الاتجاهات والحركات في الشعر العربي الحديث.pdf

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. JJsS & ,1-;;-: ISBN 978-9953-82-165-8

%&yL dw\ Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry

by Salma Khadra Jayyusi

(London, E. J. Brill, 1977)

e-mail: info(c1 caus.org.lb

Web Site: http://www.caus.org.Ib

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Salma Klindrn Jayyusi. <<Trends and : ,.!ZI d L 5 ' 1 o h :+ ;r +J ( Y )

Movements in Contemporary Arabic Poetry,)) (Ph. D. Thesis. London University. School o f

Oriental and African Studies. 1970). pp. 13-21.

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(New York; London: C. Scribnrr's Sons. 1942). p. I I .

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Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gihh and Harold Bowcn, Iskiir~ic Soc,ic,t!. ci~ltl tile ( \ )

W e , ~ t : A .Stu(11. of' I I I C I/iip(i(.t (11 Wi>.vt~rri C'i~.iliz(itioi~ air . I f ~ ( . l t , i i ~ Clilture r i l the, NCUI. E(i.~t

(London; New York: Oxford University Press. 1950.). vol. I. part 2. p. 154.

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Tllc~ C'lrri~~itrrr ('hlrrclrc's of the Etr.st. Religion and Culture Series. 2 vols.. 2"" ed. (Milw;lukee.

Bruce Pub. Co.. [1047-19481). vol. 1 : C'hrirc.hr,.\ 111 C'orntlrunion 11.ith Rornr,. p. 174.

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Attwater. Ibid. . . ;Jl a yQl . 4 - < . - " 2 W I L L

Gibh and Bowen. I.rl~in~ic Socicdtl. nntl rhi, M'i~.sr: A Sftrth. of' /hi, OI I[ I~IC r o f Wcsrcr.rr ( 3 )

Ci~~ili:crrio~i on ,\do.c.i~,r~~ C'rilrrrrc, ir~ rlrc Nctrr EN.YI. p. 155. - 3

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((FarljSl.)~ In: Er~q~c~/opcrrditr of Iclrrrlr (London: Luzac. 1927).

Gibb i111cl B o ~ c n . Ibid.. p. 150 ( 7 ) . .

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Gibb and Bowen, I h ~ d . . p. 100. ( V )

Pierre Cachia. Tfillci Huscrj~ri: His Plncc i i ~ tht, E6~ypl io i i 3 1 \ 7 i 4 , c . ; ,*all ( A )

L.i~c~r.tri.j, Rei~tri,c..ronc,e (London: Luzac. Ic)56), p. 5.

Gibh and Bowen, Ibid.. p. 164. ( 4 )

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Albert Habib Hourani, Arcrhir Tliorlghr iii the L ihe r~ i l Agc. 1798-lY3Y (London: New York:

Oxrord University Press. 1962). p. 32

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Bayard Dodge, '41-Azhcir.: A X l i l l r ~ ~ i ~ i n i ~ r of .2l~r.rlirii Lclirr~irig (Washington. DC: Middle East Institute. 1961).

Gibb and Bowen. 1.c.ltiriiic .Soc.ier,. triitl rlic I.t'c..rr: A Srrrdl. of' the l i ~ ~ l ~ i r < , r qf M'c'.rrrri~ ( \ Y)

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Houron] . Arohic Tlrou,yhi it! /hc Libc,rol A::(>. 17Y8-lY39. p. 56. ( I t )

((Fa rha 1 . ) ) in: Et~c~j~c~lop(i~c1iir O/ lsI(l~ii. ( 1 3 )

Hourani. Ibid.. p. 56. and ( \ I )

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103Y. pp. 55-56.

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Gibb and Boucn, I t I r r r ~ r ~ . Socicrl. crrrtl rhc, Rcw: A Srrcc11. of rlic, Irllpocr of ' U'<,.srl.r.rr ( Y Y)

Ci~~i l i : ( r r ior~ orl Mo.vlcr~7 C'rrlrrrrc~ i ~ r rhc, .N~~crr. f i r . s r . p. 156.

Hourani. Artrhic T l~ouplr~ ill rlrc 1.rherul Age. 1798-1939. p. 54. ( T r )

Cachiu. Tcil~ci f3rr.,cy.n: Hl.c Pllrc c ~ I I the Egjpritrr~ Lirercrr,~ R~~rrri.tsmrt c . p. 7 . : (7 f )

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H. -1. R . Gibb. ((Studies in Contemporary Arahrc Literature. I : The Nineteenth Ccntury,))

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Hourani, Aruhk T11o~1,qhr it1 rlic. Lihcrrrl Agc. 1798-1939. p. 69. ( T I )

LssL&~ 21, LL, , JGII +I ~b : Li : A T - V Y 4 9 ~ 1 ;LC\ "+ ;?,dg . ( \ q C A ,SIUl >I> :i,+'Al) T i tqd', ,a\ klj . ( \ A V Y - \ A * \ )

Gibb. ((Studies in Contemporary Arabic Literature, I: The Nineteenth Century,)) ( f Y ) p. 750.

Khalil S. Hiwi. Kl~cllil Gibrtm: :+I , ,&ul ;*i rrJj*il &,LC ~0~ JJCZ ( f f ) - -

f i i . ~ Bockg~o~lnd , Clzarac./c~r urzd K'orkr, Foreword by Nabih Aniin Faris. Publication of the

Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Oriental Series; no. 41 (Beirut: American University of Beirut,

1963). p. 38 et passim.

>Ij, i > y G :+I ';,dl o h 4 & L A \ "Wl jd &$I d l a Lfi "i,sLc'l ;p +J 6 ,.+G : &&YI -3 Js;Vl j ' j L J I y&g L f \ 7 4 .+-C;iI *I

. \ f t - \fr ,([.a . > I x :a3=;) f L ,poJl;ilk; cpoJci

I --I: - i >-,-!I Lti-i I;! e i s r € + - . =I+ - b 3

. LC >31> 7-La 2 i*ll Jz s Ll 5 bLj C 2 -

. T A A p Lcr*sj>I ,>p ( Y 3 )

((At-Yi7idji.x in: firc:~~rl(~pac~tlio of I S ~ ~ I I I I . (r7)

Houl.;tni. .Arohic, 7'110u~l11 ill / / I ( ' L ih~r(11 A g o . 17YX-1939. p. 98; : ( 1 . )

UI +i & - J ~ ,LI+,~ : s,s.~\ -I,LI> 7 A - Y \ \ 7 v - 7 7 _+ .u >&I .>,- i '

.L,;, Y Y V , Y Y Y -+ .+ 3 -I ~ I A I -,>i I Y ~ Y , t ,%$I

H o ~ ~ r a n i . Ibid.. p. 98. ( i \ )

+ ~ Y I +I >IJJ , jU1 : , L l , + j U I li. +;a2 . \ - 9 9 _+ . c_F. ; *a i l ( 1 7 )

.9? - 9. _p ' \ f a * - \ A * . ijg 3

- -

! ( \ 9 7 1 .);MI >I> : ,-) YY L ,GI il,; i b j l J ig A+ :&\&I 3 J I + .jLsi_ll = C'

Khaldun S. Al-Husry. rhrcr~ Rqfilrnlc~r,~ A Srlillj, in .Mock~rti , lr</h Polirit'rrl T l~o~ lghr (Beirut:

Khayats. 1966). and

. +512+Sl JK &3 9 9 .&l$Jl ,p j l + . ~ ~ d K ~ ~ LIL- jl .>a1 HBwi. Kli~rlil -- Gihrtin: HL.Y Bti~liprorrr7cl. C'hrrt.rr~~rc,r trntl Uiwkv. : ,&I , -51;- ,1, ( t 3 )

pp. 58-62. and other writers.

) U I 2 & l Y l a b G Y I .edl#2 . 3 v - J Y k L - 2 :,L1, .+! JF ( f 7 )

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. \ \ Y - e .

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>,dl 2 J;? +,,= -.+i J! J-,~I j&y& js 4 L e 2 , 11 &, .+ - . +L - .-* - o . LL-

Gibb. ((Studies in Contemporary Arabic Literature. :,&I . G,-4 +i 2 L i ILL. , > .. , LC -l;lI L

I : The Nineteenth Century.)) p. 7.i5.

-

Hawi. Ibid.. p . 59. .J . - ; u 2 . . - - ' I "LC ( I h )

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2 .

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. L i l , r 1 q - T \ A , . ( I 9 7 I , ,>ul +I >I> : A>,?) ;.-J~-CJ~ $1 4 Q $ ~ ?;YI

Cn+ L-, T V _,.a .I+\ +l*p'l

1 4 . R. Gihh . ((SLudics in Contemporary AI -ah~c Literature. I: Ths Nineteenth ( A A )

Century.), B i i l h ~ ~ i n of ll ir Sclrool of Oric~r71cil ~irirl .4//.11iiri SirftIic~.~, vol. 4. no. 4 ( 1926-1928). p. 751

- --

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i+> ( \ q 3 4 ) >% +M -;dg >kg;> i;! , = k a g , ~ pj -,i& j2& -9 \ q 3 ; / ~ / !

. : j 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ U I +i > J ~ L ;+ I+ L G I - ~ I uj ( \ q ~ r )

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a - I " ., b J U I :by\ I h 3 ;+\I 2 & U l ;dl ,. oh . />Y l

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,&CJIl 3 " Y U I p +a A +-Lb r L Y l 3 *;A iii*. \ 4 Y a

: , &-j) Ayu l +j,G -+ ay'& , j>i id+ul & 2 jdG : ,XI ( \ \ A )

A L L , + . \ V 4 - \ V A P , Y ,,

. r k J i ( l L+- ,>--_r : zp ~ ; i i7- & d L b ( \ q Y \

Fiiicz J . AOLIII . F(III,:~ .bf(1'//7f'cer .5011 (r/o,rc, (Paris: (3. - 2 . Y \ q -4 . LL ;-dl L > + ! -+ P. Maisonnc~~vc. 1970). pp. 163-1 65.

- - \ 3 - 4 .& ;dl .+!xi +>dl : , 2 > ; $1 &'& JF ( \ 1 q ) L.

Aoun. Ibid.. appendix 2. . t \ 4 - t \ Y -4 . ; i ~ ~ v l jrlqil 3, l ; j ~ J i ~ b2\ . i ' ? V A

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l ld~yl l l . I

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i

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i+ ;-a+ +dl &Wl $J3 &I & d l > +,-A\ v!J\ 2 L

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&l+k -b Jj k+,J\ A& " ,+ >LC ;+ &,i-Ql 6 9 ( \ ' " ) ( I q y i ) + (\>A).

JL A+ 36 .&2.A JL13 +,+\I -11 u .& GUIL.~ 2 a

+-L 32 . a 4 1 ,d~i> W*il +->,J &3 ,&% C& +,dl 3 c~ ;;L +$I L +& +,dl &:>L + 02w -3, JL &,+-i

( \ 3 . ) .... . ' i + I e2Al & Y L > 039,; , s,\ - , dl;&!> ,,

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. T7 - Y'?3 -9

Khalil S. f j iwi . c r r l i l Gihrun:s T'?9 3 r ~ ~ 9 1 2 I;JL>!~ 1;A c CL+ ( \ 7 7 )

His B~cligrounrl, Cllnrrrctrr nnrl WorXs, foreword by Nabih Amin Faris, Publication of the

Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Oriental Series; no. 41 (Beirut: American University of Beirut.

1963), p. 167.

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('/iui.ot 1c.r- r111ci I + I I I . X r . pp. !02-193 and 207-209.

Hawi. Ibid.. pp. 269-273; : i$ .+,LI dls X L i U ..c +>d JL L & I ( 7 . 3 )

.J,d J>b3 & q q 2 & ( 1 9 9 i L & I d l J+ 1 a>,*) #A\ &j .*a c>Lo

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.+ ~2 Y &is di 2; & ( \ ~ Y Y '?,sJl LSL ... .op L ',I) d l J d l j $+I ' dl,-

. \ Y v * % &I dls ?+i ;$ ;& JL+

Hiwi. Ib~d . . pp. 272-273. :,&I (Y - V )

. &+i &.&> &I&I u~ J~ L ~ q ~ . \ i L4 dd3

91 ,,I> :a3,?) L - ~ ~ 2 Y L t 6 & l + l l b + . , s ~ I v,Lll + :,&I ( 7 . A )

( \ 9 \ i ) L&Ij -3 ,-'Y >& .dl,- a Y L JjlL+ L+- ' \ i - A -4 , ( \ 9 ~ o LL+L\

s&iy- + J I + ! I ~ i U ~ ( \ q . i ) & j l j ( \ ~ ~ . ) i k p ~ q J ~ 3 . s+'l dls ,

./,JJI i>F3 , Y o r _ Y O Y . G ~ ' Y I j c;g&3ij k3i :,&I ( 7 * 9 )

= + \ 9 7 9 P~ >3 .dl,- ,+i ,;I ,+ -+ ;Wig 3 dj J+. L+- c Y 9 i L4

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,,L &+- " .LJr +" :>I* L ( \ 4 7 7 & + , d l ;Id1 :a>,e) dlfl J-. ;J++

. -,> q j l ~ >I< .LI>

hl. H. Abl.ams, ((English Romanticisnl: The Splrit of the Age.)) in: :, L ;I ( 7 \ 1 )

Ro177o11ric,i\111 Rrc~ot7sirlc,1.c,~l: Sclcc,~r(l Prrpl,c.r.v f 1 . 0 1 1 7 rl7c E~r,yli.sl~ Itr.rrit~/tc. edlted with a foreword hy

Northrop F r y (New York: Columbia University Press. 1063). p. 43.

'lL,i b r ;..l,<l La4& .d. > d l ( 7 \ 3 )

.& > d l ( T \ 7 )

Northrop F r y . ((The Drunken Bo~1t.n in: Ibid.. p. 14. : L I ( T \ V )

.+$I U I .. . ?* 2 4JI +\I ,A\ d i 2l5 21,- +,> ;@

-,i3 .&LM jL&\ +i &i ;b$\ a\\ ;IJJ &MI ++L C -.

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(-\~j'\ &G . ,I -< u\ J .> ,, + > k l l IJS L a ) +La&\\ d l .. .

2 d3L &. ?+ 93 .JL+I > . 4i ->I -- -;L ;,+ ky .&\I +"-d jr>ul i;pJ\ vY.>

Hawi. K l ~ ~ r l i l (i ihrotr: Hiv Btrr.k,yrolrntl. : , L I , J I , ~ JAG - - 1 ,

- . . ' I -'+2 :+ +;L ( Y \ A )

C'lroi.cic~tc~/~ crtitl M.oi.!<.c, pp. 12 1 - 123 et passim.

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5 ~ - ZLi LL+ ?dl L J I 1-L Ay *I+, L2U\ J L L i i .

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p: I 1 1 4 , E \ .JXs $ .'y 'q ) l i+s~y l ( T Y .).

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;~~~ ;\,-I 2 @ = j l v& .qu\ &>YI 3L412 dm\ i" 3 j +&I -5 dl- 22) ~L->UI J ~ V I SJJ +,,J\, , d l .. ,.

oL: +>91 2 +xd &I &-dl Aid! ++- ! (,,&I + ! + - I + Y p

j ~ i .& 2jJ; >+I p, +i =*II JL J, L r l ~ jj . pli

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q;J! ; - 5 1 ,&yl sl- j ;+*- U J I $1 o h LLli ."y')'e" A\+ + C

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i s i J ~ & i j -I,& .kJd FLI L 6 '+, LK ~i d~i J! AL, i V

Frank Laurence Lucas. Tllc~ IIcclOir trrrtl Ftrll of' tlrc Ro~~rorrtic. l [k ,o l (Ca~iibridge. (TIT)

U K : The University Presb, 1936). p. 50.

:;>ALII) -141 ,>I,- -L >I,+ :3 [ ~ ~ i 4 1 1 ~ [["hi LL.)~ >b ,&I ( Y Y Y )

. ( \ q Y . .JYi+l

Haw!. - K / I ( I / ~ / Git~rcrti: //is : +\ , 2 aL;l,Al Jy L, L-JL~AI - "4 +;J (Y Y :)

~rrc~k,yrorrt~f/ . C7/lfrr~rc./cr rrric/ U'orX.i. pp. 254-258.

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. \ T Y -4

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A A - A V ( \ q~r ' i i k 1 1 >i> :a>,?) Y L .+LG> A+ . : ,-I %>&i . \ . \ >

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Lucas. T l ~ r Dc,c.iitrc, trirtl Ft~ll uf iirc, Hoti~ut~tic I ~ l ~ ~ ~ 1 1 , p. 47. ( Y ~ v )

O\ten Barlield. Poetic Dic.iiut,: A Stucll. in .Mc(r/~iil,q, introduc~ian by Howard ('ir \ Ncrnero\ (New York: hlcCraw-HIII. [1064]). p. 132.

Hiui, - K l r~ r l i l Gihi.crri H i \ . Rn i~ l i ,q r .o~o~ i l , C'lroroclei ~rr i r i Il'or-k,\., pp. 260 a n d : ( T r y )

262. and Foakcs. Tlrc, Kr~riilrriric. ..l.\,vc,iliorr: A .Srricl~- i ~ r / l ie L . a t ~ ~ u c ~ ~ e of ' :\.'itic'lcc~r7th C;'IIILI~I.

Poc.ii.~., pp. 49-50.

Foakes. lbid.. p. 48. f y T T )

. \ \ v - \ \ - i -4 &pLAl &J ( Y Y t )

. r Y bp , ~ U I IS;J :&I 2 &I +I ,&,> -+L+ : ,&.I ( Y Y ~ )

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-

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Hiwi. Ibid.. p. 261. ( Y Y A )

George H. W. Ryl~uids. l i ; ~ r t l . s cttltl POC,I,-I- , 2"" ed. (London: Levnal-d and Vil-ginia ('i $ A )

Woolf. 102s). p. 66.

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George S;lntayana. 1111crprc~turio11.s o f Pocrr!, rrritl Rcligior~ INelv York: C. Scribner's ( Y \ 9)

Sons. 1924). p. 14.

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KarIilz~.n E. Morgan. C'/irictici~~ 1 ilolic.r 111 C'o111crfll)orur.1. Pact.\ : is. bJ&I (TT ' j

Sl~idi . o/ f:~i,q/~.i:i Poctr~. of tlic, 7~n.c~1~tic//i C'c2/itrrl:1. (London: SCM I>!-as. [lc)h5]). p. 16.

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Ciibb. <rSludies in Contemporary Arabic Literatul-c. ,&I . .LUi _b& j ji ,+, ( Y ~ T )

I: The Nineteenth Century.)) p. 760.

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e- >Ij 'ii$l d l y J l j i;&+l J*IL - ' u l 'G l ,d l p &$I L L I I

& y LiJ=-y+L dliLs~ulLpi+,j 9 . p l > L & L ~ i " . - l .. -

J jk J9\&I j1.5 i! pj .4y + ji ++ gx; i+ J& & I+I J,! tp->L +IJi JLJI Jl LAJ ii j b p ~ L L ! ~ L L o J ~ i 9 Qli

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b s y L L :+I .d,& k y L>L ,\qYY ,aLc J!>+idS+ aLI-S 4 (7)

, 1 3 7 '(\q~r + p r j v ~ i -?+) 7 .&I , \ry , J ~ I i1.2~1 > +U H. A. R. Gibb. ((Studies in Contemporary : 2 .al;-,AI ,>19i 2 + J + L ~ L LJL

Arabic Literature. 11: Mant'alilti and the ((New Style)).)) Bullctiti of rlzr School of Oric~nrtrl trnri

Afiicun Srudic..\, vol. 5. no. 2 ( 1928-1930). p . 316.

a - L~ OL;:UI >;;I >+I is ,-%I ,&LU i ~ ~ ; ~ l ;+ hi ds AM .., -

b~,si +-L >+I &I -11 'AL>I hi : ,LI ,491 3 >&I+ +u A+ ~b

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: [i>+U11) +;YI f%i .*>L,JI > d l ~k : ,A1 >I>&I &-..-&I - - A- . . . . . +JYI .+ >+ :g - + J5-3 &A3 . V T / c ( [ \ 7 7 Y ? l .&,+I +I >I>

. T T * -@ ,( \ 7-, \ , & > U l ;I> :,A) T L 6 T i ! & i Y l ALl>J.l & L + 2 + U I ++I1

Gibb. Ibid., ! \ 3 3 . e_;; : d l ' Sy : ,L l . +hi + Jy +LUI &i j,& ( Y )

A G >;c-c jjJL . jz%l ; > G I > VV - V 3 4 i e--k; ; d l s > L J I i pp. 31 7-118

. ( \ 7 7 Y GLd! ;I> : j j k ) T L c L - L ~ ~ >+ t>e jg;L :,&I . ++i :-. SILL

.i-\l,-'.I~ +' ;.r 41 +u + ~ $ 1 ~b . T 3~ - T 3 . \ . Y - \ T . 1 . '-

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. \ O A 2 L( \ 7 7 7 c 4 , d 1 >I> i++ id .bydlj + I > ~ I

:+I .++>i ++L &I+ >+I +. r_; L+ & a 41 j2+> &.++I d i j ( 1 )

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.Yt -TI,

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Gibb. (cStudics in Contemporary Arabic Litcraturc, 11: : p , ii_i?+\ 4 A e l

Manfalfiti and the ((New Style)).)) p. 316.

+\I p --L--JI,' L + k r z Y l SIJZ-91 / L Y "LA _CX3 Ub r>&>U ( \ \ ) * dLlJ2 : & d l &I { U I 2 &iYl dbGYI ,&A\ ++I *I :&I 'L+Al

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. r v - r1 -.a '&iylj . . pL.91 : & 2+ JS "&$\dl ( 1 Y )

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k i ~ ~ ~ d l G,G j b +L L+-L j.3 .v c&YL & , j. +i & I

L O > ~ M S ' L i% j, ;+M isp ir% 4T Jc Yi 4 'LL &,

&k,i 4 'hi i ;*I1 4 9 1 JWI j p Ji ;,Lj3

Gibh. (<Studies in : +I , [;+LJI ;Csdl,. +-Kll + . . . &I _UI!! IL JF ( 1 f.)

Conlcmporary Arabic Literature. 11: M;inf;iluti and the ( ( N e w Stylcn.)) p. 118.

,TY * - r \ q 3 [ l&&>Yl >>A'I!l ,+ ( \ > )

Pierre Cachia. Trihci H L I . \ ~ ~ I , ~ I . His Pltrce in rlrc, Ef~,plicrt~ Lircwqv Rrrioi.ort~rc,c, ( 1 7 )

(London: Luzac, 1956). p. 29.

..LA ;d\ (\q)

1 4 4. R. Gibb.. c(Studies in Con1empor:u.y Arabic Literature. 111: Egyptian ( 7 .)

Modcr~ii\ts.)) B l ~ l l ~ ~ t i ~ ~ of t/l(> . ~ ( c / I o ~ / of 0l.ic~ntol or111 Afkicat~ Srilt1io.c. vol. 5 . no. 3 (1928-19301.

p. 466.

.( \ q7r '>,-1l i.L : &) 7 L ,+dl &JI +I 2 &$I &YI .SLdI ,& ( 7 \ )

1 p

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&,! A*,, ',A Jf- i+ '+&I3 ( & & A g G-9j.y) g.L;i\ &&I

L-> ,b dl5 JL J U l I L $ bh-9 &L- & 2- d! . L p u &IsJ LL!

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.r . :4 I N L ~ I d y L.ZII &I (71) y - -

2 ;>>I3 2 . ~ di :+ -1,dI :&, /3 .'gb +,A\ ibL& J! ;\dl LKll GK J+. ( Y V ) C' L

Cachia. Tdhci Hrr,,ul.rr. Hi., Pltrcc m thc Efilpriun Lirwitr:~. Rcr~tri.s.st~rrcc~. p. 42. : & I . ii~adill

7 ,, , ( [ \ ~ Y A ] 'Wg sJCJ.I & :epikil) 4 .GWl + '+ & ( Y A )

. LA+ Lo>

Albert Habib :> '+ & ;y. +I d d l L-i ,,.La\ . Y q ue > d l ( Y q )

Hourani. Artrhic Tliolrght it7 !he Liberal Age, 1798-1939 (London: New York: Oxford University

Press, 1962).

'([ .a . >I ';++I &I u :;,&La\) +A13 ;*I 2 : / y L>L : +I ( Y . )

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Gibb, ((St~~dier in Contemporar! Arabic Literature. 11: M;~nfaluti and the tcNew ( r 3 )

Sty1e)i.i) p. 3 12.

Cachia, T(i1iri Nlr.sc~j,ti: Hlr Plrr t .~, iti 111r Eg~piion I . i r r r t ry . : S- ( Y 7 )

R r ~ i r ~ i r . r t r r ~ r ~ c , pp. 17 and 177

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I "

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William Hazlitt. ((On Poetry in General.)) in: William Hazlitt. Seloctetl Evsc~~,s ( \ Y Y )

(London: Glascow, 1946). p. 3x7.

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p. 138.

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Press. [1943]). p. 44.

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Insight Book; 22 (Princeton. NJ: Van Nostrand. [1964]). pp. 221.222.

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H u m ~ u l ~ ~ l i e s : 111 (Ne\v York: London: Oxford University Press. 1936). p. 51.

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(London: Gerald Duckworth. 1960), p. 8.

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H . A. R . Gihb. <<Studies in Contcmpol.ary Arabic : k,i ,A,! .Y - Y - Y . Y 4 ( \ 9 Y 9 ,)L =

Literature, I : The Ninctccnth Century.)) B~~l let i t l o f ill(' Scl~ool of' Oric~w/oI and .jJrk.tnr Str~dic,.s.

vol. 4. no. 4 (1926-1028). pp. 752-753.

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1928). p. 66.

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C. R l . Bowra. Ir~.spir~i,riorr nnrl Poi./,:,.. Rede Lcctures (London: Cambridge :,&I ( T -!A)

Un~."ersity Prcss, 1951 ). pp. 10-13.

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gy N~+I) ;.+& La L + ~ - j,J c ((>L +)) (Alfred de Vigny) tr \)a

Martin Turnell, Rtrr,deloir.e: A Studj, of' Hi.7 Poct1:1. : . J>y +-&.! &I ( Y a * )

(London: Hamilton. [1953]), p. 265.

. Y 7 3 - Y 7 Y _p L ((Une nuit que j'Ct;iis pres d'une affreuse juiven ,A>p. , L I3

Alfrcd de Vigny. Poimc.7 c.lrni.~i.~, edited by Allison Peers, Modern Lang~~age : ,&I ( Y \ )

Texts. French Series: Modern Section (Manchester: The University Press; London; New Yosk:

Longm;ins, Green and Co.. 1918). pp. 68-72.

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[1952]). p. 131.

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. +>L$'I>

Henri Peyre, ((Symbolism.)) reprinted from: Homtio Smith. cd.. Colrrri~hia :,A\ ( 7 )

Dic~tiorrtrr:l~ o/ Ilotic~rrr E~iropenn Litercrturr (New York: Columbia University Press. 1947).

p. 292.

Edmund Wilson. A,\-c~l'.s C'o.stlc,: .4 St~lcI!. irr tile Ir?zcrginntio~~ Liirruiurc "/ 1870-1930 : -k-i ,&I

(New Yo1.k: London: C. Scribner's Sons. 1942). p. 19.

C . M . Bo~vI . ;~ . 7'11~' Hc,rifci,rc, c ! i ~ S ~ . ~ l l h r ~ i i \ ~ i i (London: Macmillan. 1943). p. .:. (7)

Louis Franqois Caramian. E.r.\r~ir. ~,ir </C, I , I lriii,yii(>.\ (Paris: H . D~dic r . 1938). p. 189. ( t )

L\'ilso~i. Ihid.. pp. (3-8. :> s-2 >&,> *a& +dl ..> -&,;I :-.i LI

Cazamian. Ibid.. p. 1'16. ( 3 )

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Arthur Symons. The Sj.,nholi.sr M o ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ l o l t ~ I I Lilcrorirrc,. znd ed. (London: Al.chibald ( \ 1)

Constable. 1908). pp. 8-9.

Bowra. Tllr. Hcri~ugc. of Sj,riiholi,c.i?r. p. 9.

Pcyrc. ~~Symholism)) .

Bowrn. Ibid.. 11. .:.

Cazamian. E,r.rtiit oi t h ~ l i . ~ lcrii$li~,.\. p. 189.

Peyrc. ((Symboli~m),.

Symons. Tllr S ~ ~ i ~ i / ~ o l i \ / :V~OI~CI I I~V I I iil L I I~ ' I ( I / I I I .L , . p. 4

Peyre. Ibld.

B o u r ~ ~ . llirz M(,~.i/uxc, o / S I - I ~ ~ I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ I . pp. 7 - S .

Pryre. I h ~ d .

Caza~nian. Er,c(iic. r i i tk , l i .~ 11i11g1ic.r.

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Symons. T/ic. .Y~,nlhol;,,r Movement in Litc~raturc. p. 8. ( r . ) - .

: 2 , [(Jl+l I+ J-+ 21 &-\I &.&Ul . ->hl ak.tLylll 2 *+, L - I ,!&I

W. B. Yeats, It1crr.v of'Good an(/ E Y I / (London: A. H . Bullen, 1914). p. 177.

Pcyre, c(Syrnbolism.~) p. 293. ( Y 1)

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Yeats, Ibid.. pp. 177-178. ( r r )

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R . A . Foakes. TIrc Rotlrrmtic A.v.ve~.riorl: ,4 Sriri11. in thr Langutr,ycz ( I / ' i'lJinctec,nt/i : &I L c L ; Y l

C'rt~ruy Poclrj. (London: Mcthuen and Co.. 1958). p. 24. and Bowra. Tlrc Heritngr i!/

S!~rnho/i~r~l , p. S.

.>;It >>& :-- && I>& w. Lf-

!'L'>~-c. ((Sqrnbolismn: Cazumian. I:$r:ri~ 1 3 ~ ~ tk~trv In~r,r:r~c~.s, p. 189. et L l ( l - 9 )

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L- 2.

George H. LV. Rylands. Uhribv ir,lil Poctr!.. 2"" ed. j L \ \ 4 . d , . d l : ,&I (A)

(London. L e o ~ l a r ~ i anti Virginia Woolf. I928), p. 35.

Rylands. Ihid.. pp. 3s-39 : ,A1 ll>+-jj ! 41 i ~ d l JF (9 )

Raymond P. Scheindlin, F o r ~ ~ r crtd S / r ~ ~ c . / ~ l r e it1 /he Poetrj, of' .dl-.llr~'famid Ihtr ( \ 7 )

'Ahbfjd, Publication of ths De Goeje Fund; no. 24 (Leiden: Brill, 1974). p. 3 2 .

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Press. 1932). p. 15.

7 6 7

Bowra. T11c. Cr~ofivrr E\-i,critric~t~r. p. 1. ('49)

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C ( 1 \ \ )

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Edmund Wilson. Tllr Tri,)/<, T11iiiXcr.r . TI I ,C / I , ( , EYT(II.\ oii L~ /CI .LI I : I , .S'~~l)je( I \ (London: ( \ \ T )

.I. Lehmnnn. [1052]). p. 107.

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H e n r ~ Pejre. c~Ex~stCnti;~lism: A Literature of Despair'?.)) :A id1 d l dLiI .d ( \ YA)

repr~ntcd from: Yr~lc, Fre~icl i .S/lrt/ic~.s (New Halen. CT), vol I. no I (Sprins-Summer 1948).

p. 29.

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chap. 17. introduction. pp. 290-300.

I s n T I T I T 1 t 1 I I I i . h j . pp. I - . : 2 LC -.-.'I

. .+ & >,A,> Ji ,+ Seal)-Paul Sartre. M ' / I ~ I / ;,\ L i / r i ~ c ~ / r ~ i ~ c ~ . " , translated from the French by Bernard ( \ f \ )

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Fredel.lcb U'ilse Batewn. <<Poetry and :,A1 , d l s ->Yl ;- e I W l JF awu\ ;p +;L2 C

Societ).n in: Frcdcrick M'11se Bateson. E~rglitlt Pocrg.: A C'i.i/ic.ol I i r t rod~ic~io~i (London: Ncw

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Moticr~l Pocr?,. 3"' ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 19401. pp. 181-212.

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Poc~lr:1., English Institute Essays. 1956 (New York: Columbia University Press. 1957). p , xv.

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W. K . U'lmsatt (.Ir.). <<One Relation oI' Rhhrnc : $1 ,&I2 GE-I 3 G>UI JJe ( 9 A )

to Reason.)) in : P o c ~ r ~ . . For111 cord St~.ric. tr~~.z (Boston. 1964). pp. 148-159.

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Charles . ~ ~ ~ ; U l LL i % ' 4 - ,+ b! JL+ - Lo sA=j1l -++ ~I,SI >i ,+%I A U I ~ 2 ..

W. Cooper. P~.c,/c~c.c 1 0 Poc,trj., In consultation \\ith John Holmes (Neu York: Harcourt. Brace

and Cornpan!. [1046]1. p 120.

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Frye, Ibid.. p. xxvi . : 21 ( 7 7 )

Herbert Read. C ' o l l ~ c ~ c t l Essu,,s it, Lircrtr,.~. ('r.ilic.isrii. 2"d ed. (London: Faher and ( i V )

Faber. 195 1 ). p. 48.

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Nemerov (Nc'H Yc31.k: M c G r a w - H i l l . [1964]1. p. 155.

( V . ) .. . l+..s- -LL~ +A- .-,- .a .!+, . ((+>LTJJ + ly-i

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,,Verse.)) and <(Prose.,) in: E/r~~~-r.h)l~ci/ir, o/ Poclri. i l l i t / Pilc.iic..\. ( V . )

Salnt-John Persc. A/rrthosr.v, rt Poc,il~. tfiu~~slatcd b! T . S. Eliot. .:IL' ed. (London: ( V \ )

Faher and Faber. 119591). pp. 15-16.

Edrnund Wilson. T/rc Tri/~/c, T/11/7kc~.r. T~i.c'/i.c> E.~.strl.., or/ Lirrr.ui.1. .S~thi~~c~is (London: ( V T )

J . Lehmann. [IYS?]). p. ! l

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Barlicld. P ~ C . I ; C . Dr( rioi~: .4 Silitli iir .bf~~ctt/it7~, p. 155. note. ( C i )

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1 orict~iorr ; / I Poci1.1. (New York. Scribner-. 1'132). pp 230-238 and esp. p 238.

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Rartield. P o < . / i ~ . Di( /iorr. 1 . S I I I ~ / I ~ 111 \!t,trrritig, pp. 47 and 60. note. :j JU '21

Barfield. Ibld.. p. 169. ( A \ )

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Barfield. Ibid.. pp. 161-162. ( A T )

Wilson. Tlic Tril,lc' Tlii111~c~r.s: T~~.c,li,c, IC.\,sci~..r or/ L i l w c i r ~ . S~ih/ecc.\, p. 36. ( A r )

T. S . Ellot. Tlrc, .l~lii.ric~ of ' Poc,/i.~,: Tllc Tl l i r t l W'. P. &,I. .Mcrlror~ol Lcc,/iirr IIc/ii.c,r-r~l ( A t )

iii rlrc, ( ' r i i ~ ~ c ' r . s i ~ . of G lc i . v~o i~~ . 24'" Fc,hriirli:i. 194-7 ( G l a s ~ o w : Jackson. Son and Company. 1942).

pp. 25-26 et passim

T. S. Eliot, <(Rellcctions on Vcrs L~bre.)) in: :,:I .-dl JL52j11 :I,& J,- d,+ LC &;A, T. S. Eliot. Sr/cjc.tcc/ Prose', cdltcd by John Ha)ward. Penpuin Books: 873 (London: B;~ltimore:

Penguin Books. [1953]). p. 91.

Eliot. Tllc .M~t.sic, of Poc~ , :~ r Tllc T l~ i rc l M'. P. Kr i . .\.lcr~~oricil Lcc,ri~rc, IIc,lii,crct/ it1 rllc ( A S )

( ' r~i i ,c,rsir~. of (;lr~sjioi~.. 24"' Fc~hriicir~. 1042, pp. 27-28.

Saint-John Perse. Arlcih(ivi.\, (1 Pocrli, p. I I . : L L ,Ll ( A T )

Eliot. T11c .\l~i.,ic. of Pocrrl.. 7'lic~ Tliircl CC'. P. Kc./. .MoiioriciI I.ccrurc D e l i ~ ~ r r r c l r i r 11rc ( A V )

( rii i.rr.\i/,~. of G ' / ( I . S ~ ~ I I ~ . p. 26.

1 1 i- L~ ,A\ i d 1 1 :>>,s +,& _->-, pj 2e,-l~ d ~ Q ~ h i Le, JUI &-.. u~ ( A A )

Chnrlrs Hen1.1 Ford. ((A Little Anthology of Poem in Prose.)) in : .VPII- : , L l . 11 I 2 - 11 ., . Di1.~1 r i o i~ \ ill Prov~, ~11it1 Pocc~.l,, no. 14 (Nsw York. 1953). pp. 310-408.

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L.IIIIY,I..S~I.I, ( I / G/( I , \ ,~c I I I , , p. 16.

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i;- ((Free Verse* ;;&YI i U I +,; ~i . AJi u~ JL ,+- >Ifl

d ' b l s3 L: bb;2Jl uk ~ L l i $1 ,-I1 uk + L, .. . , d l ((,&I ,A l i i

Ford. ((A L i ~ ~ l e Anthologq of I'oeni in Prose.)) pp. 330-408. (9.1

ctVel.s Librc.)) in: I : ~ : i ~ ~ ~ i ~ / o / ~ c t i i c ~ of Porzri:, coitl Poc~rrc.~. (q\)

Percy M,rnscll J c~ne \ , T/W ~ i r c . / i ~ r o ~ i i r i / 01' ~fo t /~ , r . / r fic,irt/i Pocrrl.- E\\rrj \ ( i i ~ c / : L I ; i ,I?\ l r : t w ~ . i c ~ ~ ~ . \ (Cambridge. UK: The Un~vers i t ) P~.c\s. 19.51). pp. 93-150.

.,'LQ~I oi, &;i +,

d: 25 , 2 j ell .+ ,& -- & J C .&Ylg d->L! 2 - , ..,.. +i +, +I 215 I:! .2'> . q i -4

3 &,A!, L .. . , L,I II,$\ ,-!I,) 7 > L i 21 . 2 , , & .., Z l L +,,A\ JL\Il j &, bi, -, Y i , C

CC -l,s! 2 1,- j! 9 .JuYl +>b d j J l ,LC ,-A1 A1 k , ;GI JLAYI , .. .

. q A _ q v -4 , ( \ q . 3 2 y / j l " l - . -) 7 ,li C I ,. .. -<, , . J ~ I ( q r )

eL p -3: -c_CI . - b - , l Lk J,- & L i 1 . - q + ,LLJ $LJ .&+ :>A,: . : L ~ % I CL

. \ Y b - \ 7 - l 9 .flul #I kL& ,LG>Ul3 . \ \ -9 . j Suza~nni. Bernard. 1.c Poc;rilc c.11 /~ro.sc B ~ r i c t k l i ~ ~ ~ c ,jr~.c.r/lr ' ( i /io.r ioirr-.\ (Paris: : ,L1 ( 9 3

Lihlmrie Ni/el. 1 9 0 ) . pp. 24-29 ct 33-37. . . . . : I i I + i Y I L . , , , i u + ( 9 7 )

L ,. , .., - Ford. <(A L.iltlc Anthology of Poem in Prosen.

.J ' -ul, : &I , \ q 3 ~ 21,- 14 ~+I,JI ,+;I& ;.,I& *i >+ ( q v ) c , " ' L

.v . -9

J+- , d l ;&.A 2 9 (L$l+1L) .. . ,-I ,-\I u pL 3 ... V.., L +dl3

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d l .. . 0 .C >L+?U l + ~ d3LJ! 5 ~ ' .. ,.. 41 -119 91 41 ,jK I&

A&.+, $1 i*,; y r e j ~ 2 ipll +lXl ji 2 Y . " ' ' )((+>-I\

y~ p~ + j 9 ~ % ,&! .tp$ 2 &+\I ~LLSJ I J! iJ4 ( ' - 1 )

i . . L - I - I i~ 2P +-\I ; l t$ l9 ;&,JI>

4 I h ji Y! ;~L.+o .. 3- - 1 1 2 . a\+\ ji -A . .- &I - o@ A!

c*.L-~ tp + 4 cGYI Ai j r > i - 6 3 9 .& , d l Vis &. hi ! i .~\ j -d\~ -141 > , d l -9 J\_u\3 4jl$\ c)b ;+.

2,) j+- ji 9 -11 P+ p +j-W\ Ls,;i\ J9i 2: +-, LC . .. I& U\ y~ ++ V - (>+I 41 A?&) L\J\ ,U i>s aLb JL >+- .$I +...sS , d l 3 p y 1 p i;+ C,4> isg .,A1 L l U I d-is U I t+-> .~~ a* j -Y I OilP 1c3. "pL

s d ji 4 +, >I\ b s k ~ ~ ji'J\ -11 hLJ\ a . a \

((Prose Poe1n.x in: Ei~c,~.c.lo/)c~tlici of Poc~cg. r i ~ i l l Poc8~i< .c . ( 9 A )

Saint-Joh~i Perse. :triollc~\i\.. 11 Poc.111, p i l i.L ( q q )

Jones. 771~~ H o c X y r ~ t r ~ i ~ ~ l r , / . \ J I ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ Fra,c, l~ Pocatr~.. E,\.\i/,~.s 111ct1 I / r t c i . i ~ i c ~ ~ ~ s . p. 109. : ( \ ' )

* . . . li ;.I1 ;J-& jl j>,+i ,_is>\ : 4 . . ' d l .+ L U I

' ,- . - i* &,Jl lL -.+?>I >'GI

. A , Y _& t1.,-l ,L.,& ,-.-,,>i ( \ - \ )

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. JL-1 ,+JI y i f lLd/ t&, ' 2 3 L ' -

i+- b+i3 L I ~ ~ Y I -i Le jyC 21 ,&,dl J I ~ ~ Y I ~i >+,> & J-i & . M I +I- jK3 . , d l 5' 2 V LL -K &i - -

L & -1 . . -y\ a: &b Ub A\ @+ .( eL $ . 3\29 I w 2 L .

Y I I i i I L A , I . LII L. v d ,

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g,dl ,-\I g .. .. . ;;A ir .& .. 1 , ;,dl , d l L! i .kJL ,L lp3 ;p J>JI

JI L2 J! .... . , JI +I d l c+ 21 .+ >i + A ~ L - d! L + , ~ ~

c- Y 3 i ;+I ,&I +M ~>i+ ( j + \ _c?, rCOY) GI+ AL V

4L4- 4+ ioi L ? L ' f J 2 $1 +I ,'& A K j . 4+;YLog e . 2 4 ,A>y .p ((A ;&-) J'L b> .p >'>i Jj jJ1) (Gustav Kahn) .jU - - ir

AL,& 4- Y 2 J ~ ~ 41, )+ ji . ( ' \ " 3 -11

.;@I +I +E.s &J +;L

3i d& LE Ld~,e c~~ L + ~ d+j A -11 LU

+ ,?- G3 ,& L+- +\I Ub 13,il A L ~ U ~ .. .. - . 3 , ~i - d l J- $.'I

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< * b

.(v L= ,-\I ~L-S LIJ~ 2 L) ;+I 6 ~ : I~,-I>

+I,- &+I +,- 13i+ G ~ , ~ l ~ l J b ai,' AL.=--AI +L+ ~i 2 i L + ly;dl 24; ;+s Y is 41 +LC JJI I-*-. r ;+I *JI jfj,

V '

i i 1 A , I , Y . i t j d l JGYI &L e+: .?I3 ;4ui >LC 4 LJ 4 > b Y l g . 1,s

L

a +, ? A \ -\IAI ub -:Jei JI &I , j 2 ~ ~ ji 9 i;a MI^

( \ \ T I 1 p L - 1 L a h .. .-, d l L a ai+ ;,A +)@ip>

Jones. TI!(, R~rc~Xgi.~~r~ri, l of .\.lot/~rri Frc~1c.11 Po~,ri:i. F;YV( IVY (rtid I ~ ~ t i ~ r i ~ i ( , i ~ ~ , s , pp 170.1 71. ( \ \ \ )

$1 4LL,Jl +5 J! 2 > L ' i l d \ 1 Y ) &>c; L L ,- .,wl &-'I 3 ;,&& a'+ . .

. ' L 5 C 2 LGi ( 3 J - ) j > ~ ; 2 +,- >I , . . .. ;;,& -!_!I xi- .+ L "

. I . . ( sp *- : G-i ,&I , ( \ q~ Y . J > q l ;I> : ~,+L\I) &I 41 .:A% . ,&

k 4 ,-11 ="J; ="; . . ,. ;i ~k-1~ AL++,LI 2 . ( \ 5 : ;,AUI) Jk;Lls 31 L' .. ..

--;YI

s SJI >i $11 : JUI IL 2 A;- d l ' : L,-$I ;+ i--j d l j sku >j ( \ \ A )

;;,,AL w ) &ij 41 j k . . .+.Aj $1 J. - . LUI &\I sly dl;? >L i

I! + +;+y1 L U I 2 LS ,-+I ;?s& ;J (1,- + 0;-, &dl &I ?L\Il ;+ dl:? ' P * - .. i .. - i ix s ZC J I pU! a I i ,;,>$I + , j L i \ JLSSYI >i A,- i L j . . . G2,dl >jJl ~ L G & !

L U ! I .. . i i U I . u .+j >i .A!i pJ 'JJ! ;+ &b ~ b $ k > L L& >l3:6 &- 2 -&

Walt Whitman. c(Nevl- Poetl-1.)) in: Walt Whitman. ( ' o / ~ l / ~ / e f c Prow IvOt'/i5 (New York: . i i b l

1910). p. 318. . :& L2-> tuLG>L3 Z3,& ,521 , , .. +y! dlill i+ Gy JLLY -.2 >I +IJ >>

Wlhitrnnn. Ibid. , l1$>b3 L L I ~ <,+ ,sit! ,dl A-

, , , I L i A rb 1 ?ls &$ JL ( \ 1 4 )

. ;; 2, \L ji; L Ult, ‘ L +Is> <sj. 4, ,49kL! &G8+,! i! 0,+2 ._(1

> L ~ I r d l .+ (I ' ?JI ;,+I 6 . >I>)\II [u+>>il J=- bi b : ;+ ( 1 Y a ) il Saint-John Perse. ((Etroits sont les baisseaux.)) (Strophe IX). 6+,+ ' ( \ 9 3 9 JAI / j 4 ) \ . JY A L ,- ,$ &,,> , ( \ q gv -L,$) f , \ ~ 1 1 ,+ : b2-> b y <I\

. +>UI +>>i 4 ks 2 ~ 3 - 4 al>Al 2 &,* Henri Pe! re. C ~ ~ I ~ C > ~ P I / I ~ I . ~ Z , - ~ . F I .C~~I( , / I L ~ I ~ J I . ( I ~ I I ~ c . A Criticnl A ~ I I I I O I O ~ ~ (New York: ( \ Y \ )

Harper and Row. [1064]). p. 416.

',I5 Js- (y +- Ay Ltl, 'i.'js,& >I>, > g b ,,ic +, Y &+2

L IL A>> .+I +I _i kr IL ,si b 1 2 , ~ 'w LLI -< b5kT ,I 5kb L y ,-3 , ( \ Y L ) - ..

(C. P. LyL& . d . ..r- +L,JI Jl +I+yI + M I 2 &>% &- 3 (L jd I ;p L+- '&&y\ A) &\ / d l sk-1 bsiilith)

4jj1 a l i ~ ~ y ~ -L i i s ~ ~ ~i r, . o J ~ i +& 21 ed~ +,,&I

3 a L L Y l - c a- ~ - c ; ; ' L -3Y 2 pkJI jig '%>,= L&+ dl 2 3i JL --K 3i -.+ &i LL >+-3 <,- +XJI ,ic l J2~ 3 ~ - ~ ~ ~ j , +

( 1 Y . 9),,4,-~~ JI c-

& L~ p 4 1 :+ :--2 *lJi *h~,i . +i>l IL :%$I ~ W I :p ,+ JL$ ( \ 7 t )

e n - &! - 1 I 2 +-iz 4 (Herbert Read) +J a ~ p J+. ..?b J! O;C?I

L--

ctVers Libre.)) in: E17ncloprrliu of Porlr.1, trfltl : ;r. + . " +I ;I+!\ ,+L. :+ -lcI l

Poelics.

k141 >,e2 hi GLJI~ &L+ $1 2 >yy + ~ A I ,a di j 2Y1 : IL Jy LL>L G-~ .. .

9~ b2 :$I JL 4 b>s2 -41 y-~.j- 21 +,&I > ~ 2 p-: L-A $1 4 + I d / + ! I

Eliot, ((Reflections o n Vers Libre,)). p. 87. .SiL. cJ,6 :+'I 3 +,A J,c> 'i LL s! L.L Ub tli,)l/ & _+)I [d)Jl i9 #-I1 /I , d l Li (E. Dujardin) dl>;L-g> j,$>

((Vers Librc.)) in: Encyc/o[~t~/irr t?f' Poe1,:1 cr~rtl Porlics. : :p GI .I),> t l b G;; >i

G ~ ( + s 3 ~ ~ ~ Q ed4 L L J ~ I& 2 U L 1 ~ l LLL)~ 2U11 &I di ( V . Cerny) 4- LA . .

,&L >.5); J+*~ ..,-A .((.,-A _*,+ ~i >L- +JI &&I S,d~ @)I ,& k - , 2 JWI .&>IJJ a! (Parker Tayler) d2> :4 (&by >i) ob~> ,-- + 4 L& z,ll

N ~ , I , Dir~~c1ion.s ir~ :+I .(I . . .G+I ?-)L 2 %,a ,si S,+AI ~ ~ I I I ~i 0 L ;d12

Prose, uflrl Porlry, pp. 334 and 336.

Smith. P u ~ t r r r ~ and Variu~ion Bi Purl:.. pp. 233-234. (173)

.7" / 2 ,&5YI3

. \ q Y - \ A * > \ Y t - \ Y . p 41 &l,& rLG>Ul :>Ll ( \ 7 ? )

j+. jlOJI&, L u keLil ji Jl G ~ L L L 2 L .jjJ12 , d l ie &,>g,.Al - 6 o Y V ) i 1,. - ,

' i l i l L p & Jl '&. z,&i d3 ' 9- . . -a wi JL ( \ Y A ) , -

>I,>%! -.+ ~i Yj i ,4 4cgl AL $1 ;L! . d & ~ ;- u .+L;JI>

~ > k \ b - +a> 'L&c ;,&-.!I Y 3 Jj$\ d L L , b b.d-\ .3,+,-2<. Y * i

+I JI 'L;ES , j jq--" .. 2 u Is &I+! ,&I & "+.J~L Jj=--42 ~ 6 ~ ~ 2

LJ-&+ &+I\ JI-5 l i l v i ,&+L -L: 6 ; b -ILL1 d L . .. k l > j y S 'i j~-! -11 AJ&JJ\ -- 21 -&I ili-&v\ a'&\ &, &\ >+: 'j3

-J J -- - i l -

i d I ~s , - J L b A + i ,+WI

I L ' .+I-LYI wk +=-L&! >a dj3 t&.l 2L L 3 . . - ?>+I ,+A\ 2 AI>L\ !~ ~~>,+dl >\,A- & L L+j .ALL,~! j>i ". . O>, =I L j> 'J I A\;+> , i ! > U \ FL~> t $>I$\ ~>bi!.\ 3\ +>I j&~( \d \~

I i I F ! i I ! I I ,ly3 .. .. -

L +$I Lp + Y &lg .JILT V wi d LU &+ AL 2 A, i;r;, a&\ a u - LU\ di-&l 2 ;> O,+. . - > i;,,d& L A - Y +.I Li U L

k, kis '+ A dl L U I +>I Yl> ' F L l l Jl+> pL

+>@ , A" +? &i3 'bb Le pu~ u~

I . A . Richards, Prclc.!;c,c~/ ('ririci\/~i i l Srl1t11. of I.itoclr:l Jl~tI~yr~re~rt (London: K . ( \ T Y )

Paul. Trench. T r ~ ~ b n e r . 1020). p. 206.

((Tone.,, ~ n . b:~~c:i.c~lopc,l/il~ 01. P ~ I , / I : I clricl Pocri<.v. ( \l"r)

, 7 0 7 -4 , ( \ S i T , + , d l +YI 2 L - a :OpWI) 99 G l i ,>+ 3; ( \ T A )

J. B. Priestley. Llretwtrrrc, u t ~ t i rlrc' M'c'srcrtr ,Zl(or (London: Mercul.y Books. 1962). : L a ,

p. 356.

'&i +.d~ .>+ :> , y ~ - 3 >.+ ~i -I & ,?I*,-> >+ J19i .>LLS L+

T I _ TTS -4

. T o 9 -4 ,LA ; d l L>+ ( \ T S )

. Ortega y Gasact p>G +k+ ,+-vl 4,s 4 , I A -p .+dl _i &!$I kjl.dJI 1;U41 ( \ t

Salma Khadla Jayyusi. ,<The Revolutionary Ideology.)) ~Mid~llc~ En.sr Forlrt?~. ( \ t 7 )

\,ol. 43, no. 4 (1968). pp 69-70,

&>-19 LyYi 9L ;ii p; uFu9 . j 9 V l G;LIL + d l ji ~ _ a al~A ,:-I-+ ( 1 t v )

:+ L!d ak)+ (,+dl AG \>is 5 :r-d\ *,dl 2 >L.i ;ib &,dl L G d2-2

Halim Barakat, :,LI .->>I ++\I9 ;,-I9 4i ?\GI dL- L j L . + :++' &- k .id\

((Alienation: A PI-occss of Encounter between ULopin and Real~t].)) Brrtisll Jolrrntrl o/ Socroloq~.

(London), vol. 70. no. I (March 1969). pp. 1-2 and 4.

41 5~ s9>i $+>dl d j d l j +,JI &+I +UI y~~ Fb ( \ t q )

+L\II ' L -,>i - :> 11 .JI ~ I I I :+I . 11221 * IA I ,- 6 JII : &$I &+ -6 + - - , : d+ 41 mz +-\I &j . I t 7 u4 . ! &&UI >KVI ,A,>\ : 2 11 .+JI ;L+

ck j A L 3 ;*dl

i+;p&t! isLe 3 - ;GlK +by

+Jl,-J + l b %

\ ' +.JI $L J+ J ~ > ' -,UI : [( ',MI ;>+ill .-,uI : (I;+ ;+ : &I

. t i 7 4

> ii111 21 - yJLj +-+,b, >;w2& SL! s9 "+ .+ 3 ,$I &yJi J+- ( \ o .)

,+@ .%L G ~ ; Y 4 :+ >si, PL,A ~i Y! & o + +L &i> (IGGI a ~ + ~ ~ J! r d ~ p, L

i s CI & bjJ ~i . k ~ i tJW1 &>I>! p - iw +ls. ?L iis e ~ ;

Arland Ussher. J o ~ i r r ~ c ~ ~ . : ,Ll . icL& LJS i L + . .i(qi ~ k ) ) .J&i L j 21 rl~rou,yl~ Dr.eud [ A Stuc!i of Kic~rke,yuard. Heitle'ygrr, and Sortre] (London: Darwen Finlayson,

[l955]). p. 15.

: kl ,+-G j. qUI -e&!ls iSi;ilj + I d \ ,+Ls ;?J;dls +$I Jy Jean-Paul Sartre. El-i.ctrrrtirrlisrl~ trrrcl Hu~i~rrriirrii. translation and introduction by Philip Mairet (London: Methuen. [1948]), esp. pp. 27-39.

Ussher, Ibid.. pp. 123-146. : Ll .l& >'&I3 yJL 2&y + & L%Nj

Erich Fromm, Tht? Fvor o/ Frc~~clorn (London: Routledge :,&I .&,&I ;p +,,+!I j U l J,-,

and Kegan Paul. 1960). rsp. pp. 1 17-1 78.

. ~ . J ~ I t ! , ~ ~ LA ~ J S ~ I 3 ,+

-41 ;GI 21, _Z C=LL iJ;+ g *L bi piJ ~ui j lgi~ OL 5i fl

ji k2i -lp JL 2 iJ+ L~JI q;ri~ +31 J! &, L r j l i ~ A+-, 3,c, j;L ;4Lg ~pul &I l'ivl j Gl*Ip &>

oJ& J+ &$I J! j ~- i i l '-%I1 dL.5 -LcD (Colin Wilson) ( \ 3 Y ) I I I I O, -.. - J & J ! ( \ ~ o ~ ~ G ) + & ~ I

+- & I J > L L ~ I j. o j y s '+ 2 6bj4 2 L y I g g p / >;L

Barakat, <<Alienation: A Process of Encounter between Utopia and Reality.), p. 7. ( \ \ )

dL; ,pp, . i(\l-i) (4J>l+UrLJl ,&YI 6 V . V - V . 3 y & L q U I ( \ O T )

. +La!

Hen1.i Peyre. existentialis ism: A Literature of : &I ,;>L ;&i &c pLbW ( \ 3 1 )

Despair?.)) reprinted from: Yak, Frrrlch Sruilie,.~ (New Haven. CT), vol. 1, no. I (Spring-Summcr

1948). pp. 21-32.

Robert Cumrning. ((The Literature of Extrcme Situations.)) in: Morris Philipson. cd.. : L+i ,&I

Ar.stlictic~~s Totit?.: Roni/itigs Sclcc~tc~r/, Meridian Books (Clevcland: World Pub. Co.. [1961]).

pp. 377-412.

Sartre. E~istc~trtitrli.sr~i tirid H~rtiitrr~i.sni, p. 39 et seq. :&I ( 1 3 3 )

Pcyrc. [bid.. p. 2s. ( \ 3 7 ) * . . LWI >E?I 'U+2;~ : II e ~ d ~ ' s 3 > i : . :+J&I J+J)I ( \ 3 v ) sP

. T i \ "& . \ y

. \ 3 Y "# , ( I q 7 r 6 41 >I> : e$ dl+ 6 ( \

Y L ,p J$ + cy- :g 1 1 6 + J,~i)l + c~ :&I ( \ , a q )

. A s - V 3 _# ~ ( [ \ q 7 3 1 ~ u l > v l >I;

' ,- ;I; : a j k ) $1 . JLL -x : 2 11 b + ' d l l j , JU\ -LX ( \ 7 )

i! WI i&s,..d ,+, JsL! U$k3 \ \ -4 L( \ q 3 A . J+L! : 2 ./W.I $,*'I , d l 2 - ,

. I \ + - 1 . V ,P ,+&Ig +I ~,+lJ+bg 041-hj &I

Erich Fromm. Mnn for Hini.\rl/: Ati Itic/ttirx itrlo llie P . ~ ~ c / I o / ~ I , Q I ~ of E11iic.s (London: ( \ 7 \ )

Routledge and Kezan Paul, 1949). p. 40 et passim.

E r ~ c h Fromni. ((Human Nature and Character.)) in: Ibid.. pp. 38-1 17. : .Ll ( \ 7 Y )

,jL&l Jp !( \ . & U i , d l )I> :a>,+) >&I +I : + ' d l $2 ( \ 31)

: JLjj> ' ( \ q ? o , & U l ;I> : ask) +I +I J+L i ( \ q ? f r >-<>'A yW1 >I> :

. ( [ \ q ? 3 1 c + J L J >i> :a>,?) p 2

. T f V - TI"? -p >L: , j l z ~ , + G I : 4 11aJI ;\-ill ( \ ?v)

. i T / ,+ :Jy &+&Jl :> ( 1 4 , d l J y L l l l ( \ ? A )

. T V ~ _ T V T r e - k ; ; d l : 4 a+,*i ,&I] ( \ ? q ) * .

%A! ;&I dks , L b i +-& 6,s +UI >Li FIA!I a~~ >+- 9 ( 1 v a )

fU~ +L Qs 221 ; P ~ U C C dgJ 4 A- .iL+lJ j l 4gJ aLj! -11 3 : &)i-Il k;L 1P .+ _;i In j+-s eL+L >L+->Q

LA oFi , + ~ i 4 &. s3-4 y s

1 I i . . .&i +I ,3,2 2 2, dy J ( I V Y ) , -

9Y

_k! ;P j p ?+ uk & @ J ,L. - -

s,& JLYI 092 c>i

,:! I + A b l - 6 .. Y + ,+L *i -1-9 >LC yii &i pp A+ TI^ ,& >&I ::+

Erlch Fronun. Tlic~ He(,,/ of .Mtrii: I1.s Geni,,s,for Goori rmr/ : > L I . kp >i "1 i;+,+l

E~,i l (London: Routledgc and Kegan Paul. 1965). p. 46.

L.L > d l ,e&.J : 2 ~ t ~ l + l ;,;$I ,Ll > L U L LA JF ( \ V 1)

l l ~ < ~ , i l dill 'd&-.JI : 2 llL+dlll &+ ,&I '-4% & A++ JF> YYT - T T q -4

. e,- 4 i,lL;il &>I .+ .,+dl ALa, . T T T _ T \ V _+, i 4-A ; d l r ,WI : 2 , -,A\ -I : &>;I, !I+) j aI+ L *,+I 4, : 4 11 ~ ~ , l l ( \ V Y )

. v q - V A "+, . ( \ q l 3

L+J& 

;I+ : J* &I d l ?+I , 2 "-. % -

I , I 1 I , I I " I I J + I J+ cp - - / i -

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L2

. \ I 3 p ,(\qTY ,d,21 ALCl J I > :2,,-)

Jabra I . .labra. (cAgnus Deb) in: ( \ A a )

, q -4 . ( \ q T i , ,.&I3 LLw id,>\ : a>,-) *I J l d l ,I/- el>,! 1,-

,;Ul p\ 3 L y I I ,-+,A\ : 3 H . J G I -1 ,+ :>$ll ,<,-I +!,&I \ A 1 ) C L

\ t Y "p

. \ Y A -a , d I p Y l YL &-) . ~ j + :> ((,-,dl +ill ( \ A T )

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p. 144.

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[1956]). p. 93. , '

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((Paradox.)) in: Eric:i.c~lr~lii,tlilr o f Pr~cztrl. titltl Portic..c. (7 \ 9)

Cleanth Brooks. ((The Language of Paradox.)) In: Allen Tare. ed.. T11o Ltrrl:,.r~cr~c, (77

o f P o r f q (Princeton. N J : Princeton Uni\ersit> Prcsx London: H. Milford: Oxrord Unibersitj

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Q ~ ~ c i i . i c ~ / ~ . $>I. 19, no. 3 (.April 1950). p. 22').

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and Co.. [1920]). 1) 100.

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Franci, O t to Matthiessen. Tllc, A i~ l r i c~ .c~ i i c~ i~ f of T. S. Eliot. 3"' cd. (NCN Yo1.k. :'+i ,-I

O\Ford Univcl.>ity PI-em. 1059). pp. 56-80 and e lp . pp. 56-67.

Matthirsben. Ihid.. p. 63. ( 7 2 . )

((Objective Carl-clatlvc.), in: Eirc:~ c.lul~c,clitr 01 Poc'ti.~ r r i i ( / P o c r i ~ . ~ . : j & I ( 7 2 \ )

Watta. ~(i-\nab;rsc: Thc Endlcn Film.)) p. 22s ( 7 3 7 )

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Y ; ~ l e Romantic Studies 2d srr.. 6 (New Havcn. CT: Yalc University Press. 1958). p. 152.

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Da) Lcwis. 7 1 1 ~ Poetic, lnio~c,. pp. 133-1 34. ( T 3 7 )

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2 pL: L+ 2 K J d I;LL di J b ) L ~ l l - I iceT-C +I$> r 1964). pp. 156-158) C '

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pp. 212-213.

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Penguin Books. 1953). p. 33.

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Brace and Co., 1952), p. 56. . .

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C' M . Bou r , ~ . Hr21.cric Pcrc,/~) (London : Macmillan: kev, York. St. Martin 's Press. ( i 7 \ )

1'161 ). p. 267.

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Day Lewis, The Poeric hnaxe, p. 105. l~d+bWl

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Windus. 1959). p. 63.

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IV.iO (NcM. York: London. C. Scl.ibner's Sons. 1942). pp. 21-22.

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Bowra. T17r Cretrrii,c, Ex-/?eriiiicvil. p. 10. ( i ~ r )

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Dircc.r riirci Ohliquc. p. 67.

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Tillyard. Poctr.1 , Dirc~ct nntl Ohlic/tic~. p. 68. ( 1 9 \ )

Grober Cleveland Srn~th. T. S. Eliot'.\ Por,tr~, ( i 1 1 / 1 Pkii,s: A Stueli3 it! So~rrc,ec nr~ti :'L:\ ,&,I

:Mcrr~iir,. A Phoenix Edlt1011. 611' ed. (Chicago: Phocnix Edition. 1965). p. 60.

Tillqal-ci. Ihid.. p 71. ( f 4 Y )

Aldous Huxleq. L.ric,i.orr,,c, (,ir(i .S~ic~rice' (London: Ch~rtto ;111cl W i n d ~ ~ s . 1963). p 76. : '+i ,L' 8 ;.GI 4 ~ u .& A! -3 d > i l ~ L7+~ >! J2&: - ,-.

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Clcvrland Smith. <(Mrmol.y and Dcsirc in: ((The Waste Land>).)) in: Smith. 7.. S. Eliot'.c Poc'rr~

i~ilci Plln..\ A .Srii(i~. ;I/ .So~,rc,c,.c riilii .Jlc~ii~iii~:.. pp. 72-98 and rsp. p. 60 ct irq.

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Sons, 1949). p, 12.

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T. S. Eliot. ~~Ulysses. Order, and Myth,), Din1 (Chicago) (November 1923). p. 480. (s rY)

Drew. T. S . Eliot, tile D e s i ~ n c?f'Hir Poc~/y.. : L - i ,&I . t h y 4 L & .,;;dl ( 3 r r )

pp. 1-5.

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James G. Frazer (Sir), Tlic~ Goltlc>rr Borig11: A Studv Mtigit. tmd Religio~r. an (3Y 3)

abridged ed., 2"d printing (London: Macmillan and Co.. 1960). vol. I . p. 426 et seq.

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F . Brrynes (London: K . Paul. Trench. Trubner , 1933). p. 197.

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French b? Justin O'Bricn (New l 'ork: Knopf. 1955). p. 119.

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(!/ L~ , / / r r . > (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1923). p 105

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Modern Langllage 4asociation and the Central Rena1ss;ince Conicrenee. 1962, by Nc)rthrop

Frhe [et ~11.l. edited by Bcinicc Slotc. A Bison Book. 2"" cd. (Lincoln. University of Nebraska.

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