PAGE

. . . . - . .

. . ( ) . .

. . . : . . - - . .

. John Harvey . Harvey . 25,000 . .

. . - - . . . . .

(9.1) Media .

( )

( )

( )

2,000

0

2,000

0

2,100

100

2,000

2,180

180

2,000

2

2,280

280

2,000

3

2,392

392

2,000

4

2,510

510

2,000

5

2,650

650

2,000

6

2,800

800

2,000

7

2,960

960

2,000

8

3,140

1,140

2,000

9

3,340

1,340

2,000

10

3,560

1,560

2,000

11

4,160

2,160

2,000

12

: .

( : . - - . . (9.1) Media - . (9.1) 2,000 (9.1) .

( : . . (9.1) Media (9.1) . ( ) . . . ( ) .

( : . (9.1) . (9.1) Media . - - .

(9.1) Media : - - .

Harley-Davidson

Harley-Davidson ( ) . . 1981 . 1985 24 . . .

15% . 24 ( ) 0.15 ( 24 = 3.6 . Harley-Davidson Toyota ( ) :" . . " * . .

__________________________________

* A. Sharkey, Making Industry More Competitive, The Chicago Purchaser (November - December 1986), pp. 11-12. Also, see Reviving Up for Relief: Harley-Davidson at the ITC, a case in the study guide accompanying this textbook.

. .

( : . . (9.2) (9.2) Media .

( : . (9.2) (9.2) Media . . . AVC TVC Q U W :

Q / U (AVP) :

(9.1)

AVP W AVC .

(9.2) Media .

( )

( ) *

( )

( )

80

2,100

100

2,000

1

100

1,090

90

1,000

2

112

760

94

667

3

118

598

98

500

4

140

502

102

400

5

150

442

108

333

6

160

400

114

286

7

180

370

120

250

8

200

349

127

222

9

220

334

134

200

10

600

324

142

182

11

347

180

167

12

* .

(9.2) Media : .

( : . (9.2) (9.2) Media . . . .

( : . C(Q) Q Q (Q 1) C(Q) C(Q 1) . (9.2) (9.2) . [ (9.2) ] . . (TVC (Q (TFC (Q :

(TFC :

W (TVC = W((U) (U (Q . :

(9.2)

MP . MP .

dTC / dQ TC . ( ) . :

TC = 20 + 3Q + 0.2Q2

TC Q . :

AC :

AC Q Q AC :

Q = 10

Q = 10 7,000 . ( Q 10 MC AC . ) .

. McDonnell Douglas .*

( ) 525 10% 700 . 525 700

() 30% 700 36% 525 10% 525 700

( ) : " 25% . "

( ) : " . "

:

( ) 525 700 TFC ( 525 TFC ( 700 TFC . 33% .

() 700 X ( 0.30 = 3.33X . X 700 . 525 1.33X ( 0.36 = 3.69X 1.33X 525 . 11% ( 3.33X 3.69X ) 525 700 .

( ) . .

( ) .

__________________________________

* National Research Council, The Competitive Status of the U.S. Civil Aviation Manufacturing Industry, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985).

. ( ) . . . . IBM . .

(9.3) : G1DEG3' .

. G1 G1' G2 G2' G3 G3' (9.3) . . Q Q C ( B ) ( A ) . S

. . (9.3) G1DEG3' . (9.3) .

(9.4) : - .

. (9.4) . LL' . ( . )

(9.5) : [ (9.4) ] .

. (9.5) - . . . .

Crosby

( )

Crosby . :

(9.3)

Q ( ) K ( ) L ( ) . 8 2 ( ) :

TC = 8L + 2K

=

(9.4)

(9.3) :

K . 10,000 K = 10 K 10 (9.4) :

(9.5)

TCS . :

:

. Crosby Q . (9.4) :

K :

K Q/2 (9.4) :

TCL = 2Q(9.6)

TCL . TCL / Q = 2 2 .

(9.6) Crosby : .

(9.6) . Q = 20 ACS = 2 . ( ) . .

. Massachusetts . 100,000 ( ) .

$ 5.75

$ 4.89

$ 4.84

$ 8.50

$ 4.25

0.52

0.83

0.63

0.42

0.24

2.18

1.40

1.57

2.62

0.66

0.71

0.57

0.71

0.86

2.57

9.17

7.70

7.75

12.39

7.71

*

* .

200,000 100,000 7 - .

( ) 100,000 ( )

() ( ) ( ) .

( )

( )

( ) 7.71 ( 7.75 ) .

() ( ) .

( ) . 7.71 100,000 7 200,000 .

( ) . 200,000 .**

__________________________________

** : G. Amendola, The Diffusion of Synthetic Materials in the Automobile Industry Research Policy (1990) .

( )

. . 70 . (9.7) Texas .

(9.7) Texas : 60,000 / .

. 10,000 29 . 50,000 26 . . - . . . . .

- - . . ( (9.8) . . . . .

(9.8) .

. (9.9) . (9.10) . . . .

(9.9) : .

(9.10) : .

. . ( ) . (9.11) 1996 1996 . . . . . . . . .

(9.11) : 1993 . .

. . . . . . .

:

( : . - - . .

( : . . . . .

( : . . . .

( : . 1996 1995 1995 1994 . . . . .

( : ( ) . . ( ) .

( : 30 40 . . .

. Joel Dean . . . Dean . . TC = a + bQ . (9.3) . ( . )

(9.3) .

( )

TC = 3638.30 + 0.121Q

TC = 992.23 + 0.097Q

TC = 1695.16 + 1.780Q

TC = 2935.59 + 1.998Q

390.58

399.34

5497.09

6109.83

0.970

0.952

0.972

0.973

(r)

: Dean, Statistical Cost Functions of a Hosiery Mill.

(9.12) . . TC = 2,935.59 + 1.998Q 1.998 1.998 . ( ) :

. 20,000 :

2.15 .

(9.12) : .

Joel Dean . . . Jack Johnston . : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) .

. - - . . - - . 90% . (9.13) ( ) . ( ) Dean Johnston (9.13) :

TC = 0.6558 + 0.4433Q

TC ( ) Q ( ) .

(9.13) : (9.12) .

: Johnston, Statistical Cost Analysis .

3.2 4.0 10% 7% . 10% 3% . .

Dean Johnston . . . . .

. ( . . ( . ( ) . ( ) . ( . .

. . U (9.4) L (9.14) .

(9.14) : L U [ (9.4) ] Qm .

. . (9.14) Qm . . (9.4) 50% . 15% .

(9.4) 50% .

( )

( )

15.0

3.0

2.5

7.5

25.0

9.0

5.0

1.0

: F. M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1980).

. . . . .

( )

Laurits Christenson William Greene . William Laurits - - 1955 1970 (9.15) . L U . 12 1970 . (9.15) 1955 1970 1970 1955 . .

(9.15) : 1955 1970 . 12 1970 .

George Stigler . . . . . .

(9.16) : 2.5% 25% .

(9.16) Stigler . 2.5% 25% . ( ) . (9.16) .

. 1988 FM-AM . . .

. Marion ( 1 2 ) . . A (9.17) . 10,000 .

(9.17) 1 2 ( C D ) : D 2 1 .

. C [ B (9.17) ] . 1 9,000 11,000 . 1 2 D [ B (9.17) ] 2 9,000 11,000 2 1 . . 1 10,000 2 . 10,000 2 .

. Exxon Mobil Merck Smith-Kline Beecham Random House Simon Schuster . . .

. Martin 1,000 500 15 1,000 12 500 6 . . .

:

(9.7)

S C(Q1) Q1 C(Q2) Q2 C(Q1 + Q2) Q1 Q2 . S [ C(Q1 Q2) ] [ C(Q1) + C(Q2) ] . S . Martin :

20% S .

. . . . Xerox 9700 .

. Alvin Silk Ernst Berndt MIT ( ) : (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) - . (5) . (6) . (7) . (8) . (9) .

Silk Berndt 401 . Silk Berndt :

86% . 26% . . 100 - Silk Berndt . .*

__________________________________

* : A. Silk and E. Berndt, Scale and Scope Effects on Advertising Agency Costs, Working Paper No. 3463, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1990.

. . ( ) . (9.18) Carson 600,000 2 .

(9.18) Carson 600,000 - .

. . . (9.18) Carson 3 . - - . (9.18) 300,000 300,000 . - 600,000 - (9.18) . (2.12) Q1 .

. . . .

. . . .

. P Q AVC TFC . (QB) . (P ( Q) (TFC + AVC ( Q) :

P ( QB = TFC + AVC ( QB

(P AVC)QB = TFC

(9.8)

Carson P = $3 AVC = $2 TFC = $600,000 . :

(9.18) . .

. . . Carson - 3 2 - $3 $2 1 .

Carson 1 . :

= 1,600,000

Carson 500,000 100,000 . 50,000 . ( 50,000 ) ( 1 ) ( ) 50,000 .

*

. . . . ( ) .

. . . .

__________________________________

* .

1- : . - - .

2- . . - - .

3- . . .

4- . . . .

5- . - - . .

6- ( ) . .

7- - - . . . : . .

(1) 1985 - MIT - : (1) . (2) . (3) . :

$ 122.78

$ 136.19

$ 148.34

41.58

15.98

21.15

67.43

75.09

83.43

54.08

99.93

102.06

24.47

41.67

46.74

310.34

368.86

401.73

( ) : " " .

() - - .

( ) 25 30% 26 2 .

( )

(2) Harvard A B B C . . :

C

B

A

$ 3.70

$ 2.40

$ 1.10

1.80

1.20

0.90

2.00

2.40

0.90

$ 7.50

$ 6.00

$ 2.50

$ 25,000

$ 75,000

$ 300,000

50,000

100,000

200,000

( ) 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 A . ( ) .

() 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 B .

( ) 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 C .

( ) ( ) 100,000 200,000 400,000 .

(3) Abner - - 10,000 . 300 100 .

( ) 5,000

() 350 300

( ) 350 85 100

(4) (C) 8 (Q) .

C = 16.68 + 0.125Q + 0.00439Q 2

( ) Q 50 51

() ( )

( ) .

(5) Lincoln . .

((

((

((

((

50

0

((

((

((

((

75

1

((

((

((

((

100

2

((

((

((

((

120

3

((

((

((

((

135

4

((

((

((

((

150

5

((

((

((

((

190

6

((

((

((

((

260

7

(6) Deering 1996 :

AC = 3 + 4Q

AC ( ) Q .

( ) .

() .

( ) 3 ( ) .

( ) .

(7) Tacke :

TC Q PL PK .

( ) a1 1%

() a1 ( 1 a1 ( 1 .

( ) a log (TC / PK) log Q log (PL / PK ) .

(8) " 0.6 " 0.6 :

C2 = C1 ( X2 / X1 )0.6

C1 C2 X1 X2 .

( ) 0.6

() .

( )

(9) Dijon :

TVC = 50Q 10Q 2 + Q 3

Q

( )

()

( ) ()

(10) Berwyn . . . 300,000 . 14 :

8.20

1.90

3.90

14.00

( ) . 10,000 25

() 10,000 20

( ) 10,000 15

( ) ( )

(11) Jolson 1,000 500 30,000 . 1,000 23,000 . 500 11,000 .

( )

()

(12) Smith 10,000 . 5,000 10,000 24 . 60% .

( )

() 10%

( ) 10% 8%

:

(

(

. . .

. I II III (19.9) . I 100,000 II III . I 2 II III . I . .

III . 25,000 I II . 4 . III I .

II I III 60,000 I III . II 3 I III . II III I .

(9.19) : I III II .

1% . :

=

=

=

(9.9)

( Q .

. I 40,000 (Q = 10,000 :

(9.19) (Q = 10,000 (( = $50,000 $20,000 ( Q 40,000 50,000 ( 20,000 50,000 ) . 1% 6% .

(9.19) Q :

=

P AVC TFC . (9.10) (9.9) . I Q = 40,000 (9.10) :

P 5 AVC 2 TFC 100,000 . ( 6 ) .

. Q = 40,000 II :

III :

1% 6% I 4% II 2.67% III . I III . II .

= $100,000

= $2

= $5

$ 70,000

$ 120,000

$ 50,000

10,000

40,000

140,000

100,000

20,000

10,000

160,000

150,000

30,000

20,000

180,000

200,000

40,000

50,000

200,000

250,000

50,000

= $60,000

= $3

= $5

$ 40,000

$ 90,000

$ 50,000

10,000

20,000

120,000

100,000

20,000

0

150,000

150,000

30,000

20,000

180,000

200,000

40,000

40,000

210,000

250,000

50,000

= $25,000

= $4

= $5

$ 15,000

$ 65,000

$ 50,000

10,000

5,000

105,000

100,000

20,000

5,000

145,000

150,000

30,000

15,000

185,000

200,000

40,000

25,000

225,000

250,000

50,000

Q(P AVC)

Q(P AVC) TFC

1 (9.6) .

2 Q L(Q) Ai (Q) . M(Q) Ri (Q) ith . L(Q) = Ai (Q) . :

EMBED Equation.2 and EMBED Equation.2

M(Q) Ri (Q) .

EMBED Equation.2

EMBED Equation.2

L(Q) = Ai (Q) QdL(Q) / d(Q) = QdAi (Q) / d(Q) Ri (Q) = M(Q) .

3 N. McKay, Health Services Research, April 1991.

(9.7) .

4 J. Dean, Statistical Cost Functions of a Hosiery Mill, Studies in Business Administration, University of Chicago Press, vol. 14, no. 3 (1941) .

5 J. Johnston, Statistical Cost Analysis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960).

6 : Cookenboo, Production Functions and Cost Functions in Oil Pipelines, in the study guide accompanying this textbook .

7 L. Christenson and W. Greene, Economies of Scale in U.S. Electric Power Generation, Journal of Political Economy (1976).

( ) .

8 K. Anderson and J. Woodbury, Do Government-Imposed Ownership Restrictions Inhibit Efficiency? Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission, December 1988.

PAGE

228

_956992347.unknown

_956992351.unknown

_956995762.unknown

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_956992343.unknown

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_956992346.unknown

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_956992341.unknown

_956992342.unknown

_956992340.unknown

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_956992336.unknown

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_956992333.unknown

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