2 1/3 1/2 0.046
Hng gi 2 2 3 4 1 2 1 3 0.222
a hnh 1/2 1/2 1 2 1/2 1 1/2 1 0.086
Di tch 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 0.204
KCN 1/2 1/2 1/2 2 1/3 1 1/3 1 0.071
CR 0.023 (< 0.1) tho mn
(Gi tr mc u tin tham kho t kin ca 2 chuyn gia)
Ch thch:
Nc mt: Khong cch tbi n ngun nc mt
58
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
59/84
Nc ngm: Khong cch tbi n ngun cung cp nc ngm
GT chnh: Khong cch tbi n ng giao thng chnh (quc l, tnh l, cao tc)
Di tch: Khong cch tbi n khu di tch vn ho c xp hng
KCN: Khong cch tbi n khu cng nghip
Bng 3.8. Mc u tin v trng sca cc chtiu trong nhm Kinh t
Trmin
GTthng
imthu gom
HTSD acht
Trng s
Trm in 1 1/3 2 1/5 1/5 0.077
GT thng 3 1 4 1/3 1/3 0.166
im thu gom 1/2 1/4 1 1/5 1/4 0.059
HTSD 5 3 5 1 1 0.356
a cht 5 3 4 1 1 0.343
CR 0.053 (< 0.1) tho mn
(Gi tr mc u tin tham kho t kin ca 2 chuyn gia)
Ch thch:
Trm in: Khong cch tbi n trm cung cp in
GT thng: Khong cch tbi n ng giao thng thng (khng phi quc l, tnh l,
cao tc)
im thu gom: Khong cch tbi n im thu gom
HTSD: Hin trng sdngt
a cht: Khong cch tbi n v trt gy
Bng 3.9. Mc u tin v trng sca cc chtiu trong nhm X hi
th Dn c Cng ng Chnh quyn Trng s
th 1 2 1/2 1/2 0.198
Dn c 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 0.140
Cng ng 2 2 1 2 0.387
Chnh quyn 2 2 1/2 1 0.275CR 0.051 (< 0.1) tho mn
(Gi tr mc u tin tham kho t kin ca 2 chuyn gia)
Ch thch:
th: Khong cch tbi n khu dn c th
Dn c: Khong cch tbi n cm dn cnng thn cc x
Cngng: Mc chp thun ca ngi dn a phng
Chnh quyn: Mc chp thun ca chnh quyn a phng
59
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
60/84
b. Tnh trng schung ca cc chtiu
Thc hin php tnh nhn trng s ca cc nhm vi trng s ca cc ch tiu
trong nhm , c kt qu l trng s chung ca cc ch tiu (bng 3.10).
Bng 3.10. Trng schung ca cc chtiu
Stt Ch tiuTrng s ca
nhmTrng s trong
nhmTrng s chung
1. Nc mt 0.118 0.054
2. Nc ngm 0.151 0.069
3. Th nhng 0.102 0.047
4. Giao thng chnh 0.046 0.021
5. Hng gi 0.222 0.102
6. a hnh 0.086 0.039
7. Di tch 0.204 0.094
8. Khu cng nghip
Mi trng:
0.458
0.071 0.032
9. Trm in 0.077 0.010
10. Giao thng thng 0.166 0.021
11. im thu gom 0.059 0.007
12. HTSD 0.356 0.045
13. a cht
Kinh t:
0.126
0.343 0.043
14. th 0.198 0.082
15. Dn c 0.140 0.058
16. Cng ng 0.387 0.161
17. Chnh quyn
X hi:
0.416
0.275 0.114
Tng 1.000 1.000
3.2.5. La chn sb
a. Xc nh cc chtiu nh gi sb
Vng tm kim v tr bi chn lp rc sc gii hn li khi tin hnh la
chn sb. Cng vic ny c thc hin da trn vic phn tch khng gian i
vi mt s ch tiu c thnh gi trc.
Bng 3.11 th hin tn cc ch tiu v thang phn loi cho tng ch tiu. Cc
mc l: Khng ph hp: 0 im; t ph hp: 1 im; Ph hp: 2 im; Rt ph
hp: 3 im.
60
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
61/84
Bng 3.11. Cc chtiu c sdngnh gi sb
STT Tn ch tiu Gi tr im
1. Khong cch n khu dn c th
0 3000 m
3000 5000 m5000 7000 m> 7000 m
0
123
Khong cch n cm dn c nng thn
0 300 m300 1000 m1000 2000 m> 2000 m
0123
2.
Khong cch n cm dn c nng thntheo hng gi chnh
0 1000 m1000 2000 m2000 3000 m> 3000 m
0123
3. Khong cch n ngun cung cp ncngm
0 500 m
500 3000 m3000 5000 m> 5000 m
0
123
4. Khong cch n ngun nc mt
0 500 m500 1000 m1000 3000 m> 3000 m
0123
5. Khong cch n khu di tch, vn ho
0 1000 m1000 3000 m3000 5000 m> 5000 m
0123
6. Th nhng-t ph sa ngoi -t ph sa trong
03
7.Khong cch n ng giao thngchnh
0 100 m100 1000 m1000 3000 m> 3000 m
0123
8.Khong cch n ng giao thngthng
0 100 m100 1000 m1000 3000 m> 3000 m
3210
9. Hin trng s dng t
-t cha s dng-t nng nghip hiu qu thp
-t nh tm, t ngha a- Cc mc ch s dng khc
32
10
10. Khong cch n khu cng nghip
0 1000 m1000 2000 m2000 5000 m> 5000 m
0123
11. Khong cch n im thu gom0 2000 m2000 4000 m> 4000 m
321
12. Khong cch n trm cung cp in0 1000 m1000 3000 m> 3000 m
321
61
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
62/84
Khu th Cm dn c nng thn Cm dn c theo hng gi chnh
Ngun cung cp nc ngm Ngun nc mt Di tch
Th nhng Giao thng chnh Giao thng thng
Hin trng s dng t Khu cng nghip im thu gom
Thang im nh gi
Trm in
Hnh 3.5. Kt qu tnh im ca cc chtiu
62
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
63/84
b. To cc lp raster vkhong cch
thc hin phn tch khong cch theo cc ch tiu trn, cc lp d liu u
vo c phn tch bng cng c Distance/Straight Line ca Spatial Analyst. Sau
tin hnh phn khong, gn im cho cc lp kt qu bng cng c Reclassify.
Ring cc lp hin trng v th nhng th c chuyn i nh dng t vector
sang raster v tin hnh phn loi li ri gn im.
Kt quim ca 13 ch tiu trn c th hin hnh 3.5.
c. Xc nh cc khu vc tim nng
T nhng trng s tnh c v cc lp rasterim thnh phn ca cc ch
tiu, s dng cng c Raster Calculator, ta to ra mt lp raster tng vi kt qu lim cho tng pixel. Nhng gi tr thp s b loi b. Tuy nhin, cn c mt ch tiu
na phi c xem xt l bi chn lp phi c din tch > 10ha. Thc hin php lc,
ta loi c nhng vng c din tch < 10ha. Kt qu cc vng tim nng c th
hin hnh 3.6.
Hnh 3.6. Kt qu tm kim sb cc khu vc tim nng
63
8/6/2019 Luan Van ThuyHC
64/84
Nh vy, kt qu tm kim sb cho thy c 5 vng tim nng nm trn a
bn ca 4 x l: Vit Hng (2 vng), Vn H, Mai Lm, v Dc T.
3.2.6. La chn chnh xc
3.2.6.1. Chn lc cc v tr tim nng
Theo kt qu tm kim sb, phm vi cc khu vc tim nng vn cn nhiu,
cn phi c thu gim na da trn cc ch tiu dng nh gi chnh xc l:
hng gi, a hnh, a cht, s chp thun ca cng ng, s chp thun ca chnh
quyn a phng.
Sau khi i iu tra, kho st thc a kt hp vi ti liu thu thp c, thng
tin tm tt ca cc a im tim nng c th hin bng 3.12.Bng 3.12. So snh cc a im sau khi tm kim sb
aim(x)
HTSD Hng gi a hnh a cht (xtn yu tt gy)
Mc thuntin v giao
thng
cimkhc
VnH
t nng nghiphiu qu thp (2 vla/nm, nng sut~1.5 t/so)
u hnggingBc
Thp dn vpha ng, cao 5 -7m
Nm nghng t gysu thun don v tgy trt bng
Gn nglin x angc m rng
D bnglt
VitHng
(2vng)
t nng nghiphiu qu thp (2 vla/nm, c trngmu, nng sut ~1.5t/so)
Nm giakhu vc chunh hngca 2 ging Bc vng Nam
Bng phng, cao 5 6m
Cch v tr tgy ~ 1.1 km
Thun tin,gn mtng c rng ~ 3m
DcT
t nng nghiphiu qu thp (2 vla/nm, c trngmu, nng sut ~1.5t/so)
u hnggingNam
a hnhbng phng, cao ~ 6 7m
Nm nghng t gytrt bng
ng t c rng < 2m
Mai
Lm
- Trc l bi rc
thi s dng- Xung quanh l tnng nghip hiuqu thp (2 v la/nm, nng sut ~1.5t/so)
u hng
gingNam
a hnh
thp, phasau bi cng cao chn gi
Cch v tr t
gy trt bng~ 1.5 km
Recommended