由全球變遷到永續發展:總論

  • Upload
    conway

  • View
    30

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

由全球變遷到永續發展:總論. 劉兆漢 中央大學. Outline. Global Change : Background Impact of Global Change Toward Sustainable Development Vision and Challenge: What UST( 台灣聯大) Will Do. Source:Petit, et.al.(PAGES/IGBP). Source: Barnola,et al, Petit et.al.(PAGES/IGBP). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

  • OutlineGlobal Change : BackgroundImpact of Global ChangeToward Sustainable DevelopmentVision and Challenge: What UST( Will Do

  • Source:Petit, et.al.(PAGES/IGBP)

  • Source: Barnola,et al, Petit et.al.(PAGES/IGBP)

  • Source:C.D.Keeling and T.P.Whorf,Etheridge et.al;Barnola et.al.,(PAGES/IGBP)

  • Antarctic Ozone (October monthly mean)

  • Source: Arthur C.T.Chen

  • Source : Keeling and Wharf

  • Source : Alverson,et.al.;Photo G.Mazula;Data:L.Thompson

  • Global Change

  • GNP Per Capita (US$)In TaiwanIndices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production

    GNP1

    196

    203

    154

    217

    389

    443

    522

    695

    920

    964

    1132

    1301

    1577

    1920

    2344

    2669

    2653

    2823

    3167

    3297

    3993

    5298

    6379

    7626

    8111

    8982

    10506

    10956

    11781

    12653

    13225

    13559

    12333

    13248

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    GNP Per Capita (US$)

    Time

    GNP

    Population

    226.03

    252.43

    300.11

    351.17

    408.11

    416.74

    424.91

    432.58

    440.57

    448.83

    458.79

    467.16

    476.13

    485.51

    494.58

    503.76

    512.72

    520.36

    528.12

    534.95

    540.4

    546.46

    552.88

    558.54

    565.36

    571.02

    576.46

    581.78

    586.83

    591.78

    596.43

    602.21

    607.42

    611.95

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    Population Density (Per sq. km.)

    Time

    production

    1.07

    1.6

    2.58

    4.96

    11.79

    14.55

    17.64

    20.51

    19.58

    21.43

    26.43

    29.95

    36.71

    39.04

    41.72

    43.19

    42.81

    48.24

    53.95

    55.38

    63.14

    69.84

    72.82

    75.56

    75.39

    80.97

    84.54

    87.8

    93.6

    98.01

    100

    107.43

    110.26

    118.76

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production

    Time

    Index

    Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production(1996=100)

    motor

    10710

    16102

    48745

    105590

    819104

    957295

    1114731

    1365123

    1678942

    1986996

    2347298

    3786562

    3167559

    3911439

    4665433

    5413407

    6045268

    6674135

    7342801

    7949993

    8696045

    7539269

    8426863

    9284463

    10051566

    10611037

    11268253

    11856526

    12377083

    13201471

    14273465

    15310937

    15922155

    16317768

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    Number of Motor Vehicles Registered (Total)

    Time

    Sheet1

    TimeGNP Per CapitaPopulation DensityIndices and Growth RateNumber of Motor Vehicles

    (US$)(Per sq. km.)of Industrial ProductionRegistered (Total)

    1952196226.031.0710,710

    1955203252.431.6016,102

    1960154300.112.5848,745

    1965217351.174.96105,590

    1970389408.1111.79819,104

    1971443416.7414.55957,295

    1972522424.9117.641,114,731

    1973695432.5820.511,365,123

    1974920440.5719.581,678,942

    1975964448.8321.431,986,996

    19761,132458.7926.432,347,298

    19771,301467.1629.953,786,562

    19781,577476.1336.713,167,559

    19791,920485.5139.043,911,439

    19802,344494.5841.724,665,433

    19812,669503.7643.195,413,407

    19822,653512.7242.816,045,268

    19832,823520.3648.246,674,135

    19843,167528.1253.957,342,801

    19853,297534.9555.387,949,993

    19863,993540.4063.148,696,045

    19875,298546.4669.847,539,269

    19886,379552.8872.828,426,863

    19897,626558.5475.569,284,463

    19908,111565.3675.3910,051,566

    19918,982571.0280.9710,611,037

    199210,506576.4684.5411,268,253

    199310,956581.7887.8011,856,526

    199411,781586.8393.6012,377,083

    199512,653591.7898.0113,201,471

    199613,225596.43100.0014,273,465

    199713,559602.21107.4315,310,937

    199812,333607.42110.2615,922,155

    199913,248611.95118.7616,317,768

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

    GNP1

    196

    203

    154

    217

    389

    443

    522

    695

    920

    964

    1132

    1301

    1577

    1920

    2344

    2669

    2653

    2823

    3167

    3297

    3993

    5298

    6379

    7626

    8111

    8982

    10506

    10956

    11781

    12653

    13225

    13559

    12333

    13248

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    GNP Per Capita (US$)

    Time

    GNP

    Population

    226.03

    252.43

    300.11

    351.17

    408.11

    416.74

    424.91

    432.58

    440.57

    448.83

    458.79

    467.16

    476.13

    485.51

    494.58

    503.76

    512.72

    520.36

    528.12

    534.95

    540.4

    546.46

    552.88

    558.54

    565.36

    571.02

    576.46

    581.78

    586.83

    591.78

    596.43

    602.21

    607.42

    611.95

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    Population Density (Per sq. km.)

    Time

    production

    1.07

    1.6

    2.58

    4.96

    11.79

    14.55

    17.64

    20.51

    19.58

    21.43

    26.43

    29.95

    36.71

    39.04

    41.72

    43.19

    42.81

    48.24

    53.95

    55.38

    63.14

    69.84

    72.82

    75.56

    75.39

    80.97

    84.54

    87.8

    93.6

    98.01

    100

    107.43

    110.26

    118.76

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production

    Time

    Index

    Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production(1996=100)

    motor

    10710

    16102

    48745

    105590

    819104

    957295

    1114731

    1365123

    1678942

    1986996

    2347298

    3786562

    3167559

    3911439

    4665433

    5413407

    6045268

    6674135

    7342801

    7949993

    8696045

    7539269

    8426863

    9284463

    10051566

    10611037

    11268253

    11856526

    12377083

    13201471

    14273465

    15310937

    15922155

    16317768

    Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000

    Number of Motor Vehicles Registered (Total)

    Time

    Sheet1

    TimeGNP Per CapitaPopulation DensityIndices and Growth RateNumber of Motor Vehicles

    (US$)(Per sq. km.)of Industrial ProductionRegistered (Total)

    1952196226.031.0710,710

    1955203252.431.6016,102

    1960154300.112.5848,745

    1965217351.174.96105,590

    1970389408.1111.79819,104

    1971443416.7414.55957,295

    1972522424.9117.641,114,731

    1973695432.5820.511,365,123

    1974920440.5719.581,678,942

    1975964448.8321.431,986,996

    19761,132458.7926.432,347,298

    19771,301467.1629.953,786,562

    19781,577476.1336.713,167,559

    19791,920485.5139.043,911,439

    19802,344494.5841.724,665,433

    19812,669503.7643.195,413,407

    19822,653512.7242.816,045,268

    19832,823520.3648.246,674,135

    19843,167528.1253.957,342,801

    19853,297534.9555.387,949,993

    19863,993540.4063.148,696,045

    19875,298546.4669.847,539,269

    19886,379552.8872.828,426,863

    19897,626558.5475.569,284,463

    19908,111565.3675.3910,051,566

    19918,982571.0280.9710,611,037

    199210,506576.4684.5411,268,253

    199310,956581.7887.8011,856,526

    199411,781586.8393.6012,377,083

    199512,653591.7898.0113,201,471

    199613,225596.43100.0014,273,465

    199713,559602.21107.4315,310,937

    199812,333607.42110.2615,922,155

    199913,248611.95118.7616,317,768

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

  • t8-1

    ItemROCUSAJapanKoreaGermanyUKNetherlandsFrance

    61429336476230244390108

    GDP(US$/Per Capita)$13,114$34,047$34,3608,684$25,728$24,549$23,766$24,211

    $452$22$226132$132$104$205$59

    $149$22$187105$124$101$179$59

    Consumption of Primary Energy(TOE/Per Capita)$4$8$44$4$4$5$4

    $208$6$2679$76$26$322$27

    $428$10$249413$118$68$149$37

    $508$8$250565$104$48$83$36

    $36$2$1937$11$5$42$5

    &L&8&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 90&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-2(2.1)

    CountryTotal EmissionsPer Capita Emissions

    SOxNOxCOParticulatesSOxNOxCOParticulates

    1,000 tonneskg/cap.

    Canada2,6912,01110,1441,73688.967.1334.957.9

    USA18,48121,39470,6553,39369.079.9263.912.7

    Japan9031,4091777.311.31.4

    Korea1,5001,2581,08942332.927.623.99.3

    Australia1,8422,16614,977100.7118.5818.9

    New Zealand461738464212.546.9232.411.6

    Austria57172993387.121.2123.24.9

    Belgium2403341,4342723.732.9141.42.7

    Denmark10924855720.747.0105.6

    Finland1002604615219.550.689.910.1

    France9471,6988,25321116.229.1141.43.6

    Germany1,4681,8036,37431617.922.077.73.9

    Greece5073691,37548.235.1130.8

    Ireland16512433310545.133.991.030.0

    Italy1,3221,7687,75550123.130.9135.38.8

    Netherlands125445826448.028.552.92.8

    Norway30222656246.950.5148.95.3

    Portugal3593731,32036.237.6133.1

    Spain1,9271,2434,37249.131.7111.5

    Sweden9133796810.338.1109.4

    Switzerland33129469194.518.065.52.6

    Turkey1,9009254,72629.814.574.2

    UK2,0282,0604,64521334.535.079.03.6

    ROC3475251,7733530.00.00.00.0

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-3(2.3C)

    Unit:1,000 tonnes

    TotalFrom Energy UseFrom Industrial Processes

    Canada$4,300$210$515,375$477,375$38,000

    USA$31,357$1,290$5,535,648$5,470,494$65,155

    Japan$1,389$66$1,232,141$1,172,641$59,501

    Korea$2,962$455,181$422,111$33,070

    Australia$5,308$79$313,210$306,100$7,110

    New Zealand$1,594$37$35,753$33,127$2,626

    Austria$440$7$75,689$64,053$11,635

    Belgium$591$35$133,871$122,585$11,287

    Denmark$423$33$63,938$62,399$1,539

    Finland$273$19$65,008$64,108$900

    France$2,619$300$380,441$362,898$17,543

    Germany$3,564$216$908,992$883,992$25,000

    Greece$461$30$88,693$80,616$8,078

    Ireland$800$26$39,290$37,552$1,738

    Italy$2,556$162$447,316$424,331$22,985

    Netherlands$1,112$72$198,974$184,310$14,664

    Norway$350$16$42,116$34,335$7,781

    Portugal$832$14$55,002$51,958$3,044

    Spain$2,370$90$271,102$253,824$17,278

    Sweden$260$24$56,640$52,924$3,716

    Switzerland$224$12$46,948$44,748$2,200

    Turkey$417$1$202,138$187,491$14,647

    UK$2,727$192$566,542$554,703$11,839

    ROC98)$196,500

    &L&8&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-4(3.4)

    CountryRiverDissloved Oxygen(DO)Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)Lead(Pb)Cadmium(Cd)Chromium(Cr)Copper(Cu)

    CanadaSaskatchewan8.80.870.3251.383.05

    USADelaware11.22.61.001.0001.002.00

    JapanIshikari11.01.3

    KoreaKeum8.81.20.00.00.0

    AustraliaMurray-Darling

    New ZealandWaikato

    AustriaDonau11.52.50.540.00.02.35

    BelgiumMeuse11.02.53.900.1001.001.80

    DenmarkGudena3.0

    FinlandTomiojoki11.70.230.0300.550.71

    FranceLoire10.15.80.651

    GermanyRhein9.93.700.2003.1010.40

    GreeceStrimonas11.50.140

    IrelandBoyne10.91.50.200

    ItalyPo

    NetherlandsRijn-Lobith10.23.04.500.0703.505.20

    NorwaySkienselva0.070.0200.500.90

    PortugalTejo

    SpainGuadalquivir7.314.53.001.5000.05.61

    SwedenDalalven0.420.0180.291.20

    SwitzerlandRhin10.60.601.60

    TurkeyPorsuk9.61.618.005.0005.006.00

    UKThames10.23.03.500.1001.306.20

    ROC(Tanshui)4.04.419.841.71011.9933.04

    &L&8&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-5(3.3A,3.3B)

    Unit of national population

    TotalConnected to Public Waste Water Treatment PlantsOther

    TotalPrimary TreatmentSecondary TreatmentTertiary Treatment

    Canada94)91.078.019.026.033.013.0

    USA92)70.88.532.529.8

    Japan96)55.055.050.05.00.0

    Korea96)52.60.951.70.0

    New Zealand90)82.580.02.5

    Austria95)75.574.71.438.634.70.8

    Belgium95)75.427.10.027.10.048.3

    Denmark96)87.487.42.113.771.60.0

    Finland93)77.377.00.00.077.00.3

    France95)79.077.02.0

    Germany95)92.188.64.112.272.33.5

    Greece67.550.026.019.05.017.5

    Ireland68.061.035.026.00.07.0

    Italy87)60.7

    Netherlands96)98.097.40.142.355.00.6

    Norway96)80.067.015.01.051.013.0

    Portugal94)55.520.73.815.61.334.8

    Spain95)48.310.634.43.3

    Sweden94)93.093.00.06.087.00.0

    Switzerland95)94.094.00.023.071.00.0

    Turkey95)62.512.18.53.60.050.4

    UK96)96.088.08.061.018.08.0

    ROC99)45.6

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-6(7.1A)

    8-6

    Table 8-6 Amounts of Waste Generated

    Unit1,000 Tonnes

    CountryTotalAgriculture and Forestry IndustryConstructionMunicipalOther

    Mining & QuarryingManufacturing IndustryEnergy ProductionWater Purification & Distribution

    Canada.........96)$14,740

    USA............96)$190,200

    Japan94)$456,00094)$74,95094)$30,79094)$139,03091)$57,29094)$9,06094)$76,93094)$50,54094)$74,690

    Korea96)$65,910......96)$36,54095)$69095)$4,27096)$11,15096)$18,220

    Australia93)$560...93)$37,04093)$11,00093)$1092)$12,000

    New Zealand95)$1,76095)$1,270

    Austria97)$46,500.........97)$2,30097)$26,40096)$4,11097)$13,690

    Belgium...$810$13,730$1,140$7,720$4,850

    Denmark97)$11,850......97)$2,74097)$1,78097)$15097)$3,43097)$2,95097)$810

    Finland$61,000$22,00092)$15,00092)$11,40092)$1,350$2,400$7,00094)$2,100

    France95)$377,00090)$75,00095)$101,000...91)$13,70095)$34,700

    Germany93)$276,560...93)$16,83093)$63,09093)$19,59093)$1,87093)$137,26093)$36,98093)$940

    Greece97)$33,37097)$7,78097)$3,90097)$6,68097)$9,30097)$1,80097)$3,90097)0.0

    Ireland95)$41,00095)$31,00095)$2,20095)$3,78095)$35095)$6095)$1,32095)$2,03095)$280

    Italy......95)$22,21093)$1,33095)$14,31097)$26,61091)$42,500

    Netherlands96)$52,91094)$17,00096)$33096)$8,81096)$1,40096)$7096)$13,95096)$8,72096)$2,640

    Norway90)$18,00092)$7,60096)$2,880...93)$3,60097)$2,720

    Portugal...94)$47095)$42094)$390...97)$3,80097)$70

    Spain$114,000$70,000$13,830...$10,000...96)$15,310

    Sweden93)$47,00093)$13,97094)$68094)$1,50094)$3,200

    Switzerland96)$9,010......96)$1,500...94)$4096)$3,00096)$4,28096)$190

    Turkey......94)$28,11096)$8,680...95)$20,250

    UK$422,00091)$80,000$74,000$56,000$13,000$35,00090)$70,000$28,000$66,000

    ROC99)$9,60999)$19,47099)$8,71699)$92

    -OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1999.-

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.1994

    5./

    6.Queensland

    7.

    8./30

    9.

    10./

    11.1987199470

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.1993

    21.

    22.25200612

    23.6005,0001980

    /19901980

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-7(7.2A,7.2B)

    8-7 1997

    Table 8-7 The Amounts and Composition of Municipal Waste1997

    Country GenerationComposition

    Total Amounts Household WastePaper & PaperboardFood & Garden Waste, etc.PlasticsGlassMetalsTextiles & Other8887.7~88.1288.1~88.6(87

    1,000 Tonnes/Kg/Capita1,000 Tonnes/Kg/Capitacheck

    Canada96)$14,740$49096)$6,050$20092)$28$34$11$7$8$13$101

    USA$190,204$720$108,416$410$38$24$9$6$8$15$100

    Japan94)$50,536$40090)$38$32$11$7$6$7$101

    Korea96)$18,223$40096)$15,411$34096)$13$33$11$3$3$37$100

    Australia92)$12,000$69092)$7,000$400$22$50$7$9$5$8$101

    New Zealand82)$2,106$66095)$1,269$35095)$21$56$8$3$7$5$100

    Austria96)$4,110$51096)$2,775$34096)$27$27$18$8$7$13$100

    Belgium96)$4,852$480$16$37$7$7$4$29$100

    Denmark$2,951$560$2,776$53094)$20$47$5$4$2$24$102

    Finland94)$2,100$41094)$870$17092)$26$32$6$3$35$102

    France95)$28,800$48095)$20,800$350$25$29$11$13$4$18$100

    Germany93)$36,976$46093)$35,402$440$41$23$3$22$8$3$100

    Greece$3,900$370$20$47$9$5$5$16$102

    Ireland95)$2,032$56095)$1,325$37095)$33$29$9$6$3$20$100

    Italy$26,605$46086)$22$43$7$6$3$19$100

    Netherlands$8,716$560$7,471$48096)$27$39$5$6$2$20$99

    Norway$2,721$630$1,354$310$36$30$9$3$4$18$100

    Portugal$3,800$38094)$23$35$12$5$3$23$101

    Spain96)$15,307$39094)$21$44$11$7$4$13$100

    Sweden94)$3,200$36090)$44$30$7$8$2$9$100

    Switzerland$4,277$600$2,851$40094)$29$38$15$3$3$12$100

    Turkey95)$20,253$33093)$6$64$3$2$1$24$100

    UK$28,000$480$26,000$44090)$37$19$10$9$7$18$100

    ROC99)$8,716$39999)$36$22$20$5$4$14$1008,565,820149,87670,219,89179,655,89221870876

    -OECD Environmental, Compendium Data 1999-

    1.

    2.

    3.976

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.150,480

    8.

    9.1996(Flandere)(Wallonia)1995

    10.9000

    11.(DOM)52070

    12.1,100

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.9

    18.

    19.

    20.199572258

    21.

    1996/97

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-8(7.2C,7.4A,7.4B)

    (8707-8806)149875.783

    Amounts of Municipal Waste of Pop. Served Waste Recy. Rates

    CompostingIncinerationLandfillRecyclingOtherPaper and CardboardGlass(8707-8806)(7.2C)Compostion IncinerationLandfillRecyclingOther

    1,000 Tonnes

    Canada96)$20,59899.02.85.095.026.20.092)3392)17$20,598$576$1,030$19,568$5,4040.0

    USA96)$190,204100.05.417.255.421.90.096)4196)26$190,204$10,270$32,741$105,453$41,7400.0

    Japan93)$50,30499.90.075.629.74.20.55492)56$50,304$19$38,013$14,958$2,103$258

    Korea96)$18,22397.60.05.568.326.20.05768$18,2230.0$995$12,452$4,7760.0

    Australia91)5095)42

    New Zealand95)$1,2700.00.0100.00.00.093)6694)36$1,2700.00.0$1,2700.00.0

    Austria$2,775100.013.015.532.031.77.96988$2,775$360$431$887$879$218

    Belgium96)$2,893100.014.824.732.528.00.01675$2,893$428$715$939$8110.0

    Denmark$2,776100.015.457.712.414.00.55070$2,776$428$1,602$343$390$14

    Finland94)$2,100100.03.32.471.433.30.095)5762$2,100$70$50$1,500$7000.0

    France95)$20,80099.58.349.846.11.90.44152$20,800$1,716$10,352$9,593$385$89

    Germany93)$36,976100.05.417.451.323.32.57079$36,976$2,013$6,429$18,978$8,628$928

    Greece$3,90085.00.191.37.90.02926$3,900$3$3,561$3070.0

    Ireland95)$1,55092.47.60.01238$1,550$1,432$1180.0

    Italy$26,6055.390.23134$26,605$1,400$24,000

    Netherlands96)$8,716100.024.730.920.316.77.56282$8,716$2,150$2,693$1,768$1,453$652

    Norway$2,72198.04.613.561.920.14476$2,721$124$367$1,683$548

    Portugal$3,80098.05.00.095.00.00.04044$3,800$1900.0$3,6100.00.0

    Spain96)$15,30715.64.676.80.60.04237$15,307$2,394$705$11,758$960.0

    Sweden94)$3,200100.03.140.637.515.66276$3,200$100$1,300$1,200$500

    Switzerland96)$4,27799.09.446.814.030.86391$4,277$400$2,002$598$1,318

    Turkey95)$20,25372.00.694.74.73620$20,253$131$19,175$946

    UK96)$26,000100.01.28.583.85.80.84026$26,000$300$2,200$21,800$1,500$200

    ROC99)$8,71698.80.223.271.41.73.599)5599)288565820$9,575$22$2,259$6,957$150$337

    100.000.2323.5972.663.52

    $8,7162020216224$150301

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-9(13.1,13.2)

    8-9

    Table 8-9 Expenditure for Environment Protection

    CountryPollution Abatement and Control Expenditure Public R&D Expenditure for Environment ProtectionGDP()()()1998()88()(%)()

    Public & Private Sectors Public Sector

    GDPas % of GDPUSD per cap.GDPas % of GDPUSD per cap.Million US$ at 1991 Price Levelas % of Total R&D Budget Appropriations19981998199819981999888888

    Canada95)1.124895)0.614998)92.44.0

    USA94)1.642294)0.717798)553.70.9

    Japan90)1.190)0.998)93.40.6

    Korea97)1.726897)1.0149

    Australia96)0.818596)0.512090)47.02.9

    New Zealand97)2.50.8

    Austria94)1.733294)1.019398)21.62.2

    Belgium96)0.920797)0.511698)21.81.7

    Denmark96)0.921296)0.615198)30.53.7

    Finland97)1.122497)0.611798)23.32.3

    France96)1.429696)1.019998)255.72.2

    Germany95)1.531095)0.816697)468.93.7

    Greece95)0.810095)0.55996)12.73.9

    Ireland97)3.31.6

    Italy89)0.989)0.697)133.62.5

    Netherlands95)1.837295)1.326498)100.14.0

    Norway90)1.298)24.63.0

    Portugal94)0.78794)0.67098)35.25.1

    Spain93)0.56693)0.56598)86.52.6

    Sweden91)1.291)0.898)11.50.8

    Switzerland93)1.637892)1.096)10.30.9

    UK94)0.36090)0.497)181.82.3

    ROC98)1.2098)0.9099)22.81.6893896732.22107177083810599557498193287137978261171281346720612649922896521119.3833.00557543036

    -OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1999.-88.8

    1.

    2.

    (1)(Abater Principle)=+-

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)1990GDP1.6

    (5)

    (6)

    (7)

    (8)1040

    (9)

    (10)

    (11)1991GDP0.8

    (12)1992

    (13)

    (14)

    3.

    (1)1991(purchasing power parity)

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)

    (5)

    (6)

    (7)

    (8)OECD

    (9)

    (10)1991

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

    t8-10(13.4)

    8-10 1995

    Table 8-10 Revenues from Environmentally Related Taxes1995

    UnitMillion USD

    Tax BasesROCUSAJapanNew ZealandDenmarkGermanyNetherlandsSpainSwedenUK88()884

    Total$24774,81183,7661,0227,72559,16113,81711,4966,46032,34179.489332.22

    Air$1565864150.2189

    -Emissions to air

    -Ozone depleting substances0.06160

    Water0.01,2200

    ()-Effluents to water0

    -Non-point water pollution sources0.0525470

    Waste Management$621,11524013119.83

    Energy Products$2955,02048,1616743,28349,5266,86210,1945,55826,1049.4404

    for transport purposes$2955,02044,5576131,34441,0015,61010,1943,97023,7719.3964

    -Unleaded petrol0.039,65028,9922891,33526,0293,1133,9702,9659,0690

    -Leaded petrol$73111,6436851,4806,4272.2918

    -Diesel$2213,50014,1611313,2481,7504,6551,0057,1537.1046

    -Other energy products for transports0.01,8701,40398062891,1210

    for stationary purposes$03,604611,9398,5251,2521,5882,3330.044

    -Light fuel oil0.0381,0332,16765002,0790

    -Heavy fuel oil0.0866810

    -Natural gas0.0201,964560312540

    -Coal0.03113125550

    -Coke$00.0440

    -Biofuels0.05540

    -Other fuels for stationary use0.063170

    -Electricity cons.0.03,6047934,2457580

    -Electricity prod.0.01460

    Transport0.018,06035,6053483,6129,6345,5791,3028136,2370

    -Motor vehicles, one-off import or sales taxes0.02,7216,4962,6572,4531,3022460

    -Registration or use of motor vehicles, recurrent0.015,33929,1093489559,6343,1265686,2370

    GDP of GDP0.11.01.71.74.52.53.62.12.82.991430

    of total tax revenue0.63.76.04.58.76.38.16.05.68.312997.4

    -OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1999.-

    1.88

    &L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman," 89&","

    &L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D

  • Landuse/land cover

    Indonesia

    Malaysia

    Philippines

    Thailand

    ha

    %

    ha

    %

    ha

    %

    ha

    %

    Forest

    -20,994

    -21.2

    -37,601

    -21.8

    -25,453

    -35.5

    -56,894

    -10.1

    Agriculture

    -41,036

    -44.0

    +14,880

    +7.7

    -31,694

    -62.3

    +12,397

    +35.6

    Urban/settlement

    +51,068

    +148.6

    +34,664

    +161.0

    *

    *

    +3,400

    +593.2

    Grassland

    +8,452

    +87.2

    -4,509

    -56.7

    -21,213

    -17.9

    +1,083

    +3.4

    Bareland/openland

    +10,789

    +242.0

    -7175

    -78.8

    *

    *

    +214

    +151.6

    Water body

    +3,532

    +994.9

    +52

    +0.5

    *

    *

    +37,800

    +110.4

    Watershed

    Upper Citarum

    Klang Langat

    Magat

    Chiang-Mai

    Watershed size

    259,505

    415,409

    240,868

    669,242

    Time

    1984-1996

    1974-1990

    1982-1993

    1985-1995

    *Remotely sensed data did not clearly capture the data.

  • Some examples of land cover changes (km2) in Malaysia.

  • 22716690603 80F26.6C

  • ()30%370 PPM100%1/51/4507

  • ()CO2180280 PPM280 PPM370 PPM131302

  • ()

  • Source : WCRP

  • Source : NOAA/PMEL/TAO

  • Source : IPCC Third Assessment Report,WG1

  • Sustainable DevelopmentThe development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

    The development should take the precautionary measure regarding the ecosystems carrying capacity, not to make serious or irreversible damage to the natural system.

  • Vision:Global)

    More Harmonious, Prosperous, and Greener Asia (Asia)

    : (Taiwan)

  • The ChallengeIntegrationCross disciplinaryScience of Sustainability

  • / Driving ForcesStateResponse/

  • NGO

    Quality of PeopleQuality of Life

  • RCM