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由全球變遷到永續發展:總論. 劉兆漢 中央大學. Outline. Global Change : Background Impact of Global Change Toward Sustainable Development Vision and Challenge: What UST( 台灣聯大) Will Do. Source:Petit, et.al.(PAGES/IGBP). Source: Barnola,et al, Petit et.al.(PAGES/IGBP). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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OutlineGlobal Change : BackgroundImpact of Global ChangeToward Sustainable DevelopmentVision and Challenge: What UST( Will Do
Source:Petit, et.al.(PAGES/IGBP)
Source: Barnola,et al, Petit et.al.(PAGES/IGBP)
Source:C.D.Keeling and T.P.Whorf,Etheridge et.al;Barnola et.al.,(PAGES/IGBP)
Antarctic Ozone (October monthly mean)
Source: Arthur C.T.Chen
Source : Keeling and Wharf
Source : Alverson,et.al.;Photo G.Mazula;Data:L.Thompson
Global Change
GNP Per Capita (US$)In TaiwanIndices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production
GNP1
196
203
154
217
389
443
522
695
920
964
1132
1301
1577
1920
2344
2669
2653
2823
3167
3297
3993
5298
6379
7626
8111
8982
10506
10956
11781
12653
13225
13559
12333
13248
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
GNP Per Capita (US$)
Time
GNP
Population
226.03
252.43
300.11
351.17
408.11
416.74
424.91
432.58
440.57
448.83
458.79
467.16
476.13
485.51
494.58
503.76
512.72
520.36
528.12
534.95
540.4
546.46
552.88
558.54
565.36
571.02
576.46
581.78
586.83
591.78
596.43
602.21
607.42
611.95
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
Population Density (Per sq. km.)
Time
production
1.07
1.6
2.58
4.96
11.79
14.55
17.64
20.51
19.58
21.43
26.43
29.95
36.71
39.04
41.72
43.19
42.81
48.24
53.95
55.38
63.14
69.84
72.82
75.56
75.39
80.97
84.54
87.8
93.6
98.01
100
107.43
110.26
118.76
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production
Time
Index
Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production(1996=100)
motor
10710
16102
48745
105590
819104
957295
1114731
1365123
1678942
1986996
2347298
3786562
3167559
3911439
4665433
5413407
6045268
6674135
7342801
7949993
8696045
7539269
8426863
9284463
10051566
10611037
11268253
11856526
12377083
13201471
14273465
15310937
15922155
16317768
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
Number of Motor Vehicles Registered (Total)
Time
Sheet1
TimeGNP Per CapitaPopulation DensityIndices and Growth RateNumber of Motor Vehicles
(US$)(Per sq. km.)of Industrial ProductionRegistered (Total)
1952196226.031.0710,710
1955203252.431.6016,102
1960154300.112.5848,745
1965217351.174.96105,590
1970389408.1111.79819,104
1971443416.7414.55957,295
1972522424.9117.641,114,731
1973695432.5820.511,365,123
1974920440.5719.581,678,942
1975964448.8321.431,986,996
19761,132458.7926.432,347,298
19771,301467.1629.953,786,562
19781,577476.1336.713,167,559
19791,920485.5139.043,911,439
19802,344494.5841.724,665,433
19812,669503.7643.195,413,407
19822,653512.7242.816,045,268
19832,823520.3648.246,674,135
19843,167528.1253.957,342,801
19853,297534.9555.387,949,993
19863,993540.4063.148,696,045
19875,298546.4669.847,539,269
19886,379552.8872.828,426,863
19897,626558.5475.569,284,463
19908,111565.3675.3910,051,566
19918,982571.0280.9710,611,037
199210,506576.4684.5411,268,253
199310,956581.7887.8011,856,526
199411,781586.8393.6012,377,083
199512,653591.7898.0113,201,471
199613,225596.43100.0014,273,465
199713,559602.21107.4315,310,937
199812,333607.42110.2615,922,155
199913,248611.95118.7616,317,768
Sheet2
Sheet3
GNP1
196
203
154
217
389
443
522
695
920
964
1132
1301
1577
1920
2344
2669
2653
2823
3167
3297
3993
5298
6379
7626
8111
8982
10506
10956
11781
12653
13225
13559
12333
13248
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
GNP Per Capita (US$)
Time
GNP
Population
226.03
252.43
300.11
351.17
408.11
416.74
424.91
432.58
440.57
448.83
458.79
467.16
476.13
485.51
494.58
503.76
512.72
520.36
528.12
534.95
540.4
546.46
552.88
558.54
565.36
571.02
576.46
581.78
586.83
591.78
596.43
602.21
607.42
611.95
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
Population Density (Per sq. km.)
Time
production
1.07
1.6
2.58
4.96
11.79
14.55
17.64
20.51
19.58
21.43
26.43
29.95
36.71
39.04
41.72
43.19
42.81
48.24
53.95
55.38
63.14
69.84
72.82
75.56
75.39
80.97
84.54
87.8
93.6
98.01
100
107.43
110.26
118.76
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production
Time
Index
Indices and Growth Rate of Industrial Production(1996=100)
motor
10710
16102
48745
105590
819104
957295
1114731
1365123
1678942
1986996
2347298
3786562
3167559
3911439
4665433
5413407
6045268
6674135
7342801
7949993
8696045
7539269
8426863
9284463
10051566
10611037
11268253
11856526
12377083
13201471
14273465
15310937
15922155
16317768
Sorcece:Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000, Published by CEPD, R.O.C. 2000
Number of Motor Vehicles Registered (Total)
Time
Sheet1
TimeGNP Per CapitaPopulation DensityIndices and Growth RateNumber of Motor Vehicles
(US$)(Per sq. km.)of Industrial ProductionRegistered (Total)
1952196226.031.0710,710
1955203252.431.6016,102
1960154300.112.5848,745
1965217351.174.96105,590
1970389408.1111.79819,104
1971443416.7414.55957,295
1972522424.9117.641,114,731
1973695432.5820.511,365,123
1974920440.5719.581,678,942
1975964448.8321.431,986,996
19761,132458.7926.432,347,298
19771,301467.1629.953,786,562
19781,577476.1336.713,167,559
19791,920485.5139.043,911,439
19802,344494.5841.724,665,433
19812,669503.7643.195,413,407
19822,653512.7242.816,045,268
19832,823520.3648.246,674,135
19843,167528.1253.957,342,801
19853,297534.9555.387,949,993
19863,993540.4063.148,696,045
19875,298546.4669.847,539,269
19886,379552.8872.828,426,863
19897,626558.5475.569,284,463
19908,111565.3675.3910,051,566
19918,982571.0280.9710,611,037
199210,506576.4684.5411,268,253
199310,956581.7887.8011,856,526
199411,781586.8393.6012,377,083
199512,653591.7898.0113,201,471
199613,225596.43100.0014,273,465
199713,559602.21107.4315,310,937
199812,333607.42110.2615,922,155
199913,248611.95118.7616,317,768
Sheet2
Sheet3
t8-1
ItemROCUSAJapanKoreaGermanyUKNetherlandsFrance
61429336476230244390108
GDP(US$/Per Capita)$13,114$34,047$34,3608,684$25,728$24,549$23,766$24,211
$452$22$226132$132$104$205$59
$149$22$187105$124$101$179$59
Consumption of Primary Energy(TOE/Per Capita)$4$8$44$4$4$5$4
$208$6$2679$76$26$322$27
$428$10$249413$118$68$149$37
$508$8$250565$104$48$83$36
$36$2$1937$11$5$42$5
&L&8&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 90&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-2(2.1)
CountryTotal EmissionsPer Capita Emissions
SOxNOxCOParticulatesSOxNOxCOParticulates
1,000 tonneskg/cap.
Canada2,6912,01110,1441,73688.967.1334.957.9
USA18,48121,39470,6553,39369.079.9263.912.7
Japan9031,4091777.311.31.4
Korea1,5001,2581,08942332.927.623.99.3
Australia1,8422,16614,977100.7118.5818.9
New Zealand461738464212.546.9232.411.6
Austria57172993387.121.2123.24.9
Belgium2403341,4342723.732.9141.42.7
Denmark10924855720.747.0105.6
Finland1002604615219.550.689.910.1
France9471,6988,25321116.229.1141.43.6
Germany1,4681,8036,37431617.922.077.73.9
Greece5073691,37548.235.1130.8
Ireland16512433310545.133.991.030.0
Italy1,3221,7687,75550123.130.9135.38.8
Netherlands125445826448.028.552.92.8
Norway30222656246.950.5148.95.3
Portugal3593731,32036.237.6133.1
Spain1,9271,2434,37249.131.7111.5
Sweden9133796810.338.1109.4
Switzerland33129469194.518.065.52.6
Turkey1,9009254,72629.814.574.2
UK2,0282,0604,64521334.535.079.03.6
ROC3475251,7733530.00.00.00.0
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-3(2.3C)
Unit:1,000 tonnes
TotalFrom Energy UseFrom Industrial Processes
Canada$4,300$210$515,375$477,375$38,000
USA$31,357$1,290$5,535,648$5,470,494$65,155
Japan$1,389$66$1,232,141$1,172,641$59,501
Korea$2,962$455,181$422,111$33,070
Australia$5,308$79$313,210$306,100$7,110
New Zealand$1,594$37$35,753$33,127$2,626
Austria$440$7$75,689$64,053$11,635
Belgium$591$35$133,871$122,585$11,287
Denmark$423$33$63,938$62,399$1,539
Finland$273$19$65,008$64,108$900
France$2,619$300$380,441$362,898$17,543
Germany$3,564$216$908,992$883,992$25,000
Greece$461$30$88,693$80,616$8,078
Ireland$800$26$39,290$37,552$1,738
Italy$2,556$162$447,316$424,331$22,985
Netherlands$1,112$72$198,974$184,310$14,664
Norway$350$16$42,116$34,335$7,781
Portugal$832$14$55,002$51,958$3,044
Spain$2,370$90$271,102$253,824$17,278
Sweden$260$24$56,640$52,924$3,716
Switzerland$224$12$46,948$44,748$2,200
Turkey$417$1$202,138$187,491$14,647
UK$2,727$192$566,542$554,703$11,839
ROC98)$196,500
&L&8&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-4(3.4)
CountryRiverDissloved Oxygen(DO)Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)Lead(Pb)Cadmium(Cd)Chromium(Cr)Copper(Cu)
CanadaSaskatchewan8.80.870.3251.383.05
USADelaware11.22.61.001.0001.002.00
JapanIshikari11.01.3
KoreaKeum8.81.20.00.00.0
AustraliaMurray-Darling
New ZealandWaikato
AustriaDonau11.52.50.540.00.02.35
BelgiumMeuse11.02.53.900.1001.001.80
DenmarkGudena3.0
FinlandTomiojoki11.70.230.0300.550.71
FranceLoire10.15.80.651
GermanyRhein9.93.700.2003.1010.40
GreeceStrimonas11.50.140
IrelandBoyne10.91.50.200
ItalyPo
NetherlandsRijn-Lobith10.23.04.500.0703.505.20
NorwaySkienselva0.070.0200.500.90
PortugalTejo
SpainGuadalquivir7.314.53.001.5000.05.61
SwedenDalalven0.420.0180.291.20
SwitzerlandRhin10.60.601.60
TurkeyPorsuk9.61.618.005.0005.006.00
UKThames10.23.03.500.1001.306.20
ROC(Tanshui)4.04.419.841.71011.9933.04
&L&8&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-5(3.3A,3.3B)
Unit of national population
TotalConnected to Public Waste Water Treatment PlantsOther
TotalPrimary TreatmentSecondary TreatmentTertiary Treatment
Canada94)91.078.019.026.033.013.0
USA92)70.88.532.529.8
Japan96)55.055.050.05.00.0
Korea96)52.60.951.70.0
New Zealand90)82.580.02.5
Austria95)75.574.71.438.634.70.8
Belgium95)75.427.10.027.10.048.3
Denmark96)87.487.42.113.771.60.0
Finland93)77.377.00.00.077.00.3
France95)79.077.02.0
Germany95)92.188.64.112.272.33.5
Greece67.550.026.019.05.017.5
Ireland68.061.035.026.00.07.0
Italy87)60.7
Netherlands96)98.097.40.142.355.00.6
Norway96)80.067.015.01.051.013.0
Portugal94)55.520.73.815.61.334.8
Spain95)48.310.634.43.3
Sweden94)93.093.00.06.087.00.0
Switzerland95)94.094.00.023.071.00.0
Turkey95)62.512.18.53.60.050.4
UK96)96.088.08.061.018.08.0
ROC99)45.6
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-6(7.1A)
8-6
Table 8-6 Amounts of Waste Generated
Unit1,000 Tonnes
CountryTotalAgriculture and Forestry IndustryConstructionMunicipalOther
Mining & QuarryingManufacturing IndustryEnergy ProductionWater Purification & Distribution
Canada.........96)$14,740
USA............96)$190,200
Japan94)$456,00094)$74,95094)$30,79094)$139,03091)$57,29094)$9,06094)$76,93094)$50,54094)$74,690
Korea96)$65,910......96)$36,54095)$69095)$4,27096)$11,15096)$18,220
Australia93)$560...93)$37,04093)$11,00093)$1092)$12,000
New Zealand95)$1,76095)$1,270
Austria97)$46,500.........97)$2,30097)$26,40096)$4,11097)$13,690
Belgium...$810$13,730$1,140$7,720$4,850
Denmark97)$11,850......97)$2,74097)$1,78097)$15097)$3,43097)$2,95097)$810
Finland$61,000$22,00092)$15,00092)$11,40092)$1,350$2,400$7,00094)$2,100
France95)$377,00090)$75,00095)$101,000...91)$13,70095)$34,700
Germany93)$276,560...93)$16,83093)$63,09093)$19,59093)$1,87093)$137,26093)$36,98093)$940
Greece97)$33,37097)$7,78097)$3,90097)$6,68097)$9,30097)$1,80097)$3,90097)0.0
Ireland95)$41,00095)$31,00095)$2,20095)$3,78095)$35095)$6095)$1,32095)$2,03095)$280
Italy......95)$22,21093)$1,33095)$14,31097)$26,61091)$42,500
Netherlands96)$52,91094)$17,00096)$33096)$8,81096)$1,40096)$7096)$13,95096)$8,72096)$2,640
Norway90)$18,00092)$7,60096)$2,880...93)$3,60097)$2,720
Portugal...94)$47095)$42094)$390...97)$3,80097)$70
Spain$114,000$70,000$13,830...$10,000...96)$15,310
Sweden93)$47,00093)$13,97094)$68094)$1,50094)$3,200
Switzerland96)$9,010......96)$1,500...94)$4096)$3,00096)$4,28096)$190
Turkey......94)$28,11096)$8,680...95)$20,250
UK$422,00091)$80,000$74,000$56,000$13,000$35,00090)$70,000$28,000$66,000
ROC99)$9,60999)$19,47099)$8,71699)$92
-OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1999.-
1.
2.
3.
4.1994
5./
6.Queensland
7.
8./30
9.
10./
11.1987199470
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.1993
21.
22.25200612
23.6005,0001980
/19901980
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-7(7.2A,7.2B)
8-7 1997
Table 8-7 The Amounts and Composition of Municipal Waste1997
Country GenerationComposition
Total Amounts Household WastePaper & PaperboardFood & Garden Waste, etc.PlasticsGlassMetalsTextiles & Other8887.7~88.1288.1~88.6(87
1,000 Tonnes/Kg/Capita1,000 Tonnes/Kg/Capitacheck
Canada96)$14,740$49096)$6,050$20092)$28$34$11$7$8$13$101
USA$190,204$720$108,416$410$38$24$9$6$8$15$100
Japan94)$50,536$40090)$38$32$11$7$6$7$101
Korea96)$18,223$40096)$15,411$34096)$13$33$11$3$3$37$100
Australia92)$12,000$69092)$7,000$400$22$50$7$9$5$8$101
New Zealand82)$2,106$66095)$1,269$35095)$21$56$8$3$7$5$100
Austria96)$4,110$51096)$2,775$34096)$27$27$18$8$7$13$100
Belgium96)$4,852$480$16$37$7$7$4$29$100
Denmark$2,951$560$2,776$53094)$20$47$5$4$2$24$102
Finland94)$2,100$41094)$870$17092)$26$32$6$3$35$102
France95)$28,800$48095)$20,800$350$25$29$11$13$4$18$100
Germany93)$36,976$46093)$35,402$440$41$23$3$22$8$3$100
Greece$3,900$370$20$47$9$5$5$16$102
Ireland95)$2,032$56095)$1,325$37095)$33$29$9$6$3$20$100
Italy$26,605$46086)$22$43$7$6$3$19$100
Netherlands$8,716$560$7,471$48096)$27$39$5$6$2$20$99
Norway$2,721$630$1,354$310$36$30$9$3$4$18$100
Portugal$3,800$38094)$23$35$12$5$3$23$101
Spain96)$15,307$39094)$21$44$11$7$4$13$100
Sweden94)$3,200$36090)$44$30$7$8$2$9$100
Switzerland$4,277$600$2,851$40094)$29$38$15$3$3$12$100
Turkey95)$20,253$33093)$6$64$3$2$1$24$100
UK$28,000$480$26,000$44090)$37$19$10$9$7$18$100
ROC99)$8,716$39999)$36$22$20$5$4$14$1008,565,820149,87670,219,89179,655,89221870876
-OECD Environmental, Compendium Data 1999-
1.
2.
3.976
4.
5.
6.
7.150,480
8.
9.1996(Flandere)(Wallonia)1995
10.9000
11.(DOM)52070
12.1,100
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.9
18.
19.
20.199572258
21.
1996/97
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-8(7.2C,7.4A,7.4B)
(8707-8806)149875.783
Amounts of Municipal Waste of Pop. Served Waste Recy. Rates
CompostingIncinerationLandfillRecyclingOtherPaper and CardboardGlass(8707-8806)(7.2C)Compostion IncinerationLandfillRecyclingOther
1,000 Tonnes
Canada96)$20,59899.02.85.095.026.20.092)3392)17$20,598$576$1,030$19,568$5,4040.0
USA96)$190,204100.05.417.255.421.90.096)4196)26$190,204$10,270$32,741$105,453$41,7400.0
Japan93)$50,30499.90.075.629.74.20.55492)56$50,304$19$38,013$14,958$2,103$258
Korea96)$18,22397.60.05.568.326.20.05768$18,2230.0$995$12,452$4,7760.0
Australia91)5095)42
New Zealand95)$1,2700.00.0100.00.00.093)6694)36$1,2700.00.0$1,2700.00.0
Austria$2,775100.013.015.532.031.77.96988$2,775$360$431$887$879$218
Belgium96)$2,893100.014.824.732.528.00.01675$2,893$428$715$939$8110.0
Denmark$2,776100.015.457.712.414.00.55070$2,776$428$1,602$343$390$14
Finland94)$2,100100.03.32.471.433.30.095)5762$2,100$70$50$1,500$7000.0
France95)$20,80099.58.349.846.11.90.44152$20,800$1,716$10,352$9,593$385$89
Germany93)$36,976100.05.417.451.323.32.57079$36,976$2,013$6,429$18,978$8,628$928
Greece$3,90085.00.191.37.90.02926$3,900$3$3,561$3070.0
Ireland95)$1,55092.47.60.01238$1,550$1,432$1180.0
Italy$26,6055.390.23134$26,605$1,400$24,000
Netherlands96)$8,716100.024.730.920.316.77.56282$8,716$2,150$2,693$1,768$1,453$652
Norway$2,72198.04.613.561.920.14476$2,721$124$367$1,683$548
Portugal$3,80098.05.00.095.00.00.04044$3,800$1900.0$3,6100.00.0
Spain96)$15,30715.64.676.80.60.04237$15,307$2,394$705$11,758$960.0
Sweden94)$3,200100.03.140.637.515.66276$3,200$100$1,300$1,200$500
Switzerland96)$4,27799.09.446.814.030.86391$4,277$400$2,002$598$1,318
Turkey95)$20,25372.00.694.74.73620$20,253$131$19,175$946
UK96)$26,000100.01.28.583.85.80.84026$26,000$300$2,200$21,800$1,500$200
ROC99)$8,71698.80.223.271.41.73.599)5599)288565820$9,575$22$2,259$6,957$150$337
100.000.2323.5972.663.52
$8,7162020216224$150301
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-9(13.1,13.2)
8-9
Table 8-9 Expenditure for Environment Protection
CountryPollution Abatement and Control Expenditure Public R&D Expenditure for Environment ProtectionGDP()()()1998()88()(%)()
Public & Private Sectors Public Sector
GDPas % of GDPUSD per cap.GDPas % of GDPUSD per cap.Million US$ at 1991 Price Levelas % of Total R&D Budget Appropriations19981998199819981999888888
Canada95)1.124895)0.614998)92.44.0
USA94)1.642294)0.717798)553.70.9
Japan90)1.190)0.998)93.40.6
Korea97)1.726897)1.0149
Australia96)0.818596)0.512090)47.02.9
New Zealand97)2.50.8
Austria94)1.733294)1.019398)21.62.2
Belgium96)0.920797)0.511698)21.81.7
Denmark96)0.921296)0.615198)30.53.7
Finland97)1.122497)0.611798)23.32.3
France96)1.429696)1.019998)255.72.2
Germany95)1.531095)0.816697)468.93.7
Greece95)0.810095)0.55996)12.73.9
Ireland97)3.31.6
Italy89)0.989)0.697)133.62.5
Netherlands95)1.837295)1.326498)100.14.0
Norway90)1.298)24.63.0
Portugal94)0.78794)0.67098)35.25.1
Spain93)0.56693)0.56598)86.52.6
Sweden91)1.291)0.898)11.50.8
Switzerland93)1.637892)1.096)10.30.9
UK94)0.36090)0.497)181.82.3
ROC98)1.2098)0.9099)22.81.6893896732.22107177083810599557498193287137978261171281346720612649922896521119.3833.00557543036
-OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1999.-88.8
1.
2.
(1)(Abater Principle)=+-
(2)
(3)
(4)1990GDP1.6
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)1040
(9)
(10)
(11)1991GDP0.8
(12)1992
(13)
(14)
3.
(1)1991(purchasing power parity)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)OECD
(9)
(10)1991
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman,"&8 88&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
t8-10(13.4)
8-10 1995
Table 8-10 Revenues from Environmentally Related Taxes1995
UnitMillion USD
Tax BasesROCUSAJapanNew ZealandDenmarkGermanyNetherlandsSpainSwedenUK88()884
Total$24774,81183,7661,0227,72559,16113,81711,4966,46032,34179.489332.22
Air$1565864150.2189
-Emissions to air
-Ozone depleting substances0.06160
Water0.01,2200
()-Effluents to water0
-Non-point water pollution sources0.0525470
Waste Management$621,11524013119.83
Energy Products$2955,02048,1616743,28349,5266,86210,1945,55826,1049.4404
for transport purposes$2955,02044,5576131,34441,0015,61010,1943,97023,7719.3964
-Unleaded petrol0.039,65028,9922891,33526,0293,1133,9702,9659,0690
-Leaded petrol$73111,6436851,4806,4272.2918
-Diesel$2213,50014,1611313,2481,7504,6551,0057,1537.1046
-Other energy products for transports0.01,8701,40398062891,1210
for stationary purposes$03,604611,9398,5251,2521,5882,3330.044
-Light fuel oil0.0381,0332,16765002,0790
-Heavy fuel oil0.0866810
-Natural gas0.0201,964560312540
-Coal0.03113125550
-Coke$00.0440
-Biofuels0.05540
-Other fuels for stationary use0.063170
-Electricity cons.0.03,6047934,2457580
-Electricity prod.0.01460
Transport0.018,06035,6053483,6129,6345,5791,3028136,2370
-Motor vehicles, one-off import or sales taxes0.02,7216,4962,6572,4531,3022460
-Registration or use of motor vehicles, recurrent0.015,33929,1093489559,6343,1265686,2370
GDP of GDP0.11.01.71.74.52.53.62.12.82.991430
of total tax revenue0.63.76.04.58.76.38.16.05.68.312997.4
-OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1999.-
1.88
&L&8&C&"Times New Roman,"&8&A&R&"Times New Roman," 89&","
&L&"Times New Roman,"&8&F&C&"Times New Roman,"&N&","&'-&P&R&"Times New Roman,"&8&D
Landuse/land cover
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
ha
%
ha
%
ha
%
ha
%
Forest
-20,994
-21.2
-37,601
-21.8
-25,453
-35.5
-56,894
-10.1
Agriculture
-41,036
-44.0
+14,880
+7.7
-31,694
-62.3
+12,397
+35.6
Urban/settlement
+51,068
+148.6
+34,664
+161.0
*
*
+3,400
+593.2
Grassland
+8,452
+87.2
-4,509
-56.7
-21,213
-17.9
+1,083
+3.4
Bareland/openland
+10,789
+242.0
-7175
-78.8
*
*
+214
+151.6
Water body
+3,532
+994.9
+52
+0.5
*
*
+37,800
+110.4
Watershed
Upper Citarum
Klang Langat
Magat
Chiang-Mai
Watershed size
259,505
415,409
240,868
669,242
Time
1984-1996
1974-1990
1982-1993
1985-1995
*Remotely sensed data did not clearly capture the data.
Some examples of land cover changes (km2) in Malaysia.
22716690603 80F26.6C
()30%370 PPM100%1/51/4507
()CO2180280 PPM280 PPM370 PPM131302
()
Source : WCRP
Source : NOAA/PMEL/TAO
Source : IPCC Third Assessment Report,WG1
Sustainable DevelopmentThe development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
The development should take the precautionary measure regarding the ecosystems carrying capacity, not to make serious or irreversible damage to the natural system.
Vision:Global)
More Harmonious, Prosperous, and Greener Asia (Asia)
: (Taiwan)
The ChallengeIntegrationCross disciplinaryScience of Sustainability
/ Driving ForcesStateResponse/
NGO
Quality of PeopleQuality of Life
RCM