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1940-41

! 1346

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Bill Bedford Hunter Farnborough 1959 (. BAe).

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V/STOL Harrier. 7 1961 Harrier, .1127 (836). 14 1961, ( ) 836, Bedford - (Martin-Baker). 8 1963 V/STOL HMS Ark Royal . To 1968 - Hawker Siddeley Aviation, . British Aerospace (BAe) Bedford .. . 6 1995, 60 Hurricane, Bedford Brooklands () Hurricane (G-HURR). Harrier .

Yves Ezanno (1912-1996) . . , 1939, 55 . 1939 . , . 7 OTU (Duala) 1940, Fezzan 1941, 2 . Blenheim 1942 El Alamein. Lorraine 1943, 198

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(1) Matthew Bennett: THE KNIGHT UNMASKED, Military History Quarterly, Summer 1995.(2) Matthew Bennett & Nicholas Hooper: THE CAMBRIDGE ILLUSTRATED ATLAS OF WARFARE: THE MIDDLE AGES, Cambridge University Press. 1996.(3) Alfred Burne: THE CRECY WAR, Greenhill Books, 1990.(4) David Chandler: THE OXFORD ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ARMY, Oxford University Press, 1994.(5) Geoffrey Parker: THE CAMBRIDGE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF WARFARE, Cambridge University Press, 1995.(6) Bryan Perrett: THE BATTLE BOOK, Arms & Armour Press, 1992.(7) Michael Prestwich: ARMIES AND WARFARE IN THE MIDDLE AGES, Yale University Press, 1996.(8) THE AGE OF CALAMITY, Time-Life Books,1992.(9) Geoffrey Regan: MILITARY BLUNDERS, Guinness Publishing, 1996.(10) Velimir Vuksic & Zvonimir Grbasic: CAVALRY. Cassell, 1993.

.

,

LUFTWAFFE

,

,

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. 16 Leipholz Eindhoven. Gibbons, Typhoon . .

Heinz Baer Typhoon . , Wilson - - Keller . Typhoon -

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1944.

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1 St. Denis-Westrem.

Evere. . 120 Fw-190 D9 Me-109 4 2 3 15 Spitfire , , - . . Spitfire , - . - Adolf' Glunz, 6 , - Spitfire . II/JG26, Anton Hackl, . 16 Fw-190 D9 . 120 ( 60- 65 32 ), Evere Bodenplatte .

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. , Metz . , Me-109 - . 109 . - , !

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. -

, . . - ( ), .

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450 ,40 145 . . 214 , 300 - 200 100 ! 18 , , . Luftwaffe. Bodenplatte ... . , - - 30 . , , .

, - . Luftwaffe , . - 21 ( ) - ami . . , . Luftwaffe , .

(1) Werner Girbig: SIX MONTHS TO OBLIVION. Schiffer Publications.(2) Norman Franks: THE BATTLE OF THE AIRFIELDS. GRVB Street London.(3) Alfred Price: THE LAST YEAR OF THE LUFTWAFFE, ARMS AND ARMOUR, 1991.

BODENPLATTE ANA

JG1 3 St. Denis-Westrem ()JG2+III/SG4 (1) 4 St. Trond ()

JG 3 3 Eindhoven ()JG 4 3 Le Culot ()JG 6 3 Volkei ()

JG11 3 Asch ()JG26 III/JG54 (2) 4 Evere Grimbergen ()JG27 IV/JG54 (3) 5 Melsbroek ()

JG53 3 Metz ()JG77 3 Deume ()

(1) 3 -4 (2) 3 -54 (3) 4 -54 . , .

.

(1828-1923)

0 ,

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, .

. , ,

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"Asar-i Tevfik"

1912-

13 (Langensiepen).

1897. . ( Guleryuz).

, 95 (1828-1923), , () , . , , 1923, . "

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.

, , (--), " - - . , 1827 1834. nto , , , , , , (, .). , .. Henry Eckford, 1831 United States (10001), - Mesir-i- Ferah . , 74 . 1832 - , .

, Charles Ross, Aynalikavak, , , Forster Rhodes, 1831. Rhodes, , Derya Kaptan, . Aynalikavak, , .

23

20 1828 , , . , (1828-1829), , Swift , . ( ) Kelly, , Surat . To Surat 1829 , - . , , , . Surat Derya Kaptan , . Hilton Joliffe Sagir . Hanchet , Kelly, , . ,

24

, . , - , , .

, Forster Rhodes . 24 1837 Aynalikavak Eser-i-Hayir . , Mesir-i-Bahri Tahir-i-Bahri (1838- 1839), . - , -- - .

. , , . , .

1846- 1847, . Taif , Saik-i-Sadi , Feyza-i-Bahri Mecidiye . , . , , . , - - . , , - - ( , , ). , , -

, . , , .

(1853-1856). , , , . , - , . 1856 Reyk-i-Zafer Kervan-i-Bahri . -

Yavuz ( Goeben") Berk-i Satvet Istinye 1914. Yavuz ( Guleryuz).

Barbaros Hayreddin 25 -12 1911 ( Guleryuz).

Midilli Breslau 1917. (BAM Freiburg).

, , . 1858 Sadiye" Fethiye , 1864 , , Kosovo , Ertugrul Hudavandigar . , , , . Osmaniye , . , , - - .

1855 - , , , Aynalikavak . 1863 - , know-how ( ),

, Selimiye . 1870, - !

. . - , . 1839

(Tersane-i- Amire ). . Derya Kaptan, , Bonal, , Fevaidi Osmaniye . (1843), , . Bonal , . ( , , , ), ... 25 . / , . , , .

(1847) , . , , . , , . ,

, . , ' , Mecidiye Taif , , . , , , 1910.

30 1853 , 1854 - 1855 - .

Abdul Aziz 20 1861, , . , , . , - .

26 : ,

, . . , , - - . . , , 1871 ( ), , .

, : ) 1866-1869, 6) - 1877- 1878.

1866 ,

. 40.000 . , Ethem Passa, , , Ibrahim Passa, . , . , .

1875. , , "Kosovo, ( Guleryuz).

, - - . , , , , . , , .

1869, , - status quo , , . , , Hobart, Hobart Passa, Albay Mehmet . - , .

22 1877 . ( ), - - - , . , 1876, Ferik Riza, Ferik Mustafa . , Mesudiye , , . 1876 (Avnillah Muin-i-Zafer) Batumi, Sehber" , - . - .

. 1877 Ferik Hasan, , Batumi. 12 1877 , - Batumi, Ferik Hasan. .

mi

To 1877 - Sunne () Batumi. 23 Feth-i- Bulend , , Vesta . , . 31 1877 Ferik Ahmet Sochum Batumi, - (Trabzon) . 3 23 1877 - , . Kilyoz, 30 . 23 1877 26 1878 . Intibah , 23 .

-- 1877-1878 . 30 1877 ,

. 3 Semendire Feth-ul Islam Ismail, - . , 11 , Lutf-u Celil 160 184 . 25 Macin, 15 Seyfi , . 27-29 , . - - , . 16 1877 ( Podgorice Iskodra ) Nigbolu, . 8 1877 Sunne , 27 . .

, - ,

, , . , . , , .

1897

1897 , , , . . :

* 22 1897, Hamidiye , , Mesudiye .

* 15 1897 27 -

Canakkale . Henry Wood von Hofe. , . - . Osmaniye , Armstrong Krupp ( ). ... (.. 240 mm "Aziziye ). (, .). , ( Mesudiye ,Necm-i Sevket , Berkefsan Peleng-i Derya).

9 Hamidiye () "Mecidiye () Zonguldak 1930 ( Guleryuz).

... , , - . von Hofe, ( ) , Armstrong, ". 15 1897 - von Hofe - , .

18 1897 .

1897 1906, , . 1897, , .

, - , -

. ( ) . - ( , , , . , ). , - , ( ) ! Thames Iron Works ( ) 10.0001 6.000 t

. (Armstrong) (Krupp). , Wilhelm II - , ,

Torgud Reis 1930. ( Guleryuz).

.

4 1897 . 10.0001, 6.000 t, 5.0001 2.500 t.

, , . 1898 " , / Mesudiye Asar-i Tevfik . , von Hofe. 11 1900 Krupp - , 648.000 .

1900 William Cramp & Sons , , 355.000 . (22.000 ) 1895 1896, -.

1903 , Mecidiye , , ( , 1914, , , ). ,

"!

. Hamidiye , Drama ( , , ). 1911 , 'Libia .

Krupp - - , . 1900 1906. 1900 Asar-i Tevfik

1906. ( 1901) Izmir , (600 ) 14 . 282.000 65.000 ( ) ( Peyk-i Sevket Berk-i-Satvet ), - - .

. , - (1904) Krupp , - - Sivrihisar Schneider-Creusot. , 200 t ( Refahiye ) 420 t ( Marmaris ). 22 - 1906 . Ateliers de la Loire Schneider et Cie. 1907-8 280 t ( Durandal ), . 1932 .

(26 1909) Sir Douglas Gamble (18 1908), . Gamble , , . Gamble: , . . -

"Drama Ansaldo , (. Ansaldo).

. , ( Ihsaniye , 35 13 ). 1909

5000 . - , 20 ! von Stremple . 19 1910 Donanma-i Milliye Cemiyetti ( ), ( 2 9 - ). , Gamble Williams, - 1914, , , , , - .

1912- 13, , , , . - Hamidye" (, ) , 7 1913.

' . 10 1909 5 1910, Brandenburg , Kurfurst Friedrich Wilhelm Weissenburg , - (S-165 S-167), 30 1910. 22 38 /- , Wilhelmshaven 14 1910 Canakkale 29 , Hamidiye . 1 1910 Barbaras Hayreddin Torgud Reis . . 25 . . ( ) , / . ,

Q ,

( , ). 1 1913, Izmit (Izmit Arrangement), Armstrong - Golcuk - Tersane-i Amire . 1913, , .

' , , Goeben Breslau . 11 1914 . (25 1917), - 95 . - Goeben Breslau , S 56/60/61/62, V 77-80, G89-90, G92-93

U-82, U-84, U-86, UB-62, UB-63, UC-63 UC-65. , , .

29 1923, , ( , - , ), , .

, : . . . . (.. ), . ( ), .

20 ,

, . . , 100 : , . , . , , . .

(1) Alan Palmer: THE DECLINE & FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 1994.(2) . : TOY 1914- 1918, --, , , 1969.(3) Bernd Langensiepen & Ahmet Guleryuz: THE OTTOMAN STEAM NAVY, 1828-1923, Conway, , 1995.(4) : . 1280-1924, , , 1988 ( ).(5) : 20 , , , 1990 ( - ).(6) .. : . 1800-1923, . ,, 1978 ( , 1800-1878).(7) ...

Hamidiye" 1913 ( Guleryuz).

'0 . , . . " , . , , .

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,

, . , 1952, - . Humphrey Bogart , ,

,

- HMS "Severn, HMS "Mersey . , Rufigi . Knigsberg", .

.

. , .

C.S. Forester, . , , , . . , ,

.

4800 . , . - - , , , .

. . , , , . sideshow , .

, -

2 2 . am ,

, . , , . . . . . : . , 320 . , .

. , Luderitz Bay Swakopmund. - 2.000 , 5.000 , , 1904. , . 1910. - . . 1914 Luderitz Bay, 11.000 De Wet . , . - , Swakopmund. 12 1915 Windhoek 6 - . , .

01

, . 1914, Paul von Lettow- Vorbeck , . , , . . Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck . , , . , ,

Knigsberg, Rufigi.

. . !

. 200 3.300 . - 27 1914 Douala. , , Yaounde. , , Yaounde 1 1915. .

, 480 . 150 . , . , 1914.

- , 960 . 1.300 . .

. , , .

von Lettow 1914 , : 3.000 11 - , . , . , : , , - , .

- , . , , . . , . , , , . , . , ,

-. .

11.000 2.000 , von Lettow . - , , . von Lettow-Vorbeck, , . . -

, . . von Lettow 30 10 .

, , . , . ,

Knigsberg . , , . Graf von Sp ee , . Knigsberg , , Bismarck Graf von spee - . Knigsberg von Lettow. 10 1914. 14 von Lettow, 6.000 . 8.000 , . von Lettow . Tanga 8 1914 von Lettow . - , , 16 .

. - 33 - von Lettow .

, - . . , , - , . ( ) 4.800 ., ; ( ) , 1915.

-

. . , , .

( , !) , G. Spicer-Simson. , John Lee, . John Lee , .

1915. . . , , .

, HM S Mimi" H M S Toutou , - , . , . , . - . , . , . ,

34 von Lettow.

, ! 160 . - . - . , . , . . , - .

, ! 1915

. - ! Toutou Arthur-Darville Dudley. Dudley . - von Lettow. John Lee, Simson , Dudley . , -

, & . , .

. , 320 . , - !

26 1915 , 45 t Kingani , - . . , . , , .

Kingani . ,

. . - , . To Kingani HM S Fifi . , Spicer-Simson, Fifi Dudley Hedwig von Wissman .

9 1916 - . , . . , Dudley , .

Hedwig von Wissman , , Graf von Gtzen . , . , . . Vengeur , . Graf von Gtze , . , Kigoma. .

.

, .

I : " Is- r

Hedwig von Wissman" . .

Jan Smuts 1916 von Lettow. Jan Smuts 27.000 - , , , . , - , .

von Lettow . , . . 1916 Smuts Dar-es-Salaam 2/3 . , von Lettow, 373.000 , , .

- , von Lettow, . , ,

, 336.540 - . Smuts . , von Lettow. , - Smuts 10.717 , . Smuts , -. von Lettow , , .

, . 1917 von Lettow-Vorbeck - , . , . , , . , 25 1918, .

. , . - von Lettow ; .

.

G. Spicer- Simson . Dudley , , . Simson - (DSO), Dudley (Distinguished Service Cross). 12 . - , : " . C.S. Forester, . Hollywood, Humphrey Bogart Katherine Hepburn .

(1) John Terraine: THE GREAT WAR, 1914-18, Hutchinson of London publications,London,1965.(2) A.J.P. Taylor: HISTORY OF W. W.I., Octopus Books, Norwich, 1974.(3) J.E. Valiuy: LA 1ere GUERRE MONDIALE, , . Larousse, 1968.(4) CONWAYS ALL THE WORLDS FIGHTING SHIPS 1860-1905, Conway Maritime Press, 1979.(5) Noble Frankland (ed), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20th CENTURY WARFARE London, 1989.(6) 100 , , .

0 , 0 , 0 0 , , 01 " 5 .. . , , , , ,, .

(1200 ..) (490/80 ..) , , . (), 9 . .., , . , .

( 5 . .. ), - .

- . - .

, , , , . , , .

. , -

, (332 ..). , .

fSSgfgJi f f, iW iW UKjr;IftlitirE J / 4 r r i v *? . fy*- -1 . T % \ f J - M ? t- 1 1

, . , , . , ( ) . .

, (6. - !), , / . , , , .

, (476 .). - , . ().

, , . , . , . (IB , 28) , , - . , .

" , , -

V jP S l \/ f ; 11

i m IIPr r -'i

i #

. 47 m 9 , . 1 m, (: . , 1996).

, (431 ..) (. II, 18). (). . (. II, 74).

, 5 .. -

" .

, ,

, 424 ..

(: . , 1996).

: . 424 .. ( ) (IV,100): , , : - , , ,

38

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

.

,

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, . -2).

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5 . .

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(399 ..), , , . , , . , (. , 42).

( - . . ., 1,17- ) , ( ) ( 200 , 750 ). . ( ), , - (= ). , .

: , ( ), (- ), (). - (+ = ) (. , 50). . 100-150 .

() , . . : (1), ( ) (8) (9), (2),

, (5), () , (11), (4)- - , - (6) (12) (13). (3) , (7) ,(10) ( , . -2).

, .

, - _ (355 ..). , , ( ). , : 1) , . 2) , , () (). - . (, 74) - (, , ), 340 .. : , , , .

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). .

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, - , . . . - , - . , (). .

, , , - . . , . , - () , 150-200 , - .

, , -. : , . . , . .

, . , ( ). , ( ) , , , .

39

, , ",

. " (

) .

( ), ,

(), (), (I),

(), (), (),

) - ().

. () ,() , ()

( , J.G.Droysen,

, 1992-93).

. , (, ..) (, ..). (- , , ", ), (, , , , - ) . , , , , , , .., ( , - ).

, , . . , . ( ) , , . ( ) (, X, 11,2, IG2, II, . 1467: ). -

40 . am ,

( ). , , (0,45 m) 3 - (1,40 m) 200 400 m ( -). 3-7 ( ) .

.

, , . . 2-30 (1-13 kg), 25 kg ( - ) 75 kg (- ).

,

(: . ,

1996).

: 200- 300 m. : 7-9 , ( ) 700 kg. , . ( ) , () . 4-10 , .

(332 ..) . . ( 24) : . , . ... . . , (. , 41). , .

, , . , , . ... ( ). , , . (. . 41).

, - . .

4 . .. , , . , , ( ) ( ). (306 ..), . - . () . 200 , . , , . 306 .. , -

,

(

),

400 ..

.

, , - I

. ^ - 4 (

).

, , 200 750 . , . 750 (4 ), 5 .

. , , , . 80 kg 150 m, . (305 ..).

. , , - . 700 m. (, : - ). - ( , , ), 25 kg 300 , .

. , (. , 85), , . .

.

,

. 25 m

.

.

. .

, , (-). , 150 . ( ) . ( ), . , ( ), .

, . ,

.

.

.

, . , , - , ( ) (212 ..). " , - , . ( ) .

, . . -

41

, . 1.200 (),

(150 ..), , . , .

, . - () . , (. . 4.4,4). , (207 ..) , ( - . 11. 12,4). - . ( 198 .., 191 ..). ( ) . 55 () 10 . 4 . ..

42 . ,

- -

, , , 5 . .. , , . ( ).

(II,74). , . , . , -

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- , (398 ..). , (. , 50). , 80 , - , - (. , 74). (...)... . (...). -

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(., 44). - , , .

( ), , - . , - 30 , 8

6,5 . 10 , . 1,5 . . . - , , . ( ).

(. VIII, 6,2-11). ( ). . , . - .

, , , - , . ( ), , , . , 40 21 , 3,5 . ( 75 kg - - ), () ( -) , 200 . , , (. , 47-48). , , .

(305 ..), . , , 23 m, 47 . , , ,

. 180 ( ) 180 kg. , . , . 150 kg. . , 1 m . ( ), . 3.400 , (, De Architecture, -281,3). - s g - .

-

, . - (439 ..), . , . , . ', .

, . (, , 95) - . ( ) (332 ..). , - 4-10 . ( ), - .

, (60-125 ..). , ( ).

, . , 25-45 m,

().

", ( ). . , , ( ) . , . . . : - . , - , , (. ..). ".

, . . , - . . , 7,39 m

14,78 m, . , . , (- ). ( , , X). , 4 . .., ,

(, , , , )

30 . 4.000 (240 -

. ) 100 -a&i . -

! ,

.

1,5-2 m.

. . .

(1) : .(2) : .(3) : .(4) : , , , . 4 (5) : .(6) : .(7) : (8) : .(9) : .(10) : , 3-7(.Wescher, 8).(11) : .(12) : .(13) : .(14) : X.(15) , , . 2.(16) , , . 2.(17) Werner SoedelA/ernard Foley: ANCIENT CATAPULTS, Scientific American, March 1979.(18) Barton C. Hacker: GREEK CATAPULTS AND CATAPULT TECHNOLOGY, Technology and Culture 9, 1 (Sum. 1968).(19) W.W. Tarn: HELLENISTIC MILITARY AND NAVAL DEVELOPMENTS, Cambridge University Press, 1930.(20) Adcock, F.E.: GREEK AND MACEDONIAN ART OF WAR, California University Press, 1957.(21) Peter Connoly: , I. , .

, , , . , .

(679-680) , () . ( ) , : - , .

(7-10), . . , . (927) . , . 963, () , .

( , 15 . ).

( , 15 . ).

( I. , ).

968 , . 60.000 .

, . , 969.

. . , , -

- - , 12.000 - , ( ) , - ( ) , - , - - .

38.000 , , , , . - , . , - , - . , . , . , . . -

46 , -

, . , , . , . , , . 9-10.000 .

, , .

-

, 971,

, 26.000, 16.000. . 2.000 , - , , . - . , . . , , . , , . 28 971 42.000 . 300 , , .

13 , , , - . . , , ( 26.000 ), - . .

3 971 . , , 50.000 . 20.000 , () , . .

- , , . , . , . . 6.000 .

, ( ..) - . 971 (10 ) - , , . , - . . - . , , , . . . , - , . , - 7.000 - , . 7.000 20.000 , , .

, , , . - - , - , .

, . - 6, - , . , .

, - 300 , 20.000 - . 15.000 . 23 (), 70.000 18-19 . 23 971 ( ) .

, , , . - , .

- , , : , , , . , , - , , . , . . , ,

, .

, , . - , , . (, , ) , . , . . - , . - . , , . . : , - - , , , , - .

, . . , , . . , , , . .

, , , .

, , . - , , . - . , . - , . - . .

- , ,

.

,

. 47

,

10 .

35.000 .

, , , . , , , , , , .

, () , . , - . , .

25 , , - .

48

. , .

, , (), , . , , . . . , , . - - ,

. , , .

, , ( ) .

, 26 , , . , - - - . . . , . . - - , , . , - . , , . . , 27 . , , . , , , , ( ), .

(- ).

. .

, , 2.000 , , . . , , , . , , . .

, - . . . , , , . , .

19 , , . - , . - . , , - . , .

20 - , ,

. , , , . , . , , , - , 961.

, , , , . . , , .

, .

24 971 . . . , , , . , , . - , ,

, 10 ( 886- 1118 , - ).

- . , - . , , , . , , : , , . .

. - , . ,

.

.

. .

, ,

.

.

, ,

} . I - I ,

, -

, ,

-

.

,

. , , , . 10.000 .

. , , . . - . 22.000 , 38.000 . , , . , , , .

. . - 49 . , .

. , , , , , ' 1018.

(1) . : , 1917.(2) . : , 1885.(3) : , 1988.

1935-1940

18 19

,

. , _

, ,

.

30, . 1928 ,

. . , - 4 , . , , , .

, , , . ,

1935-1940

.

, .

- , , . , , , ; , , ; , .

. , -, , . , . ( clearing),

. , , , , .

1929 Wall street, , - .

, ,

, , - - , status quo, .

, . ( ), , . , - , . , .

1929- 1932 , : , 1931, . , 70-80%

: - -, - . , - . , .

. . , . .

, ^ , , , - - - , - , . , , - , .

. , .

- CLEARINGS

, , ( ) . , -

, .

, . , .

. , , , . , - , . - , , - - ,

52 -

, .

, : , - , , , . , . , , , , . , .

clearing , ,

. : 1.000 , 1,000 . , () , , : . : 1.000 , 1.000 . . , , , , , .

, , , . , , , .

, Reichsbank 18/8/1932 . . , 70% - , 30% , .

clearing - : -

, . - , 1932 . . Reichsbank , . .

, 50% maximum . . , . - : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

, 20, 30. -

- ' i n -V '

M l

(Krupp 88 mm).

Krupp

88 mm.

, Aristide Briand . , , , 1929, , , 1930, ( ) .

, , , . - , , .

- ; Pierre Renouvin, , . - . , .

. , Schacht

, . , . , I. . . , , , , .

. Chamberlain, , . , . .

- . 1936 , , :

, , , - , . , -

clearing, , - . ' ,

clearing , , (. ).

( ) . clearing , . clearing , . clearing, .. , - , , , .

Schacht (Schacht technique ) 1934, , ,

53

. 1938 25 ( ), clearing, .

clearing Reichsbank , 1932, . , . , , . , .

, Reichsbank - . , , , , . , 1935, 21,8 . , -

54 .

Schacht technique . ( ), . , 1936, . , , 34,5 .

1937 ( clearing) 35,3% , 26,2% . 10% 13,3% . 3,5 , .

(25.823 1938 52,8% ). (503 1938 205 ). (70% ), , . , . . 1937 1.353.572 , 1936 34,5 .

, . , . . 67,42% . ( 1932, , 407 ), . . , , .

34.5 . , 40.5 1.400.000.000 , I. , - . , .

1936, , . , -

, . , , . - , , . , :

1) , , .

2) 75 105 mm , Krupp 88 mm - 88 mm.

3) , .

4) .

, . . 21,8 , 1935, . 1937 917 , 557 360 . 557 ,

, . , 360 - .

, . . .

, - , . , , , . , , , , .

, , , :

) Rheinmetall 20 mm, - , , . , 20 mm . - .

) Krupp 88 mm, . .

75 mm, , . Krupp 88 mm. , 75mm, , 105 mm . 75 mm .

Rheinmetall , .

, . , 1936, 200 . , 100.000 1936 100.000 1937, - ( ) .

1938 , . 39 Krupp 88 mm, 57 A/A Rheinmetall 37 mm, 107 / Rheinmetall 20 mm, , - Siemens, 176 Daimler , 24 Rheinmetall 37 mm, 16 Henschel Hs 126,12 Dornier Do 22Kg, 127 mm 37 mm .

18 1937 , ",

, . , 19371 - clearing , , .

, , . Manchester Guardian - - 55 . - , - 6,5 .

I. , . 22 1937, , - . , . , . , , -

.

- , . - . - . 1937 . 0 , . ( ) , ( ) .

, , , . Times ,

56 21 1937, - mm

. . , . , .

, , , , . I. . 1937 - ( ) , . - , .

( ) - . , , . - - , , - .

, Blackburn Aircraft . 1937 . , . , , . , . . , , 600.000 , . . .

. 21 1939 - . , . 5 1939 - , , .

. ,

, . I. - . - - 500.000 (275 . , 2.750 ), - . 500 1938. , , . , . 1940. , 40% - . , , .

, 1940, The English Commercial Corporation Ltd ( United Kingdom Commercial Corporation Ltd), . , .

, 14 1940 , ( ) , . , , , - , .

'? -

Pak

38 50 mm

Christen . ]/1/2 -34

450.

58 1941. 16 , 4 -

. , , 56 (3 3 S S Totenkopf ). ( ). 56 .

31 1941 3 S S . , , . , , , . 4 , . , 5 . - 503 . 56

, .

, 56 (2 10 ) 8 , . , . , . 11 12 , - - . , .

13 S S 2 - . 15 , . ( ),

3 SS "'

(-

-),

,

.

.

.

' - . , . .

22 2 - , - . . 23 , . .

24 1941.

Totenkopf - 59 . - . , . . ( ) . , Fritz Christen, 2 .

Christen -

( KV-1 -34). , ( , -

TSS Sturmmann () Fritz Christen.

.

-34/76.

3/2 ). , - . Christen 50 mm , , . , , Christen

60 . ,

.

Christen . 27 , 3/2 (150 ) , . Christen . , . 72 Fritz Christen 13 . 1 . Christen

, . , !

24 , . 27 , , 100 ( , KV-2) , . - , . - , " ( .) . , , ( 20.000 ). ( 4.500 5.000 ), " . , , ,

. -

, , , . , , , Christen !

(1) Ellis J.: THE WORLD WAR II DATABOOK.(2) Sydnor C.: SOLDIERS OF DESTRUCTION.(3) Holt F.: BLITZKRIEG TO DEFEAT: HITLERS WAR DIRECTIVES.(4) Quarrie B.: HITLERS TEUTONIC KNIGHTS, Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1986.(5) Quarrie B. -.HITLERS SAMURAI, Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1983.

..

.

,

- .

,

, " .

1940

1941, 01 ...,

01 .

1940 , .

1939 1940 , . -- - - , .

1 1 , Potez, Blenheim Battle PZL, , 67 - 300 - , .

, . , , 1940 , 1938 .

P-36C .

1940 . 1941, . 6 , .

, , , . , -- , . , I. , . , - , , , - , .

, - ,

. , - , - , , . 50% . . , , .

1940. - , , ". , . 21 1940 , , , , . . 24 , - - .

, - ( 12 ) Namstrad 50 Vultee. , . 11 - . . 26 , , - , . . , , 3.

. , , . 23 , . ^.

, - . , , 1940 .

: . . , . , . , - , .

: - , - . , , . , , .

- , - :

7 Boulton Paul Defiant. ,

0,303 in , .

". .

, , , . - , - , . , , .

28 1940 , , , , - . , . , . , , . 7 , , , , . 0 .

, 5 ,

, . . ( ) - . , , .

- . 8 , , . , , . . 18 , . . . , , .

, -40 Curtiss-Wright , -- -40 , 1940-1941 100 -40. 22 30 -40. ^, .

22 . 30 -40, , , . , - : . .

30 , . -

63

-40 . Curtiss , 30 6. - , , 7. , , 30 , , . 60 8.000.000 . 30 -40 80 , 5 0 % . , -40 Allison9. , Curtiss-Wright , ,

64 .*

.

. 6 ... , . , , : 30 . . , , 30 -40 , .

: , , , .. . - 4010. , - . 11.

- 40. . , .. -40 12. 400 (!!!...) 13.

400 , , , , . I. . , .

,

, . 11 , , 30 Curtiss -36 Mohawk , 1^. , , - , . , Mohawk Gladiator () Defiant ( ). Defiant, 15.

1940 " . - . 17 . . : 16.

18 30 Defiant -40. . 17. , -40. - Defiant. 19 . -40, .

65

Hurricane .

. Defiant , , , . 18 - . - , , , : - 30 Mohawk -36 , 30 Tomahawk (-40) Mohawk . , 1.

, 5 , . - 27 ,

, . , Defiant. I. - , - . , , ". - -- .

, 31 30 , 60. ,

- . - . - 30, 60. : 33 . - 30

. - - . - - 1

. , , 1941, 30 - Grumman F3F , 20. - 1941, . . - - - .

- F3F -40.

-, Mohawk (-36) -40 . , . ... , , , , , - 2 .^ 1941 . 30 , .

, . 13 -40 .

66 - - -36 -40 22.

, . , . , . , - . ,

100 -40, : , . 2^

, - . 14 , Mohawk . Cape Town, . .

, : , . - . . , .

Mohawk, . , - - .

. -40 , , - Mohawk . -40, . ( , ), Mohawk

. , . . , , 2 .^

1941 .

PZL 1940.

Curtiss P-40C Tomahawk .

Defiant, 28 , - , . . 31 , - 30 Grumman F3F 48 , . - - . . , , .

, , - - . , , . 1 , : . ( F3F) , , , -40 , .

, , .

5 , 30 Grumman. 100 -40. - , . 400 , - 100 -40. 2.

, 7 . , - . , , Twentieth Century Fox . , 27. , , , F3F. F3F

, , , . - 28.

11 , , , . 30 Grumman F4F3 Wildcat . 29% - - . , : ! ; , . . , ... . :F3F4; . , - , F4F3 . : ; ; . 67 ; , . **

, Wildcat , : 21 ; . - 30. , , , . . 21". : ... , 29.

F4F3 Wildcat . - 30 , 31 ". - : -

30.

15 30 Grumman F4F3 , , 15 . " . - , 29 1941. , , 12 , , . 6. 30 Grumman, , 15 1941 . , , - .

QQ

, 24, - . , 30 .

17 1941, , - , , - . ,

. , , . . , ( ).

, , 4 , 58.000 , .

, , F4F3. -

. . . , , .

, 1940 . , , -40, , , , F4F3. Grumman . Tomahawk ; , ; ...

, -

, , Wildcat. , Grumman 31.

. 11 1941 . , , Grumman 19 . , , , .

Curtiss P-40C USAACto 1941.

, . 30 Hurricane ; 5 6 411 , . (. 4, 17): . , , 18 Hurricane, 32.

, - , .

Grumman F4F Wildcat.

, - 24 15 -40 , , F4F3, - . . . : - , 33. , 7 .

, , .

26 : . , Grumman . 28 . - . , , , , (

69

Gloster Gladiator RAF.

) . 29 , - 30 Grumman .

1941, 6 , . 30 1941 , . , ,

, . , 1940 ,

- , . . , 13 1941 (

), ' 3'1. , .

30 -40 , ; . , I. . , . -40 Me-109. , .

- . , , , - .

JQ - ,

. - .

, - . , . - . . - "

, ( ) .

, , 1941, . , 1942. , , . . . . , , , 30 F4F3 , , 35. . , - , , . , .

". , , .

-

(1) : , Aerospace Historian, . 74, 132-133. .. 36.(2) , 21-b-40, FRUS 1940, III 574/ , 24-6-40, . . 868.24/89. . . . .

.(3) , 23 26-10-40, . . (FRUS) 1940, III 577-579.(4) , FRUS 1940, III, 577- 579.(5) , 18-12-40. .. 868.48/83 . . . .(6) , 24-11-40, . . , . 19/487,7 . . . (..).(7) , 22-11-40, . 19/487 ...(8) , 20-11-40, . 19/487, 2, ...(9) . . , 18-12-40. . . 868.248/70. . . . .(10) , 9-12-40, . . 868.248/5523 . . . .(11) . 337, 259 339, 9 14-12-40,42. . , , .(12) , 12-12-40, . .868.248, 63, . . . .(13) , . 339, 14- 12-40, 423.(14) , FRUS, 1940, III, 599. 11-12-40. . 19/487, 30, ...(15) . . 12-12-40, . 19/487, 22, ... . . .. 36.(16) , . 340, 17- 12-40, 331.(17) , . 341, 18- 12-40, 30-31.(18) . . 18-12-40, . 19/487, 27 ... . . ..36.(19) No 3, 11. 41, 760.(20) No 3, 91. 41, 774.(21) , 2 . 41, . . 868. 248/113, . . . .(22) , . 347, 13 . 41, 76.(23) , 14-1-41, . 19/487, 40, ...(24) , 15 . 41, . . . 1941, II 676-677. . ..36.(25) : , Bantam, . , 1962.(26) : ", Philadelphia Public Ledger, 6 . 41, . . 868.248/100 . . . .(27) New York Times, 1 . 40, 22:1.(28) , . 371, 8 . 41, 1/. 371, 8 . 41, 27.(29) , . 371, 11- 2-41, 148-152.(30) , . 371, 11- 2-41, 153.(31) . . , 16 . 41, . 19/487, 42 ...(32) . . . , 23 . 41, . . 371/29814, 122 ..., . .. 36.(33) , 24 . 41. . . . 371/29814, 119 ...(34) Laird Artair: BALKAN JOURNAL, Norton, 1944.(35) Harold Ickes: TOY HAROLD L. ICKES, Simon Schuster, 1953-54.(36) C.E. Patrick Murray: UNDER URGENT CONSIDERATION, .

..

.

0

!,

1584

, ,

". 0

30

60

, ,

" .

, 1645.

PI N O , "

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.

" - ,

. , . 1980. Time , , !".

1584, , . 1603, - . , 1868.

70.000 , . , . , -, . , ,

, .

72

(

, 1848).

, .

. . .

, 21 , . 29 - . , , , . , - , . . 0 , .

1614 1615 , , .

1634 , 51 , . - , . , ( , ) . : ,

. , , , . 1643 , , , . 1645, 61 .

, , , , . , . ,

. Pi No - . . , . . .

, , , ,

( ), , , , .

, . -, , , 50 .

- .

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, , - . .... ,

, . . , - , . . , . , .

(1836),

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.

, :

. . . 0 .

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2. .

3. .4.

.5.

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8. .

9. .

. , . . . .

. , ; , - , , ...

,

, . , . , !

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. , , .

. - . . . ...

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, .

. , . , . . , .

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- . , . - - , .

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.

.

. . , . .

. , , - .

. , .

.

.

, () . .

. , . , .

. .

, .

. , , .

, .

, , , . . .

. , , , .

. , . . . . .

. . , , - 75 - mm . .

. , , . , , . . , .

: A BOOK OF FIVE RINGS, Overlook Press, 1992.

;

;

, , 12 ,. . . , . - , . . " . .

. "", - (=), . - , - .

, .

, , . . , , , , . , . , .

, . . , , - - . , .

, . , - , . , , - . . , , , , , .

;

. . ( ), , . . - ", . . - , , , , . . . ot , . , , . - , . / . , - - . , , - .

,

|

1 .

, . . .

, . , . - , , , . (1071), ( - ) , . , / , .

(1885-1945)

, , , .

0 11 1885 - . 11 . - , ( 1909) .

1910 23 , . 1912 , , 43 .

, - , - . 1917 - , , - - 1918. .

1940, , / . - , , -

.

1942

. . , , - .

1943, , II , , . . - 7 . , , , . , . .

. , , 3 , - . ,

" . - , .

3 1 1944 . 13 160 400 . , . 22 3 . 451 .. .

1944, . , 160 , .

. - . , - , 3 . 10.000 120.000 . ,

3 .

20 , 24 . , , . 60 .

- . , . 9 1945 21 . .

, , " . .

77

.

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