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2, , , , , Remote Sensing of Water

74% . 97% . 2.2% . 0.2% , , , . (0.6%), 0.01% .: The Water Planet

(Lt) :

Lp = Ls = Lv = Lb =

:

Lt = Lp + Ls + Lv + Lb

Lp .

Ls ( ) , 1mm . .,

:

Lt = Lp + Ls + Lv + Lb

Lv / , . , .

Lb . .,

(a) , , .(b) . .(a)(b)

400~500nm , 460~480nm . .

740~2500nm .

, .

* :

: . : . * : . : . * A. Band 1 B. Band 2 C. Band 3

.

, . ( : - , - )

(SM), (Chl), (DOM) (Lv) .

Lv = f [wc(l), SMc(l), Chlc(l),DOMc(l) ]W : , c() :

! ()

. (Ex., , ) ( 3-4m) ( 5-40m), ( 41-130m), ( 131-250m) .

, , , .

1m .

, , .

STS51

Secchi Disk

Spectroradiometer

ClaySilt

.

:Plankton? (ex. )

: , . . a a

0~500mg/l (a) , . a .

Percent ReflectancePercent Reflectance1 : *40~500nm() a * 675nm() a *550nm : . * 600~700nm .

2 : 0mg/l 547nm 500mg/l 596nm .

, (1) ( 1 ) .

(Chl) .

Chl = x [L(l1)/L(l2)]y

L(1) L(2) , x,y .

SeaWiFS 443/555nm 490/555nm .

1997 9 3 12 31 a .

1997 9 30 True color

1997 9 30 a True color 670, 555, 412nm(RGB) , . ( ( , , , )) .

, , .

(photic depth ; 1% ) . . 1 .

. . , , . , . Spectral Response of Water as a Function of Dissolved Organic constituent (photic depth ; 1% ) . . 1 . . . , , . , .

, , , . , . . , . Gelbstoffe , .

. , . , .Spectral Response of Water as a Function of Dissolved Organic constituent

1998 4 17 GOES-East GOES-East

GOES-East GOES-East

.

0.4 - 2.5 m

1999 34 3 NOAA AVHRR Gulf

NOAA-14 AVHRR

1999 3 4 3 . 3 .

: 0.5m , 8 .

: .

:

()

1990 12 198812 199712 (), - .- . .- .

TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 35 350km , . TRMM , , 500X500km .

TMI : 780km PR : 3 VIRS : , LIS : 590km 5X5km 0.7774 CERES : (, )

1998 3 9 TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) TMI(Tropical Microwave Imager)TRMM TMI , 35 .*1998 3 9 TRMM TMI . 35 . .TRMM , , , 500X500km .

1998 3 9 TRMM PR (Precipitation Radar)

z(dBZ)100200300400ABHeight (km)BA10Distance (km)060204051998 3 9 TRMM PR (Precipitation Radar)* PR 3 . , .( )

RS GIS GIS

a. b. e. (cfs)c. d. SC Myrtle Withers Sawsh .f. (tons/acre)a) AGNPS . 30X30m 24 2.68inch . (a.)b) , . (b.)c) . (c.)d) ATLAS .(d. )e ) () (e.)f) (tons/acre)(f. )