Textbooks Immunology Chief editor Roitt Cellular and molecular
Immunology Chief editor: Abbas and Litchman
Immunologyimmune system ( immune response )(immune
regulation
Annual Review of Immunology IF=52.43(2004),2009
2003600 15%53:
EPO:28%:15%:15%80%2004
Medical immunology Pert I. Introduction of Immunology Part II.
Immune moleculesPart III. Immune cells and immune responsesPart IV.
Immunity in Clinic and its Application
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immunologyimmunityimmunitus1971
10
11171352; 16
17
1796Edward Jennervaccavaccination1798Jenner
1979
101919201971immunity against infection
Jennerhunter ??
19Louis Pasteur (live-attenuated vaccine)42-43 Louis Pauster
(1822-1895)
18881890Behring(Kitasato) Von Behring
serology 1896Widal +Ehrlich1897theory of humoral immunity
TimeNameCountryAchievements1901E. A. BehringGermanySerum
therapy, especially against diphtheria.1905R. KochGermanyDiscovery
of bacillus tuberculosis and tuberculin1908P.
EhrlichGermanyProposed the humoral immunity theory and side chain
theory of antibody formationE. MetchnikoffRussiaDiscovery of
phagocytosis of cells and proposed the cellular immunity
theory1913C. RichetFranceDiscovery of the hypersensitivity
phenomenon1919J. BordetBelgiumDiscovery of complement and designed
the Complement Fixation Test1930K. LandsteinerAustriaDiscovery of
blood type antigens on human red blood cells1951M. ThelerSouth
AfricaDiscovery of a vaccine for yellow fever1957D. BovetItalyTreat
hypersensitivity by antihistamine1960F. M. BurnetAustraliaProposed
clonal selection theory and immune tolerance theory in antibody
formationP. B. MedawarUKPut forward acquired immunologic tolerance
theory1972G. M. EdelmanUSAClarified chemical structure of
antibodiesR. R. PorterUKClarified chemical structure of
antibodies1977R. S. YallowUSAEstablished Radiation Immunological
Assay
1980J. DaussetFranceDiscovery of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)G.
D. SnellUSADiscovery of H-2 system in miceB. BenacerrafUSADiscovery
of genetic control of immune responses1984N. JerneDenmarkProposed
natural antibody selection theory and immunological network
theoryG. KhlerGermanyProduced monoclonal antibody by hybridoma
technologyC. MilsteinArgentinaProduced monoclonal antibody by
hybridoma technology1987TonegawaJapanClarified the genetic basis of
antibody diversity1990J. MurrayUSAPioneered kidney transplantation
in humansE. ThomasUSAPioneered bone marrow transplantation in
humans1996P. DohertyAustriaProposed MHC restriction dual
recognition model of T lymphocytesR. ZinkernagelSwitzerlandProposed
MHC restriction dual recognition model of T lymphocytes
TimeNameCountryAchievements
Review QuestionsYou will understand the connotation of Burnets
clonal selection theory gradually following the further study. How
do you comprehend Burnets clonal selection theory now? Try to
describe this hypothesis.Try to explain how does vaccination
prevent infections specifically?
Elie Metchnikoff was born on May 16, 1845, near Kharkoff,
Ukraine. He studied natural sciences at the University of Kharkoff.
After graduating from Kharkoff, Metchnikoff went to the University
of Giessen, Germany, to study marine biology. In 1865, he
discovered intercellular digestion in a flatworm, which would
structure his later research. In 1867, he returned to Russia to
teach at the University of Odessa. Shortly, after arriving at the
University of Odessa he joined the faculty at the University of St.
Petersburg. In 1870, however, Metchnikoff would once again return
to the University of Odessa where he was appointed Titular
Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. In 1883, he left
Odessa and traveled to Messina to work privately in a small
laboratory; it was in Messina that Metchnikoff revealed the
phenomenon of phagocytosis. After discovering phagocytosis,
Metchnikoff returned to Odessa, and in 1883 published his first
paper about his work. In 1888, Metchnikoff left Odessa, and took a
position at the Pasteur Institute laboratory in Paris. In 1904,
after working several years at the Pasteur Institute, Metchnikoff
became the deputy director. He remained at the Pasteur Institute
for the remainder of his career. Eli Metchnikoff was the first of
two Jews, along with Paul Ehrlich, to receive the Nobel Prize for
Medicine in 1908 for their research on cellular immunity. He was
awarded the honor for the theory of phagocytosis, which demonstates
the process of how specific white blood cells can break down
harmful bacteria in the body. He also identified an apparent link
between acidophilus-type bacteria and extended lifespan for humans.
Acidophilus is a nutritional supplement product, which contains a
given bacteria. He was pivotal in starting the relatively modern
discipline of probiotics (are dietary supplements containing
potentially benefical bacteria and yeasts. Also, along with P.P..
Roux, they researched the affects of using calomel ointment to
treat syphilis. Metchnikoffs works include L'Immunit dans les
Maladies Infectieuses (Immunity in Infectious Diseases, 1901), in
which he elaborates on his research of phagocytosis, and The Nature
of Man (1938). He received numerous other awards and recognition
for his work including an honorary Doctorate of Science from the
University of Cambridge and an honorary membership of the Academy
of Medicine in Paris. He died on July 16, 1916, in Paris, at the
age of 70.
