A Study on The Standard of Sewer Rehabilitation

2008 5

A Study on The Standard of Sewer Rehabilitation

2008 5

.

.

2008 5

- I -

Abstract

Since the Ministry of Environment of Korea declared 2002 as the

year of sewer rehabilitation, many sewer projects such as sewer

rehabilitation project in Han river watershed, sewerage construction

project in upper reaches of multipurpose dams and BTL sewer

rehabilitation project have been launched to recover the sewer

efficiency and installl separate sewer system. However, there is a need

for provision of systematic standards in sewer rehabilitation work as

current sewer projeccts are carried out based on sewer repair

standards of Seoul city with some amendment. Therefore, two criteria

for feasibility and project priority decision of sewer rehabilitation are

suggested here in order to promote an effective sewer rehabilitation

projects. First method is grading sewers into 3 classes(A, B, C)

according to the urgency of rehabilitation, importance of the sewer and

amount of inflow due to damage, using the investigated data on interior

of sewer. Second is prioritizing the projects by conducting cost/effect

analysis to maximize the effect from invested projects. In addition,

criteria to determine the project scale and methods regarding sewers

with structural and functional problem are also suggested for sewer

and stormwater drainage in order to ensure reasonable rehabilitation

work based on investigation of original sewer.

- II -

2002

, ,

, BTL

. ,

,

. ,

,

.

, 3 (A, B, C) ,

, ,

.

.

.

, /

. ,

.

- III -

Abstract

1 1

1.1 1

1.2 3

1.2.1 3

1.2.2 4

1.2.3 10

1.3 14

2 16

2.1 16

2.2 18

- IV -

2.3 22

2.3.1 22

2.3.2 23

2.3.3 26

3 28

3.1 28

3.1.1 28

3.1.2 28

3.1.3 BTL 31

3.1.4 32

3.2 33

3.2.1 33

3.2.2 35

3.2.3 40

3.2.4 EU 43

3.2.5 48

4 50

4.1 51

4.1.1 52

- V -

4.1.2 53

4.1.3 55

4.2 58

5 61

5.1 61

5.1.1 61

5.1.2 70

5.2 74

5.3 82

6 85

87

90

- VI -

10

17

26

29

30

31

32

(WEF JSWA, 1995) 34

35

(WEF JSWA, 1994) 36

36

( ) 41

(, 1991) 42

(WRC, 1983) 42

46

46

47

49

54

55

56

- VII -

56

57

57

62

63

65

() 67

() 69

() 73

() 73

75

77

( ) 78

( ) 79

83

- VIII -

18

23

23

50

51

62

65

66

71

74

80

80

- 1 -

1

1.1

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

. 1988

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.

,

. 46%

- 2 -

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(Infitration/Infow, I/I) ,

, ,

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2002 ,

(1 2), , BTL

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,

,

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- 3 -

1.2

1.2.1

1970

, (

) ,

. 1980

, 2000

.

. (0104)

8.6m 1 31%

. (2007) 2006 344

, 23,273/, 85.5%

91,098 48,966(53.7%), 42,132(46.3%)

71.2%.

1979 ( )

, 1992 1 1999 2

(2005)

- 4 -

(2005) ,

1999

(2006) .

1.2.2

(American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE)

(Water Environment Federation, WPCF) 1969

MOP No.37 ( WPCF MOP No. 9)

, 1982

ASCE MOP No.60 MOP No.37 . MOP No.37

,

ASCE MOP No.77

1992 . 1982 ASCE WPCF

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

- 5 -

. ,

,

.

EPA(2005) , , ,

(Capacity, Management, Operation, Maintenance, CMOM)

.

, EPA

. CMOM

(Sanitary Sewer Overflows, SSOs) ,

. CMOM

, , ,

, SSOs ,

SSOs

, , . CMOM

, CMOM (Best

Management Practice, BMP) ,

(Life Cycle Assesment, LCA) .

.

(, )

- 6 -

, ,

CMOM

(National Pollutant Discharge Elimination system, NPDES)

(EPA, 2004) .

(SCU, 1996; 1998)

, 150,000 500,000

500,000

(EPA, 1973;

1974).

(1)

LA (Orange County Sanitation

District, OCSD) 50 21

240 m3/day

.

471(1220), 471(758km),

175(282km) (

- 7 -

), 2, 17

. 2007 5 1,300 ,

3 6,000 . 2017 30

, 86

, 75% 2012 . LA

, ,

.

,

,

.

(2)

(Sacramento Regional County Sanitation

District, SRCSD) 1974

.

County Sanitation District 1, City of Sacramento City of

Folsom , SRCSD

. 90 SRCSD

. SRCSD

(Regional Treatment Plant) 165 million

gallon(624,600) .

- 8 -

,

.

SRCSD

. 3 , , ,

,

CSO(Combined Sewer Overflows)

. , CSO CSO

. ,

, CSO . 2,

3 SSOs(Sanitary Sewer overflows)

,

, SSOs

.

(Asset Management Method, AMM) ,

, ,

(Capital Improvement

Program, CIP) .

(3)

.

- 9 -

. ,

.

11 4 6

, 1-2

. I/I(Infitration/Inflow) SSOs, CSOs

,

. 1906 , 12

(305mm) 12(3,658mm) .

(, ), , , , (PVE,

HDPE), , , .

CCTV 10%

, ,

CCTV 28(45km) 6 12,000

.

11, 17,000 . , ,

, .

50 100

, 1%

- 10 -

2 . ,

,

10 125

, 30

54MGD(205,200) ,

.

1.2.3

(1)

,

98.5% 1.5%,

. 3

, .

,

.

1m, , 2008

.

D700mm 100%

D700mm , 1,650mm 50% 100%

D1,650mm , 3,000mm 25% 50%

- 11 -

.

, GIS

.

,

.

(2)

1952 ,

60%, 40%.

. 1.2m 80cm

.

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- 12 -

. .

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,

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, GIS( )

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( )

, Bypass

. 25

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(3)

82%, 18%.

19 82%

- 13 -

( , )

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,

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GIS( )

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33% .

(4)

1953 .

82.4%, 1972 80%

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- 14 -

3.5m ,

. 2005

2010 23 11

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4 52 26

().

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1.3

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- 16 -

2

2.1

.

(1)

1396(5)

, 1410(11)

, 1410(11)1430(13)

.

(2)

1760(37) 1833(34)

, 6,832m (1897 ).

(3)

19181943 25 475 4 225

, 6.25 .

(4)

1960 600

- 17 -

, 1976 ()

. 1979 ,

. 1979

10,000 , 1980 331

, 2000

. 2002

, 2002 ,

, BTL

. , .

( : m)

1951*1961*1971*1979*1981*1992**2001**2004**2005**

2,830603,3174,291,5789,913,14716,513,58846,111,15871,839,00082,214,59885,754,635

331,545***5,561,72313,892,92418,532,34120,488,490

8,396,12313,412,40316,427,01817,009,645

2,830603,3174,291,5789,913,14716,182,04336,080,83844,534,00047,255,23948,256,500

* (1997, )** (2006, ) ***

- 18 -

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

1951 1961 1971 1979 1981 1992 2001 2004 2005

()

(km

)

2.2

(1)

2003 12

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- 19 -

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.

, (

) . ,

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CSOs

.

(2)

. (International Water Association,

IWA) 2000

, 2003 (2003,

IWA) . (Performance Indicators,

PI) , , , , , ,

.

- 20 -

.

( ) ,

(Alegre et al., 2002; Matos et al., 2002). IWA (2003)

, 3 , ,

.

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. 2002 9

'1 ISO (International Organization for

Standardization, ) 224' (TC224, Technical

Committee) . (Service Activities

relating to Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage)

, ISO TC224

.

,

,

- 21 -

. ,

, WTO TBT(

) ISO/TC224( )

, WTO ,

9

. WTO TBT

. WTO

.

, (

) WTO .

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- 22 -

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2.3

2.3.1

.

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- 23 -

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2.3.2

(1)

- 24 -

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(2)

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- 25 -

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(2)

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(3)

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3

CCTV ,

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(, , , EU)

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3.1

3.1.1

(1997)

(2005)

.

.

3.1.2

. ( , 2002)

- 29 -

(A) (B) (C)***

(1/2)

15(1/41/2)

10(1/4)

5

* 20 15

() 1/2 20

1/41/2 15

1/4 5

1/2 201/41/2 15

1/4 5

20 15 - -

- 1/2 12 1/41/2 5

1/4 3

12 10 - -

1/2 201/41/2 15

1/4 8

1/2 20

1/41/2 10

1/4 5

, , scale 1/2 20

1/41/2 15

1/4 8

- 1/2 151/41/2 5

1/4 1

** - 45 1545 10 - -

20 - - - -

() - 20 - - - -

[(%)]100 50% 20 50% 15 - -

1/2 101/41/2 5

1/4 3

*

, 1

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*** 1/4 1/4

- 30 -

A B C

2/3 2/3

-

1/3 1/3

-

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2/3 2/3

-

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1/2 1/2

-

50%

50%

- 31 -

3.1.3 BTL

BTL

,

.

3-3

A B C

2/3

2/3

-

1/3 1/3

-

- -

- 10 10

2/3 2/3

- - - - - - 1/2 1/2

-

- 32 -

3-4

(C) (A,B)

1/3

2/3

3.1.4

,

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(1)

(2) ,

(3)

- 33 -

(4) , , /

(5) C

3.2

3.2.1

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(, )

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70 .

.

- 34 -

.

(WEF JSWA, 1995)

A B C

I

20 15 8

() 20 16 10

18 15 3

(Root/Stump)

40% 20

10~40% 10

10% 5

1/3 20 1/3 ~1/10 15

1/10 8

II

5mm 15 2~5 mm 10 2mm 5

50% 1525~50% 5

25% 1

12 2 1

III

3/4 10

1/2 ~3/4 8

1/2 5

1/2 4 1/4 3 1/4 2

1/3

1/3 ~1/10

1/10

( / 20)

[ ] I : II :

III :

- 35 -

(WEF JSWA, 1995)

AAA 70- ()AA 40-69 ()A 20-39 ()BBB 15-19

BB 10-19B 5-9CCC 3-4

CC 2C 0-1

3.2.2

(1)

,

. ,

ASCE WEF(1994) Existing

Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation" .

.

,

.

- 36 -

(WEF JSWA, 1994)

5

4 ,

3

, 2

(WEF JSWA, 1995)

(deflection) crack

1 - 2 - 3 -

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(2)

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.

(Rasgsdale, 2001).

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least squares) , , ,

(misclassification) .

- 38 -

()

OLS(Ordinary Least Squares)

(Kido et al., 1999).

. Fick et al. (1993)

.

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.

0.5 .

()

Johnson Wichern(1998) ,

.

(Christensen

1997). Christensen ,

(p/(1-p)) .

.

p , 1-p .

- 39 -

(Ariaratnam , 2001).

()

Winston (2001)

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+1 ,

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()

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3.2.3

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(2005,

)(1997. )

Existing SewerEvaluation &

Rehabilitation(1994,WEF FD-6 & ASCE

NO. 62)

3

SewerageRehabilitation

Manual(1983, WRC)

(

- 50 -

4

.

,

, .

.

,

,

.

(, )

()

()

- 51 -

4.1

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= +

,

3

.

A :

B : 25

C :

C

.

C (

, 2007) 1993 83.55/km, 2006 233.30/km

- 52 -

.

C C

.

4.1.1

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(1) :

,

(2) :

2mm , CCTV

CCTV

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(, )

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(3) : ()

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- 53 -

25cm .

(4) : 5%

.

4.1.2

(1) : ,

(25100%) 1/10

1/2 .

(2) : Scale

.

(3) :

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(4) :

- 54 -

. 1/101/2

. , ( )

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A B C

*

15 10 5

20 (2mm ) 15(2mm ) 10

() 5cm 10 2 ~ 5cm 5 2cm 3 5cm 10 2 ~ 5cm 5 2cm 3

**

30% 20

10 ~ 30% 15

5 ~ 10% 10

* **

- 55 -

A B C

1/2 15

1/10 ~ 1/2 10

1/10 3

,,scale

1/2 10

1/10 ~ 1/2 5

1/10 1

- 1/2 151/10 ~ 1/2 10

1/10 3

20 15 10

1/2 10

1/10 ~1/2 5

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4.1.3

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- 56 -

1 ~ 2.5

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0 ~ 1.5

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30% 10% ~ 30%10%

1.51.31.0

1.00.0

1.00.0

- 57 -

0.50.0

30%30% ~ 70% 30%

0.50.30.0

50% 30 ~ 50%10 ~ 30%10%

1.51.00.50.0

(Water use Evalution), -

(Max.-Min. Daily Flow Comprision), (Maximum

Daily Flow Comprision), (Naghttime Domestic Fiow

Evaluation)

.

- 58 -

4.2

, I/I ,

,

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.

EPA , I/I 0.15/dmmkm

I/I , .

I/I I/I .

I/I

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I/I

I/I

- 59 -

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I/I ()

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() , w%

, x% , y%

z% .

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(, , , 1, 2,

) (, ,

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I/I

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p% ,

- 60 -

q% ,

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- 61 -

5

5.1

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5.1.1

(1)

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- 62 -

- 63 -

.

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- 64 -

(2)

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(2005)

0.6m/s

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( )

(, )

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- 65 -

()SLOPE

NOYES

()

()

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- 66 -

(3)

A'

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(4)

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- 67 -

A, B, C 3

,

A, B

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, )

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()

A B C

1/2 1/10 1/2

1/10

( ) ( )

( )

3cm 1 3cm 1cm

(2mm )

(2mm )

1/2 1/2

-

- -

1/2 1/10 1/2 1/10

1/2 1/10 1/2 1/10

- 68 -

(1) :

(251~100%) 1/10~1/2

(2) :

(3) : ()

, /

.

, /

1~3cm .

(4) :

1/2 A, B

C .

(5) :

,

,

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- 69 -

(6) : ,

A .

()

A B C

1/2 1/10 1/2

1/10

-

3cm 1 3cm 1cm

-

10 5 10 5

1/2 1/2

-

30% 5 30% -

- -

1/2 1/10 1/2 1/10

1/2 1/10 1/2 1/10

- 70 -

.

(1) :

C

.

(2) :

()

,

5 ~ 10 .

(3) : 5%

.

5.1.2

(1)

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- 71 -

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(2)

- 72 -

.

, 0.8m/sec

,

.

(3)

A'

.

.

(4)

2~5

A, B . ,

/

A .

- 73 -

()

A B C

1/2 1/10 ~ 1/2

1/10

5cm 2 ~ 5cm 2cm

(2mm )

(2mm )

1) 1/2 1/2

-

- -

1)

()

A B C

1/2 1/10 ~ 1/2

1/10

5cm 2 ~ 5cm 2cm

-

1/2 1/2

-

30% 5 ~ 30% -

- -

- 74 -

5.2

, , ,

.

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,

YES

NO

- 75 -

5-8

4 (50m) 2 (50m)

1

, ,

,

- 76 -

(1)

()

,

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,

.. ,

,

(

19 1 1 ) 20

20

,

.

- 77 -

(2, 3m),

(CCTV ), , ,,

()

----

----

4/50m 2/50m

4 1 4 1

, 1998. 10 ()

- 78 -

()

. (

, 2007)

( )

()[m]

(/m)

(/m)

()[m]

(/m)

(/m)

3.0m

2.0m

3.0m

2.0m

300(1.0) 253 253 253 420 700(1.0) 453 453 453 683300(1.5) 304 304 304 423 700(1.5) 508 508 508 686300(2.0) 357 357 499 425 700(2.0) 564 564 713 690300(2.5) 413 413 590 427 700(2.5) 623 623 809 693300(3.0) 470 682 682 429 700(3.0) 684 906 906 696300(4.0) 527 815 815 431 700(4.0) 745 1,046 1,046 700300(5.0) 584 965 965 433 700(5.0) 806 1,203 1,203 703400(1.0) 271 271 271 442 800(1.0) 512 512 512 734400(1.5) 323 323 323 444 800(1.5) 568 568 568 738400(2.0) 376 376 518 446 800(2.0) 626 626 775 741400(2.5) 432 432 609 448 800(2.5) 686 686 871 745400(3.0) 490 702 702 451 800(3.0) 748 970 970 749400(4.0) 547 835 835 453 800(4.0) 810 1,111 1,111 752400(5.0) 605 986 986 455 800(5.0) 872 1,269 1,269 756500(1.0) 290 290 290 476 900(1.0) 577 577 577 798500(1.5) 342 342 342 478 900(1.5) 634 634 634 802500(2.0) 396 396 538 480 900(2.0) 692 692 848 806500(2.5) 452 452 629 483 900(2.5) 753 753 947 810500(3.0) 510 722 722 485 900(3.0) 816 1,048 1,048 814500(4.0) 568 856 856 487 900(4.0) 879 1,192 1,192 818500(5.0) 626 1,007 1,007 490 900(5.0) 942 1,355 1,355 822600(1.0) 311 311 311 506 1000(1.0) 642 642 642 953600(1.5) 364 364 364 509 1000(1.5) 700 700 700 958600(2.0) 418 418 560 511 1000(2.0) 759 759 915 963600(2.5) 475 475 652 514 1000(2.5) 821 821 1,015 968600(3.0) 533 745 745 516 1000(3.0) 885 1,117 1,117 972600(4.0) 592 880 880 519 1000(4.0) 949 1,262 1,262 977600(5.0) 650 1,031 1,031 521 1000(5.0) 1,013 1,426 1,426 982

- 79 -

( )

()[m]

(/m)

(/m)

()[m]

(/m)

(/m)

3.0m

2.0m

3.0m

2.0m

300(1.0) 352 352 352 469 700(1.0) 552 552 552 732300(1.5) 403 403 403 472 700(1.5) 607 607 607 735300(2.0) 456 456 598 474 700(2.0) 663 663 812 739300(2.5) 512 512 689 476 700(2.5) 722 722 908 742300(3.0) 569 781 781 478 700(3.0) 783 1,005 1,005 745300(4.0) 626 914 914 480 700(4.0) 844 1,145 1,145 749300(5.0) 683 1,064 1,064 482 700(5.0) 905 1,302 1,302 752400(1.0) 370 370 370 491 800(1.0) 611 611 611 783400(1.5) 422 422 422 493 800(1.5) 667 667 667 787400(2.0) 475 475 617 495 800(2.0) 725 725 874 790400(2.5) 531 531 708 497 800(2.5) 785 785 970 794400(3.0) 589 801 801 500 800(3.0) 847 1,069 1,069 798400(4.0) 646 934 934 502 800(4.0) 909 1,210 1,210 801400(5.0) 704 1,085 1,085 504 800(5.0) 971 1,368 1,368 805500(1.0) 389 389 389 525 900(1.0) 676 676 676 847500(1.5) 441 441 441 527 900(1.5) 733 733 733 851500(2.0) 495 495 637 529 900(2.0) 791 791 947 855500(2.5) 551 551 728 532 900(2.5) 852 852 1,046 859500(3.0) 609 821 821 534 900(3.0) 915 1,147 1,147 863500(4.0) 667 955 955 536 900(4.0) 978 1,291 1,291 867500(5.0) 725 1,106 1,106 539 900(5.0) 1,041 1,454 1,454 871600(1.0) 410 410 410 555 1000(1.0) 741 741 741 1,002600(1.5) 463 463 463 558 1000(1.5) 799 799 799 1,007600(2.0) 517 517 659 560 1000(2.0) 858 858 1,014 1,012600(2.5) 574 574 751 563 1000(2.5) 920 920 1,114 1,017600(3.0) 632 844 844 565 1000(3.0) 984 1,216 1,216 1,021600(4.0) 691 979 979 568 1000(4.0) 1,048 1,361 1,361 1,026600(5.0) 749 1,130 1,130 570 1000(5.0) 1,112 1,525 1,525 1,031

- 80 -

(

, 2007) 1.7~2.5m

.

D300~D1,000mm /

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

(m)

(

/m

,D300~

D1000m

m

)

2.0m

D600mm /

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

(m)

(

/m

,D300~

D1000m

m

)

600

600

1.9m

0.00m

0.50m

1.00m

1.50m

2.00m

2.50m

3.00m

3.50m

4.00m

4.50m

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

+

++

- 81 -

()

.

,

- D300D600 2.62.9m ,

- D700D900 2.93.1m ,

- D1,000 4.2m .

,

- D300D600 2.52.6m ,

- D700D900 2.62.7m ,

- D1,000 2.75m .

, +

- D300D600 1.71.9m ,

- D700D900 2.12.2m ,

- D1,000 2.6m .

(2)

.

,

2.0m

- 82 -

,

. ,

.

5.3

( ) 20%

, ( / )

50.0m 4 , 4

. 2005, 2006 BTL

( )

0.2 , (

()/ (m)) 50.0m 10

, 10 .

,

20%

, ,

- 83 -

.

.

, .

.

A B C

( )

( )

( )

5cm 2 ~ 5cm 2cm 5cm 2 ~ 5cm 2cm

(2mm )

(2mm )

- 84 -

,

. ,

. ,

.

- 85 -

6

,

.

1. , ,

. ,

, , , /

. C

.

2.

.

,

3 (A, B, C) , , ,

.

- 86 -

.

3.

.

, /

, ,

, ,

.

4.

, 2m

. ,

. (/)

( / ) 20%, BTL

( ()/ (m)) 0.2

, ,

.

- 87 -

(1998). .

(1997). .

(2003). .

EPA(2005). COMO .

(1982). , MOP NO. 60.

(2002). .

(2007). .

(2005). .

(1991). .

(1997). . pp. 79-81, 87-92.

(2002). .

(2005). . pp. 251, 257.

- 88 -

(2006) . pp. 230-232.

(2006). . pp.

110-120.

(2006). . pp. 5.

(2007). . pp. 3-5.

(2007). .

pp. 41-56, 66-69, 125, 147-151, 154-156, 165-181, 184-187.

ASCE and WEF(1994). Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation,

WEF FD-6&ASCE NO. 62.

WEF and JSWA(1995). Proceedings 6th WEF/JSWA Joint Technical

Seminar on Sewage Treament Technology 26-28, Tokyo, Japan.

WRC(1983). Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual, 2nd Ed., United Kingdom.

Alegre, H., Hirner, W., Baptista, J. M., and Parena, R.,(2002),

Performance indicators for Water supply services, IWA Manual of Best

Practice, ISBN 1-900222-27-2.

Ariaratnam, S.T., EI-Assaly, A., and Yang, Y.,(2001), "Assessment of

infrastrure inspection needs using logistic models", J. of Infrastructure

sys., 7(4), 160-165.

- 89 -

Christensen, R.c.(1997). Log-Linear Models and Logistic Regression,

2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 483.

EU Commission(2002). Development Of Guidelines for the structral,

hydraulic and environmental rehabilitation of sewers, SMT4-CT98-2272

of EU Commssion, Job number : MAS0303,

http://www.hydroinformatics.org/SRGuide/home.html.

Fick, B., Johnson, M., and Johnson, J.(1993). "Predictive model aids in

development of systemwide rehabilitation program", Proc Int. Conf. of

Pipeline Div., ASCE, Reston, VA., 449-467.

Hand, D.J.(1997), Construction and Assessment of Classification Rules,

John wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 214.

Johnson, R.A and Wichern, D. W.(1998). Applied Multivariate Statistical

Analysis, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Kido, W., Boehm, J., and Regan, M.M.(1999). "Predictive tools trim

operating costs", WEFTEC 1999, Water Environment Federation,

Alexandria, VA.

Ragsdale, C.T.,(2001), Spreadsheet Modeling and Decision Analysis,

Southwestern College Publishing, Cincinnati, OH.

- 90 -

Winston, W.L, Albright, S.C., and Brodie, M.(2001). Practical

Management Science, 2nd Edition, Duxbury, Pacific Grove, CA.

Water Environment Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers,

(1994). Existing Sewer Evaluation & Rehabilitation: WEF Manual of

Practice FD-6, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No.

62. Alexandria, VA: WEF.

: http://www.me.go.kr/

: http://www.nier.go.kr/

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: http://www.koti.re.kr/

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: http://www.emc.or.kr/

1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3

1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 BTL3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 EU 3.2.5 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 . 5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.3 6