IFG412 Tugas Akhir I (Seminar Proposal)Research Design and MethodSemester Ganjil 2015/2016

Tim Tugas Akhir IProdi S1 Teknik InformatikaContributor:Dana S. Kusumo, Dade Nurjanah

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Definisi TA

• Skripsi /Tugas Akhir: "hasil karya mandiri dalam menerapkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan. Biasanya bersifat semi research, maksudnya tidak ada kewajiban untuk memberikan kontribusi baru terhadap metode ataupun metodologi."

• Tugas Akhir (TA) merupakan suatu rangkaian kegiatan akademik yang bertujuan untuk menampilkan kompetensi yang dimiliki mahasiswa dalam bentuk penelitian TA serta untuk melatih kemandirian dan tanggung jawab ilmiah mahasiswa mulai dari penyusunan rencana TA, pelaksanaan TA, evaluasi TA hingga penulisan Laporan TA

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Research

• “… a process of enquiry and investigation; it is systematic, methodical and ethical; research can help solve practical problems and increase knowledge.”

• Purpose– Review or synthesize existing knowledge– Investigate existing situations or problems– Provide solutions to problems– Explore and analyse more general issues– Construct or create new procedures or systems– Explain new phenomenon– Generate new knowledge

– …or a combination of any of the above! (Collis & Hussey, 2003)

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Source: Introduction to Research and Research Methods, Effective Learning Service - Bradford University – School of Management

Research design and method

• Research design: “plans and the procedures for research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection and analysis” Creswell, 2009

• Research method: “the process of collecting data analyzing and find the solution” wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_meaning_of_research_method

• Good research design will anticipate competing explanations before collecting data (as part of research method)!

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Research paradigm (purpose-based)

• Exploratory: identifying new insights and generating ideas and hypotheses

• Descriptive: portraying a phenomenon

• Explanatory: investigating an explanation of a phenomenon

• Improving: trying to improve a certain aspect of the studied phenomenon

• Constructive: carring out to propose solution for problems or questions based on theories

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Research design

• Qualitative research: a means to explore and understand human behavior or social phenomena.

• Quantitative research: a means to test objective theories by examining the causality of variables.

• Mixed method: combining qualitative and quantitative forms.

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Choosing research design and method

Based on

• type and nature of research problem

• on the availability of resources

• access to subjects

• control over variables

• skills of the researcher

• research question

It can be important to use multiple methods to address the weakness of any one method !!!

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Quantitative research design format

• Introduction– Context (Statement of the problem)

– Purpose of the study

– Research questions or objective or hypotheses

– Theoretical perspective

– Definition of terms

– Delimitations and limitations of the study

• Review of the Literature

• Methods– Research design

– Sample, population, or subjects

– Instrumentation and materials

– Variables in the study

– Data analysis

• Appendices: Instruments

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Source: Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies – University of Wollongong

Qualitative research design format (Creswell 2009)

• Introduction– Statement of the problem

– Purpose of the study

– The grand tour question and subquestions

– Definition of terms

– Delimitations and limitations of the study

– Significance of the study

• Procedure– Assumptions and rationale for a qualitative design

– The type of design used

– The role of the researcher

– Data collection procedures

– Data reduction/analysis procedures

– Methods for verifications

– Outcomes of the study and its relation to theory and literature

• Appendices

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Source: Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies – University of Wollongong

The purpose statement, Research Questions and Hypotheses

Source: Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed methods

approaches by John W. Creswell, 3rd ed

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The purpose statement (= research objective)

• Outline the scope of the research

• Give a picture of how to perform the investigation

• Give an idea who should be the subjects of the research

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Locke et al. (2007), the purpose statement indicates “why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish” (p. 9).

The purpose statement relationship

• The purpose statement sets forth the intent of the study, not the problem or issue leading to a need for the study

• It is also not the research questions, those questions that the data collection will attempt to answer

• This idea builds on a need (the problem) and is refined into specific questions (the research questions).

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Qualitative purpose statement

How to?

• Identify a single central phenomenon and to pose a tentative definition for it.

• Employs action words, such as discover, develop, or understand; uses neutral language such as individual (instead of good individual)

• Mentions the strategy of inquiry, participants, and research site.

• Format example

The purpose of this ___ (strategy of inquiry, such as ethnography, case study, or other type) study is (was? will be?) to ___ (understand? describe? develop? discover?) the ___ (central phenomenon being studied) for ___ (the participants, such as the individual, groups, organization) at ___ (research site). At this stage in the research, the ___ (central phenomenon being studied) will be generally defined as ___ (provide a general definition).

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Quantitative purpose statement

How to?

• States the theory being tested, the variables and their relationship or comparison.

• Position the independent variable first and the dependent variable second.

• Conveys the strategy of inquiry, the participants and the research site

• Defines the key variables used in the study (specific purpose statements)

• Format example

The purpose of this ___ (experiment? survey?) study is (was? will be?) to test the theory of ___ that ___ (compares? relates?) the ___ (independent variable) to ___ (dependent variable), controlling for ___ (control variables) for ___ (participants) at ___ (the research site). The independent variable(s) ___ will be defined as ___ (provide a definition). The dependent variable (s) will be defined as ___ (provide a definition), and the control and intervening variable(s), ___, (identify the control and intervening variables) will be defined as ___ (provide a definition).

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Research Question (Qualitative)

• inquirers state research questions, not objectives (i.e., specific goals for the research) or hypotheses (i.e., predictions that involve variables and statistical tests).

• These research questions assume two forms: a central question and associated subquestions

• Begin the question with the word: what or how

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Research Question (Qualitative)

• Use exploratory verbs that will tell the reader that the study will– Discover (e.g., grounded theory)– Seek to understand (e.g., ethnography)– Explore a process (e.g., case study)– Describe the experiences (e.g., phenomenology)– Report the stories (e.g., narrative research)

• Example:

_________ (How or what) is the _________ (“story for” for narrative research; “meaning of ” the phenomenon for phenomenology; “theory that explains the process of ” for grounded theory; “culture-sharing pattern” for ethnography; “issue” in the “case” for case study) of _________ (central phenomenon) for _________ (participants) at _________ (research site).

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Research hypothesis

• Tentative statements as solutions to the problem

• Tentative statements on relationships between two or more variables

• An educated guess of conditions of a phenomenon

• A reasoned speculation about how two or more variables are related to each other

Example, find which type of hypothesis its belong?

• Swimmers are stronger than runners

• Gifted students have higher motivatiob towards mathematics

• There is no significant difference in customer satisfaction between ethnic group

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Criteria of Research Hypothesis

Borg & Gall (1989) identified four criteria

• Should explain expected relationships that exist between two or more variables,

• Researcher should have strong reasons based on concrete evidences or theories to formulate the hypothesis which is to be tested,

• Should be as short as possible but clear,

• Should be testable

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Research Question and Hypothesis (Quantitative)

• Quantitative research questions inquire about the relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to know. – Used frequently in survey studies.

• Quantitative hypotheses are predictions the researcher makes about the expected relationships among variables. – Numeric estimates of population values based on data

collected from samples. – Testing of hypotheses employs statistical procedures in which

the investigator draws inferences about the population from a study sample.

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Research Question and Hypothesis (Quantitative)

Example: research question

• Does _________ (name the theory) explain the relationship between _________ (independent variable) and _________ (dependent variable), controlling for the effects of ______ (control variable)?

Example: quantitative null hypothesis

• There is no significant difference between _________ (the control and experimental groups on the independent variable) on _________ (dependent variable).

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Research Question and Hypothesis (Quantitative)

• Variables used have a form of (one or combined):– compare groups on an independent variable to see its

impact on a dependent variable

– relate one or more independent variables to one or more dependent variables

– describe responses to the independent, mediating, or dependent variables.

• To eliminate redundancy, write only research questions or hypotheses, not both, unless the hypotheses build on the research questions

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Example: the relation between research question, hypothesis and study objective

• Study: Warden SJ, Metcalf BR, Kiss ZS, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for chronic patellar tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology 2008;47:467–71.

• Research question: How does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) compare with a placebo device in managing the symptoms of skeletally mature patients with patellar tendinopathy?

• Research hypothesis: Pain levels are reduced in patients who receive daily active-LIPUS (treatment) for 12 weeks compared with individuals who receive inactive-LIPUS (placebo).

• Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of LIPUS in the management of patellar tendinopathy symptoms.

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Data Collection and Analysis

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Qualitative Research Data Collection

• Participation. This is a kind of observation in which the researchers involve in the observed environment, like other participants.

• Observation

• Interview: indepth/ethnographic interview, expert/elite interview, focus-group interview.

• Document review

• Narratives and life histories

• Video, films, photographs

• Historical analysis

• Surveys

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Qualitative ResearchData Analysis

• Get to know the data: re-read the data, ask other researcher to read.

• Focus the analysis: see experiment objectives

• Categorisation and numeration

• Identify patterns within and between-categories.

• Interpretation

Tool: NVivo

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Quantitative ResearchData Collection

• Questionnaires:

– Between-group (manipulate independent variables using differents participants).

– Within-group/repeated measures (manipulate independent variables using same participants).

• Surveys

Must be identified:

• Independent variables

• Dependent variables

• Sampling method: who are required to participate and how many? (Tool: Power)

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Quantitative ResearchData Analysis

Statistical analysis:

• Descriptive (mean, deviation standard, minimum and maximum)

• Inferential: ANOVA (analysis of variance) for one dependent variable, MANOVA (multi-analysis of variance) for several dependent variables.

Tool: SPSS

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Discuss

Q1. Is TA research? Why and why not?

Q2. How do you use research design and method in your TA?

Q3. How will you collect data?

Q4. How will you analyse data?

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More discussion

Q1. Must we (researchers) define research questions?

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Yes, we must!

Q2. How about hypotheses? Hypotheses must be defined if independent and dependent

variables have been clearly defined.=> In qualitative research to observe phenomena (see slide 6), it is not necessary to define hipotheses. Qualitative research may produce hypotheses to be tested in further experiments.

Exampe of existing TAs

• TA1 == > please provide TA title, the purpose statement and research questions

• TA2 == > please provide TA title, the purpose statement and research questions

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More on (quantitative) hypothesis

• There two forms: null and alternative

• A null hypothesis makes a prediction that in the general population, no relationship or no significant difference exists between groups on a variable.

• The wording is, “There is no difference (or relationship)” between the groups.

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Alternative (quantitative) hypothesis

• Directional hypothesis makes a prediction about the expected outcome, basing this prediction on prior literature and studies on the topic that suggest a potential outcome.– Example: “Scores will be higher for Group A than for Group B”

on the dependent variable or that “Group A will change more than Group B” on the outcome.

• Nondirectional—a prediction is made, but the exact form of differences (e.g., higher, lower, more, less) is not specified because the researcher does not know what can be predicted from past literature. – Example: “There is a difference” between the two groups.

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Example of Hypotheses (I)Sumber: Lecture Note of Research Methodology by Ari M. Barmawi

Nondirectional hypotheses

• If Variable A changes, then variable B changes,

• There is a relationship between variable A and variable B

• Variable A affects variable B

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Example of Hypotheses (II)Sumber: Lecture Note of Research Methodology by Ari M. Barmawi

Null Hypotheses:

• Differences in variable A have no relationship to difference in variable B

Directional Hypotheses:

• If variable A increases, then variable B increases

• If variable A decreases, then variable B decreases.

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Example of Hypotheses (III)Sumber: Lecture Note of Research Methodology by Ari M. Barmawi

Inverse relationship:

• If variable A increases then variable B decreases

• If variable A decreases then variable B increases

Magnitude of difference:

• If variable A inncreases by 2 points, then variable B increases by 3 points

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Reference

• Creswell, J.W., Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Third edition,. Sage Publisher

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THANK YOU25/08/2014