5.1

5.1.1 10-141012380nm780nm

2.5

16

Close your right eye and look directly at the number 3. Can you see the yellow spot in your peripheral vision? Now slowly move towards or away from the screen. At some point, the yellow spot will disappear.Note how far you are from the screen when the yellow spot vanishes. Repeat the experiment looking at a larger and then again at a smaller number. Did you notice the difference in distance from the video screen when the spot disappeared?

5.1.2

5.1.2.1

5.1.2.1IAA(Ricco) IA = A(Piper) IA1/2 = ITTIT = T I =

IIII/III/IlogI = 0

I/II

(Mach band)

(Mach band)

5.1.2.2

5.1.2.2.1

(Complementary Colors )RCGMBY

---

5.1.2.3 60Hz70Hz

1.2.2540

5.1.2.4

PonzoPonzo

Which is longer, the red line or the blue line? Use a ruler to find out the answer. Select the answer to double check on your result.Mueller-Lyer Illusion

Perspective Illusion

Color Influences Distance Perception

Hermann Grid Illusion

Horizontal-Vertical Illusion Which line is longer, the red one or the green one? Use a ruler to find out. You will probably be surprised.

"Stabilization" Causes Fading Look at the upper right figure.This experiment works better if you close one eye. Fixate on the black dot in the center for about 10 - 15 seconds. Pay close attention to what you see. Now do the same thing with the upper left figure.

What do you see in this diagram? In order to find out what people often say they see select possible perceptions.

StereopsisStereopsis: refers to our ability to appreciate depth, that is the ability to distinguish the relative distance of objects with an apparent physical displacement between the objects. Monocular cues: using one eye.It is possible to appreciate the relative location of objects (monocular cues). However, it is the lateral displacement of the eyes that provides two slightly different views of the same object (disparate images) and allow acute stereoscopic depth discrimination.

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Monocular CuesSeveral strong monocular cues allow relative distance and depth to be judged. These monocular cues include:Relative size Interposition Linear perspective Aerial perspective Light and shade Monocular movement parallax

Retinal() image size allow us to judge distance based on our past and present experience and familiarity with similar objects. http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/KallDepth1.jpg

InterpositionThe overlapped object is considered further awayhttp://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/KallDepth2.jpg

Linear PerspectiveWhen objects of known distance subtend a smaller and smaller angle, it is interpreted as being further away. http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/KallDepth3.jpg

Aerial PerspectiveRelative colour of objects give us some clues to their distance. Due to the scattering of blue light in the atmosphere, creating "wall" of blue light, distance objects appear more blue. Thus distant mountains appear blue. Contrast of objects also provide clues to their distance. When the scattering of light blurs the outlines of objects, the object is perceived as distant. Mountains are perceived to be closer when the atmosphere is clear.

Aerial Perspective(continue)http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/KallDepth4.jpg

Light And ShadeHighlights and shadows can provide information about an object's dimensions and depthLeft hand image apears convex, and the right hand image concave.http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/KallDepth5.jpg

Monocular Movement ParallaxWhen our heads move from side to side, objects at different distances move at a different relative velocity. Closer objects move "against" the direction of head movement and farther objects move "with" the direction of head movement.

Binocular CuesStereopsis is an important binocular cue to depth perception. Stereopsis cannot occur monocularly and is due to binocular retinal disparity within Panum's fusional space. Stereopsis is the perception of depth produced by binocular retinal disparity. Therefore, two objects stimulates disparate (non-corresponding) retinal points within Panum's fusional area.

Panum's fusional areaPanums fusional area is the region of binocular single vision. Outside Panums fusional area, physiological diplopia() occurs. Using the haplopic method of determining the horopter, Panum's area can be determined

Panum's fusional areaHaplopic method of determining the horopter involves locating the region of single binocular vision at a distance of 40cm. Panum's fusional area lies between the outer and inner limits of the region of single binocular vision.(16 K jpeg image)http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/KallDepth7.jpg

Retinal disparity()Retinal disparate points are retinal points that give rise to different principal visual direction and diplopia. Retinal disparity is essential for stereoscopic depth perception as stereoscopic depth perception results from fusion of slightly dissimilar images.Due to the lateral displacement of our eyes, slightly dissimilar retinal images result from the different perception of the same object from each eye

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5.1.2.5 Masking

5.1.3

5.1.3.1 CImaxImin C=Imax/Imin 200:150:1 Visibility Threshold50%2

Ls LBL L=L LB

5.1.3.2 fx = d (x)/dx/f = d ()/d/fxd = (/180 o )rfxm/

3~4.5/

5.1.3.3

5.1.5

5.1.5.1 pixelpicture element (bitmap)35mm40

5.1.5.1 aspect ratio4:3HDTV16:9

5.1.5.2 progressive scanning

(a) (b) (c)

5.1.5.2 interlaced scanning=/2

framefieldABBCDEFA

(a);(b);(c)

5.1.5.3 CRTCRT() g gg

5.1.5.4 NTSC PAL SECAM

RGBYU VUVCYC

YUVPAL(Phase-Alternative Line )NTSC(National Television Systems Committee )SECAM(Sequential Coleur Avec Memoire )

2

NTSC National Television Systems Committee1953525/, 30/ (29.97 fps, 33.37 ms/frame)( 4:3 3:2 16:9)2 (field)262.5/20 485Laserdisc420S-VHS32063.510 (5)53.5YIQ525 15750Hz63.5s 60Hz 16.67ms 30Hz33.33ms525/2=262.5480

PAL Phase Alternation Line-by-line NTSC()1962 PAL625()/ 25/(40 ms/)(aspect ratio)4:32 /312.5/YUV625 15625 Hz64s50Hz,20ms25Hz40ms52.2s 11.8s625/2=312.5 25287.5 575 PAL/DY6MHz,U V1.3MHz

()

SECAM65PALSECAM(FM)(R-Y)(B-Y) 4:362550Hz6MHz8MHz

NTSCPALSECAMSECAMPALNTSCNTSCSECAMPAL

vertical resolutionaspect ratioframe ratefield rate50/

CAVRGB

Composite videoHueSaturation

S-videoY/C videochrominanceluminance

5.1.5.5

()

()YCbCrYUVYIQRGBA/D (Y)13.5MHz(R-YB-Y)6.75MHz8bits

1

2VESAVGA640/*480TARGA512/*480SVGA1024/*7681280/*102472/

3CCIR 601

CCIR 601525/60NTSCCCIR 601625/50PAL/SECAMH.261CIFH.261QCIF/Lum(Y)Chroma(U,V)72036072036036018018090/Lum(Y)Chroma(U,V)480480576576288144144722:12:11:1302530,15,10,7.54:3

4/

CCITT G3/G4JBIGJPEGH.261p*64kbps/MPEG-11.5MbpsVCDMPEG-210-20MbpsDVDHDTVMPEG-44.8kbps~32kbps

5

DVIIndeoIntel Corp.QuickTimeApple ComputerCD-IPhilips Consumer ElectronisPhoto CDEastman Kodak CompanyCDTVCommodore ElectronicsReal MediaReal NetworksWindows MediaMicrosoft Corp.

ITU-R BT.601CCIRInternational Radio Consultative Committee2080CCIR 601RGBYCbCr(YCBCR)

ITU-R BT.601

625 525 1982 2(CCIR) 15 601 YR-YB-Y,:

aPALNTSCYR-YB-Y13.5MHz6.75MHz6.75MHz

b10bit 8bit

cYR-YB-Y4:2: 2

ITU-R BT.601 1983 9(CCIR)

a Y(R-Y)B-Y)

b 0 255 l254;

c 525 60 1 6 625 50/ 12 62550 52560 720 360 2

ITU-R BT.601RGBYCbCr

ITU-R BT.601NTSCPALSECAMISDNCCITT-H.261PALSECAMfsfs=62525N=15625N=13.5MHzN=864NTSCfs fs=52529.97N=15734N=13.5 MHzN=858

PALSECAM864NTSC858720

ITU-R BT.601 PALSECAM864NTSC858720

5.1.5.5.2 (subsampling)

5.1.5.5.24:4:4 YCbCr4:2:2 YCbCr4:1:1 YCbCr4:2:0 YCbCr

4:4:4 YCbCr 44Y4Cr4Cb34:4:4 YCbCr

4:2:2 44Y2Cr2Cb2

4:1:1 44Y1Cr1Cb1.5

4:2:0 YCbCr 22Y1Cr1Cb1.5H.261H.263MPEG-1MPEG-2

MPEG-14:2:0 2Y2Y41CbCr

MPEG-2 2Y2Y41Cb1Cr

5.1.6

5.1.6.1

5.1.6.2 PSNR PSNR

Which colored block appears the largest and which the smallest? Take a ruler and measure them, you may be surprised at what you find. I hope you measured the blocks. If you did you will have noticed that they are all the same size. Why then do they appear to increase in size as they get further away? Think about it. Maybe you can guess why. Take close look at the pattern on the floor, walls and ceiling. Can you see how they tend to converge on to a common point in the distance? This is called perspective. The further way objects are the smaller the visual angle they subtend on the retina. However, if you were actually standing in the hallway containing the blocks the floor pattern and those on the walls and ceiling would not seem to converge. Another example is when you stand in the middle of rail road tracks (beware of trains) the parallel tracks continue to appear parallel for a long way into the distance even though they project onto your retina in perspective. Artists are well aware of perspective and use it to create the impression of distance in their painting and drawings.

Some people see the outline of two black faces opposite each other. Other people see a white vase. Sometimes people see the faces and vase alternating and yet other people can see both the faces and the vase simultaneouslyVaseSubtend, ,,(diplopia).7-30, X ,;Y,. (Panum,1858) ,,,, (Panum's fusional area). , .,,. ,, ., ,, ,(binocular rivalry), (Fox,1991;HowardRogers,1995).