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AKTI VITI -AKTI VITI BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN
Activities Of The Research Division
1985
Unit Tenaga Nuklear Jabatan Perdana Menteri
AKTIVITI-AKTIVITI BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN
Activities Of The Research Division
1985
i
Usaha telah diadakan untuk mengadakan laporan-laporan ini dalam bahasa Malaysia dan Inggeris. Bagaimanapun, beberapa laporan telah tidak mempunyai terjemahan dan oleh itu hanya satu bahasa diberikan.
Bahagian Penyelidikan ingin mengucapkan ribuan terima kasih kepada:
Puan Normah Md. Said kerana telah menaip manuskrip asal,
En. S. Kanesan dan En. Ng Inn Khuan kerana telah roenyedia-kan rajah-rajah asal, dan
En. Samsurdin Ahamad dan kakitangan Jabatan Sains Penerangan kerana mencetak laporan ini.
Every effort has been made to ensure that these reports are available in bahasa Malaysia and English language. However, translation to a few reports were not available and therefore these reports appear in only one language.
The Research Division would like to thank the following persons:
Mrs. Normah Md. Said for typing the original manuscripts,
Mr. S. Kanesan and Mr. Ng Inn Khuan for preparing original diagrams, and
Mr. Samsurdin Ahamad and the staff of the Information Science Department for printing these reports.
March, 1986
ii
AKTiyiTI-AKTIVITI BAHAGiaN PENYELIDIKAN 1985 • ! • • • • — • • I 1 - m~— - • « • I • • > • ! • • ! . ^ • • • I I IIP — ^ — — II H I I H » ! ! ! • • I I I I I
ACTIVITIES OF THE RESEARCH DIVISION 1985 Muka Surat
Pendahuluan dari Pengarah Penyelidikan UTN Foreword from the Director of Research UTN
1 2
1. JABATAN INSTRUMENTASI DAN KAWALAN 1. DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
1.1 Pengenalan 1,1 Introduction
3 6
1.2 Penguj i Litar Terkamil Berasaskan Penprosesmikro 9 1.2 Microprocessor-based Integrated Circuit Tester 9
1.3 "Battery-charger" untuk Bateri Jenis Nickel-Cadmium
12
1.4 A Portable Survey Meter 14
1.5 Pemasa 0.0 - 9.9 saat 1.5 0.0-9.9 second Timer
17 17
1.6 Rekod Tender/Sebutharga Berkomputer 1.6 Computerized Tender/Quotations Reeved
19 19
1.7 Rekod-rekod Latihan Personel UTN Berkomputer 1.7 Computerized Personnel Training Records
20 20
1.8 Pengawas Kawasan Keselamatan Sinaryn Unit II 21 dan III
1.8 Radiation Safety Area Monitor Units II and III 21
1.9 . Pembilang/Pemasa 6 Dekad (ubahsuai) 1.9 6 Decade Counter/Timer (modified!)
23 25
1.10 Penguat Spektroskopi 1.10 Spectroscopy Amplifier
26 20
1.11 Antaranuka Koitputer WICAT Jljagan sebarang Pencetak Centronic
1.11 Interface between WICAT Computer to any Centronic Printer
27
27
iii
Muka Surat
.12 Penguat Audio 30
.12 Audio Amplifier 30
.13 Pembekal Kuasa 5V, 5A 33
.13 5V, 5A Power Supply 33
.14 RS 232/422 Converter 35
.15 Pembilang/Pemasa GM 38
.15 GM Counter/Timer 38
.16 Penghiitpin 8085 msnggunakan N-Basic 41
.16 8085 Assembler using N-Basic 41
.17 Pemasa 0 - 9000 saat 42
.17 0 - 9000 seconds Timer 42
.18 Development of a Standard Microcomputer Unit 45
.19 Interfacing SD80 Kit to NEC Microcomputer 48
PROGRAM TEKNOLOGI NUKLEAR NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME
2.1 Pengenalan 51 2.2 Introduction 53
2.2 Spektrometer Serakan Sudut Kecil Neutron di UTN 55 2.2 A Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Spectrometer at 58
UTN
2.3 Diagnosis dan Pembangunan Teknik Radiogr&fi 59 Neutron
2.3 Diagnosis and Development of Neutron Radiographic 63 Techniques
2.4 Hubungan antara Belauan Si iar-X dengan Kehabluran 65 Selulos Sisa Kelapa Sawit Correlation between X-ray Diffraction and 65 Crystallinity of Cellulose in Oil-Palm By-products
2.5 Neutron Radiography applied as a Non-Destructive 67 Technique to Investigate Shoot and Root Development in Plants.
Muka
2.6 Penggunaan Teknik-teknik Nuklear dalam Kajian 69 Kebersihan Keadaan Kerja Industri Perlombongan Malaysia
J. 6 Application of Nuclear Techniques in Occupational 74 Hygiene Research in Mining Industries of Malaysia
2.7 Pembangunan Kaedah-kaedah Analisis Uranium dan 76 Thorium
2.7 Development of Analytical Methods in uranium and 79 Thorium Analysis
2.8 A Preliminary Study on the Use of Alpha Spectros- 30 copy for the Analysis of Uranium and Thorium Content in Liquid Samples
2.9 Pengeluaran Amonium Diuranat dan Thorium Nitrat 84 dari 'Sludge' melalui Percubaan Makmal.
2.9 Production of Ammonium Diuranate and Thorium 86 Nitrate from Sludge through Laboratory-scale Experiments.
2.10 Metallurgi Kiirpalan Aluminium untuk Tiub 87 Penyinaran Teras Reaktor
2.10 Aluminium Welding Metallurgy for a Reactor-Core 88 Irradiation Tube.
2.11 Penggunaan Bahan-bahan Tumbuhan sebagai Perencat 89 Kakisan
2.11 The use of Plant Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitors 91
2.12 Kakisan Retak-Tegasan Aloi Aluminium 93 2.12 Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Aluminium Aloy 94
2.13 Fabrikasi Alatkesan Sawar Permukaan Silikon 95 2.13 Fabrication of Silicon Surface-Barrier Detectors 95
2.14 Pembentukan Tiub Geiger-Muller '->& 2.14 Fabrication of Geiger-Muller Tubes 96
PROGRAM ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM INDUSTRI ^ ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN INDUSTRY PROGRAMME
3.1 Pengenalan 97 3.1 Introduction 98
3.2 Isotope-Hydrology Studies in Sungai Muar Basin, 99 Negeri Sembilan
V
Muka Surat
3.3 Kajian Kesan Penyerapan Radioisotop Au-198 ke 100 dalani Pulpa Kertas
3.4 Determination of Mixing Time in the Mixing Chest 102 of Kajang Paper Mill using Au-198
3.5 Anal i s i s dan Perbandingan Tr i t ium 103 3.5 Tritium Analysis and Inter-Laboratory Comparison 104
3.6 Kay-Ray Nuclear Densitometer at PETRONAS Car iga l i 105
3.7 Tinjauan ke a t a s Mutu Batik Malaysia d i Negeri 108 Kelantan
3.8 Ketahanan Warna bagi Pencelup ASBO dan ASSG pada 110 berbagai Subs t re t
3.9 Penggunaan Senula Sisa Kelapa Sawit 116 3.9 Reu t i l i za t ion of Oil-Palm By-Products 118
3.10 Pentarikhan Runut Belahan 120 3.10 Fission-Track Dating 121
3.11 Analisa Pengaktifan Neutron bagi Unsur-unsur 122 Surihan dalam Tumbuh-tumbuhan dan Tanah
3.11 Neutron Act ivat ion Analysis of Trace Elements 122 in Plants and So i l s
3.12 Penentuan Uranium dalam beberapa Sairpel Bahan 123 Galian menggunakan Teknik Anal isa Pengaktifan Neutron
3.12 Determination of Uranium in Mineral Samples 123 using Neutron Activation Analysis
3.13 Anal i s i s Pengaktifan Neutron dan Kegunaannya 124 dalam Geologi
3.13 The Applicat ions of Neutron Activat ion Analysis 126 in Geology
3.14 Komposisi Unsur dalam 'Palm-oil F ly -ash ' mela lui 127 Anal i s i s Pengaktifan Neutron
3.15 Anal i s i s Emas dalam Contoh Tanah dan Endapan 128
3.16 Kajian Unsur-unsur Beracun dalam Bahan-bahan 129 Makanan
V I Muka Surat
3.17 Ana l i s i s Mineral dalam Sampel Makanan Haiwan 130
3.18 Perkhidmatan Ana l i s i s 131
3.19 Kajian Perbandingan Teknik-teknik Anal is i s 132
3.20 Senara i Laporan/Penerbitan 136
4 . PROGRAM ISOTOP DAN SINAFAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTANIAN 4 . ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE
PROGRAMME
4 .1 Pengenalan 139 4.1 Introduct ion 141
4.2 Pengawetan Beras irengqunakan Kaedah Penyinaran 143 Gama Preservation oi Rice by Gamma Irradiax-xon 145
4.3 Kajian ke atas Penurunan Beban di dalam Kerang 147 dengan rtenggunakan Sinar Gama Studies on the Reduction of Microbial Load in 148 Cockles by Gamma Irradiation
4.4 Kesan Sinar Gama dan Masa Simpanan Sejukbeku ke 149 atas Mutu Udang Harimau (Penaeus monodon) The Effect of Irradiation and Frozen Storage Time 150 on the Quality of Tiger Shrimps (Penaeus monodon)
4.5 Use of Induced Mutations for the Induction of 151 Resistance Against Cercospora Leaf Spot in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
4.6 To Induce and Evaluate Semi-Dwarf Mutants as Cross- 152 Breeding Parents for Rice Improvement
4.7 Studies on Crop Improvement through Mutation 153 Breeding
4.8 Screening of Rock Phosphate 155
4.9 Perubahan Pengikatan Nitrogen dengan Masa bagi 156 Tanaman Kacang Tanah
4.10 Analisis Mikrob di Litar Penyejuk Reaktor TRIGA 157 PUSPATI
CARTA ORGANISASI BAHAGIAN PENYELIDIKAN
INSTRUMENTASI & KAWALAN
Ketua Jabatan
- PENYENGGARAAN
SISTEM/PRCOEK KHAS
KOMFUTER
KHIDMAT AM
BAHAGIAN FENYELIDIKAN
Pengarah Penyelidikan
TEKNOLOGT NUKLEAR
Ketua Program
- FIZIK GUNAAN
TEKNOLOGI BAHANAPI
TEKNOLOGI BAHAN
ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM INDUSTRI
Ketua Program
HIDROLOGI DAN TEKNIK PENYURIH
[JJIAN TANPA MUSNAH
KHIDMAT ANALISIS
TEKNIK NUKLEAR DALAM GEOLOGI
PEMPROSESAN MENGGUNAKAN SINARAN
ISOTOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTANIAN
Ketua Program
- PENYINARAN MAKANAN
L BIAKBAKA MUTASI
HUBUNGAN TANAH-^ANAMAN
I
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE RESEARCH DIVISION
£
INSTRUMENTATI ON AND CONTROL
Head of Department
- MAINTENANCE
- SYSTEMS/SPECIAL PROJECTS
- COMPUTER
RESEARCH DIVISION
Director of Research
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
Head of Programme
- APPLIED PHYSICS
- FUELS TECHNOLOGY
- MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
- GENERAL SERVICES
H-
ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN INDUSTRY
Head of Programme
- HYDROLOGY AND TRACER TECHNIQUES
- NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
- ANALYTICAL SERVICES
ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE
Head of Programme
- FOOD IRRADIATION
- MUTATION BREEDING
- SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP
- NUCLEAR TECHNICOUES IN GEOLOGY
- RADIATION PROCESSING
1
PEIOMULUAN
Sepertimana yang dorancangkan, s e k a l i l a g i Bahagian Penyelidikan t e l ah dapat menerbitkan laporan keduanya mengenai aktivifci-a k t i v i t i penyelidikan dan pembangunannya bagi tahun 1985. Dengan i n i saya ingin mengambil kesempatan mengucapkan r a s a ter ima kas ih dan penghargaan kepada kakitangan Bahagian Penyelidikan khususnya dan nereka-nereka yang t e l a h menyumbang bagi menjayakan penerbitan in i aranya.
Bertepatan dengan v;aktunya, kerajaan sedang memberikan perha t ian s e r t a penekanan khusus kepada a k t i v i t i penyelidikan dan pembangunan d i se luruh negara dalam usaha membangunkan negara i n i dengan lebih sempurna s e r t a meningkatkan l a g i t a ra f sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Bidang-bidang per indus t r i an dan per tanian terutamanya adalah xnerupakan bidang-bidang yang dapat nenyumbang ke arah peningkatan t a ra f ekonomi sedangkan bidang parubatan pula ke arah peningkatan nutu kesihatan d i negara i n i . Bidang-bidang l a in juga adalah per lu dalam konteks pembangunan negara secara umum.
Penyelidikan dan pembangunan yang di ja lankan oleh OTN pe r lu l ah itenekankan kepada aspek-aspek penggunaan yang sesua i dan bermena-faa t daj.am usaha msmperkenalkan teknik- teknik nuklear d i negara i n i s e r t a irenggalakkan penggunaannya. Sehubungan dengan i n i UTN juga sedang berusaha supaya dapat memindahkan beberapa aspek teknologi nuklear yang sesua i terutama kepada pihak i n d u s t r i . Berdasarkan projek-projek penyelidikan yang di jalankan oleh Bahagian i n i secara khusus, saya berkeyakinan usaha-usaha yang sedang k i t a jalankan i n i akan mencapai matlaraatnya.
Ki ta juga sedang itemasuki satu tempoh penting i a i t u terrpoh Rancangan Malaysia Ke Lima (1986-1990). Projek-projek khusus yang dicadangkah untuk di jalankan selama tempoh i n i akan cuba dilaksanakan dengan sebaik-baiknya. Dengan adanya asas-asas yang kuat yang t e l a h dibangunkan sejak tempoh-tempoh rancangan sebelum-nya inaka saya percaya Bahagian i n i t e l a h bersedia untuk menghadapi tempoh Rancangan Malaysia Ke Lima i n i . Dengan i n i saya berharap semoga Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan dalam irenggunakan teknik nuklear secara aman d i negara i n i akan benar-benar dapat nemberi menafaat dan meinainkan peranan yang berkesan dalam bidang-bidang utama yang dise tu tkan d i a t a s dan s e k a l i gus iremberi kesan yang p o s i t i f dalam konteks pembangunan negara.
Selamat Men jalankan Tug as
DR. AHMAD SOBRI HJ. HASHIM Pengarah Penyelidikan, H i i t Tenaga Nuklear.
2
FOREWORD
As planned, once again Research Division is able to publish its second report on its research and development activities undertaken for the year 1985. On this occassion may I take the opportunity to thank and express my appreciation to all staff of Research Division in particular, and also to all those who have contributed in making this report a success.
Right on time the government is presently giving special attention and emphasis on activities of research & development conducted in the country in the effort towards national development and to improve the socio-economic status of the people. The fields of industry and agriculture especially are considered as being the Host appropriate fields in contributing towards improvement of the economic standards of the people while the field of medicine could help improve the standard of health in this country.
Research and development undertaken by UTN must emphasise on aspects of applications which are relevant and beneficial in our effort to introduce nuclear techniques in this country and to promote its applications. In view of this, UTN is currently making special efforts towards the possible transfer of some aspects of nuclear technology especially to the industry. Judging from the research projects being undertaken by this division in particular, I have full confidence that our endeavour will lead to the achievement of the set objectives.
We are now on the verge and entering an important period of development, the Fifth Malaysia Plan (1986-1990). Special projects destined to be implemented in this period are expected to be carried out effectively. With the experience gained from previous periods of development/ I believe this Division is now ready to embark on some new projects in the 5th Malaysia Plan. It is my ardent wish that Research & Development in the applications of nuclear techniques for peaceful purposes in this country would indeed result in beneficial applications and able to play effective role in the main fields as mentioned above, and at the same time render a positive effect in the context of national development.
DR. AHMAD SOBRI HJ. HASHIM Director of Research Division Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN).
1
JABATAN INSTRUMENTASI DAN KAWALAN
Z>E J&AKfZT ME NT O E Z M S 7~ /RiJ M E M~T / I T Z O M
sahtz? COMT no i .
3
JABATAN IN5TRLJMENTASI DAN KAWALAN
1.1 Pengenalan:
Menyenggara pera la tan s a i n t i f i k t i dak seirudah penyenggaraan
pera la tan e l e k t r o n i k b iasa yang digunakan d i rumah-rumah. I n i
adalah kerana rekabentuk pera la tan s a i n t i f i k berbeza-beza mengikut
kegunaan dan pengeluarannya- Oleh i t u kecekapan dan kefahaman
dalam bidang elektronik dan rekabentuk sistem peralatan saint i f ik
sangat perlu. Oleh kerana penjualan a la t -a la t i n i terhad dan
negara k i ta terpaksa irengimportnya, maka harga pembelian dan
penyenggaraan adalah t inggi . Kadangkala didatangkan kepakaran
luar untuk nenyenggara alat dan in i merumitkan lagi keadaan.
Semasa alat t idak boleh digunakan ki ta masih perlu nembayar gaj i
kakitangan dan nenjelaskan b i l - b i l la in. Oleh itu kerja penyeli-
dikan atau perkhidmatan bukan sahaja terganggu, malah kerugian
dar i segi perbelanjaan pengurusan terpaksa ditanggung.
Atas kesedaran i n i , Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan (JIK) d i -
tubuhkan d i Unit Tenaga Nuklear dengan tujuan untuk mengadakan
kepakaran d i dalam bidang baik-pulih a la t d i samping cuba membantu
agensi-agensi lain sedaya yang mampu.
Menyedari hakikat bahawa ki ta masih jauh ketinggalan d i bidang
rekabentuk sistem peralatan maka beberapa projek pembangunan a la t /
sistem yang dapat digunakan dalam penyelidikan juga dilaksanakan
berpandukan pengalaman yang diperolehi semasa menyenggarakan a l a t -
alat yang ada.
Bagi melengkapkan JIK dengan kakitangan yang berpengalaman,
latihan sambil kerja dan kursus diperolehi dengan bantuan IAEA,
UNDP, JAERI, KAERI dan Iain-lain. Sekarang Jabatan i n i telah
mampu mengadakan program latihan untuk kakitangan barunya.
4
Untuk neirudahkan penyGlarasan, JIK telah dibohogikan kgpada empat
unit berasingan te tap i berkait rapat antara satu sama lain ia i tu :
i . Unit panyenggaraan
i i . Unit pembangunan sistem/projek khas
i i i . Unit komputer
iv. Unit khidmat am
Aktiviti Unit Penyenggaraan
Aktivit i khidmat penyenggaraan diteruskan kepada senua a la t -a la t
d i UTN. Untuk mengemaskinikan perjalanan ak t i v i t i in i / ak t iv i t i
panyenggaraan dipecahkan kepada dua bahagiai ia i tu pembaikan dan
pengujian. Bahagian penibaikan nelakukan tugas-tugas menibetul dan
nembaiki a la t -a la t yang rosak manakala bahagian pengujian nel iput i
proses penerimaan a la t -a la t baru untuk d iu j i dan nembuat penyeng
garaan berkala d i mana pembersihan, ujian dan tentukuran dilakukan.
Selain dar i a la t -a la t UTN, khidmat penyenggaraan kepada i n s t i t u s i -
ins t i tus i luar juga diperluaskan sepert i Syarikat Velosi/ MARDI,
UFM, UTM, UKM, Syarikati United Inspection Services dan Ia in- la in .
Sepanjang tahun 1985 sebanyak 130 buah alat rosak tclah diterima
oleh JIK da r i jabatan-jabatan dalam UTN. Pada keseluruhannya
a la t -a la t yang telah dihantar untuk dibaiki telah dapat diseleng-
garakan. Cuma sebilangan kecil sahaja kelewatan disebabkan
ketiadaan manual servis , rajah l i t a r elektronik serta kesusahan
nendapatkara'komponen alat ganti yang sesuai. Sebanyak 26 buah
alat rosak juga diterima dar i ins t i tus i luar untuk dibaiki oleh
jabatan i n i .
Aktivit i Unit Sistem/Projek Khas
Unit in i nengandungi beberapa projek pembangunan yang berkaitan
dengan instrumentasi dan kawalan. l a dibahagikan kepada empat
bahagian seper t i berikut:
i . Unit pengumpulan data
5
i i . Unit sistem Kawalan Nukleonik
i i i . Unit penyelidikan dan pembangunan a la t -a la t nuklear
iv. Unit penyelidikan dan pembangunan a la t -a la t yang
barasaskan pemproses mikro dan koitpiter mikro.
Pada tahun 1985, unit in i telah giat menyelidiki dan membangunkan
a la t -a la t khasnya untuk kegunaan UIN. Di tahun-tahun hadapan
unit in i akan mencuba untuk menyelidik dan irembangunkan a la t -a la t
untuk dipasarkan setanding dengan dasar per^yarikatan Malaysia.
Peralatan-peralatan yang dibangunkan dinyatakan d i dalam laporan-
lapcaran berikut.
Aktivi t i Unit Komputer
Pada masa in i penggunaan sistem komputer dalam rrenyelesaikan ber-
bagai masalah pengurusan dan penyelidikan menjadi sangat popular.
Pengurusan, pembahagian masa koitputer, pembangunan sistem 'hardware'
dan perisian dikendalikan oleh unit i n i . Buat masa Ini 4 sistem
aturcara penyimpanan maklumat berkomputer telah diusahakan oleh
unit in i ia i tu :
a. Kawalan kewangan
b. Rekod kelewatan kakitangan
c . Sistem rekcd latihan kakitangan
d. «Sistem penyenggaraan berkonputer
Akhir kata kejayaan dan kemajuan ak t i v i t i - ak t i v i t i d i jabatan ini
bergantung pada berkat usaha para jurutera dan juruteknik menjalan-
kan tugas-tugas nereka dengan penuh dedikasi dan bartanggungjawab
dengan kemudahan peralatan yang telah sedia ada supaya dapat
digunakan sepenuhnya tanpa pembaziran.
MOHAMAD NASIR B. ABDUL WAHID Pemangku Ketua Jabatan Instrumentasi dan Kawalan.
6
uEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
1.1 Introduction
Repair and maintenance of scient if ic instrument is not as easy
compared to repair of normal electronic equipment found in our
homes. This is because each design is different from others and
depends on i t s application and manufacturer. Therefore, mainte
nance of each scient i f ic instrument requires sk i l l and a deep
understanding in the field of electronics . Due to the limited
availabil i ty of scient if ic instruments locally, we are forced to
import them and as a resu l t , there wil l inevitably be an increase
in price and maintenance costs . Sometimes, foreign expert have to
be called in, in order to maintain the equipment and th i s further
complicates the s i tuat ion. While the equipment is not functioning,
we s t i l l have to pay for the cost of keeping the equipment, staff
salar ies and other b i l l s that need se t t l ing . Thus, not only are we
at a loss when equipment break down, our daily routine work wil l
also be affected.
Due to th i s awareness, the Department of Instrumentation and
Control was formed in UTN. I t s main aim is to create expertise in
the maintenance of nuclear and scientif ic instruments and to ass is t
other local agencies in the maintenance of their equipment.
Using the experience gained while maintaining electronic instruments,
the department has produced several designs of an assembly of
equipment that: are used in our research laboratories.
Aid from IAEA, UNDP, JAERI, KAERI and other organisations have been
obtained in the form of courses or on-the-job training so as to
provide our officers more exposure on the subject and gain more
experience in th i s f ie ld . Our department is now capable of organi-v>>
sing our own training programs for our new staff.
For the smooth and efficient running of the department, i t is
divided into four different units and each unit is closely related
7
to the other:-
i . Maintenance Unit
i i . Development of systems/Special Project Unit
i i i . Computer Unit
iv. General Services Unit
Maintenance Unit Activit ies
Maintenance service ac t iv i t ies are continued ca a l l equipment in
UIN. For i t s eff icient running, the maintenance act ivi ty is
divided into two sections namely corrective maintenance and
test ing of equipment. The corrective maintenance section deals
with maintenance of faulty eqaipment while the test ing section
deals with the process of receiving new equipment for testing and
carrying out scheduled preventive maintenance in which calibra
t ion , test ing and cleaning of equipment are done. Other than
equipment from UTN, maintenance services are also expanded t o
other organizations such as Syarikat Velosi, MARDI, UPM, UTM, UKM,
Syarikat United Inspection Services and many others .
In 1985, 130 faulty equipment were received by the Instrumentation
and Control Department from various departments in UTN. On the
whole, equipment sent for maintenance could be repaired with the
exception of a few delays due to the non-availability of service
manuals, electronic c i rcu i t diagrams and the problems of getting
suitable replacements for spare-parts. About 26 faulty equipment
were also received from outside organisation for repair by the
Department.
System/Special Projects Unit Activit ies
This uni t i s developing a few projects which are related to
instrumentation and control. I t is divided into four sections as
follows:
8
i . Data Collection Unit:
i i j Nucleonic Control Tystem Unit
i i i . Research and Development-, of Nuclear Instruiri3 i'c Unit
iv. Research and development of microprocessor-base"1, and
micro-computer based instruments Unit.
In 1985, th i s unit has been actively involved in the research and
development of equipment especially for UTN. In tlie near future,
th i s unit wi l l t r y t o carry out research and development of
equipment to be marketed in compliance with the government's ca l l
for privat izat ion.
The equipment that are being developed are lisi:c/j) hi The ensuing
reports .
Computer Unit Activi t ies
Today, the use of computer systems for solving various problems in
administration and research is becoming very popular. This unit
deals with administration, allocation of computer time, and develop-
irent of system's hardware and software. Four programs of computeri
sed information storage has been developed by th i s uni t . They are:
a. Financial administration
b . Record of employee's l a t e arr ival t o work
c . Employee's t raining record
d. Computerised maintenance system
In conclusion, the success and progress of the ac t iv i t i e s in th i s
department depends on the in i t i a t ive and hard .work of engineers and
technicians in carrying cut their responsibi l i t ies with dedication
and making fu l l use of the t e s t equipment that are already available.
MOHAMAD NASIR B . ABDUL WAHID Act ing Head, Department of Instrumentation and Control
9
1.2 Penguj i L i t a r Terkamil Berasaskan Perrprosesmikro
Jamaludin bin Omar, Sakilah Mansor, Najib Zakey dan Chong Foh Yoong
Erojek i n i adalah untuk merekabentuk s e r t a itienyiapkan sa tu s is tem
penguj i l i t a r terkamil (IC) yang berasaskan pamprosesmikro 8085A.
Penguj i IC i n i akan digunakan bag i menguji IC-IC yang baru d i -
ter ima d a r i pemtekal. Kebolehan untuk mengaturcarakan s is tem
t e l a h membolehkan sebilangan besar IC d i g i t a l d a r i keluarga TTL
s i r i 74 dan keluarga CMOS d i u j i .
1.2 Micprccessor-based In t eg ra t ed -Ci rcu i t Tester
Jamaludin bin Omar, Sakilah Mansor, Najib Zakey dan Chong Foh Yoong
This p r o j e c t i s t o design and develop a microprocessor-based IC
t e s t e r based on the 8085A micprocessor. This t e s t e r w i l l be used
t o t e s t newly-received ICs from s u p p l i e r s . The a b i l i t y t o
programire the system makes i t possdibble t o t e s t some d i g i t a l ICs
from the 74 s e r i e s TTL and CMOS fami l i e s .
CPU
X-TAL
MASUKAN r—u nn f te-(INPUT) C—>\ b U ° 5
rjDI 1
A A A
DATA/ALAMAT , _ "v (DATA/ADDRESS) L Z
ALAMAT A0-A7 ,_ (ADDRESS) L
ALAMAT A8-A15 r IADDRESS)
KAWAL r (CONTROL) L
3EI
SELAK ALAMAT (CHECK ADDRESS,
8212
A TS
PENGKOD ALAMAT (AODRESS DECODER)
EPROM
2716
7K
2716
74LS138 H
7\
m 2716
"v
RAM / I/O PENGKALAN I/O
(I/O PORT)
SOKET IC (IC SOCKET)
A i /p
8155
A ?\
2
O/f
8255
A A A '
-v
PEMAPAR & PAPANKUNCI (DISPLAY 1 KEYBOARD)
7) PEMAPAR 7-SEGMEN (7-SEGMENT DISPLAY)
PAPANKUNCI (KEYBOARD)
7\ 74LS1S6
A~~
8279
(\ / \ " A
Rajah 1.2.1; Gambarajah blok penguji IC
Figure 1.2.1; Block diagram of the IC tester
11
J-
Rajah 1.2.2; Alat Penguji l i t a r terkamil yang direka d i UTN
Figure 1.2.2: The integrated-circuit tes ter that was made a t UTN
"Battery-charger" Untuk Bateri Jenis Nickel-Cadmium
Tijan Gendut dan Chong Foh Yoong
Alat i n i digunakan khas untuk irengecas ba ter i jenis Nickel-
Cadmium. Di samping itu juga alat in i boleh digunakan sebagai
a la t bekalan kuasa. Alat ini nenggunakan konponen yang sedikit
sahaja.
Alat i n i mengandungi dua volt an keluaran (output) yang tetap
ia i tu 20 volt dan 40 vo l t , walaupun jumlah arus berubah-ubah.
Oleh i tu ia boleh digunakan sebagai bekalan kuasa untuk a la t -
a la t yang menerlukan bekalan kuasa 20 volt and 40 vo l t .
Sementara itu arus (current) boleh dilaraskan dar i 0 hingga
maksinunt 250mA. Pada keluaran 20 vol t arus boleh dilaraskan
hingga 200 mA manakala pada keluaran 40 vol t arus boleh d i
laraskan hingga 250 mA. Jumlah arus i n i boleh dilaraskan
irenggunakan pelaras yang ada dai boleh d i l iha t pada meter.
Rajah 1 .3 .1 : Pengecas b a t e r i j e n i s Nickel-Cadmiam
A Portable Survey Meter
Mohd Azhar Mazlan, Chong Fob Yoong and Najib Zakey
The portable radiat ion survey meter is powered by 3 x 1.5V
bat te r ies for the detection o : radiation up to 100 mR/hr.
This portable survey meter has a Geiger-Muller cylindrical
tuba (IM> G22-55p) as i t s sensitive par t .
The meter i s cal ibrated for a ful l-scale deflection (f .s .d.)
of 1 mR/hr, 10 mR/hr and 100 mR/hr Which can be selected by
a front-panel selector switch. The portable meter has an
LED display and an audio speaker to indicate power supply on
and for audible warning purposes respectively.
At the moment, the casing for the instrument has been
completed, but unfortunately certain components such as
miniature switch and loudspeaker are not available.
This instrument i s yet to be calibrated to ensure correct
and re l iable reading of radiation level .
MtGH VQU*C£
-H Dt&CRttHHMOA
^-v j
fit cornixf»
Figure 1.4.1: Block Diagram of the portable survey meter
in
16
Figure 1.4.2; The completed and operational portable survey meter
17
1.5 Bemasa 0.0-9.9 Saat
Glam Hadzir P. Mohd, Najib Zakey dart Chong Foh Yoong
Bemasa i n i merupakan suatu pemasa p rase t yang d i reka khas untuk
kegunaan bagi membuka dan msnutup in j ap neumatik. Keluaran d a r i -
pada pemasa i n i nerupakan suatu denyut yang beranpl i t iud 15V yang
akan memacu suatu selenoid d i dalam in j ap neumatik dan seterusnya
akan nenibuka in jap t e r sebu t dalam j u l a t masa yang d i te tapkan .
J u l a t masa in i boleh d i p i l i h dengan neletakkan kadudukan preset
pada n i l a i yang dikehendaki, d i antara 0.0 hingga 9.9 s a a t . Ter-
dapat dua su i s untuk nemilih j u l a t masa, satu untuk pendarab 1/10
s aa t dan satu l a g i untuk pendarab 1 s aa t .
Terdapat juga suafcti. s u i s mula yang digunakan untuk meirulakan proses
membilang masa. Bi la s u i s i n i d i tekan , pemasa akan membilang
sehingga n i l a i masa yang ditetapkan dan kemudian akan berhen t i .
Semasa proses membilang sedang dilakukan, pemasa akan menghasilkan
suatu denyut yang berarnplitiud 15V pada keluaran, dan b i l a habis
membilang masa, keluarannya adalah 0 V.
1.5 0.0-9.9 Second Timer
Glam Hadzir P. Mohd, Najib Zakey and Chong Foh Yoong
This p re se t t i t ter was spec ia l ly designed for con t ro l l ing a pneumatic
va lve . The timsr w i l l produce a 15V pulse which i s used for dr iv ing
the solenoid in the pneumatic valve and farce the valve t o the open
p o s i t i a i for a ce r t a in time as p r e s e t . This i n t e rva l can be se lected
t o a des i red value by se lec t ing the switch pos i t ion between 0.0 t o
9.9 seconds. There are two switches for the p r e s e t , one i s for 1/10s
mul t ip l i e r and the other i s for 1s mu l t ip l i e r .
Another button t h a t i s avai lable i s a s t a r t but ton. When t h i s button
i s pushed in , the t imer w i l l s t a r t counting the 10 Hz, 15V pulses up
t o t h e p re se t t ime. During the counting process , the timer output i s
15V and a f t e r the counting process i s f in i shed , the timer output
becomes OV,
18
,*?
W
m '*M-;f' &- ."<«.-
R a j a h 1 . 5 . 1 : TV--•.•••> n - n.Q K q a 1 .
Figure 1 .5 .1 : Tlv 0 - -).9 !;e-..:ond twiner
19
1.6 Rekod Tender/Scbutharga Berkonputer
Razali Hanrcah*, Ahmad Baihaki Yatim+, Azri Hashim, Nik Aeshah Nik
Muctapha dan Abdul La t i f Ismail
Sistem i n i marupakan sa tu s is tem penyirnpanan rekod-rekcd tender dan
sebutharga ke dalam komputer. l a menyimpan maklumat-maklumat
panting bagi tender dan sebutharga yang mana maklumat-maklumat i n i
akan diambil k i r a bagi menentukan kemajuan pembayaran/ s t a t u s
semasa dan rekod-rekod pembayaran bagi tender dan se tu tharga .
Maklumat yang disenaraikan akan dapat membantu pihak pengurusan
membuat keputusan atau merancang sesuatu mengenai tender dan sebut
harga. Sistem i n i juga kelak akan digabungkan dengan sa tu sistem
yang l eb ih besar i a i t u Sistam Kawalan Kewangan.
Sistem i n i menggunakan Komputer Supermikro Wicat dan menggunakan
bahasa COBOL.
*Bahagian Kendalian
+Bahagian Pentadbiran
1.6 Computerized Tender/Quotations Records
Razali Hamzah*, Ahmad Baihaki Yatim+, Azri Hashim, Nik Aeshah Nik
Mustapha and Abdul La t i f Ismail
This system s t o r e s records of tenders and quota t ions . I t s t o r e s
the important da ta in order t o determine payment p rogress , cur ren t
s t a t u s and payment records for tenders and quo ta t ions .
This w i l l allow management t o plan properly and make decis ion
regarding tenders and quo' at^cns through t h i s information. This
system w i l l be combined with the F inanc ia l Control System in the
near fu tu r e .
This system i s implemented in the Wicat Supermicro and i s wr i t t en
in COBOL.
*Operation Division
+Mminis t ra t ion Division
20
1.7 Rekod-rekod Latihan Personel UTN Berkomputer
Azri Hashim, Abdul Latif Ismail dan Zaidan Kandar*
Sistem i n i merupakan kerjasama Jabatan Latihan dengan Unit Komputer
dalam mana ia merupakan salah satu media bagi Jabatan Latihan untuk
irenyimpan rekod-rekod lat ihan personel UTN.
Sistem In i dapat membantu Jabatan Latihan terutama dalam hal -hal
ironcapai, rrensenarai, nengisih, mengeluarkan lapcaran dan seterusnya
mencetak mengikut kehendak sepe r t i yang te lah diprogramkan ke dalam
komputer dengan lebih cepat dan t epa t . Senarai la t ihan se t i ap per
sonel , bentuk l a t ihan yang d ihad i r i s e t i ap tahun oleh personel UTN
samada d i dalam atau luar negeri dan I a i n - l a i n , dapat membantu
Jabatan Latihan dalam tujuan-tujuan menganalisa.
Ia diimplementasikan d i dalam Komputer Peribadi NEC 8000 dengan
menggunakan DBASE I I . Data-data disimpan d i dalam "floppy d isk '
yang diselenggarakan t e ru s oleh Jabatan Latihan.
*Jabatan Latihan
1.7 Computerized Personel Training Records
Azri Hashim, Abdul Lat if Ismail and Zaidan Kandar*
This system i s a cooperation betwaen the Training Department and
Computer Unit. I t i s one of the iredia for the Training Department
to s tore UTN personel t ra in ing records .
This system helps the Department in accurate accessing, l i s t i n g ,
producing repor ts and also p r in t ing according to the program. The
t ra in ing l i s t i n g for every personel , type of t r a in ing attended by
UTN personel every year e i ther loca l ly or abroad w i l l a s s i s t the
Department in analysing the information.
The NEC 8000 Personel Computer running DBase I I i s used. Data i s
stored in the floppy disk and maintained d i r e c t l y by the Training
Department.
*Training Department
21
Pengawas Kawasan Keselamatan Sinaran Unit I I dan I I I
Abu Bakar Ghazali , Rosmaini, Chong Foh Yoong dan Najib Zakey
Uni t -un i t i n i adalah untuk nengawas paras s inaran d i b i l i k - b i l i k
"Hot Ce l l " dan 9 9 l t Tc.
Rekahentuknya adalah hampir sama dengan un i t pertama yang t e l a h
dipasang pada Bunker I I I , Unit Piawaian per ingkat kedua. Perbeza-
annya ia lah a la t -awas berada l eb ih kurang 100m d a r i a l a t kesan.
Untuk mendapatkan i s y a r a t pada masukan a la t -awas , pengubahsuaian
par lu dibuat pada a l a t kesan. Sebuah l i t a r penukar GM dipasangkan
barsama dengan ala tkesan untuk menghasilkan denyut bermagnitud 12V
dan lebar 50 ^ s untuk s e t i a p sinaran yang dikesan. Sebanyak 4 buah
kafcel 100m digunakan untuk s e t i a p u n i t , i a i t u Pembekal 12V untuk
l i t a r penukar G.M., pembekal 850 VDC untuk iremandu a la tkesan GM
(IND 720) , i s y a r a t keluaran dan katod/bumi.
Radiatj ,n Safety Area Monitor Uni ts I I and I I I
Abu bakar Ghazali , Rosmaini, Chong Foh Yoong and Najib Zakey
The u n i t s are used t o monitor the r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s a t t h e Hot -ce l l
and rooms.
The design i s almost s imi la r to the f i r s t u n i t which has been
i n s t a l l ed a t bunker I I I , SSDL. The only d i f ference i s t h a t the
monitor i s i n s t a l l e d about 100 m away from i t s probe . In order t o
ge t the s igna l s of t h e moni tor ' s input modification has t o be made
a t the probe. A GM inve r t e r c i r c u i t i s incorporated with the
de tec tor t o produce a standard pu l se of +12V - magnitude and 50 us
- width for each r a d i a t i o n de tec ted . There are 4 100 m - cables
for each u n i t , being + 12V DC supply t o the GM i n v e r t e r , 850 V DC
supply t o operate the GM de tec to r (LND 720), output s igna l and
cathode/ground.
22
Raj ah 1.8.1; Alat Pengawas Kawasan Keselamatan
Figure 1.8.1: The Radiation Safety Area Monitor
23
1.9 Bembilangan/Bemasa 6 Dekad (ubahsuai)
Abu Bakar Ghazali, Chong Foh Yoong dan Najib Zakey
Mat in i direka khas untuk nengkamilkan paras kontamlnasi
radioaktrf pada serombong unum d i blok reaktor. Spesif ikasi
yang diperlukan ialah pemasa boleh di 'preset 'kan atau d i -
berhentikan pada bi la-bi la niasa dan untuk kedua keadaan i n i ,
masa operasi a la t dan junilah bilangan boleh dipaparkan dengan
manggunakan sebuah suis pemilih.
Alat in i adalah projek ubahsuaian dar i alat pembilang/pemasa
6 dekad yang dilaporkan dalam Akt iv i t i -ak t iv i t i Bahagian
Benyelidlkan 1984. la rcenggunakan 2 l i t a r terkamil ( I .e . )
pembilang/pemandu 6 dekad jenis 50395, masing-nesing digunakan
sebagai peitibilang dan peniasa. Masukan pembilang untuk masa
nenerima isyarat dar i pemilih 0.1S/0.01m/ext. Voltan ambang
untuk isyarat masukan perlu berada dalam lingkaran OV hingga
4.8V dengan t idak mengira bentuk isyarat tersebut. l a boleh
ditetapkan dengan mengubah sebuah pengubah voltan pada PCB.
Bsmapar 6 dekad 7-segiten boleh itiemaparkan jumlah bilangan atau
masa operasi dengan menggunakan sebuah suis pemilih. 9 buah
l i t a r terkamil suis analog jenis 4016 digunakan untuk nensuis-
kan 26 penyambung dar i 2 buah penibilang/peniandu kepada pemapar.
P E M A P A R 6 D E K A D
( 6 D I O D E
O I S P L A V I
M A S U K A N ( I N P U T )
P E M B E K A L KUAS A
IPOWER 12V S U P P L Y ) 5 V
50Hz
>13 Laluand3Ways)
P E M B I L A N G 1
( C O U N T E R 1 )
, _ r P E M B I L A N G II
( C O U N T E R II )
P E M A S A ( T I M E R )
0.15 /0.001m /ext
PCB
(1/1O/10O/1K/1OK1 X (1/2/4/8)
X(0.15/O.01m/ext.)
Rajah 1.9.1: Pembilang/Pemasa 6 dekad (ubahsuai)
Figure 1^9.1.* 6 decade Counter/Tiiter (modified)
25
1.9 6 Decade Counter/Tiner (modified)
Abu Bakar Ghazali, Chong Foh Yoong and Najib Zakey
The instrument was specially designed for integrating the
radioactive contamination level at the reactor block stack
monitor. The required specifications are i t s timer can be
preset or stopped at any time and for both conditions, the
operation time and the to ta l count can be displayed by using
a selector.
The instrument is an upgraded project from the 6 decade
counter/Timer reported in the Activit ies of the Research
Division 1984. I t uses a 2 6-decade counter/driver ICs type
50395, one for the counter and the other i s for the timer.
The time-counter input receives a signal from 0.1S/0.01m/ext.
selector. The threshold voltage at the input signal should
be in the range of OV to 4.8V irrespective of the signal
shape. The threshold can be set by adjusting a potentiometer
at the PCB. The 7-segmant 6-^decade display can ei ther display
the t o t a l count or the operation time by a selector switch.
9 4016-analog switch ICs are used for switching the 26 lines
of the 2 counter/driver ICs t o the display.
26
1.10 Penguat Spaktroskopi
Mohd Sabri dan Abu bakar Ghazali
Sebuah penguat untuk pengukuran spektroskopi nuklear t e l a h d i -
b ina . l a direkabentuk supaya sesua i dengan modul NIM.
Masukan penguat nenerima i sya ra t d a r i sehuah pra penguat. Masa
na ik i s y a r a t t e r sebu t n e s t i l a h kurang atau sama dengan 0.25 yus
supaya sesua i dengan rangkaian penapis penguat. Sebuah l i t a r
pembatal kutub-s i far adalah sebahagian dar ipada l i t a r peringkat
masukan penguat t e r sebu t dan ianya berkesan untuk i s y a r a t
masukan yang mempunyai masa turun lebih besar d a r i 40 jus.
I sya ra t masukan boleh j a d i p o s i t if atau negat i f dan bentuk
i s y a r a t pada keluaran boleh d i p i l i h samada unipolar a tau b i p o l a r .
Penguat i n i meninggikan i s y a r a t masukan dengan faktor 2, 4, 8,
16, 32 dan 64. l a juga mempunyai kawalan pengganda h a l u s .
Gandaan maksima adalah 270 dan keluaran maksima adalah 12.2V.
1.10 Spectroscopy Amplifier
Mohd Sabri and Abu Bakar Ghazali
An amplif ier for nuclear spectroscopy measureitent has been b u i l t .
I t was designed according to the NIM bin format.
The input r ece ives s i g n a l from a pre ampl i f ie r . The r i s e time of
the s ignal should be l e s s than or equal t o 0.25 / i s for proper
match t o the ampli f ier f i l t e r network. A pole-zero cance l l a t i on
c i r c u i t i s incorporated in t h e amplif ier input s tage and i t i s
e f f ec t ive for input s igna l s having a decay time g rea t e r than
40 / i s . The input s ignal can be pos i t i ve or negat ive and the ou t
put shape can be e i t h e r un ipo la r or b ipo la r . The amplif ier
amplifies in the input s i g n a l by a fac tor of 2, 4 , 8 , 16, 32 and
64. I t a l so has a f ine gain c o n t r o l . The maximum gain i s 270
and t h e maximum output i s 12.2V.
27
1.11 Antaramuka Komputer WICAT dengan Sebarang Pencetak Centronic
Abu Bakar Hasan, Jamaluddin Omar, Najib Zakey dan Glam Hadzir P.
Mohamad
Data boleh d ihan ta r seca ra s i x i atau s e l a r i dar ipada komputer WICKT
kepada sebarang pencetak. Sistem s e l a r i akan menghasilkan suatu
sistem yang leb ih baik kerana h a s i l ce tak d ipe ro leh i dalam jangka-
masa yang l eb ih pendek.
Projek pertama irengubah d a t a s i r i kepada da t a s e l a r i . Data s i r i
dar ipada pengkalan a u k s i l l a r i d i terminal QUME diraasukkan ke l i t a r
e l ek t ron ik yang d i reka khas bagi mengubah da ta -da ta t e r s e t u t kepada
da ta s e l a r i yang keirudiannya disambungkan ke pengkalan pencetak
cen t r cn i c .
Projek kedua menggunakai pengkalan masukan-keluaran komputer WICAT
d i mana da t a s e l a r i disambung t e rus kepada pencetak cen t ron ic
dengan berdasarkan konsep komunikasi da t a t e r t e n t u .
1.11 In t e r f ace Between WICAT Computer t o any Centronic P r in t e r
Abu Bakar Hasan, Jamaluddin Omar, Najib Zakey and Glam Hadzir P.
Mohamad
Data can be sent from the WICAT computer e i t h e r by s e r i a l or
p a r a l l e l da ta t r an s f e r to the p r i n t e r . The l a t t e r system produces
a much b e t t e r system s ince we can ge t t he p r i n t - o u t s f a s t e r .
The f i r s t p ro j ec t i s t o convert the s e r i a l da ta t o the correspon
ding p a r a l l e l d a t a . S e r i a l da ta from t h e aux i l i a ry po r t of QUME
terminal goes in to a s p e c i a l l y designed e l e c t r o n i c c i r c u i t which
i s then being converted i n t o p a r a l l e l d a t a . These p a r a l l e l d a t a
i s then fed t o the Centronic por t of the p r i n t e r .
The second pro jec t i s t o use the WICAT's p a r a l l e l input-output
p o r t ; in t h i s case p a r a l l e l da ta i s d i r e c t l y l inked t o the
Centronic p r i n t e r by a high da ta communication concept.
to CD
Komputar
(Computer)
WICAT
/
\
\ Antaramuka atrl- atlarl
(tariaf-parallel interface)
/
\
\
/
Pancatak
(PrinUt)
KEC
Rajah 1 .11 .1 ; Gambarajah blok antaranuka s i r i - s e l a r i d i antara komputer WICAT dengan pencetak NEC
Figure 1.11.1: Block diagram of the ser ia l -para l le l interface between WICAT computer and NEC printer .
29
Raj all 1.11.2: Antarainuka WICAT - pencetak Centronic
Figure 1.11.2: The WICAT - Centronic p r in t e r in te r face
30
1.12. Penguat Audio
Abu Bakar Ghazali, Mohd Azhar Mazlan dan Ayub Mohamad
Penguat i n i dipohon oleh Kelab Sukan dan Kebajikan PUSPATI. ianya
t e l a h dipasang d i surau UTN.
Penguat i n i meinpunyai 3 bahagian i a i t u pembekal kuasa 'unregulated'
+ 15V memandu pra penguat dan + 21V memandu penguat kuasa.
Keluaran kuasa maksima ialah l eb ih kurang 20W.
1.12 Audio Amplifier
Abu Bakar Ghazali, Mohd Azhar Mazlan and Ayub Mohamad
The anpl i f ie r was requested by PUSPATI's Welfare and Sports Club.
I t has been in s t a l l ed in UTN's surau.
The amplifier has 3 boards i . e . unregulated + 21V and regulated
+ 15V power suppl ies , pre amplifier and power amplif ier . The
+15V supplies dr ive t o the pre amplifier and + 21V for the power
amplifier . The maxirtum output powsr i s about 20W.
31
SPEAKER 2 0 W
U5V<rtgulat«J» ^HV<unr«flulat«d>
PEMSEKAL KUASA
(powflr supply)
Rajah 1.12.1; Gambarajah blok penguat audio
Figure 1.12.1; Block diagram of the audio aitplif ier
32
«£«JV Jt
Rajah 1.12.2; Penguat audio
Figure 1.12.2: Audio anpl i f ie r
33
1.13 Pembekal Kuasa + 5V, 5A
Najib Zakey, Abu Bakar Ghazali dan Chong Foh Yoong
I n i i a lah sebuah pembekal kuasa pelbagai guna. Keluaran + 5V
adalah sesua i untuk percubaan-percubaan l i t a r d i g i t dan komputer.
Pengaturan voltannya hanya 2% sahaja . Sebuah SCR dipasang pada
bahagian keluaran yang p o s i t i f untuk mengelak daripada voltan
lebihan p o s i t i f dan untuk mengelak daripada vol tan lebihan nega t i f ,
sebuah t r a n s i s t o r s u i s dipasang pada keluaran nega t i f . Voltan
keluaran boleh diubah dengan menggunakan sebuah pengubah-voltan
yang dipasang pada kad PCB untuk nendapatkan keluaran +_ 5V hingga
+ 7V. J e n i s pengatur yang digunakan ia lah LM105. Arus keluaran
p o s i t i f dan negat i f masing-masing dipandu oleh dua t r a n s i s t o r
kuasa i a i t u 2N3054 dan 2N2905 dalam sambungan Darl ington.
1.13 + 5V, 5A Power Supply
Najib Zakey, Abu Bakar Ghazali and Chong Foh Yoong
This i s a general purpose power supply. The + 5V output i s
su i t ab l e for d i g i t a l c i r c u i t experiments and computers. The
vol tage regu la t ion i s only 2%. A pos i t i ve over-vol tage i s
protec ted by an SCR which i s incorporated a t t he output and a
negative over-vol tage i s pro tec ted by a switching t r a n s i s t o r .
The output vol tage can be adjusted by a potentiometer on the PCB
card for +; 5V t o +_ 7V. Type of r egu la to r used in t h i s supply i s
IM 105. The p o s i t i v e and negat ive output c u r r e n t s are r e spec t ive ly
driven by two power t r a n s i s t o r s 2N3054 and 2N2905 in la Darlington
connection.
34
Raj ah 1.13.1: Pembekal kuasa + 5V, 5A yang dibina d i UTN
Figure 1.13.1: The + 5V, 5A Power supply made at UTN
35
1.14 RS 232/422 Converter
Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman
The electronics Industries Association (EIA) standard RS 232C
interface has long been accepted as a standard se r ia l interface
for computers and terminals. Although i n i t i a l l y designed for
DCE (data communication equipment) t o DTE (data terminal equip
ment) connections, i t i s now widely used in DTE to DTE
connections.
In DTE t o DTE connection'7 j or 5 wires are used with transmis
sion guaranteed up to 15m at 20 kbaud. Hence long distance
data communication is not possible using th i s standard unless
DCEs such as modems and telephone links are used result ing in
a considerable increase in financial outlay.
EIA has introduced another standard for DTE/DTE connection
called the EIA RS422A. I t could have a maximum transmission
ra te of 10 mbaud a t 12 metres or 100 kbaud a t 1200 metres.
I t 'is a balanced transmission requiring more wires per signal
but provide very good ground isolat ion, which if not provided
could be troublesome in data communication.
Since computers and peripherals are mostly f i t t ed with RS 232
interface, i t i s necessary that we build a standard converter
that wi l l make use of RS 422 specifications in the long
distance intermediate interface and the peripherals. The
convert - would be able to convert between both standards to
altow for fu l l duplex connunication. This is depicted in
Fig. 1.14.1.
The block diagram of the converter, shown in Fig. 1.14.2 iterely
consists of l ine drivers and receivers. In fact integrated
c i rcu i t s functioning as the described line drivers and receivers
were readily available in the market and thus makes the design
very simple and fa i r ly modular.
36
The finished prototype product will be of immediate use in
connecting terminals of the MDL (Microprocessor Development
Laboratory) to the host conputer (VAX 11/730) to be installed
by the end of this year. For this purpose a 4 channel
converter would be needed with cable trunkings up to 100 m
in length. This would provide a very good opportunity for
application tests on the product which if successful would
be widely used in future computers/terminals communications.
37
RS232 DEVICE
RS232 DEVICE
Figure 1.14.1: Converting between the two standards
RS422
LINE DRIVER TRANSMIT
RS422 LINE RECEIVER
< RECEIVE
<
Figure 1.14.2: System block diagram
38
1.15 Pembilang/Pemasa GM
Abu Bakar Ghazal i , Chong Foh Yoong, Majib Zakey dan Sabri Mamat
Pembilang i n i adelsh sebuah projek yang diubahsuai dar ipada projek
Pembilang/Pemasa 6 dekad ( l i h a t A k t i v i t i - A k t i v i t i Bahagian Penyel i -
dikan 1984). Alat i n i mempunyai 4 kad yang disainbung an ta ra sa tu
sama lain o leh penyamfcung kad t e p i . Kad-kad i t u i a lah pembekal
voltan 12V, 5V, pembilang 6 dekad, Pemasa dan Pembekal vol tan
t inggi/Penukar G.M. I s y a r a t masukannya d i te r ima d a r i prob GM.
Kaedah menggunakan penyanibung-penyambung t e r sebu t aclalah untuk me-
nudahkan ke r j a -ke r j a penyenggaraan dan pembaikan a l a t i n i .
Panel hadapan pembilang i n i adalah hampir sama dengan a l a t pembilang
/pemasa kecua l i sebuah pengubah vol tan t i n g g i ditambah padanya untuk
memandu a la tkesan GM. Pengubah vol tan I n i d ika l ib ras ikan untuk
banjaran 100V hingga 1500V. Pemasanya pula boleh d i t e tapkan , pada
1/10/100/1K/ext k a l i 1/2/4/8 k a l i 0 . lS/0.01m/ext . Frekuensi 50Hz
d a r i pembekal kuasa utama digunakan sebagai pengayun untuk pamasa.
1.15 GM Counter/Tiner
Abu Bakar Ghazal i , Chong Foh Yoong, Najib Zakey and Sabri Mamat
The counter i s an upgraded p ro jec t from the 6 decade-counter/Timer
(see A c t i v i t i e s of the Research Division 1984). I t has 4 boards
which are interconnected by edge connectors . The boards are 12V,
5V power supply, 6 decade counter , timer and high voltage/GM
inve r t e r . The input rece ives a s i g n a l from a GM probe . The p h i l o
sophy behind such connectors are for ease of maintenance and t roub le
shooting.
The f ront panel of t h i s counter i s almost s imi la r t o the counter /
t imer except t h a t the potentiometer i s used t o s e t t h e high vol tage
supply for the GM d e t e c t o r . The potent ioneter was ca l ib ra t ed for
the range of 100V t o 1500V. The t imer can be p r e s e t in t h e range
of 1/10/100/1K/10K/ext times 1/2/4/8 and times 0. lS/0.01m/ext .
The 50Hz from main supply l i n e i s used as the t i m e r ' s o s c i l l a t o r .
39
Pembekal*™1
kuasa
(Power • » » Supply)
Prob GM [GM probe)
Preset (1/10/100/1K/10Kl«lV2/t/8l KI0ts/001m/«t. I
Pemasa (Timer) -MULA/BERHENTl
(SURTJSTOPI
'•(0,ls/aoinHext.|/pusingon(cycle)
Pembilang (Counter)
Volton tinggi SPengasing isyarat
(High voltage &Discriminator)
Pemapar 6 dekal"
(6 decode display)
-reset
Rajah 1.15.1: Gambarajah blok penibilang GM
Figure 1 ^ 5 . 1 : Block diagram of the GM counter
40
.'aSBE ?s!w- m-
r&"
: * "
Rajah 1.15.2: Pembilang/Pemasa Geiger-Miller
Figure 1.15.2: The Geiger-Muller Counter/Timer
41
1.16 Penghimpun 8085 Menggunakan N-Basic
Jamaludin bin Omar
Projek in i adalah projek perisian yang menggunakan komputer mikro
NEC PC 8001B. Satu aturcara Penghiirpin 8085 telah dibangunkan
dengan rrenggunakan bahasa N-Basic. Penghimpun 8085 in i irerupakan
panghimpan dua-laluan. Ianya telah digunakan untuk pambangunan
Parisian bagi projek penguji l i t a r terkamil.
1.16 8085 Assembler Using N-Basic
Jamaludin bin Omar
This i s a software project using NEC PC 8001B microcomputer.
Using N-Basic language, software for the 8085 Assembler was
developed. This assembler i s a two-pass assembler. I t is used
for the development of software for the IC tes te r project.
42
1.17 Pemasa O-90O0 Saat
Abu Bakar Ghazali, Mohd, Sabri Mamat, Najib Zakey dan Chong Foh
Yoong
Pemasa i n i direkabentuk khas untuk mesin s ina r gama yang dipasang
pada Bunker I I I , MPDK untuk mengukur masa dedahai s inaran terhadap
sesuatu sampel. l a meinpunyai ketepatan sehingga 0-01 s a a t .
Pemasa i n i nenggunakan frekuensi 50Hz d a r i pemibekal vo l t an utama
dan kemudian ditukarkan kepada 100Hz untuk nendapatkan 0.01 s a a t /
pusingan. I sya ra t i n i d ib i l ang oleh 3 pembilang dua dekad 74390
dan keluaran BCD d a r i t i a p - t i a p pembilang dinul t ip lekkan kepada
pemandu tujuh segmen dengan irenggunakan sebuah pemasa 555 pada
1kHz. I s y a r a t - i s y a r a t nu la dan be rhen t i d i te r ima t e r u s d a r i
r e l a y penutup pada mesin t e r s e b u t . Sebuah gambarfoto pemasa i n i
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1 .17.1 .
1.17 0-9000 Seconds Timer
Abu Bakar Ghazali , Mohd. Sabri Mamat, Najib Zakey and Chong Foh
Yoong
The timer i s spec i a l l y designed t o be incorporated with the gamma-
ray generator in Bunker I I I , SSDL t o measure the exposure per iod
of a sample. I t has a 0.01 second accuracy.
The timer uses 50Hz frequency from mains supply which i s then
converted t o 100Hz t o ge t 0.01 second per cyc le . This s i g n a l i s
counted in 3 dual decade-counters 74390 and the BCD output from
each counter i s multiplexed t o a seven segment d r ive r by using an
as tab le mul t iv ibra tor 555 timer a t 1 kHz. The s t a r t and s top
s igna l s a re d i r e c t l y received from the shu t t e r r e l ay in the
genera tor .
43
Rajah 1.17.1.: Pemasa 0-9000 saat
Figure 1.17.1: 0 - 9000 second timer
44
QARI PENJANA SINAR G A M M A (FROM GAMMARAY GENERATOR)
M U L A / BERHENTK START/STOP)
PEMBEKAL
KUASA D A N
P6LURUS
(POWER
SUPPLY A N D
RECTIFIER)
lOOHz *-
PENJANA ( G E N E R A T O R )
1 K H z
PEBILANG
6 DEKAD
DAN
MULTIPLEX
( 6 DECADE
COUNTER
WITH
MULTIPLEXER)
PEMAPAR
6 DEKAD
( 6 DECADE
DISPLAV)
Rajah 1.17.2: Gambarajah blok pemasa 0-9000 saat
Figure 1.17.2: Block diagram of the 0-9000 seconds tiirer
45
1.18 Development of a Standard Microcomputer Unit
ADdul Muin Abdul Rahman and Mohd. Salleh Mihud
Earlier work on nuuroprccessor-based instrunentation has just i f ied
the need for a standai_ised hardware module to be used on a l l
future projects . Design and i n i t i a l development on the Z80 mother
module, as i t was called was made by Mohd. Azmi Mohd. Nor and
Ruslan Idr is and was reported in Activit ies of the Research
Division 1984.
m late 1984 t h i s idea was being put into paper and finally into
prototype FCB. Several problems were encountered due to the
change of staff involved in the project. The project was f inal ly
bu i l t , tested and documented during 1985.
Several problems were encountered during test ing owing much to the
complexity of the c i r cu i t . This is due to the lack of f ac i l i t i e s
for plated-through PCBs and we thus have to make do with manual
methods. A s l ight ly longer time was taken to check the c i rcu i t
boards, understanding them and interpreting the t e s t r e su l t s .
With the bu i l t - in free-running t e s t f ac i l i t y , the post design
t e s t was very much simplified. By simply le t t ing i t free-xun,
a l l connections were checked and corrected. The motherboard could
now work and is able to run some machine code programs in EPROM.
Mich of the problems have been solved and experiences gained from
that would allow future projects to be bu i l t more eff icient ly.
Riture projects would involve application of th i s standard unit
into a pract ical working system.
l/OOCCOOC"
FT
<P3>
\7 2 EDGE COMICCTOM
2
Figure 1.18.1; Block diagram of the Z80 motherboard
47
FOR OTHER KIM MODULES
^ STANDARD BUS SITS HERE
(MOTHERBOARD, 10« ETC)
-*.h*-
2a
ĕ s>
-H SS WW CONNECTORS (BACKWAV PLANE)
Figure 1.18.2; The standard module
Interfacing SD80 Kit t o NEC Microcomputer
Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman
One problem faced by a l l microprocessor-based a c t i v i t i e s i s in the
software development and hardware debugging. One way of solving
t h i s i s t o buy a complete microprocessor development system. This
i s the current policy adopted but the process of get t ing the com
plete system takes qui te soms t ime.
Meanwhile to a s s i s t in software development a 'mini-MDL' was b u i l t .
This would form the back-up system when the complete system i s i n s
t a l l e d . The projec t involved es tab l i sh ing communication between NEC
microcomputer and SD-Starter Ki t . This would enable object codes to
be down loaded and uploaded from NEC PC t o SD Kit .
Software developed on NEC PC would be downloaded to SD k i t for EPROM
prcgranming. Uploading f a c i l i t i e s allow the memory (EPROM) t o be
examined and subsequently ed i ted , patched Or redeveloped. In t h i s
way disk storage f a c i l i t y and l ine p r in te r on the NEC PC could be
ful ly u t i l i z e d together with the EPROM programmer on the SD Kit .
Software for 8085 assembly language was developed on the NEC using
BASIC and Z80 assembly language was based on UCSD P-system software.
The project a l so catered for coding the EPROM t o be used in the
development of the standard microcomputer u n i t . A program in BASIC
was wri t ten on the NEC PC t o configure the EPROM decoder and codes
thus created were downloaded t o SD Kit where i t would be burnt in to
an EPROM. Al l t h i s process i s control led from the NEC PC via
in terrupt-dr iven software with su i tab le hardware l i n k s .
The a b i l i t y t o upload da ta from SD Kit t o NEC PC provides an
in te res t ing experience which could well be applied in other a reas .
The SD Kit could well be a data-acquis i t ion system with data
acquired stored in i t s memory. The da ta could then be uploaded in to
the NEC PC or any other computer and analysed by the res ident sof t
ware, displayed and pr inted on hard copy devices. Again the expe
r ience gained here would be most beneficial for future pro jec t s .
vou
F L 0 R R T
«
•
NEC
H I C R O C O M » U T t R
SOFTWARES: t l l l H I L E l
C O M W U N l C A T l O N S
C O D ! t 0 1 T Q R
f 1 L I R
1
0 p 0 R T
s
C O N T R O L F O R T S
O U T P U T F O R T S
1 N R U T R O R T S
SI.. C O N T R C ••. r**.
^\ P> i H A M O t M A K C I
DATA
< »
>
DATA
i m o n A C K N O W L E D G E
I N T T E H R U P T
P O R T A
P OR T •
SDKIT M A C H I N E C O O E S
F O R
C O M M U N I C AT 1 Q M S
V I A I N T T E R R U P T
S U I R O U T I H I S
H O S T
C O M P U T E R
AN A L Y S 1 S
D I S P L A Y
C O N T R O L
D A T A C O N T R O l
D A T A
AO U t S I T 1 O N
E O U I P M E N T | M C A . S C A , I S C ETC
» N P U T
p E T C C T O R
Figure 1.19. 1; A generalised data acquisition system
2
P R O G R A M T E K N O L O G I N U K L E A R
MUCi-El X\fZ T&ICHNO L.OGY F* FtOGFt MMM'£T
51
PROGRAM TEKNOLOGI NUKLEAR
2.1 Pengenalan:
Dalam tahun 1985, ke r ja -ker ja penyelidikan d a r i tahun 1984 t e l a h
t e rus diperkenibangkan oleh a h l i - a h l i Program Teknologi Nuklear
(PIN). Kebanyakan projek-projek yang di jalankan masih merupakan
projek-projek jangkamasa pendek/sambilan, t e t a p i dalam tahun t e r -
sebut , PTN t e l a h irerancang projek jangkamasa panjangnya dengan
t e l i t i .
Beberapa masalah t e l a h timbul akibat kekurangan pera la tan yang
sesua i t e t a p i a h l i - a h l i PTN t e l a h menunjukkan kebolehan mereka
untuk irenyesuaikan a l a t yang ada untuk meneruskan usaha
penyelidikan. Projek serakan neutron t e l a h dirtulakan dengan pe r -
kiraan matematik dan cadangan rekabentuk a l a t serakan sudut kec i l
neutron (laporan 2 . 2 ) . Penyelidikan penggunaan belauan sinar-X
(barkaitan dengan belauan neutron) juga diusahakan (laporan 2 .4 ) .
Fenglibatan PTN dalam projek Radiograf i Neutron masih diperlukan
untuk menyelesaikan beberapa masalah (laporan 2.3) dan itembangunkan
teknik penggunaan (laporan 2 .5 ) . Usaha pembinaan a la tkesan-
alatkesan sinaran t e l a h di teruskan bagi alatkesan sawar pernukaan
semikonduktur (laporan 2.13) dan a la tkesan gas (laporan 2 .14) .
Banyelidikan dalam bidang penggunaan teknik nuklear dalam pengawasan
s ek i t a r lombong juga di teruskan (laporan 2 . 6 ) . Sebagai penyelidikan
pernulaan jangkamasa panjang, PTN t e l a h mengusahakan penyelidikan
dalam bidang pemprosesan dan a n a l i s i s bahanapi d a r i batuan
(laporan-laporan 2 .7 , 2.8 dan 2 . 9 ) , kajilogam (laporan 2.10) dan
kakisan (laporan-laporan 2.11 dan 2 .12) .
Projek jangkamasa panjang PTN t e l a h dirancangkan untuk irerangkumi
6 aspek penyelidikan bahanapi i a i t u :
i . kaj ian sumber uranium dan thorium
i i . pembangunan teknik- teknik pemisahan bahanapi nuklear
i i i . penyelidikan kajibahan, kajilogam dan kakisan
52
i v . u j ian dan a n a l i s a pembakaran bahanapi nuklear
v . penyelldikan penprosesan senula bahanapi nuk lea r , dan
v i . penyelidikan rawatan s i s a penprosesan bahanapi nuklear .
Dalam lima tahun pertama rrulai 1986 PTN akan mengendalikan 3 d a r i
6 aspek kaj ian untuk mendapatkan maklumat-maklumat awal yang akan
membantu perancangan kemasukan tenaga nuklear s e r t a meirudahkan
pemindahan teknolog i tenaga nuklear ke lak . Untuk tujuan i n i , a l a t -
a l a t ana l i sa s e p e r t i ana l i s a neutron t e r tunda , pendarfluor sinar-X'.
dan mikroskop imbasan e lekt ron t e l a h dipesan. Kertudahan-kenudahan
penyelidikan s e p e r t i l o j i p e r i n t i s nyahlarut dan e k s t r a k s i , makmal
penyelidikan kaji lcgam rad ioak t i f dan a l a t serakan sudut k e c i l
neutron t e l a h dirancangkan untuk d ib ina apabi la keadaan mengizin-
kan.
Dengan adanya pera la tan dan kemudahan yang sesua i untuk penyelidikan
bahanapi nuklear , PTN akan mengurangkan penglibatannya dalam projek-
projek sambilan untuk mengikuti penyelidikan-penyelidikan yang akan
menentukan matlamat penubuhannya. Keberkesanan perjalanan a k t i v i t i -
a k t i v i t i i n i dalam tahun 1986 akan menentukan arah parkenibangan
teknologi nuklear d i Unit Tenaga Nuklear dan d i Malaysia.
Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, M.Sc, Ph.D, MIPM Ketua Program Teknologi Nuklear
53
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME
2.1 Introduction
In 1985, research efforts from 1984 continued t o be expanded
by nembers of the Nuclear Technology Programme (FTN) . Most of
these projects are short-term/temporary projects , but in the
same year, PTN planned i t s long-term project in d e t a i l .
A number of problems arose as a resu l t of lack of proper equip
ment but in t h i s respect, PIN staff has shown their ab i l i ty to
use existing equipment to continue research ef for ts . The small-
angle neutron scattering project had been in i t ia ted with
mathematical considerations and a design proposal (report 2.2).
Research in the use of X-ray diffraction (related to neutron
diffraction) was also done (report 2.4). PTN's involvement in
the Neutron Radiography project was s t i l l needed to solve a
number of problems (report 2.3) and develop an application
technique (report 2 .5) . Efforts t o construct radiation detectors
ware continued for the fabrication of semiconductor surface-
barrier detectors (report 2.13) and gas detectors (report 2.14).
Research in the application of nuclear techniques in environnen-
t a l monitoring around mines continued to be made (report 2.6).
As preliminary research for the long-term effor ts , PTN conducted
research in the extraction and analysis of nuclear fuels from
minerals (report 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9), metallurgy (report 2.10) and
corrosion (reports 2.11 and 2.12).
PTN's long-term project was planned to encompass 6 aspects of nuclear-fuels research. These are
i . research in sources of uranium and thorium
i i . development of nuclear-fuels extraction techniques
i i i . research in materials science, netallurgy and
corrosion
54
iv . nuclear-fuels turnup experiments and analysis
v. research into the reprocessing of nuclear fuels,
and
v i . research into treatment of waste from a nuclear-
fuels process.
In the f i r s t five years commencing 1986, PTN wil l execute 3 out
of the 6 research aspects in order to obtain early resu l t s which
wil l ass is t in plans for an introduction of nuclear power and at
the same tirre simplify the transfer of an appropriate technology
necessary for nuclear power. For th i s purpose, analytical
instruments such as delayed-neutron analysis, X-rray fluorescence
and scanning-electron microscope had been ordered. A number of
research f a c i l i t i e s such as a pi lot-plant for leaching and
extraction, a metallurgical hot-cel l and a small-angle neutron
scattering instrument ware planned to be constructed when s i tua
tions allow.
With the avai labi l i ty of the necessary equipment and f ac i l i t i e s
for nuclear-fuels research, PTN wil l reduce i t s involvement in
temporary projects in order to pursue research which wil l
determine i t s purpose of establishment. The effectiveness of
execution of these ac t iv i t ies in 1986 wil l determine the
direction for expansion of nuclear technology in Unit Tenaga
Nuklear and in Malaysia.
Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, M.Sc, Ph.D, MIPM Head of Nuclear Technology Programme.
55
2.2 Spektrometer Serakan Sudut Kecil Neutron d i UTN
Roberto Caciuffo*, Mohamad Deraman dan Abdul Ghaffar Ramli
Suatu kaj ian mengenai p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p rekabentuk a l a t serakan sudut
k e c i l neutron (SANS) t e l a h di lakukan. Rajah 2.2 .1 member ikan reka
bentuk a l a t SANS yang dicadangkan d ib ina d i lubang pancaran j e j a r i
# 4 Reaktor TRIGA RJSPATI (RTP) . Keterangan lengkap nengenai a l a t
i n i boleh d i d a p a t i dalam rujukan 1.
Alur utama neutron d a r i lubang pancaran d i t a p i s oleh panapis p o l i -
hablur beryl l iam yang disejukkan dengan ni t rogen cecaiir . Panjang
gelombang neutron sebanyak 5A. d i p i l i h irenggunakan monokromator
j e n i s "highly-or iented p y r o l i t i c g raph i t e" (HOPG). Alur neutron
seterusnya n e l a l u i 2 lubang pembukaan sebagai pengkolimat sebelum
d i se rak oleh sampel. Keamatan neutron t e r s e r a k dirakamkan n e l a l u i
perakam peka kedudukan (PSD). Keseluruhan lorong laluan neutron -2
akan sen t i a sa irempunyai tekanan udara < 10 Pa.
Alat i n i akan membenarkan pengukuran corak serakan neutron dalam
j u l a t pemindahan moirentum k e c i l . Untuk nembolehkan pengukuran
pemindahan momentum yang l eb ih besar , PSD boleh d ipu ta r k e l i l i n g
paks i sampel sebanyak 30 . Suhii sampel juga boleh diubah supaya
kaj ian terhadap keadaan sam pel dapat di lakukan.
Jadual 2.2.1 nemberikan n i l a i - n i l a i parameter yang menentukan
kebolehan spektroneter pada susunatur-susunatur be r l a inan . Reka
bentuk a l a t d ibuat supaya susunatur dapat diubah supaya r e s o l u s i
rendah dan pertengahan dapat d i p i l i h dan masih itenghasilkan keamatan
neutron yang berguna.
Penerbitan
1. R. Caciuffo, Mohamad Deraman and Abdul Ghaffar Ramli (dalam
perce takan) . A Small-Angle Sca t t e r ing Spectrometer a t PUSPATI.
Ju rna l Sains Nuklear.
* In t e rna t iona l Atomic Energy Agency
1 SEAM SHUTTER
2 B i FILTER
) MONITOR 1
4. DIAPHRAGM I
5 HONOCHMHATOB TABLE
1 SECONDARY BEAM SHUTTER
7 OIAPHRAGM 2
8 MONITOR 2 1 SAMPLE CHAMBER
10 PSD
-->A4kw
Raj ah 2 . 2 . 1 : Gambarajah skema untuk a l a t SKNS yang dicadangkan d i U*nsi
Figure 2 . 2 . 1 : Schematic diagram of t h e SMS1S instrument proposed a t UIM
57
L1
(m)
4
4
4
4
4
4
L 2
(m)
4
4
4
2.5
2.5
2.5
Jadual 2.2.1
R1
(cm)
0.6
1.2
2.5
0.6
1.2
2.5
R2
(cm)
0.3
0.6
1.25
0.3
0.6
1.25
Hnin - 2 - - 1
(10 ^ ')
0.37
0.75
1.56
0.43
0.86
1.8
max o
(A)
1675
838
402
1450
725
350
I
(103n) s
0.3
5.3
100.3
0-3
5.3
100.3
AQ
-3»-1 (10 A ')
2.3
4.0
8.0
3.0
4.8
9.8
: N i l a i parameter spektrometer untuk susunatur yang
fcerlainan. I ialah keamatan pada sampel, O .
ialah1' pemindahan momentum minima, d ialah c ' max
dimensi maksima yang boleh diukur dalam ruang sahih, AQ ialah resolus i alat untuk pemindahan
-2 -1 momentum sebesar 3.5 x 10 A (1cm x 1cm se l -pembilang bagi detektor) .
Table 2.2.1: Spectrometer parameter values for different geo
metrical configurations. I i s the intensity a t the
sample posit ion, Q . is the minimum resolvable Q
value» d i s the maximum dimension in the rea l max space which can be observed and AQ is the instru-
-2 -1 nental resolution at Q = 3.5 x 10 A (1 cm x 1 cm detector counting cells).
A Small-Angle Neutron Sca t t e r ing Spectrometer a t UTTSI
Roberto Caciuffo*, Mohamad Deraman and Abdul Ghaffar Ramli
A study on t h e design p r i n c i p l e s of a smal l -angle neutron
s c a t t e r i n g (SANS) instrument has been made. A schematic drawing
of the proposed instrument to be b u i l t on t h e r a d i a l beam por t #4
of Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) i s shown in f i g . 2 . 2 . 1 . A d e t a i l e d
d e s c r i p t i o n of the instrument can be found in re ference 1.
The primary neutron beam i s f i l t e r e d using a p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e
beryl l ium f i l t e r cooled by l i q u i d n i t r o g e n . A neutron wavelength
of 5 A i s s e l ec t ed us ing a composite h igh ly -o r i en ted p y r o l i t i c
g r aph i t e (HOPG) monochromator. The neutron beam then passes
through two aper tu res funct ioning as a co l l ima to r before being
s c a t t e r e d by t h e sample. The s c a t t e r e d i n t e n s i t y i s recorded by
means of a p o s i t i o n - s e n s i t i v e d e t e c t o r (PSD). The e n t i r e neutron - 2
f l i g h t - p a t h i s maintained a t a pressure of <10 Pa.
This instrument allows measurement of s c a t t e r i n g p a t t e r n s in the
low momenturn-transfer r eg ion . To allow measurement in a wider
momentum-transfer r ange , t he PSD can be r o t a t e d about t h e sample
ax i s up t o 30 . The sample temperature can be var ied so t h a t
i nves t i ga t i ons on the sample environment can be c a r r i e d o u t .
Table 2 .2 .1 g ives parameters def in ing t h e performance of the
spectrometer for d i f f e r e n t geometr ical arrangements. The design
of t h i s instrument i s such t h a t the geometr ical arrangement can
be adjusted t o allow low or in termediate r e s o l u t i o n work while
s t i l l maintaining a usefu l neutron i n t e n s i t y .
Pub l ica t ions
1. R. Caciuffo, Mohamad Deraman and Abdul Ghaffar Ramli (in p r e s s ) .
A Small-Angle Neutron Sca t t e r ing Spectrometer a t PUSPATI.
Ju rna l Sains Nuklear.
' I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency
59
2.3 Diagnosis dan Pembangunan Teknik Radiografi Neutron
Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Azali Muhamad dan Rosly Jaa fa r
Pembinaan kelengkapan t e t a p r a d i o g r a f i neutron (NuR2) t e l a h d i l a p o r -
kan dalam A k t i v i t i - a k t i v i t i Bahagian Penyelidikan 1984. Dalam tahun
1985, usaha d i ja lankan untuk membangunkan t ekn ik - t ekn ik rakaman yang
se sua i digunakan sehar i an . Diagnosis ke a t a s masalah yang dihadapi
juga dilakukan untuk memperbaikki teknik i n i .
Rakaman melalui pengesan runut keadaan pepeja l masih d i te ruskan d a r i
tahun l epa s . Masalah yang timbul i a lah f luks neutron yang t e r c a p a i
t i dak t i n g g i dan I n i menyebabkan masa pendedahan untuk irerakam area
t e r l a l u lama (6 jam pada kuasa 500 kW). Diagnosis ke a t a s s i f a t -
s i f a t pengkolimat seterusnya d i j a lankan .
Rekabantuk pengkolimat t e r sebu t d iubahsuai , s e p e r t i yang ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah 2 . 3 . 1 , supaya ketebalan bahan pelambat (paraffin) boleh
diubah-ubah. Neutron yang t e rke lua r d a r i pengkolimat i n i dirakamkan
ke a t a s perakam runut keadaan pepe ja l . Susunatur perakam i n i dibuat
supaya rakaman dapat menghasilkan jumlah neutron l a j u , neutron
epiterma dan neutron terma secara barasingan. Rajah 2 .3 .2 nsnunjuk-
kan h a s i l percubaan i n i dan d i d a p a t i bahawa ketebalan paraf f in
sebanyak 5 sent i i re ter akan manghasilkan neutron terma yang terbanyak
untuk digunakan untuk r a d i o g r a f i neut ron.
Percubaan se terusnya t e l a h ditumpukan ke a t a s pembangunan rakaman
t e r u s menggunakan f ilem s inar-X. Dalam usaha i n i , keamatan s ina r
gama pe r lu dikurangkan supaya f ilem sinar-X t e r s e b u t t i d a k dih i tam-
kan oleh s ina r gama. Bandingan keamatan s inar gama dengan s inar
neutron s e t e l a h mela lu i beberapa s en t ine t e r pelambam dilakukan
melalui dosiireter "thernoluminescence" TLD-600 dan TLD-700. Rajah
2 .3 .3 manunjukkan h a s i l pengukuran i n i . Didapati bahawa tanpa
pelambam, dos gama adalah 15 k a l i l eb ih t i n g g i d a r i dos neutron,
60
t e t a p i se te lah malalui 20 sentimater pelambam/ dos gama menjadi
2.5 k a l i kurang d a r i dos gama. Seterusnya, sebanyak 20 sentimeter
pelambam te l ah ddmasukkan ke dalam pengkolimat.
Rakaman te rus secara fotografik dilakukan dengan menggunakan
kerajang penukar gadoliniam oks isu l f ida dan filem Agfa St ructur ix
D7 dalam kaset aluminiam. Teknik i n i t e l ah dapat menyingkatkan
masa pendedahan ke 3 jam pada kuasa 500 kW. Bagaimanapun/ pengu-
rangan i n i masih tddak mencukupi. Tambahannya pu la , pengkolimat
yang sedia ada t idak nenghasilkan alur neutron yang seragam.
Dengan i t u , rekabentuk pengkolimat baru t e l ah diusahakan yang akan
dapat menampung kedua-dua kekurangan yang dihadapi . Rekabentuk
dni ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2 .3 .4 . Pengkolimat i n i akan mempunyai
punca yang lebih dekat dengan t e r a s reaktor dan dengan In i akan
dapat neninggikan keamatan neutron sebanyak 15 k a l i . Bahan-bahan
pelambat dan penyerap gama akan d i p i l i h supaya penyerapan neutron
t idak ke ta ra , dan dengan i n i juga akan msninggikan keamatan
sebanyak 15 k a l i . Oleh i t u , keamatan neutron pada keseluruhan
akan menjadi 225 k a l i lebih t i n g g i d a r i pengkolimat sekarang.
Masa pandedahan dianggarkan hanya 2 - 4 minit dengan pengkolimat
j n i .
Usaha pembinaan pengkolimat baru akan dijalankan dalam tahun 1986.
Pengkoliitat t e r sebu t akan dipaSang dalam NuR 2 pada penghujung
tahun te r sebu t dan akan digunakan i tulai tahun 1987.
Penghargaan
Kami berterima kasih kepada kakitangan Jabatan Reaktor yang t e l ah
menunjukkan minat dan membari sokongan dalam ker ja-ker ja i n i .
Penghargaan juga diberikan kepada En. Wan Shaf ie yang t e l a h memberi
dan mengukur TLD chips dalam usaha pengukuran dos neutron dan gama.
Terima kasih diucapkan kepada En. T. Wall (AAEC) yang t e l a h memin-
jamkan Q l , 0 3 ^ 3 " ^ 0 ^ • s # H a r a s a w a (Rikkyo University) yang t e l a h
member i sekeping Gd,OS untuk percubaan.
61
3ZZZ1 20cm PARAFFIN
rZKZl 10cm PARAFFIN
=B 5 era PARAFFIN - r/xxam ?0cm Pbi 5cm PARAFFIN
Rajah 2 . 3 . 1 : Ubahsuaian ke a tas pengkolimat
Figure 2 . 3 . 1 : Modification t o the col l imator
KETFBALAN PELAMBAMlsm) 10'
, 0 , KFTFp/VLAN PAflM= FIN \™\
I o
« 10'
• last llojul • tpitherrrallepiterma^ x thermal (termal * total fjumlahl
1 PARAFFIN THICKNESS (cm)
x neutron
S W79 kW-h
10 20 LEAD THICKNESStcm)
30
Rajah 2 .3 .2 : Penqukuran h a s i l Rajah 2 .3 .3 : Pengukuran dos runut d a r i neutron berbagai neutron dan gamma se te lah tenaga se t e l ah i t e la lu i rrelaiui pelambam. pelambat.
Figure 2 .3 .2 : Measurement of t r ack con t r ibu t ion from neutrons of various energy a f t e r t r ave r s ing the moderator.
Figure 2 . 3 . 3 : Measurement of neutron and gamma doses af ter t r ave r s ing lead .
95 135
Rajah 2.3.4; Cadangan rekabentuk pengkolimat baru untuk raeninggikan keamatan neutron dan meirperbaiki keseragaman alur neutron.
t o
«"lU^
.7IJ-3E
?Q JQ* 7C
NNCnSHCLL
6 oo txrnuoco AUIWWUH
POUTITHVUNC M*CR S M U
l £ A O 1 0 . 2 OO EXTMJOCO M.IMINIUM
7 ID ANNULUS
KM» SHEU
1 6 1 oocK-tmioEO ALUMI*
195
Figure 2.3.4; The proposed new collimator which would increase the neutron intensity and inprove the neutron beam uniformity.
63
2.3 Diagnosis and Development of Neutron Radiographic Techniques
Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Azali Muhammad and Rosly Jaafar
The cons t ruc t ion of the permanent neutron radiography f a c i l i t y
(NuR2) was repor ted in the A c t i v i t i e s of the Research Division
1984. In 1985, e f f o r t s were made to develop recording techniques
su i t ab l e for r o u t i n e u s e . Diagnosis Of the problems encountered
were a l so done in order t o improve t h i s technique.
Recording v i a s o l i d - s t a t e t r a c k d e t e c t o r s continued t o be used as
from the previous yea r . The problem faced was the low neutron
f lux achievable which caused a long exposure time (6 hours a t 500
kW) for image record ing . A diagnosis on the col l imator cha r ac
t e r i s t i c s was then conducted.
The design of the co l l imator was modified, as shown in F ig . 2 . 3 . 1 ,
such t h a t t he th ickness of t h e moderating ma te r i a l (paraffin)
could be adjusted. Neutrons a t t he co l l imator e x i t were recorded
with s o l i d - s t a t e t r a c k d e t e c t o r s . The de tec to r arrangement was
such t h a t separate conr ibu t ions could be derived for the f a s t ,
epi thermal and thermal neutrons r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i g . 2 .3.2 shows
the r e s u l t s of t h i s inves t iga t ion and i t was found t h a t a paraf f in
th ickness of 5 cm would provide the maximum thermal neutron f lux
for neutron radiography.
Effor ts were then concentra ted in developing a d i r e c t recording
technique using X-ray f i l m s . In t h i s e f f o r t , the gamma i n t e n s i t y
had t o be reduced so t h a t the X-ray f i lm would no t be blackened
by gamma r a d i a t i o n . The comparative i n t e n s i t y of the gamma
r ad i a t i on and neutron r a d i a t i o n a f t e r t r ave r s ing a few cent imeters
of lead were done using thermoluminescence dosimeters TLD-600 and
TLD-700. F ig . 2 .3 .3 shows the r e s u l t s . Without any lead, the
gamma dose i s 15 times higher than the neutron dose , but a f t e r
t r ave r s ing 20 cm of lead , the gamma dose i s now 2.5 times l e s s
than t h e neutron dose . Subsequently, 20 cm of lead was incorporated
in the co l l imator .
64
The d i r e c t photographic recording was done using gadolinium
oxysulphMe screen and Agfa S t ruc tu r ix D7 f i lm in a l i g h t - t i g h t
aluminium c a s s e t t e . This technique managed t o shorten the
exposure t i n e t o 3 hours a t 500 W . However, t h i s reduct ion i s
s t i l l i n s u f f i c i e n t . Moreover, t h e present col l imator does not
provide a uniform neutron beam.
Hence, a new co l l imator was designed which would be capable of
overcoming the two shortcomings mentioned. This design i s shown
in F i g . 2 . 3 . 4 . This col l imator w i l l posses a source nuch c loser
t o the r eac to r core and hence TOuld be capable of increasing the
neutron i n t e n s i t y by as nuch as 15 t imes . The moderator and
gamma absorber would be se lec ted from mater ia l s wi th a low
neutron absorpt ion , and t h i s too w i l l cause an increase of the
neutron f lux by 15 t i n e s . Thus, t h e neutron f lux i s expected t o
be 225 times g r ea t e r than t h e present co l l ima to r . This should
shorten the exposure t o 2 - 4 minutes .
The new co l l imator w i l l be b u i l t in 1986. I t w i l l be i n s t a l l e d
in NuR2 a t t h e end of t h a t year and i s expected t o be in serv ice
in 1987.
Acknowledegmaht
We are indebted t o the s t a f f of the Reactor Department who have
shown teen i n t e r e s t and expressed support in t h i s work.
Acknowledgement i s a l so due t o Mr. Wan Shafie for w i l l i n g l y
supplying and measuring the TLD chips in our e f f o r t s t o determine
the neutron and gamma doses . We thank Mr. T. Wall (AAEC) for the
loan of Gd_0s screen, and Prof. S. Harawawa (Rlkkyo University)
for g iv ing as a Gd_OS screen for t h i s work.
65
Hubungan antara Belauan Sinar-X dengan Kehabluran Selulos Sisa
Kelapa Sawit
Mohamad Deraman, Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid,
Kamarudin Hashira dan Muhamad Lebai Juri
Jangkabelauan sinar-X d i UPM telah digunakan untuk nenentukan
darjat keJhabluran dalam selulas s isa kelapa sawit yang dikena
sinaran~y sebesar 0, 5, 10, 15 dan Mrad, dan dijadikan serbuk
sehalus 60 Mesh. Hasil yang diperolehi adalah sepert i yang d i -
tunjukkan dalam Rajah 2 .4 .1 . Maklumat yang diperolehi didapati
berguna untuk menerangkan kesan sinaran- Y terhadap pengeluaran
gelukos dar i s i sa kelapa sawit. Dalam ju la t dos yang sane,
penyelidik Korea te lah mendapati corak perubahan yang serupa juga
berlaku pada kehabluran dalam sisa **barley' dan ' r a p e ' .
Penerbitan
Dikemukakan untuk penerbitan dalam Sains Malaysiana, 1985.
Correlation between X-rray Diffraction and Crystalldnity of Cellulos
in Oil-palm By-products.
Mohamad Deraman, Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid,
Kamaruddin Hashim and Muhamad Lebai Jur i
The X-ray diffractoreter of UPM was used to determine the cellulose
c rys ta l l in i ty in o i l palm by-products irradiated by ll -radiation
with doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Mrad, and ground to 60 Mesh. The
resu l t s are as shown in the Fig. 2 .4 .1 . The information obtained
is useful to explain the effect of V -radiation on glucose produc
tion from o i l palm by-products. Within the same dose range, Korean
researchers have found a similar change of c rys ta l l in i ty in barley
and rape by-products.
Publication
submitted to Sains Malaysiana, 1985.
DOS S1NARAN (MRad)
5 10 15 IRRADIATION DOSE(Mrad)
Rajah 2 . 4 . 1 :
Figure 2 . 4 . 1 :
Hubungan an ta ra kehab luran- re la t i f dengan dos sinaran-'tf untuk s i s a kelapa sawi t . (a) Sabut tandan (b) Sabut buah
Relation between r e l a t i f c r y s t a l l i n i t y and V - i r r a d i a t i o n dose i n o i l palm by-products (a) Errpty F r u i t Bunches, (b) Palm Press F i b e r s .
67
2.5 Neutron Radiography Applied as a Non-Destructive Technique to
Investigate Shoot and Root Development in Plants
Sheriffah Noor Khamseah Al-Idid
In nutation-breeding studies, the effect of radiat ion dose on the
growth ra te of plants is frequently required. One major problem
encountered i s in the need t o measure the roots of plants . The
conventional technique of uprooting can cause the roots to break.
Moreover, t h i s technique is destructive and thus does not allow
sequential measurement of the root length of the same plant to
be made.
Neutron radiography i s now being developed t o perform non
destructive measurements of root lengths. Investigations were
made on the effects of grain s ize, thickness and water content of
the sand (growing medium) on the quality of image obtained.
Subsequently, some investigations of the effect of seed orienta
tion on germination t ine and growth ra te of shoots and roots were
done.
The seeds were planted in thin rectangular aluminium cans. Two
can thicknesses (5.3 era and 2.5 cm) were t r i ad but i t was found
that the thinner can (2.5 cm) gave a better resolut ion. Contrast
i s best achieved with no water present, but t o avoid dehydration
of the plant, the addition of water t o 5% of the so i l weight is
sufficient but s t i l l gives adequate contrast to the radiographs.
Oi the grain size of the sand used, 1 nxn grain gives a better
contrast than 0.5 mm. This could be due to the bet ter retention
of moisture by the smaller grain, hence a reduction in contrast .
The present technique r e l i e s on recording via sol id-s ta te track
detectors and requires a long exposure. I t i s hoped that the
development of the d i rec t photographic recording method would
shorten the exposure considerably and make th i s technique more
a t t rac t ive .
68
Figure 2 . 5 . 1 : A photograph of the experimental se t -up in NuR2 t o radiograph roo t s of growing p l a n t s . P lan t s are grown in rec tangula r aluminium pot (foreground) which i s pos i t ioned in f ront of a recording c a s s e t t e (background).
• (
69
2.6 Penggunaan Teknik-teknlk Nuklear Dalam Kajian Kebersihan Keadaan
Kerja Indus t r i Perlombangan Malaysia
Zulkafl i Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashira, Kamarudin Bahari, Meor Yusof
Meor Sulairaan, Shamsiah Abdul Rahman dan Abdul Kadir Ishak
Lawatan dan beberapa peiterhatian t e l a h di jalankan ke a t a s beberapa
j e n i s loitibong dan l o j i pemisahan/panprosesan b i j i h timah sebelum
persairpelan dan a n a l i s i s dilakukan. Berikut ia lah beberapa pener-
hat ian yang t e l a h d ibua t :
i . Debu l eb ih banyak dikeluarkan d i kawasan kering l o j i
rremproses b i j i h terutama s e k a l i d i sek i ta r pemisah be r -
magnet/voltan t i n g g i , a l a t pengering dan kawasan
panibungkusan.
i i . Oleh kerana a i r yang berlebihan digunakan d i dalam proses
nelorribong, debu t idak begitu banyak kecual i d i lombong
j en i s terbuka atau bawah tanah.
i i i . Potassium arayl xan ta te , as id sul fur ik dan as id formic
digunakan untuk Haemisahkan b i j i h tintah d a r i p y r i t e .
Proses pengapungan i n i membebaskan gas Hidrogen sulf ida .
Sisa buangan bahan-bahan kimia i n i juga t e l ah irencemarkan
keadaan s e k i t a r .
i v . Gas-gas beracun boleh terperangkap d i tu rus pangudaraan
senulajadi d i Icmhang-lombong j e n i s bawah tanah .
Kerja-kerja a n a l i s i s melibatkan pengunpulan debu-debu udara d i l o j i
rawatan b i j i h . Sampel-sampel yang newakil i dedahan kawasan dan
individu dikunpulkan d i a tas ke r tas t u r a s untuk suatu jangkamasa
t e r t en tu dengan itienggunakan a l a t persanpalan udara.
Teknik-teknik ana l i sa pengaktifan neutron (APN) dan pendarfluor
sinar-X (PSX) t e l ah digunakan untuk menganalisa senua unsur-unsur
beracun yang nungkin t e r h a s i l d a r i kegiatan memproses b i j i h . Teknik
70
Teknik MW t e l a h manghasilkan keputusan yang baik . Keputusan yang
irenuaskan juga d i p e r o l e h i untuk sampel piawai IAEA j e n i s AIR-3/1.
Data-data d a r i PSX d i r a g u i kerana ketiadaan piawai yang se sua i .
Kajian masih d i ja lankan untuk ireirperolehi sampel-sampal piawai .
Penghargaan
Ucapan ter ima k a s i h di tujukan kepada Kumpulan Khidmat Anal isa ,
terutama s e k a l i kepada En. Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah/ d i a t a s kerjasama
dan bantuan yang d i b e r i . Ucapan ter ima kasih juga ditujukan
kepada Jabatan F iz ik UTM dan Jabatan Geologi UKM kerana membenar-
kan penggunaan a l a t PSX. Akhir s e k a l i kami barterima kasih kepada
Jabatan Alam Sek i t a r / Kemsnterian Sains Teknolcgi dan Alam Seki tar
Merana t e l a h ireminjamkan beberapa a l a t persampelan udara .
71
F i l t e r type of simulated standard
Whatman No. 41
Whatman G/FA
Element
Mn
V
V
V
AIR-3/1 Content ( u g / f i l t e r )
1 2 3 Mean
32.2 34.0 30.7 3 2 . 3 + 1.3
6.6 6.4 6 . 5 + 0.1
34.9 34.0 34.1 3 4 . 3 + 0.4
6.9 8.0 7.98 7.6 + 0.5
Note: AIR-3/1 C e r t i f i e d value for Mn = 30.0 u g / f i l t e r and
V = 7.8 jig f i l t e r
Jadual 2 .6 .1 : Keputusan yang d ipe ro l eh i bagi piawai IAEA AIR-3/1 mela lu i teknik AEN.
Table 2 .6 .1 : The r e s u l t s obtained for IAEA AIR-31/1 standard using NAA.
-J to
Tin Mines
1. Air Hitam Tin Dredging
2. K i l l i n g h a l l Tin Mine:
Working Area
Bagging
High Tension
Drier
Screening
Bagging
High Tension
Drier
Magnetic Separator
Content ( u g / l i t . a i r )
Mn
(x10~3)
3.0
5.4
2.5
V
(X10~ 3 )
1.0
9.2
2.2
2.1
1.7
As
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.18
0.15
0.08
0.19
0.08
Jadual 2 . 6 .2 : Sanpel-san^el d i kawasan k r i t i k a l yang t e l a h d i a n a l i s a r re la lu i ARJ.
Table 2 .6 .2 ; Samples of c r i t i c a l working areas analysed by NAA.
73
Tin Mines
SB 699
KT 713
m 702
FT 713
SD 702
As
0.132
0.04
BDL
BDL
BDL
Br
1.63
1.20
2.40
-
1.43
Content ( u g / l i t . a i r )
La Sm U Sc
0.87 0.20 BDL 0.24
0.50 0.10 BDL 0.(28
0.30 0.10 0.0072 BDL
2.87 0.41 BDL 0.14
0.33 0.07 BDL BDL
Th
NP
NP
BDL
0.006
0.003
Note:
BDL - Below detection l imit
NP - Not present
Jadual 2 .6 .3; Koirposisi sampel udara dar i lombcng bi j ih timah
Table 2.6.3: Composition of air-particulate samples from tin
mines.
Application of Nuclear Techniques in Occupational Hygiene Research
in Mining Industries of Malaysia
Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashira, Kamarudin Bahari, Meor Yusof
Meor Sulaiman, Shamsiah Abdul Rahman and Abdul Kadir Ishak
Prior to analytical work, some observations around t i n mines were
carried out. Below are the findings:
i . A large amount of dust i s present a t the ore-dressing plant,
par t icular ly around magnetic/high-tension separators, d r ie rs
and bagging areas.
i i . Due to the excessive use of water in the mining areas, dust
quantity i s generally low except for open-cast and under
ground mines.
i i i . Potassium amyl xantate, d i lu te sulphuric acid and formic
acid are used to separate t in ore from pyr i te . This
f lotat ion process l iberates Hydrogen sulphide. Chemical-
waste effluent from th i s process contaminates the surroun
ding.
iv . Toxic gases may be trapped in the naturally-ventilated
columns of underground mines.
Analytical work involved the collection of a i r -par t icula te samples
from the ore-dressing plant . Area and personnel a i r samples were
accumulated on glassfibre f i l t e r s for a fixed period using air
samplers.
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
techniques were used for multielemsntal analysis. NAA was found
to be satisfactory for the samples and the IAEA Certified Reference
Material AIR-3/1. Data from XRF were doubtful due to the
inavai labi l i ty of proper standards. Work is in progress to obtain
suitable standards.
75
Publication
Z. Ghazali e t a l (1985). The Application of Nuclear Techniques
in Occupational Hygiene in Mineral Industries in Malaysia. IAEA
Progress Report 3876/RB, 1985.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks are due to the Analytical Services Group, especially
to Mr. Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah, for the i r assistance and co-operation
in NAA work. Our gratitude is also due to the Physics Dept., UTM
and Geology Dept., UKM for provision to use the i r XRF f a c i l i t i e s .
We are also thankful to the Dept. of Environment, Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment for providing a few air
samplers.
.7 Pembangunan Kaedah-kaedah Anal i s i s Uranium dan Thorium
Zulkaf l i Ghazali , Kamaruddin Hashim, Kamarudin Bahari , Meor Yusof
Meor Sulaiman dan Shamsiah Abdul Rahman
Kaj ian-kaj ian sedang dibuat dalam usaha i tencari kaedah kimia basah
untuk iiEnganalisa uranium dan thorium sebagai suatu teknik ana l i sa
s e l a in d a r i t eknik ana l i s a pengaktifan neutron (AFN). Penentuan
uranium dan thorium diperlukan untuk mengawasi kecekapan proses
nyahlarut dan e k s t r a k s i bahan-bahan t e r s e b u t . Pada masa i n i sampel-
sampel yang t e l a h d iproses d i a n a l i s a menggunakan APN. Teknik-teknik
ana l i sa l a in pe r lu dibangunkan supaya ker j a i n i t idak bergantung
pada hanya sa tu t ekn ik a n a l i s a .
Berbagai teknik spektrofotometr i t e l a h dan sedang dicuba. Ketepatan
dan ke j i tuan yang ber la inan t e l a h d i p e r o l e h i bagi ke r j a -ke ra b e r i k u t :
i . Penentuan Uranium (IV) menggunakan Arsenazo I I I .
i i . Eks t r aks i uranium dan thorium menggunakan TOPO d i i k u t i 2
oleh penentuan menggunakan bahanuji PAR dan Thorin.
i i i . Eks t r aks i uranium dan thorium menggunakan TTA/TNOA d i i k u t i 3
oleh penentuan menggunakan Arsenazo I I I .
i v . Pemisahan uranium/thorium manggunakan Dowex 1X8 d i i k u t i 4
oleh penentuan menggunakan bahanujx DBM dan Thorin.
v . Penentuan serentak Uranium (IV) dan Thorium (VI) rrengguna-
kan Arsenazo I I I . '
Daripada kesertua t ekn ik d i a t a s , teknik t e r akh i r menunjukkan
keputusan yang meyakinkan. Bagaimanapun, keputusan yang konsis ten
dan j i t u belum l a g i d ipe ro l eh i . Kaj ian akan d i te ruskan untuk
i tengenalpasti parameter-parameter yang itempengaruhi ke j i tuan a n a l i s a .
Rujukan
1. Kadam e t . a l . (1981), Analyst 106 pp 724-726
77
2. E.N. Pollock (1977). Anal. Chim. Acta 88_ pp 399-401
3 . H. Onishi and K. Sekine (1972). Talenta 19_ pp 473-478
4 . Athavale e t . a l . (1962). J . Sc. & Ind. Res. 21b pp 231-233
5 . S.B. Sawin (1961). Talenta 8. pp 673-685
6. E.W. Bauinann. Report DuPont DP-1560
78
1.0 2.0 3.0
ARSENAZO mco OS%),ml
Rajah 2.7.1: Kesan Arsenazo ke atas penyerapan.
Figure 2.7.1: Effect of Arsenazo III on absorbance.
Rajah 2.7.2: Kesan HCl pekat ke atas penyerapan.
Figure 2.7.2: Effect of cone. HCl on absorbance.
Zn.g
A 6 8 10
OXALIC ACID(4%).ml
Rajah 2.7.3: Kesan Zn ke atas penyerapan.
Figure 2.7.3: Effect of Zn on absorbance.
Rajah 2.7.4: Kesan asid oksalik ke atas penyerapan.
Figure 2.7.4: Effect of oxalic acid on absorbance.
79
2.7 Development of Analytical Methods in Uranium and Thorium Analysis
Zulkafli Ghazali, Kamaruddin Hashira, Kamarudin Bahari, Meor Yusof
Meor Sulaiman and Shamsiah Abdul Rahman
The work is aimed at finding a suitable wet-chemistry method of
analysing uranium and thorium as a complementary technique to
neutron activation analysis (NAA.) . The determination of uranium
and thorium is deened necessary in monitoring leaching and extrac
tion processes for the two elements. NAA i s presently used in
analyses, but other analytical methods are required to avoid over-
dependence on only one technique.
Several spectrophotometeric techniques have been attempted and
different precision obtained for the following work:
i i . Determination of uranium (TV) using Arsenazo I I I .
i i . TOPO extraction of uranium and thorium followed by deter-•/2 mination using PAR and Thorin reagents.
i i i . TTA/TNOA extraction of uranium and thorium followed by 3
determination using Arsenazo I I I .
iv. Dowex 1x8 separation of uranium/thorium followed by 4
determination using DBM and Thorin reagents.
v. Simultaneous determination of uranium (IV) and thorium
(VI) using Arsenazo I I I . '
Of these, only the l a s t technique shows a convincing r e su l t .
Nevertheless, a consistent and precise resu l t has yet t o be
obtained. Further work is geared towards determining the para
meters which influence consistency in r e su l t .
References
1. Kadam e t a l (1981). Analyst J06 pp 724-726 2. E.N. Pollock (1977). Anal. Chem. Acta 88_ pp 399-401 3. H. Ouishi and K. Sekine (1972). Talenta _19. PP 473-478 4. Athavale e t a l (1962). J . Sc. & Ind. Res. 2113 pp 231-233 5. S.B. Sawin (1961). Talenta £ pp 673-685 6. E.W. Baumann, Report Du Pont DP-1560
A Preliminary Study on the Use of Alpha Spectroscopy for the
Analysis of Uranium and Thorium Content in Liquid Samples
Ng Inn Khuan, Abdul Ghaffar Ramli and Kamaruddin Hashim
A preliminary study on the possibi l i ty of using alpha spectroscopy
in the analysis of uranium and thorium content in liquid samples 2
was carried out using a 300 mm sil icon surface-barrier detector
operating a t 100 V. The experimental set-up is shown in f i g . 2 . 8 . 1 .
Different masses of uranyl n i t r a t e and thorium n i t r a t e solutions
were spread and evaporated on aluminium planchets. These ware
counted separately in a vacuum chamber for a period between 1 - 3
days at source to detector distances of 0.5 cm and 2.2 cm.
Figures 2.8.2 and 2.8.3 show the resu l t s obtained. The points are
seen scattered randomly on each side of the s t ra ight l ine for both
graphs. The same pattern in dis tr ibut ion of points was observed
for countings done at different source to detector separation (done
by two different experimenters). This suggests that the counting
was consistent, but the scatter in points could be due to inhomo-
geneities in sample preparation. This was verified by counting a
sample in different locations displaced off-centre (fig. 2.8.4) ,
giving r i s e to count ra tes between 484.9 + 4 cps to 671.6 + 5 cps
(difference of 39%).
Counting a t the further distance gave r i s e to a s l ight increase in
resolution. A random shift in the peak channels was also observed.
Most of the alpha peaks observed for uranium and thorium f a l l within
the same region. Thus, i t may be d i f f icu l t to resolve the cont r i
butions from uranium and thorium should a mixed sample be counted.
At th i s early stage, i t i s sufficient to conclude that inconsisten
cies in data are due mainly to the non-uniform sample distr ibution
and thickness. I t is suggested that for accurate analysis, radio
chemical separation followed by electrospraying or electroplating
of the radionuclides need be employed. Work i s progressing in t h i s
81
direction.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Mr. Jaafar Abdullah for supplying
the SSB detector and vacuum chamber which he made during his
training programme in Japan. We are also thankful to the Department
of Instrumentation and Control and the Reactor Department for the
loan of counting electronics for this work.
82
M t i c i i * «"<*• *Cm«i cm
Figure 2.8.1a: The experimental set-up for e<-spectroscopy
<C~F
Figure 2.8.1b: A close-up view of the detector-sarrple arrangement showing the source-detector dis tances of 0.5 cm and 2.2 cm.
•/T-
u l M W V M H C M t COtTEQ *m«
ICTWt i w t 0* Tut KHCWW
Figure 2 .8 .4 : A sample was displaced off-centre as shown t o provide a simple check for source uniformity.
«CICHT W U , * ^ - ^ WECHT OF ThM0 3 ^J
Figure 2.8.2 (left) and 2.8.3 (r ight) : Count ra te of samples of Uranyl n i t ra te and Thorium ni t ra te at the twD source-detector positions. Consistency in counts was obtained but departures from a straight l ine was due to sample non-uniformity.
Bengeluaran 'Yellow Cake' (Ammaniam Diuranat) dan Thorium N i t r a t
d a r i 'Sludge' mela lu i Percubaan Per ingkat Makmal
Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman
Analisa ' s ludge ' d a r i ASEAN Rare-Earth (ABE) irenggunakan kaedah
pendarfluor sinar-X menunjukkan bahawa kandungan U 0„ dan ThO.,
dalam 'sludge* t e r s ebu t i a l ah 1.39% dan 33.55%. Sela in d a r i i n i
t e rdapa t juga unsur-unsur nadir bund, s i l i k a dan sebagainya.
Parcubaan makmal dilakukan terhadap 'sludge* i n i untuk msmenuhi
ob jek t i f -ob jek t i f b e r i k u t :
i . nembentuk suatu kaedah e k s t r a k s i 'yellow c a k e ' dan thorium
n i t r a t .
i i . penyelidikan ke a t a s keupayaan kaedah e k s t r a k s i t e r s e b u t .
i i i . pemindahan proses makmal ke proses l o j i p e r i n t i s , dan
i v . menentukan harga pengeluaran h a s i l yang d i p e r o l e h i .
'S ludge ' i a l a h s i s a d a r i proses l o j i ARE, dan bentuknya t i d a k memer-
lukan rawatan per ingkat awal dalam kajian i n i . Rajah 2 .9 .1 nenerang-
kan kaedah-kaedah yang t e l a h di ja lankan untuk menyediakan h a s i l yang
dikehendakki.
Berbagai paraitieter t e l a h d i k a j i mela lui proses yang ditunjukkan
untuk mendapatkan penghasilan optima. Parameter yang t e l a h d i k a j i
sehingga i n i i a l a h masa nyahlaru t msnggunakan asM n i t r i k , kandungan
t r i - b u t i l fosf a t (TBP) bagi e k s t r a k s i p e l a r u t untuk uranium dan
kepekatan as id n i t r i k bagi proses e k s t r a k s i senula . Se la in d a r i i t u ,
kajian perbezaan dilakukan dengan penggunaan pe l a ru t n-heksan dan
e the r pe t ro l iam semasa proses e k s t r a k s i p e l a r u t .
Keputusan yang d i p e r o l e h i msnunjukkan bahawa l eb ih kurang 5 g
ammonium' d iu rana t dan 20g thorium n i t r a t d ipe ro l eh i d a r i 80g 'sludge
ARE. Ketulinan sampel-sampel i n i sedang dalam proses ana l i s a .
85 SLUDGE
Nyahlarut HN03 HNO3 digestion
SLURRY
Ekstraksi pertama 5% TBF dalam ether petroViam
First extraction 5% TBP in petroleum ether.
Larutan berair mengandungi thorium
(Aqueous solution containing thorium)
Ekstraksi kedua 40% TBP dalam ether petroliam
Larutan organan mengandungi uranium
IOrganic solution containing uranium)
Second extraction 40% TBP in petroleum ether.
Ekstraksi semula dengan 1M HN03
Larutan organan mengandungi thorium nitrat
(Organic solution containing
thorium nitrate)
Re-extraction with 1M HN03
Larutan uranium nitrat
(Uranium nitrate solution)
Ekstraksi semula dengan 0.02M HN03
Re-extraction with 0.02M W/VO3
Ammonia PH7-8
Larutan thorium nitrat (Thorium nitrate solution)
NH4OH
PH7-8
Ammoniam diuranat (Ammonium diuranate)
Thorium hidroksid (Thorium hydroxide)
25% HNO.
Thorium nitrat tulin (Purified thorium nitrate)
Rajah 2.9.1: Kaedah-kaedah Ekstraksi yang dicuba untuk menghasilkan ADU dan thorium nitrat.
Figure 2.9.1 : Extraction methods attempted to yield ADU and thorium nitrate.
PENGERINGAN DRYING
PENGERINGAN DRYING
Production of Yellow Cake (Ammonium Diuranate) and Thorium Nitrate from Sludge by Laboratory-scale Experiments
Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman
Analysis of ASEHN Rare-Earth (ARE) sludge by X-rray fluorescence shows that the content of UgO- and ThO, is 1.39% and 33.55% respectively. Rare-earth elements, s i l ica and others are also present.
Lab scale experiments were done on the sludge to meet the following requirements:
i . to establish methods in extracting yellow cake and thorium ni t rate
i i . to study the performance of the methods investigated'
i i i . assist the transfer of the lab-scale process to a pi lot-plant scale process, and
iv. to determine the cost of production of the end products.
The sludge is a by-product from the ARE plant and needs no further physical beneficiation step for th is investigation. Figure 2.9.1 explains the methods carried cut to yield the required products.
Various parameters were studied to obtain the optimum output of the process. Parameters so far investigated are the n i t r ic acid digestion t ine , tr i-butyl phosphate (TBP) content for solvent extraction of uranium and the concentration of n i t r ic acid used for the re-extraction process. Besides these, comparative studies were done using n-hexane and petroleum ether as the diluent for the solvent-extraction process.
The results obtained shows approximately 5g of ammonium diuranate and 20g of thorium nitrate were obtained from an in i t i a l 80g of ARE sludge. The samples are s t i l l being analysed for chemical purity.
87
2.10 Metallurgi Kimpalan AluminJbani untuk Tiub Penyinaran Teras
Reaktor
Mohamad Harun, Zailee Dollah*, Azlan Samah*, Jasmin Baba* dan
Abd. Aziz Mohamad
Kaj ian metallurgi kimpalan TIG terhadap a lo i aluminium telah
dijalankan untuk mempelajari s i f a t - s i f a t neta l lurgi f i z ika l .
Kehadlran kecacatan bahagian kimpalan dikesan dengan kaedah
radiografi sinar-X dan netallografi . Kehadiran gabungan tak
lengkap disebabkan oleh befcerapa kenungkinan ia i tu lapisan
aluminium oksida, pengaliran haba yang tak mencukupi ser ta
kelajuan bendakerja. Segregasi unsur-unsur utama ia i tu Mg
dan Si berbeza-beza antara zon kimpalan dengan logam asas
bergantung kepada haba masukan kimpalan. Mikrostruktur dan
mikrokekerasan sepanjang bahagian kimpalan berubah-ubah dengan
jelas oleh rawatan haba. Kekerasan adalah minima d i sempadan
kawasan berkesanan haba dengan zon kimpalan dan maksinum d i
zon kimpalan. Hal in i akan terdedah kepada kegagalan kirpalan
sepert i retakan-rapuhan. Rawatan haba pada suhu 413 C, 2k jam
dan d i iku t i dengan penyejukan dalam relau menghasilkan taburan
kekerasan yang minima dan seragam. In i akan mengurangkan
kejadian retakan rapuhan.
* Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
88
2.10 Aluminium Welding Metallurgy fear a Reactor-Care Irradiat icn Tube
Mohamad Harun, Zailee Dollah*, Azlan Samah*, Jasmin Baba* and
Abd. Aziz Mohamad
The metallurgy of TIG welding in aluminium alloy was examined
based on physical metallurgy character is t ics . The presence
of weld defects hawe been detected by X-ray radiographic and
metallographic methods. The lack of penetration in the
aluminium weld was possibly caused by the formation of an
aluminium oxide layer, insufficient heating flow and fas t
speed of work-piece ro ta t ion . Segregation of major elements
such as Mg and Si were variable between the weld zone and
parent metal depending on the heat input during welding.
Microstructure and microhardness across the weld were markedly
changed by heat-treatment. Minimum hardness was found in the
heat-affected zone (HAZ) - fusion zone boundary and maximum
hardness was found in the fusion zone. Both these extremes
can produce premature failure of the weld. Such fa i lure ,
especially embrittlement cracking, could be hindered by heat-
treatment at 413°C, 2h hours and furnace cooled. The d i s t r i
bution of hardness i s minimized and homogenized in th i s way.
* Universit i Teknologi Malaysia
89
2.11 Penggunaan Bahan-bahan Tunituhan sebagai Perencat Kakisan
Muhamad Daud dan Jamaliah Sharif
Perencat adalah sangat penting d i k a j i dan diguna untuk nengurangkan
dan/atau memberhentikan proses t indakbalas kakisan d a r i t e r u s be r -
laku. Kajian yang sedang di ja lankan i n i mempunyai dua matlamat
i a i t u ;
i . Menentukan kecekapan beberapa j e n i s eks t rak bahan tumbuhan
sebagai perencat kakisan.
i i . Pemakaian eks t rak bahan tunibuhan terhadap logam d i dalam
persek i ta ran a i r pa ip dan a i r be ras id .
Bahan-bahan tumbuhan yang d ieks t rak dan diguna sebagai perencat t e r -
d i r i d a r i lobak nerah, lada hitam, u b i kentang, kacang soya, h a l i a
dan tembakau. Ekstrak s e t i a p bahan t e r s e b u t di larutkan. ke dalam a i r
sul ing dan di jadikan bahan perencat . Kepekatan perencat yang diguna-
kan i a l ah 0 . 5 , 1.0, 1.5, 2 .0 , 2.5 dan 3.0 pera tus yang dip ipetkan ke
dalam bikar yang mengandungi sampel dan l a ru tan samada a i r pa ip atau
a i r be ras id .
Sampel-sampel logam pula t e r d i r i d a r i lcgam k e l u l i lembut berukuran
47 x 26 x 2 mm. Sampel-sampel t e r s ebu t telahpun d i c a n a i , d i b e r s i h
dan ditimbang untuk mendapat be ra t be r s ih sebelum rendaman. Kaedah
yang digunakan untuk eksperimen i n i i a l ah kaedah pengukuran kadar
kakisan. Kadar kakisan dinyatakan sebagai perubahan be ra t per u n i t
luas perrtukaan dan per unitmasa. Kenyataan i n i boleh d i te r ima untuk
proses-proses kakisan unum dan kakisan seragam. Kadar kakisan dan
pera tus perencatan d i k i r a mengikut formula b e r i k u t :
(i) Kadar kakisan (K.KO
K.K = 87.6 _W__ DAT
90
d i mana 87.6 = angkatap kakisan
W = kehilangan berat
D = ketumpatan logam
A = luas pernukaan
T = tempoh rendaitian
( i i ) Peratus Perencatan (P.P)
.87.6W/Di¥r
P.P = 1 - -rzs-. x 100% 876W/DAT ^
d i mana R = di rencat
TR = tak direncat
Eksperimen i n i dijangka s iap pada pertengahan tahun 1986.
91
2.11 The Use of Plant Extract as Corrosion Inhibitors
Muhamad Daud and Jamaliah Shariff
An inhibitor is an important research area in corrosion for
retarding or stopping corrosion rate. An inhibitor is a substance
Which, when added in small concentrations to an environment,
decrease the corrosion rate. It considered as a retarding catalyst.
The current research has two objectives:
i. To determine the efficiency of various types of extract
from plant materials to be used as inhibitors.
ii. Application of extracts on mild steel samples in tap water
and acid solution.
The inhibitor solutions were extracted from carrot, black pepper,
potato, soya bean, ginger and tobacco. Each extract is diluted in
distilled water and used as inhibitor;.; Concentration of 0.5, 1.0,
1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% are pipetted into beakers in which the
sample and tap water or acid solution are added. The mild steel
samples were prepared in dimensions of 47x26x2mm. The samples
ware ground with SiC paper, washed with distilled water, cleaned
with acetone and then weighed with an analytical balance. The
corrosion rate can be defined as the weight change; per unit surface
area and per unit time of exposure. This explanation is true and
accepted for the general/uniform corrosion process and then can be
calculated by following fonrula:
i. Corrosion rate (C.R.)
C.R. = 87.6 'W DAT
where 87.6 = corrosion constant
W = weight loss in ng. 3
D = metal density in g/cm 2
A = surface area in cm
T = exposure time in hours
92
i i . Percentage I n h i b i t i o n (P . I . )
(87.6W/DAT) P . I . = 1 - X 100%
where I refers to the inhibited process
U refers to the unhibited process
This experiment is due to be corrpleted in the middle of 1986.
93
2.12 Kakisan Retak Tegasan Aloi Aluminium
Muhamad Daud, Mohamad Harun, Jasmin Baba* dan Zainal*
Erojek i n i merupakan projek palajar tahun keenpat Faku l t i
Kejuruteraan Jen te ra , Univers i t i Teknologi Malaysia. Projek
kerjasama 3ni sedang berjalan d i UTM d i mana pelajar tersebiit
sedang membuat kerja-kerja semasa untuk eksparimen. Kajian
kakisan re tak tegasan i n i dijangka s i ap pada iulan Apri l
1986.
Kerja-kerja semasa yang i tes t i dijalankan dalam projek i n i
ialah menjalankan eksperimen, anal i sa mikro dan menentukan
halaju perturribuhan r e t ak . Dalam projek i n i sampel a l o i
aluminium dibentuk dalam tentuk " t e s t piece" dan a l a t untuk
kajian kakisan i n i ia lah masin uj ian kakisan re tak tegasan.
Semasa psrjalanan projek i n i , faktor-faktor yang penting d i -
t i t ikbera tkan d i dalam proses kakisan retak-tegasan i a l ah :
i . Komposisi spesif ik a l o i
i i . Mikrostruktur unik d a r i proses Metallurgikal
i i i . Tegangan-tegasan pada pernukaan terdedah, dan
iv . Keadaan persekitaran
Segala keputusan dan data-^data yang d iparo lehi nan t i sangat
barguna dan boleh mambantu pihak-pihak yang t e r l i b a t dengan
pambinaan sesuatu sistem a lo i aluminium d i parsekitaran
bar a i r .
* Univers i t i Teknologi Malaysia
94
2.12 S t r e s s Corrosion Cracking of Aluminium Alloy
Muhamad Daud, Mohamad Harun, Jasmin Baba* and Zainal*
This p r o j e c t i s a four th-year s tudent p ro j ec t in the f acu l ty of
machanical eng inee r ing , Univers i ty of Technology Malaysia. Thi£-
cooperat ive p r o j e c t i s done in UTM where t h e s tudent i s r equ i red
t o do the pre l iminary s tage of the experiment. This p r o j e c t w i l l
be f in ished in A p r i l 1986. The work involves experiments/
nucros t ruc ture a n a l y s i s , and determinat ion of c rack growth. A l l
samples were c u t and formed in the skape of a t e s t - p i e c e and then
t e s t e d by using t h e s t r e s s cor ros ion t e s t i n g machine under water
a t var ious tempera tures .
In t h i s work, f a c t o r s t h a t would be considered a r e :
(a) spec i f i c a l l oy composition
(b) mic ros t ruc tu re unique from me ta l l u rg i ca l process
(c) t e n s i l e - s t r e s s on exposed sur face , and
(d) environmental condi t ions (such as temperature ,
so lu t ion e t c . )
Al l r e s u l t s and d a t a w i l l be obtained and these a re usefu l for
supporting cons t ruc to r s involved with aluminium a l l o y .
*Univers i t i Teknologi Malaysia^
95
2.13 Pabrikasi Alatkesan Sawar Pernukaan Silikon
Mahadzir Din, S„ Kanesan dan Ng Inn Khuan
Projek i n i akan dimulakan apabila almari wasap HF siap ditauliahkan.
Pesanan kepingan si l ikon untuk kegunaan projek i n i te lah dilakukan.
Kerintangan sil ikon jenis-N yang d ip i l ih ialah 50 kfe- cm dan hablur-
nya berorientasi (111). Emas 99.9% tul in akan disejatkan ke atas
kepingan silikon sebagai sentuhan p dengan menggunakan a la t
penyalut hampagas. Untuk sentuhan n , aluminium (99.99%) atau
fosforus akan digunakan.
Perkara-perkara yang akan diambil perhatian dalam projek in i ialah:
i . c i r i - c i r i arus-voltan (I-V) alatkesan
i i . arus bocor alatkesan
i i i . n i l a i kapasitan malar alatkesan pada voltan ter tentu
Rajah 2.13.1 itenunjukkan struktur nudah sesuatu alatkesan sawar
pernukaan s i l ikon.
2.13 Fabrication of Silicon Surface-Barrier Detector
Mahadzir Din, S. Kanesan and Ng Inn Khuan
This project would be star ted when the HF fume-cupboard has been
ins ta l led . Silicon s l i ces for t h i s project has been ordered. The
r e s i s t i v i t y of the N-type sil icon chosen i s 50 kil-cm, with a crysta l
orientation of (111). High-purity gold (99.9%) wi l l be coated onto
the s i l icon s l i ces in a vacuum evaporator to form the p contact.
Aluminium (99.99% purity) or phosphorus wil l be used as the n
contact.
Matters which wil l be stressed in th i s project are:
i . current-voltage (I-V) character is t ics of the detector
i i . leakage current of the detector
i i i . capacitance of the detector at par t icular applied voltages
Fig. 2.13.1 shows a simplified structure of a surface-barrier + +
detector showing the p and n contacts and the depletion layer.
96
2.14 Pembentukan Tiub Geiger-Muller
S. Kanesan, Abdul Ghaffar Rarali, Rosly Jaafar dan Mahadzir Din
Pembentukan t i u b percubaan jenis Geiger-Muller te lah dijalankan
dengan manggunakan t i u b aluminium yang ditutup d i kedua-c-ua hujung-
nya dengan damar. Dawai platinum (50ywn) atau tungsten dijadikan
ancdnya. Tiub i n i t e l a h dihampagas dan kenudian d i i s i dengan argon
pada tekanan udara. Kebaikan hampagas dan ketulinan argon t idak d i -
ketahui kerana t i ada a l a t yang sesuai didapati untuk digunakan bagi
pengukuran i n i .
Tiub tersebut te lah d i u j i sehingga voltan 2 kV t e t a p i hasi l tidak
menggalakkan. Isyarat yang diterima d a r i t iub tersebut menunjukkan
bahawa t iub itu t e lah berfungsi sebagai kebuk pengionan. I n i nungkin
kerana terdapat' atom-atom gas elektronegatif seper t i oksigen (dari
udara) yang menyebabkan tindakan Geiger t idak berlaku.
Usaha i n i akan dicuba l a g i dengan adanya sistem hampagas yang lebih
baik ser ta sistem pengisian gas argon tanpa pencemaran gas udara.
2.14 Fabrication of Geiger-Muller Counters
S. Kanesan, Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Rosly Jaafar and Mahetdzir Din
An experditental (.••Geiger-Muller tube was made using an aluminium tube
with both ends plugged with epoxy res in . Platinum (50/im) or tungsten
wire was used as the anode. The tube was evacuated and then f i l l e d
with argcn t o atmospheric pressure. The vacuum condition and purity
of argon gas was not known due to the lack of appropriate equipment
to perform these measurements.
The fabricated tube was tested up to 2 kV but the r e su l t s ware not
encouraging. The signal obtained from the tube showed t h a t i t was
functioning as an ionization chamber. This could be due t o the pre
sence of a large quantity of electronegative atoms such oxygen <(from
the atmosphere) which suppresses Geiger action from taking place.
This effort wi l l be continued when a bet ter vacuum and gas- f i l l ing
system i s available t o exclude unwanted contamination from atmos
pheric gases.
3
PBOGBAM ISOTOP DAN SINAHAN DALAM INDUSTRI
Z SO-rOJRE AhiZ? f* AkZ? Z AT Z O hi Z hi Z htZPLfSTfRY f=>fitO&ttA\htME:
PBOGRAM PENGGUNAAN ISOTOP DAN SINARAN PRIAM INDUSTRI
Pengenalan
Aktiviti Program dalam bidang penyelidikan, perkhidmatan dan
latihan dibahagikan kepada lima kumpulan, iaitu: Teknik
Penyurih dan Tolok Nuklear, Ujian Tanpa Musnah, Pemprosesan
Menggunakan Sinaran, Khidmat Analisa dan Teknik Nuklear dalam
Geologi. Banyak contdh aktiviti-aktiviti di atas adalah
seperti ditunjukkan dalam abstrak dan senarai penerbitan yang
dilaksanakan dalam tahun 1985.
Akhir sekali saya ingin mengambil kesempatan ini untuk
mengucapkan setinggi-tinggi terima kasih dan penghargaan
kepada semua pegawai dan kakitangan Program ISI di atas
ker jasama dan ketekunan dalam menghadapi ker ja-kerja harian.
Daud Mohamad Ketua Program Penggunaan Isotop dan Sinaran Dalam Industri.
ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN INDUSTRY PROGRAMME
1 Introduction
The Programne's research, service and training activities
are classified into 5 main areas i.e. Tracer and Gauging
Techniques, Non Destructive Testing, Radiation Processing,
Analytical Service and Nuclear Techniques in Geology.
Many examples of these activities are shewn in the
following abstracts and list of publication; covering the
work undertaken in 1985,
Lastly, I would like to take this opportunity to express
my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all staff members
of ISI Programme for their cooperation and hard work.
Daud Mohamad, Head of Isotope and Radiation Applications in Industry Programme.
99
3.2 Isotope-Hydrology Studies in Sungai Muar Basin, Negeri Sembilan
Daud Mohamad, Roslan Mohd. All and Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir
The Nuclear Energy Unit is cooperating with the Geological
Survey Malaysia in a project to determine the environmental
isotopes content of groundwaters from the Sungai Muar Basin,
(RTG) Negeri Sembilan. This project is an attempt at elucidating
the mechanism of recharge, origin of recharge and age of ground
water system in the area.
The overal results of tritium values from the walls showed a
small variation. Tritium varies from 0 to 5.5 T.U. in ground
water samples and the Muar River has a tritium content of 4.1
T.U. Based on tritium distribution, the area can be divided
into two hydrogeolcgical regime. High tritium concentrations
are generally observed in the aquifer wells around Rembau while
the low values are observed in the wells around Tampin and
Gemas areas. However, a few samples from Tampin and Gemas
areas showed significantly high tritium concentration as
indicated from a few wells. In general, however the results
of tritium have exhibited that groundwater in the study area
comprises of recent and old water components.
Kajian Kesan Penyerapan Radioisotop Au-198 ke dalam Pulpa Kertas
Roslan Mohd. Ali, Zainudin Othman dan Wan Zakarla Wan Mohd Tahir
Penggunaan penyurih d i dalam industri kertas terutama mengenai
kajian masa pencampuran telah lama diperkenalkan. Salah satu
parameter terpenting bagi panentuan masa pencampuran optimum
sesuatu proses dengan menggunakan radioisotop adalah penentuan
kadar penyerapan.
Suatu kajian awal mengenai penggunaan tracer Au-198 ke atas
pulpa kertas te lah dijalankan bagi mengetahui kadar penyerapan
Au-198. Sampel pulpa kertas diperolehi dar i Kajang Paper Mills,
Kaj ang.
Sampel-sampel pulpa kertas masing-masing seberat 400 gm (pulpa
9%, aix 91%) te lah dicampur dengan barbagai kepekatan panyurih
dan dikacau pada tempoh yang ditetapkan ia i tu 5 minit, kemudian
ianya dituras untuk memisahkan pulpa dan a i r . Hasil turasan
ini dihitung dengan menggunakan pengesan Nal(Tl) (2"x1") dan
Portable Ratemeter untuk mendapatkan ak t iv i t i Au-198 pada geometri
yang te tap .
Hasil dar i percubaan in i menunjukkan penyerapan Au-198 ke dalam
pulpa kertas adalah berkisar antara 85%-90% dan dengan itu dapat
dibuat kesimpulan bahawa Au-198 merupakan suatu penyurih yang
s tabi l dan sesuai digunakan untuk kajian masa pencampuran optimum
pulpa kertas d i dalam 'mixing ches t ' .
101
ioo r
Q 0.2 0.4 a 6 0.6 1JD 1.2 14 1.6 18 2.0
fSfPADU P£NVURlH<mH
NOTA:1m4 PWWJRJH=9.6/«Ci
Rajah 3 . 3 . 1 : Kadar Penyerapan Radioisotop Au-198 ke dalam pulpa ker tas pada kepekatan yang berbeza
102
3.4 Determination of Mixing Time in the Mixing Chest of Kajang
Paper Mill Using ftu-198
Wan Zakaria Wan Mohd. Tahir, Zainudin Othman and Roslan Mohd.
Ali.
Radioisotope techniques in the evaluation of industr ial
mixing processes and determination of mixing times are ve i l
established. This paper describes a study to determine the
optimum mixing time in paper: mill using ftu-198 solution.
The paper covers de ta i l approach of the problem, experimental
techniques, safety aspect considerations apart from data
interpretation. The optiitum mixing time of the process was
found t o be 29 minutes.
103
3.5 Anal i s i s dan Perbandingan Tr i t ium
Roslan Mohd A l i , Kamisah Haji A l i a s , Juhar i Yusof dan Wan Abd.
Aziz Wan Mohamad
Makmal t r i t i u m yang diwujudkan dalam bulan Ogos, 1983 d i bawah
program bantuan RCA mempunyai pe ra la t an -pe ra la t an penyulingan
kepertamaan, kelengkapan pengkayaan t r i t i u m dan u n i t penyulingan
keduaan. Manakala a l a t pembilangan i a i t u Pembilang S i n t i l a s i
Cecair (LSC) t e l a h d i b e l i o leh u n i t i n i pada akhir tahun 1983.
Sehingga akhi r tahun 1985, sebanyak 189 contoh a i r d a r i Lembah
Kelantan, kawasan Kedah-Perl is , Lembah Sg. Muar, Ampangan Pedu
dan Pulau Langkawi t e l a h diperkayakan dan d i a n a l i s a menggunakan
kemudahan-kemudahan yang ada d i makmal i n i . Penganalisaan t r i t i u m
yang digunakan adalah sama dengan kaedah yang digunakan oleh
Suruhanjaya Tenaga Atom A u s t r a l i a (AAEC) yang mana 10 gm contoh
akhir a i r yang t e l ah diperkayakan dicampur dengan 11 ml ceca i r
s c i n t i l a s i i n s t age l d i dalam v i a l pol ia ta l ina.Pembilangan d i l a k u -
kan dengan menggunakan Pembilang S i n t i l a s i c e c a i r , Packard 300 C.
Sistem pembilang i n i nemberikan n i l a i / a k t i v i t i yang baik kepada
pembilangan t r i t i u m walaupun i a menunjukkan pembilangan l a t a r
belakang yang agak t i n g g i (7.0 - 7.5 psm). Sistem i n i juga nem
berikan kecekapan pengesanan yang t i n g g i (20 - 25%).
Dari s e g i pengendalian kerrudahan para la tan a n a l i s i s t r i t i u m ,
banyak masalah yang dihadapi terutamanya d a r i a l a t - a l a t e l e k t r o -
l i s i s . Masalah utama biasanya d a r i bahagian-bahagian e l e k t r o n i k
pengkamil a r u s , te rmis tor dan e lekt rod yang mudah berkara t .
Baharu-baharu i n i , makmal i n i t e l a h t u r u t s e r t a d i dalam program
perbandingan makmal d i bawah anjuran IAEA. Empat contoh a i r
t e l a h d i a n a l i s a menggunakan s is tem d i UTN. Keputusannya d i d a p a t i
menuaskan.
Tritium Analysis and Ihter-Laboratory Comparison
Roslan Mohd. Ali , Kamisah Hj. Alias, Juhari Yusof and Wan Abd.
Aziz Wan Mohamad.
The t r i t ium laboratory set up a t the Nuclear Energy Unit in
August, 1983 under the RCA programme consists of a primary
d i s t i l l a t i on un i t , t r i t ium enrichment f ac i l i t y and secondary
d i s t i l l a t i on un i t . The counting f a c i l i t i e s , tha t i s the
liquid sc in t i l l a t ion counter was made available by the unit
in la te 1983.
By the end of 1985, 189 samples fromKelantan Basin, Kedah-
Berlis area, Sg. Muar Basin, Pedu Dam and Langkawi Island
were enriched and analysed using th i s f a c i l i t y . With regard
to the t r i t ium analysis, a similar procedure t o that adopted
by AAEC was used whereby 10 gm of the f ina l enriched sample
is mixed with 11 ml of instagel in a polyethylene v i a l and
counted with LSC type Packard 300 C. The counting system
shows a good response for the t r i t ium counting though i t
gives s l ight ly higher background reading (7.0 - 7.5 cpm).
However, the system provides a good detection efficiency
(20 - 25%).
From the maintenance point of view we have encountered many
problems especially from the electrolysis un i t . Major problems
are normally from the electronic parts of the current integra
to r , thermistor and corroded electrodes.
Recently we have also participated in an inter-laboratory
comparison programme for t r i t ium coordinated by the IAEA.
The resu l t s are found to be satisfactory.
105
3.6 Kay-Ray Nuclear Densitometer at FETRONAS Carigali
Jaafar Abdullah, Zainudih Othman, Abd. Razak Harnzah and Juhari
Mohd. Yusof
The application of nuclear techniques for measurement and process
control i s evident worldwide, including Malaysia. One such
application is the use of nuclear density gauges (Kay-Ray Nuclear
Densitometers) in process industries; one of which was instal led
at the condensate-natural gas* pipeline at the PETRCNAS Carigali
plant in Kertih, Terengganu in February 1984. Even though i t has
been installed for almost two years, the equipment has not been
properly commissioned un t i l recently due to calibration problems.
To overcome these problems, the assistance of the Hydrology and
Tracer Studies Group at the Nuclear Energy Unit was requested.
Kay-Ray nuclear densitometers have been extensively used in
mining, pulp and paper, food, chemical, coal, power, s tee l and
other process industries for measuring densi t ies , viscosity or
composition of two mixtures. I t consists of a small gamma radia
tion source housed in a lead-shielded and collimated holder and
the gamma detector, mounted d i rec t ly opposite the source holder.
The detector generates an e lec t r i ca l signal, proportional t o
product density, which i s then transmitted to remote electronic
instruments for amplification, scaling and calibration in density
u n i t s .
Before the on-line measurement of condensate-natural gas density
can be made, the equipment has to be calibrated with the standard
available, such as water, gasoline e t c . , as appropriate. The
calibration was carried out for several conditions s tar t ing with
0% (without condensate) 50%, 75% and fu l l (100%) of condensate,
In t h i s particular case, a simple transmission gauge has been c
constructed in order to estimate the calibration thickness which
represents the ful l capacity of condensate in the pipeline.
Similar procedures can be applied for the case of half-ful l
condensate.
From the transmission experiment, l inear absorption coefficient
was found to be 0.0606 cm and the calibration thickness i s 35 nm.
of lead. A correlation between gamma-ray transmission through
condensate and sample thickness was obtained from t h i s calibration
work. The equivalent calibration thickness can be calculated from
th i s correlat ion. The calibration block can be used from time t o
time as necessary to check the efficiency of the equipment.
Similar ac t iv i t i e s can also be performed by the Nuclear Energy
Unit at other location in l ine with i t s role t o promote the
application of nuclear techniques in local industries. The most
significant ro le tha t can be played by nuclear techniques, in
these circumstances, is in the improvement in product quality and
r e a l i b i l i t y . This wi l l , in turn ensure market competitiveness
of local industr ial products.
107
TO RATEMETER/TIMER
• NaKTI 1 DETECTOR
PERSPEX B O X - '
LEAD COLLIMATOR Cs(SmCI)
Figure 3 .6 .1 ; A simple ganma-ray transmission gauge for laboratory experiments
108
3.7 Tinjauan Ke atas Mutu Batik Malaysia d i Negeri Kelantan
Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh, Hussin Mohd„ Nor, Hassan Hamdani Hassan
Mutaat dan Muharaad Awang Teh*
Batik nerupakan salah satu daripada perusahaan kraf tangan arang
Melayu yang bertuiripu d i Kelantan dan Terengganu. Bilangan
pengusaha yang berdaftar dengan Batik Malaysia Berhad d i
Semenanjung Malaysia adalah sebanyak 294 buah pada tahun 1981.
Perusahaan i n i kebanyakannya adalah perusahaan keci l sahaja.
Satu perkara yang serius dihadapi oleh mereka ialah kelunturan.
Belum ada kajian yang nendalam tentang penyediaan batik pernah
dilakukan pada irasa la lu . In i disebabkan pengusaha-pengusaha
itu sendiri t idak ireirpunyai pengetahuan tentang proses-proses
kimia dalam penyediaan batik.
Contoh-contoh batik diambil daripada pengusaha-pengusaha kecil
d i Kelantan secara rawak oleh Perbadanan Kemajuan Kraf tangan
Malaysia (PKKM), cawangan Kota Bharu. Sebanyak 140 contoh
batik te lah diambil daripada 34 pengusaha. Contoh-contoh batik
tersebut t e r d i r i da r i batik celup, batik t u l i s dan batik
conteng-celup. Ujian irutu telah dijalankan d i PKKM. Ujian-
ujian yang dijalankan ialah ketahanan cahaya, ketahanan basuh,
ketahanan gosok kering dan ketahanan gosok basah.
Jadual 3.7.1 itenunjukkan peratus nutu batik yang dihasilkan
oleh pengusaha-pengusaha keci l d i Kelantan. Daripada 140 contoh
batik yang telah d i u j i , irutu keseluruhan batik adalah seper t i
berikut: 23.6% bermutu baik seirentara 45.7% berirutu sederhana
dan 30.7% bernutu rendah. Ujian ketahanan cahaya pula rrenun-
jukkan 27.8% berirutu baik, 63.6% bernutu sederhana dan 8.6%
luntur. I n i irenunjukkan ketahanan cahaya irempunyai peratus
* Perbadanan Kemajuan Kraf tangan Malaysia, Kota Bharu.
109
nutu baik yang pa l i ng rendah s e k a l i . I n i t e l a h menpengaruhi *
irutu keseluruhan b a t i k yang d ihas i lkan kerana ketahanan cahaya
mempunyai ka i t an r a p a t dengan kes tab i lan n o l i k u l pencelup t e r
s e b u t . Oleh i t u , dapat dirunuskan bahawa ramai pengusaha-
pengusaha menggunakan pencelup-pancelup yang ireinpunyai ketahanan
cahaya yang rendah.
Ketahanan basuh dan ketahanan gosok kering menpunyai da ta yang
hanpir sama. Kedua-dua ketahanan i n i adalah itEituaskan dan
ianya n e l e b i h i 60% b a t i k berirutu ba ik . Pera tus ketahanan gosok
basah yang bernutu baik pula agak rendah s e d i k i t i a i t u 45%,
senentara sederhana adalah 32.2% dan rendah adalah 22.1%. Kalau
d i a n a l i s a da ta t e r s e b u t dengan l eb ih t e r p e r i n c i , d i d a p a t i < 50%
contoh batik, t e r s e b u t yang bernutu sederhana dan ba ik . I n i d i -
sebabkan hanya 23.6% sahaja contoh ba t ik yang bernutu baik
(nutu keseluruhan) sementara yang bernutu sederhana i a l a h 10%
(l iha, t pe ra tus ketahanan basuh) ataupun kurang. I n i j e l a s
menunjukkan bahawa nutu ba t ik tempatan adalah masih rendah
kerana hanya k i r a - k i r a 33.6% sahaja yang bernutu sederhana dan
ba ik .
Gred
Baik
Sederhana
Rendah (luntur)
Tiada d a t a
Ujian Ketahanan
Basah %
27.8
63.6
8.6
Kering %
74.3
10.0
15.7
Gosok
Basah %
45.0
32.2
22.1
0.7
Kering %
72.1
17.9
9.3
0.7
Mutu Keseluruhan
%
23.6
45.7
30.7
Jadual 3 . 7 . 1 1 ; Pera tus nutu baik yang d ihas i lkan oleh pengusaha-pengusaha d i Kelantan.
Ketahanan Warna bagi Pencelup ASBO dan ASSG pada barbagai Subtrat
Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh, Hussin Mohd Nor dan Hassan Hamdani Hassan
Mutaat
Kajian in i adalah bertujuan untuk mengetahui kedudukan sebenar
nutu batik tempatan yang ada d i pasaran pada masa in i dan j en i s -
jenis batik yang berrrutu rendah. Dari s i n i , kajian selanjutnya
untuk batik-batik bernutu rendah akan dapat d i se l id ik i secara
kimia termasuklah kestabilan perlekatan pencelup pada serat (kain
put ih) , kestabilan nolikul pencelup pada cahaya dan sebagainya.
Kajian awal i n i telah msndapat kerjasama dar i Perbadanan Kemajuan
Kraftangan Malaysia, cawangan Kelantan. Di antara pencelup yang
diambil sebagai kajian ialah pencelup ASBO dan ASSG. Jenis-jenis
kain yang digunakan termasuklah poplin, lawn, Fuji , broket dan
shir t ing.
Jadual 3.8.1 menunjukkan pengusaha-pengusaha nienggunakan pencelup-
pencelup ASBO dengan berbagai komponen diazo pada berbagai jenis
kain putih. Didapati bahawa hanya 3 sampel sahaja (iaitu AE-2,
HAI-2 dan HAI-3) daripada 36 contoh batik yang nempunyai nutu baik,
11 bernutu sederhana dan 22 bermutu rendah. I n i menunjukkan bahawa
pencelup ASBO tidak memberikan ketahanan warna yang baik. Oleh itu,
penggunaan pencelup in i oleh pengusaha-pengusaha perlulah dihent i -
kan atau dikurangkan terlebih dahulu. Penyelidikan selanjutnya ke
atas pencelup ASBO perlu dijalankan bagi menentukan kenungkinan
samada pencelup in i boleh itemberikan ketahanan yang baik atau t idak.
Jika diperhatikan t iap- t iap data ketahanan cahaya, ketahanan basuh,
ketahanan gosok kering dan basah, didapati bahawa data tersebut
berubah-ubah dengan tidak menunjukkan suatu a l i ran . Kercungkinan
ketidaktentuan in i disebabkan oleh teknik pencelupan yang berbeza-
beza ataupun penggunaan pencelup lain bersama-sama pencelup ASBO.
Jadual 3.8.2 nenunjukkan batik yang disediakan dengan menggunakan
pencelup ASSG. Keseluruhan ketahan yang diberikan oleh pencelup
yang bercantum dengan blue B dan red B adalah baik mutunya kecuali
apabila pencelup in i digunakan bersama dengan red B d i mana
111
ketahanannya nenurun sedikit . Red B digunakan sebagai komponen diazo. Ketahanan cahaya yang ditunjukkan adalah sederhana sahaja te tapi j ika blue B digunakan sebagai kortponen diazo pada kain f\iji, ianya akan nemberikan kefaahanan cahaya yang lebih baik.
Kod. No.
HH-1
HH-2
Mif-1
WRH-3
WAH-4
KHA-4
HAI-5
XD-6
ZA-1
J e n i s B a t i k
S
S
E
E
E
E
E
E
S
J e n i s Kain
P o p l i n
P o p l i n
Lawn Kima
Lawn Kima
F u j i Cina
F u j i Cina
Lawn Kima
Broket
P o p l i n Kima
Sukatan
LK
LK
T
LK
LK
T
T
T
T
J e n i s Dyes tuf f
ASBO + Orange GC ASBO + Blue B ASG + Red B
ASBO + Red B ASBO + Blue B ASG + Red B
Soga brown + S c a r l e t R ASBO + Red B Conteng: Indogoso l ASBO + Blue B,ASBS + B lue B
ASBO + Red B Soga brown ASG + Red B
ASBO + Red B
ASBO + Red B
ASBO + Red B
ASBO + Red B
ASBO + Red B ASBO + Blue B
Cahaya
5 / 6 , 5
5 , 6
4 , 4 , 4
3 / 4 , 4 / 5
5/6
4
5
5
5 /6
U j i a n
Basuh
2 / 3
3
2 / 3
3 /4
3
3 /4
4 / 5
4 / 5
2 / 3
Mxfcu
Gosok
Basah
3/4
4
3
4
4
2
3
4
3
Ke r ing
4
4 / 5
4
2 / 3
4 / 5
2
4 / 5
4 / 5
3
Jadual 3.8.1: Pencelup ASBO dengan berbagai konponen diazo pada berbagai substret
Kod No.
Za-3
Za-6
WAH-1
WAH-2
ND-2
HAI-1
HAI-2
HAI-3
ZA-5
J e n i s Ba t iX
S
E
E
E
E
S
S
E
E
J e n i s Kain
P o p l i n Siam
Lawn Siam
Lawn
F u j i C ina
Lawn Kima
S h i r t i n g Kima No. 2
P o p l i n Kima No. 2
Lawn Kima
Lawn Siam
Sukatan
T
T
LK
LK
T
T
T
T
T
J e n i s Dyes tu f f
ASBO + Red B ASG + Bed B
ASBO + Bed B Soga hrown + S c a r l e t R
ASBO + Blue B ASOL + S c a r l e t R ASG + Red B
ASBO + Blue + B lue BB
ASBO + Blue B Soga hrown + Red B
ASBO + Blue B 04BS
ASBO + Blue B AS + Orange GC
ASBO + Blue B a t a s ASG + Red B
ASBO + Blue B Soga hrown + Red B
Cahaya
4 / 5
3/4
5 , 6
4
2 , 3
5 , 5
6 , 5 /6
5 /6
3/4
D j i a n ttitu
3 a s u h
2
4 / 5
4
5
5
5
5
5
4 / 5
Gosok
Basah
2 /3
4
2 / 3
4
4 / 5
4
4 / 5
4
4 / 5
B e r i n g
2 /3
4 / 5
4
4 / 5
5
4 / 5
3 / 5
4 / 5
4 / 5
Sambungan Jadual 3 . 8.1
Kod NO.
DL-2
SH-2
IMD-3
IA-3
Jen i s Bat ik
S
S
s
s
J e n i s Kain
Poplin Kima
Poplin
Poplin
Poplin
Sukatan
LK
T
LK
LK
J e n i s Dyestuff
ASBO + Blue B a tas ASG + Red B, 04BS
ASBO + Blue B a tas ASG + Red B, Green 1B
ASBO + Blue a t a s ASG + Red B
ASBO + Blue B a t a s ASG + Red B
Ujian Mitu
Cahaya
5 , 6
5 , 5
5 , 5
5 , 6
Basuh
5
3/4
2/3
5
Gosdk
Basah
2
2/3
3/4
Kering
3/4
2/3
4/5
Sambungan Jadual 3.8.1
Kod No.
WA-3
MY-4
m-5
IS-4
Jen i s Bat ik
E
E
E
E
Jen i s Kain
Fuj i
Lawn
Lawn Kima
Lawn Kima
Sukatan
T
T
T
T
Jen i s Dyestuff
ASSG + Blue B
ASSG + Red B
ASSG + Red B
ASSG + Red B
Ujian toitu
Cahaya
6
5
5
4 , 4/5
Basuh
5
5
5
5
Gosok
Basah Kering
4/5 4/5
4/5 4/5
5 5
4/5 5
Jadual 3.8.2: Pencelup ASSG dengan berbagai koirponen diazo pada berbagai substret
Baiggunaan Senula S i sa Kelapa Sawat
Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif , Norjanah Mohid, Kamaeuddin
Hashim, Mohamad Deraman dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i
Kajian mengenai kesan s inaran gama ke a t a s s i s a kelapa sawit
yang t e r d i r i dar ipada tandan buah yang kosong (EFB) dan s a l u t
(PPF) t e l a h dinulakan pada bulan Apri l 1985. Sampel kelapa
sawi t d i p e r o l e h i d a r i ki lang kelapa sawit S r i Langat d i Banting.
Kedua-dua sabut dan tandan buah d ieks t r ak dengan menggunakan
petroleum e t e r d i i k u t i dengan aceton keitudian dikeringkah d i
dalam oven. Sampel i t u kenudian d i s i n a r dengan s ina r gama pada
dos 0.2 Mrad. Sebahagian d a r i satrpel yang t e l a h d i s i n a r i n i
d i k i s a r dan d i t a p i s msnurut s a i z yang diperlukan (40 mesh,
60 mesh).
H i d r o l i s i s barenzijn di ja lankan dengan memasukkan 7.5 g sampel
yang t e l a h d iproses ke dalam ke la lang , d i i k u t i dengan 0.5 g
enzim se lu lo s yang t e l a h d i l a ru tkan d i dalam 50 ml la ru tan
penimbal s i t r a t (pH 4 . 8 ) . Campuran i t u d ib iarkan sekejap
keitudian ditambah l a g i 450 ml l a ru tan penimbal s i t r a t supaya
isipadu nenjadi 500 ml. Kelalang i t u d i le takkan d i dalam kukus
a i r bersuhu 50 C. Selepas sa tu jam 50 ml l a ru tan dikeluarkan
dan kandungan glukos di tentukan dengan menggunakan "glucose
spec i f ic reagent" yang itembantuk kompleks berwarna. Serapan
di tentukan dengan nenggunakan UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu
diukur pada A maks = 4 2 0 nm. Kandungan glukos juga di tentukan
selepas 24, 48 dan 72 jam masa eraman. Sfetiap k a l i l a ru tan d i
keluarkan d a r i ke la lang, d i g a n t i dengan la ru tan penimbal s i t r a t
yang baharu.
Keputusan yang d ipe ro l eh i dan percubaan menunjukkan pada dos
0 - 2 0 Mrad s inaran gama mambarikan kesan yang negat i f pada
s i s a kelapa sawi t , d i mana pera tus penghasilan glukos dar ipada
sampel yang d i s i n a r nenjadi semakin rendah (1 ) . I n i dapat d i -
kaitkan dengan pembentukan hablur d i dalam bahan berse lu los
117
yang digunakan dan dikaj i dengan kaedah belauan sinar-X.
Pembentukan hablur selulos bertarribah dengan pertanibahan dos
sinaran (2) dan i n i menanibah ketahanan selulos daripada serangan
enzim yang menyebabkan berkurangnya hasi l glukos.
Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi dar i kajian yang dijalan-
kan dan data-data yang diper'olehi dar i para penyelidik d i dalam
bidang in i , satu ulasan ringkas mengenai status penggunaan
teknik sinaran telah d i tu l i s (3) dan dibentangkan d i 5iropos±um
Kebangsaan Hasil Sampingan Kelapa Sawit untuk Industr i yang
Berasaskan Pertanian.
Laporan Teknikal
(1) Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin
Hashim, Mohamad Deraman, dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i , J . Sains
Malaysiana, 1985 (dalam percetakan)
(2) Mohamad Deraman, Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah
Mohid, Kamaruddin Hashim dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i , J . Sains
Malaysiana, 1985 (dalam percetakan).
(3) Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin
Hashim, Mohamad Deraman dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i "Present
Status of Radiation for Utilization of by-product from Oil
Palm Industry" (Review) 1985.
(Submitted for the National Symposium on Oil Palm By-Products
for Agro-Based Industry).
8
Reutilization of Oil-Palm By-Prcducts
Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif, Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin
Hashim, Mohamad Deraman and Muhamah Lebai Jur i
Studies on the effect of gamma irradiation on o i l palm by-products
such as Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Pcilm Press Fibre (PPF) have
been carried out since April 1985. The o i l palm by-products were
obtained from Sr i Lang at Palm Oil Mill at Banting. Both EFB and
PPF ware shredded into fibres and the remaining o i l ware extracted
using petroleum ether followed by acetone to remove both the
remaining o i l and moisture. The samples were oven-dried for a
period of at leas t three days. In addition to gamma-irradiation
fibres were also ground to 40 and 60 mesh.
Enzymatic hydrolosis was carried out using commercial cellulose as
follows: 7.5 gm sample was placed in BOO ml round-bottomed flask.
0.5 g cellulose was dissolved on 50 ml c i t r a t e buffer solution
(pH 4.8). The mixture was shaken well to get maximum amount of
cellulose adsorbed onto cel lulose, and followed by further addition
of c i t r a t e buffer to make up 500 ml solution. The flask was
incubated at 50 C. After 1 hour, 50 ml solution was pipetted out.
Glucose content was determined using glucose-specific reagent,
which developed a coloured complex. The absorbance was measured
at /\ max = 420 ran using UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu).
Glucose content was also determined after 24, 48 and 72 hours of
incubation. The solution taken out for glucose analysis (50 ml)
was replaced with fresh c i t r a t e buffer of the sane quantity for
the subsequent incubation.
Our experimental resu l t s showed that irradiation between 0-20 Mrad
gave negative effect of degradation on oil-palm by-products, i . e .
the glucose yield declined as irradiation dose increased (1). The
adversed effect of increasing irradiation dose was due to the
formation of crysta l l ine region in the cel lulosic oil-palm
by-products shown by X-ray diffraction study (2). The increase in
crystal l ine region has increased i t s ressistance toward enzyme
119
a t t a c k , hence declined the glucose y i e l d .
Based on some of our r e s u l t s and the r e l e v a n t da ta in u t i l i s a t i o n
of c e l l u l o s i c mate r ia l s a s h o r t review on the Present S t a tu s of
Radiation for U t i l i s a t i o n of By-products from Oi l Palm Indus t ry
(3) was presented a t a Nat ional Symposium on Oi l Palm By-Products
for Agro-Based Indus t ry .
Technical Reports:
(1) Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif , Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin
Hashim dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i , J . Sains Malaysiana, 1985
(in P re s s ) .
(2) Mohamad Deraman, Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif , Norjanah
Mohid, Kamaruddin Hashim dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i , J . Sains
Malaysiana, 1985 (in P r e s s ) .
(3) Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif , Norjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin
Hashim, Mohamad Deraman dan Muhamad Lebai J u r i "Present
S t a t u s of Radiation for U t i l i z a t i o n of By-product from Oil
Palm Industry" (Review) 1985.
(Presented a t the Nat ional Symposium on Oi l Palm By-Product
for Agro-Based Indus t ry ) .
120
3.10 Pentarikhan Runut Belahan
Ab„ Kadir Ishak, Md. Shahid Ayub, Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Gui Ah Auu,
T.T. Khoo+ dan Yusoff Mohd. Amin*
B3rkembangan teknik runut belahan untuk itenentukan usia bahan
galian dan batuan telah nembekalkan ahl i -ahl i kajibumi suatu teknik
baru yang nudah dan raurah untuk irenentukan peristiwa-peristiwa
ignias dan iretamorfisne. Teknik i n i sedang diperkembangkan d i
negara in i untuk itembekalkan maklumat lengkap ak t iv i t i - ak t iv i t i
ignias dan metanorf isne dengan kadar yang lebih cepat d i sairping
menggalakkan pengkajian d i dalam bidang tektonik dan peristiwa-
peristiwa terma yang telah dialami oleh batuan-batuan d i s in i .
Di antara mineral-mineral yang selalu digunakan untuk tujuan pen-
tar ikhan termasuklah apat i t , spf in, zirkon dan epidot yang biasa-
nya terdapat d i dalam bahan batuan ignias dan netarrorf i s . lUnur
mineral-mineral in i adalah fungsi kepada ketumpatan runut pembelahan
spontan yang tersimpan d i dalamnya. Persanaan us ia , t , yang d i
gunakan ialah:
t = J— in * d
X d P s I n < T + i
* f P. i
Sehingga sekarang, kajian ditumpukan kepada kaedah-kaedah penyedia-
an sampel dan penyinaran ser ta keadaan 'etching* yaig sesuai untuk
mineral dan pengesan luar. Kerja-kerja sedang dilakukan ke atas
cantoh-contoh mineral da r i granit Gunung Ledang dan granit Banjaran
Besar dan ke atas contoh apat i t dar i Durangoy Mexido. Cantoh
apati t Durango yang baruimr 29 ju ta tahun telah digunakan sebagai
piawai untuk irenentukan jumlah f luks neutron dan masa penyinaran
yang diperlukan d i dalam reaktor. Kajian juga meliputi penentuan
kesesuaian muscovit dan plas t ik makrofol sebagai pengesan luar.
lenyinaran seterusnya akan dijalankan ke atas contoh-conftoh apat i t ,
zirkon dan spf in da r i grani t Gunung Ledang dan granit Banjaran
Besar.
Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Malaya * Jabatan Fizik, Universiti Malaya
121
3.10 Fission-Track Dating
Ab. Kadir Ishak, Md. Shahid Ayub, Abdul Ghaffar Ramli, Gui Ah Auu,
T.T. Khoo+ and Yusoff Mohd. Amin*
The development of fission track technique for dating minerals and
rocks offer geologists a new, inexpensive and relat ively simple
tool for dating of an igneous or metamorphic event. This technique
i s being developed in t h i s country to date plutonic and volcanic
rocks as well as netamarphic events. I t i s hoped that when a l l the
dating f a c i l i t i e s are available, there would be some in teres t among
researchers to focus thei r studies on the tectonic and thermal
history of the country and i t s surrounds.
Amongst the minerals suitable for fission track dating are apat i te ,
sphene, zircon and epidote. Igneous and metamorphic rocks usually
contain a t least one of these minerals. The age of these minerals
i s a function of the density of spontaneous fission t racks . The
fission track age t , i s calculated according to the following
formula: *^flP_ Ino-t = 1L. to
* d X f p
s - + 1 i
At th i s stage, studies are being concentrated on establishing sample
preparation and irradiation procedures and suitable etching condi
tion for both the minerals and the i r external detectors. Work i s
being carried out on mineral samples separated from Gunung Ledang
and the Main Range Granite and on apatite from Durango, Mexico. The
Durango apatite with a known age of 29 million years was used as a
Standard to determine t o t a l neutron flux and irradiation time
required in the reactor . Studies are also being made to examine the
su i tabi l i ty of muscovite and Makrofol Polycarbonate p las t ic as
external detector.
The next irradiation wi l l be done on samples of apat i te , sphene and zircon from Gunung Ledang granite and the Main Range gran i te .
Department of Geology, University of Malaya * Department of Physics., University of Malaya
122
3.11 Analisa Rsngaktifan Neutron bagi Unsur-unsur Surihan dalam
Tunfath-tumbuhan dan Tanah
Che Seman Mahmood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Abu Talib Bachik*
Analisis unsur-unsur surihan te lah diperkenalkan dalam kajian
pengkelasan tuiribuhari danl tanah. Teknik Analisa Pengaktif an
Neutron, dengan kepekaannya yang t inggi untuk kebanyakan
unsur serta kebolehannya menganalisa berbagai unsur serentak,
nenyediakan suatu teknik penganalisaan yang amat berguna.
Dengan teknik i n i makluitat nengenai komposisi tumbuhan dan
tanah nenjadi lebih senang untuk disediakan.
* Ins t i tu t Penyelidikan Getah Malaysia
3.11 Neutron Activation Analysis of Trace Elements in Plants and
Soi ls .
Che Seman Mahmood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah and Abu Talib Bachik*
Trace elements analysis i s currently being introduced for
plants and so i l s characterisation study. Neutron Activation
Analysis (NAA) , due to i t s high sens i t iv i ty for many elements
and multi-element capabili ty, offers a powerful analytical
technique for t h i s purpose. Information on plants and soils
compositions can easi ly be provided using th i s technique.
* Rubber Research Institute! of- Malaysia
123
12 Penentuan Uranium dalam teberapa Sampel Bahan Galian
menggunakan Analisa Pengaktif an Neutron
Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Che Seraan Mahmood
Teknik analisa pengaktif an neutron secara ' instrumental ' t e lah
digunakan dalam msnganalisa uranium dalam sanpel-sampel
pitchblende (dari IAEA) , monazite, xenotine dan zircon. Sampel
diaktifkan dalam Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI dan keaktif an ^Np
diukur nenggunakan pengesan Ge tu l in . Hasil analisa diterikan
dalam peratus.
2 Determination of Uranium in Mineral Samples uaSng Neutron
Activation Analysis
Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah and Che Seman Manmor<
The neutron activation analysis technique has been used for
the analysis of uranium in pitchblende (from IAEA), nonazite,
xenotiire and zircon samples. The samples were activated in 239 Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI and the ac t iv i ty of Np was measured
with a Ge detector. The resul ts are expressed in percent.
124
3.13 Analisis Bengaktifan Neutron dan Kegunaannya dalam Geologi
Wan Fuad Hassan* dan Suhaimi Hamzah
Kerana sifatnya yang mempunyai kepekaan ser ta kejituan yang amat t inggi dalam nenganalisis unsur-unsur surihan berserta dengan kepelbagaian unsur-unsur yang boleh ditentukan serentak, kaedah Analisis Fengaktifan Neutron (ARtf) terbukti nerupakan suatu kaedah yang amat kuat dan berguna d i bidang geologi.
Kegunaan utamanya dalam bidang geologi ialah sebagai suatu kaedah anal is is al ternatif yang lebih baik bagi unsur-unsur ter tentu. l a memberikan suatu cara nenganalisis Au, U, Sn dan unsur-unsur lain lagi dengan lebih nudah dan j i t u ser ta nengatasi masalah yang dihadapi pada kaedah-kaedah yang sedia ada. Kegunaannya yang kedua ialah dalam bidang ca r iga l i bahan galian. Kaedah ATN in i nembarikan suatu cara untuk menganalisis unsur-unsur ke paras pengesanan yang paling paka pada masa sekarang. Analisis demikian amatlah berguna dalam usaha c a r i ga l i bahan galian kerana ia nembolehkan kiba nengenali batuan igneous manakah yang paling berkemainpuan dar i segi kandungan bahan galian b i j ih . Kaedah AHSI juga boleh diubahsuaikan kepada kaedah jenis boleh-angkut untuk kegunaan yang cepat dan ringkas d i lapangan. AHSI jenis boleh-angkut in i mempunyai kegunaan istimawa d i lapangan, terutamanya dalam kerja pangelogan b i j ih , batu arang dan petroliam.
Dalam kajian geokimia, AHd nerupakan kaedah yang amat kuat dan luas kegunaannya. Kajian unsur-unsur surihan, samada nadir bumi atau bukan nadir bumi adalah amat berguna dalam bidang patrologi, untuk rtendapatkan tafsiran tentang sejarah evolusi yang dialami oleh sesuatu batuan igneous.
* Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
125
Dari seg i operas i lombong, kaedah i n i mempunyai dua kegunaan
utama i a i t u untuk mambuat ana l i s i s unsur-unsur major dan
minor secara t e rpe r i nc i dan juga sefaagai suatu kaedah
"dalam-talian" yang cepat bagi penentuan kuan t i t a t i f dan
k u a l i t a t i f sesuatu bahan gal ian atau b i j i h .
Di Malaysia, kaedah AFN i n i t e lah bernula, dan kegunaannya
d i dalam bidang geologi amatlah luas untuk d i t e roka i .
Dengan adanya Reaktor TRIGA EUSEKTI d i negara k i t a pada h a r i
i n i , peluang-peluang kegunaannya d i bidang c a r i g a l i mineral
luas terfcuka.
126
3.13 The Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis in Geology
Wan 'Fuad Hassan* and Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah
Due to its high sensitivity and accuracy in the analysis of trace
elements and also its capability for simultaneous multi-elemental
determination, neutron activation analysis (NAA) has proven to be
a very powerful and useful technique in geology.
The major application in geology is a good alternative method for
determining certain elements. It provides methods for the analy
sis of Au, U, Sn and other elements which is simple and accurate.
The second application is in mineral exploration. NAA provides a
method of elemental analysis to the very highest sensitivity.
This kind of analysis is very useful in mineral exploration as
this will enable us to recognize which type of igneous rock is
most potential in bearing ore minerals. NAA also can be modified to
a portable method which is fast and simple for field applications.
This portable NAA has a special application in the field especially
in ore,coal and petroleum logging.
In geochemical studies, NAA can be a good method with wide appli
cations. Studies of trace elements, whether rare earths or
otherwise is very useful in petrology to get the interpretation
about the history of evolution experienced by an igneous rock.
From the view of mining operations, the method has two major appli
cation: analysis of major, minor elements, and also for rapid on
line qualitative and quantitative analysis of a mineral or ore.
In Malaysia, NAA has been initiated and the wide application in
geology has yet to be explored. With the availability of Reaktor
TRIGA RJSPATI in the country, the applications of the method in
the field of mineral exploration is widely open.
* Geology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
127
3.14 Komposisi Unsur dalam 'Palm-oil Fly-ash* melalui Analisis
Pengaktifan Neutron
Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Yusoff* dan Abdul Khalik Hj. Wood
Kemungkinan penggunaan analisis pengaktifan neutron untuk
analisis unsur-unsur fceracun dalam 'palm-oil fly-ash* telah
dipelajar i . Antara unsur-unsur yang telah dikesan ialah
U, Th, Dy, Ti , Mn, Cl, Al, Ca, V, Sm, Sn, As, Ga, Na, K, Cs,
Ge, Lu, Crf Yb, Sb, Br, Se, Fe, Co, La, Eu dan Zn.
Projek kerjasama dengan UTM in i bertujuan untuk mengetahui
dan akhirnya mengawal pencemaran udara oleh ' f ly-ash' dar i
pembakaran bahan-bahan buangan dalam kilang kelapa sawit.
'Fly-ash* yang dianal is is adalah < 45 urn dan >45 urn.
Bsnyiasatan awal nenunjukkan bahawa kandungan kebanyakan
unsur dalam 'f ly-ash' yang berukuran d i antara 45 um dan
63 um adalah lebih t inggi j ika dibandingkan dengan 'fly-ash'
<45 um.
Kajian akan diteruskan lagi dalam tahun in i dengan menganar l i s i s lebih banyak sampel yang berbeza dar i segi masa pungutan dan jarak da r i kilang.
* Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
128
3.15 Analisis Emas dalam Contoh Tanah dan Endapan
Abd. Khalik Hj . Wood, Che Seman Mahmood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah
dan Zaini Hamzah
Dalam a n a l i s i s emas, dua masalah utama dihadapi i a i t u :
i . Emas ialah logam lemfcut, dan oleh i t u penyediaan sampel
mungkin boleh irenatnbahkan l a g i ketidak sejenisan sampel
dan i n i nenyebabkan keputusan ana l i s i s yang t idak
seragam.
i i . Dalam kerja-kerja c a r i g a l i , teknik yang pal ing sens i t i f
amatlah per lu .
Uhtuk irengurangkan masalah-masalah i n i , suatu pemisahan kimia
perlu dilakukan untuk membolehkan unsur emas d i a n a l i s i s .
Penggunaan Dowex 2X8 (anion exchange) untuk msmisahkan emas
da r i l a i n - l a i n unsur t e lah d i k a j i . Didapati bahawa unsur emas
akan d iserap kepada r e s in dalam larutah berasid (HC1) d a r i
1M - 12M.
Rujukan
1 John Fardy, CSIRO, Australia (Perbincangan paribadi).
129
3.16 Kajian Unsur-unsur Beracun dalam Bahan-bahan Makanan
Zaini Hamzah, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan
Che Seman Mahmood
Kajian unsur-unsur baracun i n i te lah diluluskan oleh IAEA
dengan member ikan penumpuan khusus kepada unsur-unsur
sepert i As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg dan Se. Di samping i t u , Cu, Sb
dan Zn juga dianggap beracun t e t ap i pada darjah keracunan
yang lebih rendah. Tujuan asas kajian i n i ialah untuk roen-
dapatkan data-tJata asas bagi berbagai jenis makanan d i
Malaysia.
Kerja-kerja awal telahpun bermula bagi menguji beberapa
teknik yang paling sesuai untuk kajian i n i .
130
3.17 Analisis Mineral dalam Sampel Makanan Haiwan
Zaini Hamzah, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood dan Wan Zahari Mohamad*
Tujuan asas projek i n i adalah untuk mengumpul data-data
asas terhadap bahan makanan 'ruminant' dan bukan
' ruminant ' . Data sedemikian belum ada yang terkumpul
untuk kegunaan pengawasan ternakan d i masa akan datang.
Di a i t a r a sampel-sampel yang te lah d i a n a l i s i s ia lah
rumpat, bahai makanan d a r i ' s ludge ' kelapa sawit dan
bahan makanan haiwan bukan 'ruminant' s e p e r t i ' s t r a w ' ,
ikan b i l i s , biskut dan sebagainya. Di samping i t u ,
bsrbagai sampel d a r i bahagian tubuh lerritu s e p e r t i t a h i ,
jantung, k u l i t , o t o t , paru-paru, limpa dan otak t e l ah
d i ana l i s i s untuk menentukan kesan d a r i bahan makanan
's ludge' kelapa sawit .
* MARDI
131
3.18 Perkhidmatan Analisls
Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Che Seman Mahmood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hanizah
dan Zaini Hatnzah
Di antara agensi-agensi yang telah nenerima khidmat analisis ialah GSM, MARDI, UPM RRIM, UKM, USM, MMC, IGI dan Jabatan-jabatan tertentu di Unit Tenaga Nuklear. Contoh-contoh yang diteritna untuk dianalisis termasuk ruirput (MARDI), tanah (UPM), susu getah (RRIM), mendakan dissel kelapa sawit (UKM), batuan neteorit (UKM), lunpur dan nonazit (USM), batuan dan lurapur (MMC) dan cat (ICI).
Selain daripada khidmat anal is is , khidmat rundingcara juga dibarikan kepada Program Teknologi Nuklear, UTN, dalam meng-analisis sampel 'sludge' Thorium hidroksida dan penapis udara.
132
3.19 Kajian Perbandingan Teknik-teknik Anal is is
Abd. Khalik Hj . Wood, Mohd Suhaimi Hamzah, Che Seman Mahmood
dan Zaini Hamzah
Keputusan a n a l i s i s g ran i t d a r i sanpel-sanpel GSM dan sampel-
sampel SRM t e l a h d i a n a l i s i s dan dibandingkan dengan keputusan
d a r i U1N. Jadual 3.19.1 irenunjukkan perbandingan i n i .
Kerjasama dengan IAEA juga t e l a h dilakukan untuk penyediaan 1
piawai IAEA 'Human Mixed-diet H-9' yang t e l a h d i a n a l i s i s .
Rujukan
1. IAEA Progress Report No. 1, 1986-01-30
133
Sarple GSM UTN
M 2 0 3 %
GSM-1 1 3 . 8 + 0 . 2 1 4 . 5 + 1 . 5
GSM-2 13.8 + 0.2 14.6 + 1.6
GSM-3 1 4 . 3 + 0 . 2 1 4 . 0 + 1 . 4
SY-2 12.2 + 0.2 11.1 + 0.57
SY-3 1 1 . 8 + 0 . 2 1 0 . 3 + 0 . 7 6
PCC-1 0 . 1 3 + 0 . 0 1 0 . 9 1 + 0 . 0 6
G2 15.4 + 0.3 14.4 + 1.6
Ma20%
GSM-1 4 . 0 4 + 0 . 0 9 4.42 + 0.2
GSM-2 2 . 2 1 + 0 . 0 5 2.56 +. 0.04
GSM-3 3.01 + 0.06 3.17 ± 0.22
SY-2 4 . 3 5 + 0 . 1 0 4.37 ± 0.24
SY-3 3 . 8 8 + 0 . 0 9 4 . 1 5 + 0 . 1 2
PCC-1 0.01 ± 0.066 0.038 + 0.004
G^2 4.21 ± 0 . 1 0 4.06 ± 0.16
K20%
GSM-1 4 . 3 2 + 0 . 0 9 4 . 6 3 + 0 . 0 4
GSM-2 0.55 + 0.01 0.64 + 0.02
GSM-3 4.81 + 0.10 4.60 + 0.38
SY-2 4.48 + 0.09 4.80 + 0.33
SY-3 4.20 + 0.09 4.36 + 0.43
G-2 4 . 5 2 + 0 . 0 9 4 . 6 0 + 0 . 1 7
Jadual 3.19.1: Perbandingan keputusan GSM dan UTN
Sample GSM UTN
Fe203%
GSM-1
GSM-2
GSM-3
SY-2
SY-3
PCC-1
G-2
Ti02, ppm
GSM-1
GSM-2
GSM-3
G2
MnO, ppm
GSM-1
GSM-2
GSM-3
SY-2
SY-3
PCC-1
G-2
Cr, ppm
1.87
12.1
1.80
6.29
6.47
8.28
2.67
2700
26700
2500
5000
360
1640
400
3200
3300
1200
400
+ 0.04
+ 0.3
+ 0.04
+ 0.14
+ 0.14
+ 0.18
+ 0.06
+ 100
+. 1000
1100
+ 10
+ 40
+ 10
+ 100
+ 100
+ 30
+ 10
1.82 +0.26
11.9 + 1.52
1.75 +0.23
5.87 +0.46
6.22 +.0.26
8.02 +0.33
2.39 +.0.39
2700
21500
500
5700 + 700
340 + 20
1770 + 100
110 + 15
2930 + 170
2880 + .180
1120 + 40
320 + 40
GSM-1 3 . 0 + 0 . 2 22
GSM-2 300 + 2 0 271
GSM-3 1 5 0 + 1 0 109
SY-2 10 + U0.6 11.0
SY-3 8.0 + 0.5 15.0
PCC-1 3000 + 180 2830
G-2 9.0 + 0.5 7
Jadual 3 . 1 9 . 1 : Samburigan
Sample GSM UTN
V, ppm
GSM-1
GSM-2
GSM-3
SY-2
SY-3
PCC-1
G2
Ba, ppm
GSM-1
GSM-2
GSM-3
G-2
Rb, ppm
GSM-2
GSM-3
SY-2
G-2
Zn, ppm
GSM-1
GSM-2
GSM-3
U, ppm
SY-2
SY-3
Th, ppm
SY-2
SY-3
Jadual
14.0 +
315 +
50 +
50 +
50 +
30 +
34 +
820 +
140 +
350 +
1900 ±
10 +
340 +
210 +
170 +
32 ±
100 +
34 +
280 +
640 ±
0.8
5
3
3
3
2
2
40
10
30
100
6
10
7
5
3
10
3
30
60
375 ± 50
970 +100
3 . 1 9 . 1 : sambungan
18.6
325 + 5
26.3 + 1.8
62 ± 5
71 + 5
37 ±2
37 ± 4
732 + 75
320 + 35
328 + 42
2300 + 500
101 ± 15
243 + 17
220 + 20
190 + 20
44 ± 9
3 6 + 8
20
290 + 10
630 + 60
400 + 10
25.4 + 2.7
Senarai Laporan/Penerbitan
Daud Mohamad, Jaafar Abdullah, Zainudin Otliman, Wan Zakaria Tahir dan Abd. Razak Hamzah (1985). Application of tracer technique and nuclear gauging in industry. Dim Seminar Keb. Status dan Prospek Ujian Tanpa Musnah di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur (dim. percetakan).
Jaafar Abdullah, Juhari Yusof, Zainudin Othman dan Abd. Razak Hamzah (1985). Penentuan kepingan tentukuran untuk Kay-ray nuclear densitometer di loji PEFRONAS Carigali. Laporan Dalam PUSPATI PPA/T/35.
Daud Mohamad, Roslan Mohd. Ali, Wan Zakaria Tahir, Zainudin Othman, Abd. Razak Hamzah dan Kamisah Hj. Alias (1985). Isotope-hydrology study of Kelang River basin with environmental isotopes. J. Sains Nukl. M'sia 3_,2 pp5-19.
Daud Mohamad, Abd. Razak Hamzah, Wan Zakaria Tahir, Juhari Yusof dan Wan Abd. Aziz Mohamad (1985). Pengukuran kadalir sungai dengan teknik penyurih radioaktif di kawasan perairan KADA, Kelantan. J. Sains Nukl. M'sia 3, 2 pp69-79.
Daud Mohamad and Nahrul Khair Alang Pashid (1985). Services at UTN. Dim. Kursus Perlindungan Sinaran untuk Pegawai-pegawai dan Kursus Aspek Keselamatan Radiografi Industri,
Daud Mohamad, Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Jaafar Abdullah dan Abd. Razak Hamzah (1985). Industrial Applications Services at UTN. Dim Kursus Aspek Keselamatan Radiografi Industri.
Abd. Kadir Ishak (1985). Fluorimetric methods for uranium determination in stream sediments and water. J. Sains Nukl. M'sia 3, 1 ppl5-22.
Abd. Kadir Ishak (1985). Drainage sampling for uranium in the Torrington District, NSW, Australia. J. Geochem. Expl. 2i_ ppl03-119.
Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak (1985). NDT Activities in UTN, Dim. Seminar Keb. Status dan Prospek Ujian Tanpa Musnah di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur (dim percetakan).
Azali Muhamad dan Abd, Nassir Ibrahim (1985). Status of NDT activities in Malaysia. Dim. Seminar Keb. Status dan Prospek Ujian Tanpa Musnah di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur (dim percetakan).
Azali Muhamad dan Abd. Nassir Ibrahim (1985). Status of NDT activities in Malaysia. National Research Coordinators' Meeting, Bombay.
137
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim, Azali Muharoad, Mohd. Pauzi Ismail, Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak, Idris Besar, Mohd. Yusof Ali, Zulkifli Hashim, Saion Salikin dan Rosly Jaafar (1985) , Nota-nota ceramah Kursus Aspek Keselamatan Radiografi Industri.
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim, Azali Muhamad, Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak, Mohd. Pauzi Ismail dan Rosly Jaafar (1985). Dim Seminar mengenai Ujian Tanpa Musnah.
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim, Azali Muhamad, Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak, Mohd. Pauzi Ismail, Rosly Jaafar, Yusof Zakaria, Khazali Hj. Mohd. Zain dan Azmi Idris (1985). Dim. Kursus Ultrasonic Inspection bagi Persediaan Persijilan Kebangsaan untuk NDT.
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim, Azali Muhamad, Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak, Mohd. Pauzi Ismail, Rosly Jaafar, Yusof Zakaria, Khazali Hj. Mohd. Zain dan Azmi Idris (1985). Dim. Kursus Radiografi Industri bagi Persediaan Persijilan Kebangsaan untuk NDT.
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim (1985). NDT activities in UTN. Dim. Kursus Perlindungan Sinaran bagi Pegawai-pegawai.
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim (1985). Peranan bidang Pizik di UTN, Nota ceramah Hari Kerjaya Jab. Fizik UKM.
Abd. Nassir Ibrahim dan Azali Muhamad (1985). Neutron Radiography at the Nuclear Energy Unit. J. Sains Nukl. M'sia J3, 1 pp23-37.
Azali Muhamad (1985). The applications of NDT in industry. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No, 4.
Jaafar Abdullah, Zainudin Othman, Juhari Yusof dan Abd. Razak Hamzah (1985). Kay-Ray Nuclear Densitometer at PETRDNAS Carigali. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No. 4.
Mat Rasol Awang (1985) .* 10 kCi gamma irradiator commisioned. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No. 4.
Zaini Hamzah (1985). Analisa pengaktifan neutron. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No. 2.
Zaini Hamzah (1985). Laporan bengkel Skop dan Penggunaan Teknik Analisa Pengaktifan Neutron. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No. 2
Ahmad Sabri Abd. Razak (1985). Penggunaan teknik ujian tanpa musnah dalam industri. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No. 2
Zaini Hamzah (1985). Penyebaran radiokarbon di alam dan tenturaur radiokarbon. Warta Nuklear Malaysia Jld. 1 No. 1.
Mat Rasol Awang, R. D. Barr, M. Green, J.A.K. Howard, T.B. Marder and F.G.A. Stone (1985). Chemistry of Di- and Tri-metal complexes with bridging Carbene or Carbyne liquids. J. Chem. Soc. 37.
Mat Rasol Awang, Jamaliah Sharif£, Nbrjanah Mohid, Kamaruddin Hashim, Mohamad Deraman and Mohd. Lebai Juri (1985). Present status of radiation for utilization of by-prraducts from oil-palm industry. In Proc. Nat. Sym. on Oil-Palm By-products for Agro-based Industry, Kuala Lumpur (in press).
Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Wan Fuad Hassan (1985). Analisa pengaktifan neutron dan kegunaannya dalam geologi. Dim. Bengkel Skop dan Penggunaan Teknik Analisa Pengaktifan Neutron.
Che Seman Mahmood, Mohd. Suhaimi Hamzah dan Abu Talib Bachik (1985). Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in plants and soils. Dim. Bengkel Skop dan Penggunaan Teknik Analisa Pengaktifan Neutron.
Zaini Hamzah (1985). NAA applications in industry. Dim.. Bengkel Skop dan Penggunaan Teknik Analisa Pengaktifan Neutron.
Abd. Khalik Hj. Wood, Zulkafli Ghazali and Che Seman Mahmood (1985). Activities and development of radioanalytical laboratory in UTN. Dim. Meeting on the standardization of Chemical Analysis.
- 4
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139
PROGRAM ISOIOP DAN SINARAN DALAM BIOLOGI DAN PERTANIAN
4.1 Pengenalan:
Tahun 1985 t e l a h memberi kemajuan b a r e r t i kepada a k t i v i t i - a k t i v i t i
penyelidikan pertanian d i UTN. Kenudahan penyelMikan dan pera la tan
utama t e l a h bertambah d i sepanjang tahun i n i semantara ker ja-ker ja
d i ladang telahpun dirrulakan. Ahl i - ah l i sa ins ISBP barsamat-sama
dengan Jabatan Kejuruteraan t e l ah berjaya manjadikan 10 d a r i 205
ekar tanah UTN d i Sungai Buah kepada p lo t percubaan per tanian bagi
menampung projek-projek biakbaka irutasi dan kajian hubungan tanah-
tanaman.
Selain d a r i menggunakan p l o t percubaan UTN, kumpulan biakbaka
n u t a s i t e l a h juga dapat menggunakan stesen percubaan tanaman padi ,
Jabatan Pertanian d i Bumbong Lima dan kenudahan rumah hijau UKM.
Kunpulan i n i t e l ah dapat menanam 2 generas i tanaman padi dan kacang
tanah bagi projek-projek biakbaka n u t a s i .
Kajian menggunakan N-15 dan P-32 dalam berbagai j e n i s tanaman
t e l a h dijayakan oleh kumpulan kajian hubungan tanah-tanaman.
Kurnpulan i n i juga t e l ah memperolehi Alat Mass Spectrometer N-15
pada pertengahan tahun 1985 dan i n i bermakna ISBP dapat menjadikan
UTN sebagai pusat ana l i sa i so top N-15 dalam penyelidikan per tan ian .
Di samping penyelidikan per tanian itula berkembang, projek penyinaran
makanan t e ru s membangun. Ujian ke a tas beras t e l ah menjangkau ke
tahun 2 bagi projek d i peringkat semi-pi lot sementara keputusan
bagi tahun pertama t e l ah diperbincangkan dan dikuirpulkan. Projek-
projek udang dan kerang t e l a h d i k a j i . Komoditi makanan la in s e p e r t i
lada hitam dan put ih dan koko sedang dipertimbangkan bagi projek-
projek yang bermatlamatkan permindahan teknologi .
Pada tahun i n i , ISBP t e l ah memperolehi pengalaman baru d i dalam
menjayakan bangkel selama 2 h a r i mengenai Penggunaan Teknologi
Pengionan dalam Pengawetan Makanan. Bengkel i n i yang diadakan
bersama dengan Bahagian Perancangan merupakan bangkel yang pertama
d i bidang penyinaran makanan d i Malaysia dan telah berjaya dalam
usaha menggalakkan penggunaan teknologi sinaran dalam industri
makanan d i kalangan para sa in t i s , penggubal peraturan/akta, peng-
usaha makanan dan nereka-mereka yang berminat.
Seperti d i tahun-tahun lepas, kami nengalu-alukan lawatan pakar d i
bidang penyinaran makanan. Ms Pamela Wills dar i MEC telah berada
bersama-sama kami selama 3 minggu dalam bulan November, 1985.
Empat kertas teknikal te lah dibentangkan oleh ah l i -ah l i sains ISBP
d i seminar/bengkel/persddangan baik d i peringkat tempatan mahupun
antarabangsa, sedangkan 4 orang kakitangan ISBP telah mengikuti
berbagai latihan/kursus d i sepanjang tahun 1985.
Laporan tahun kedua in i nel iput i ak t i v i t i - ak t i v i t i penyelidikan
bagi tahun 1985. Pengenalan bagi sebahagian projek pernah
dibentangkan dalam laporan bagi tahun sebelum in i .
NORIMAH YUSOF, Ph.D Ketua Program IsotOp dan Sinaran
dalam Biologi dan Pertanian
141
ISOTOPE AND RADIATION IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE PROGRAMME
4.1 Introduction
The year 1985 has brought marked progress to UTN's agricultural
research ac t iv i t i e s . Some important laboratory f ac i l i t i e s and
equipment have been added during th i s year while work in our own
field plot has been made possible. Efforts put up by ISBP
scient is ts and the department of engineering have turned 10 out
of 205 acres of UTN land in Sungai Buah into the experimental
agriculture plot to accomodate nutation breeding and soil-plant
relat ionship projects.
Besides u t i l i z ing UTN's field p lot , the mutation breeding group
has also been allowed to use the Jabatan Pertanian Padi experi
mental stat ion in Bumbong Lima and the UKM green-house. The
group has so far managed to plant two generations of padi and
groundnut for i t s mutation breeding projects.
Studies using N-15 and P-32 in several crops have been succes-
fully carried out by our so i l plant relationship project group.
By having instal led the N-15 Mass Spectrometer in mid 1985 ISBP
will be able to turn UTN into the centre for N-15 isotope
analysis in agricultural research.
While agricultural research s t a r t s to flourish, food irradiation
project i s continuing to expand. Project on r ice has entered
i t s second year semi-pilot scale after the f i r s t year resul ts
have been received and compiled. Shrimp and cockle projects
have been studied. Other food commodities l ike pepper and cocoa
are under considerations for projects leading to technology
transfer.
This year ISBP had a new experience of organizing a two-day
workshop on the applications of ionizing technology in Food
Preservation. The workshop, joint ly organized with the Planning
Division was the f i r s t of i t s kind in Malaysia and has succeeded
in pronoting the use of irradiation technology in food industry
t o sc ien t i s t s , regulators, food manufacturers and interested
par t i es .
Like the previous years, we welcome expert v i s i t in the field
of food i rradiat ion. Ms Pamela Wills from A2\EC was with us for
3 weeks in November, 1985. Four technical papers ware presented
by ISBP sc ient i s t s at local and international seminars/workshop/
conference, while four ISBP personnel have completed various
training course during 1985.
This second annual report covers the research ac t iv i t i e s of the
ISBP programtiB for the year 1985. Introduction for some of the
projects were given in the previous year 's report .
Norimah Yusof, PhD Head of Isotope and Radiation in Biology and Aqriculture Programme
143
4.2 Pengawetan Beras Menggunakan Kaedah Penyinaran Gama
Razley Mohd. Nordin, Norimah Yusof, Zainon Othman, Radziah Ar i f f in ,
Foziah Al i , Zakaria Bulin, Rita Mohamad Awang*, Zainal Abidin*,
Nasir Azuddin*, Rahim Muda dan Md. Khan Ayub'
Projek penyinaran beras menggunakan s i na r gaoma (pada dos 0, 0 .2 ,
0 .4 , 0 .6 , 0 . 8 , 1. 0 dan 2.0 kGy) bertujuan memanjangkan masa penyim-
panan beras negara ( l i h a t A k t i v i t i - a k t i v i t i Bahagian Penyelidikan
1984). Penyelidikan d i peringkat send-p i lo t dimulakan pada akhir
tahun 1983 dan sehingga k i n i sebanyak 6 persampelan t e l a h di lakakan.
Berdasarkan h a s i l - h a s i l kajian bagi tahun pertama yang d i p s r o l e h i
oleh para penyel id ik s e r t a perbincangan yang diadakan beberapa
cadangan dan kesimpulan t e l a h d i t u a t .
1. Sinar gama dapat irengawal i n f e s t a s i serangga, i n feks i ku la t dan
mikrob d i dalam beras yang disimpan. Bagaimanapun, s inaran
t idak dapat menahan i n f e s t a s i semula oleh serangga. Perlakuan
kombinasi d i an ta ra kaedah sinaran dengan kaedah konvensional
s e p e r t i penggunaan racun serangga, bahan a s l i atau pembungkus
yang se sua i t e l a h dicadangkan untuk mengatasi masalah t e r sebu t
d i samping memastikan keadaan tempat penyimpanan yang be r s ih .
2. Kajian n i l a i pemakanan pula nenunjukkan s inaran sehingga 2 kGy
t idak memberi kesan kepada as id amino, gula penurun, karbohidrat
dan kandungan a i r d i dalam beras . Kelikatan beras ( s i f a t gel)
dMapa t i menurun dengan peningkatan dos dan masa simpanan.
N i l a i keasidan lemak juga menurun sewaktu penyimpanan t e t a p i
kesan s inaran ke a tas asid lemak adalah t i d a k nyata . Kajian
selanjutnya t e l a h dicadangkan untuk mengenalpasti f ak tor- faktor
yang mempengaruhi penurunan t e r s e b u t .
* U n i v e r s i t i Per tanian Malaysia + MARDI
U n i v e r s i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia
3. Bahan pemfcungkus plast ik "Heavy Duty" (HD), Guni (G), "Woven
laminated polypropylene" (WL) dan "Woven non-laminated poly
propylene" (WNL) didapati t idak itempengaruhi s i fa t kimia dan
f izikal beras yang dis inar . Pemfcungkus HD adalah tidak sesuai
kerana ia rrudah pecah manakala pembungkus guni pula mudah
dimasuki serangga.
Walaupun data-data yang diperolehi adalah mencukupi, projek ini
akan diteruskan setahun lagi untuk msnentukan jangkamasa simpanan
yang dapat dicapai dengan itenggunakan kaedah penyinaran. Kajian
'cost-benefit ' juga telah dicadangkan sebelum ak t iv i t i penyinaran
beras d i peringkat per int is dinulakan.
Kajian penghambatan percambahan padi menggunakan kaedah penyinaran
terpaksa ditangguhkan kerana kekurangan tenaga penyelidik.
4.2 Preservation of Rice by Gamma Irradiation
Razley Mohd. Nordin, Norimah Yusof, Zainon Othman, Radziah
Ariffin, Foziah Ali, Zakaria Bulin, Rita Mohd. Awang*, Zainal
Abidin*, Nasir Azuddin*, Rahim Muda+ and Md„ Khan Ayub*.
The rice irradiation project using gamma rays (at doses 0, 0.2,
0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy) was carried out with the
objective to prolong the storage time of rice (Refer to Activi
ties of The Research Division 1984). Research at semi-pilot
scale was started at the end of 1983 and a total of 6 samplings
has since been done. Several conclusions and recommendations
have been achieved based on the first year results and
discussions:
1) Irradiation is capable of controlling insect
infestation, microbial and fungal problems in stored
rdce. However, it cannot prevent insect reinfesta-
tion. A combined treatment of irradiation with
conventional techniques such as the use of insecti
cides including natural products at proper packaging
is recommended along with proper storage facilities.
2) Nutritional studies indicate no effects of irradia
tion on the amino acid, reducing sugar, carbohydrate
and moisture content of rice. Gel viscosity of rice
appeared to decrease with increasing radiation doses
and storage time. Fat acidity also decreased during
storage but effects of irradiation on fatty acid are
not clear.
Further studies to determine factors which influence
the above phenomenon were suggested.
* Universiti Pertanian Malaysia + MARDI
* Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
3) Packaging materials namely heavy duty p las t ic (HD),
Gunny (G), woven non-laminated polypropylene (WNL)
and woven laminated polypropylene (WL) have no
effect on the chemical and physical quality of
irradiated r i c e . HD was found to be unsuitable
since i t t ears easi ly under s t ress while gunny is
not insect proof.
Although sufficient data i s available, t h i s project i s extended
to 1986 t o determine the length of storage which can be achieved
by the gamma irradiat ion method. In addition, economic feasibi
l i t y study should be pursued before embarking on a p i lo t scale
ac t iv i ty .
Studies on the inhibition of germination in padi by gamma i r r a
diation i s postponed due to insufficient manpower.
147
4,3 Kajian Ke a t a s Penurunan Beban Mikrob d i dalam Kerang Dengan
Menggunakan Sinar Gama
Norimah Yusof dan Md. Khan Ayub*
Kerang segar yang d i p a r o l e h i d a r i tempat perhentian Kuala Selangor
t e l a h digunakan dalam satu kajian awal. Kerang-kerang t e r sebu t
seterusnya d i s i n a r i pada berbagai dos d i an tara 0 dan 10 kGy.
Daging kerang kenudiannya dihancurkan untuk digunakan bagi itengukur
beban mikrob (Rujukan: A k t i v i t i - a k t i v i t i Bahagian Penyelidikan
1984).
Dos-dos serendah 0.5 kGy gagal untuk nembiarkan kerang hidup
melebihi 24 jam. Pada dos-dos yang l eb ih t i n g g i , > 2 kGy, kerang
d idapa t i mati se lepas 12 jam sahaja. Oleh i t u adalah t i d a k itungkin
untuk msnjalankan uj ian mikrob dalam tempoh kemandiran yang s ingka t .
Tambahan pu la , kerang yang mempunyai tempoh hidup kurang d a r i 24
jam t i dak mungkin dapat dipasarkan. Dalam keadaan b i a sa , kerang
boleh tahan selama 3 h a r i untuk membolehkan pengangkutan dan
penyebaran se lepas penangkapan. Dos kurang d a r i 0.5 kGy t i d a k
mampunyai kesan ke a tas tempoh keniandixan kerang dan t i d a k berkesan
untuk mengurangkan kandungan bak t e r i a .
Projek i n i te rpaksa dihentikan memandangkan s inar an t i d a k berkesan
untuk memanjangkan tempoh kemandiran kerang walaupun kawalan ke
a tas beban mikrob dapat t e r c a p a i pada t a k a t dos yang t i n g g i .
*Univers i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia
148
4.3 Studies on the Reduction of Microbial Load in Cockles by Gamma
Ir radia t ion
Norimah Yusof and Md, Khan Ayub*
Fresh cockles obtained from Kuala Selangor landing s i t e were
used in a preliminary study. Cockles were immediately i r radiated
at various doses between 0 and 10 kGy. Cockle ire a t was then
crushed t o determine the microbial load (Refer t o Act iv i t ies of
the Research Division 1984).
Doses as low as 0.5 kGy fai led to keep cockles al ive for more
than 24 hours. At higher doses, > 2 kGy, cockles were found
dead even after 12 hours. Therefore i t was impposible t o carry
out any microbial t e s t within a brief survival t ime. Further
more, cockles which have l i f e span less than 24 hours wi l l
def in i te ly lose i t s market value. In normal condi t ions,
cockles can survive up t o 3 days after harvest t o enable t r a n s
portation and d i s t r i bu t i on . Doses lower than 0.5 kGy had no
effect on the survival of cockles and no reduction in bac te r ia l
count was recorded.
The project was terminated in view of the l ess e f f i c ien t effect •
of radiat ion in extending the survival time of cockles although
the control of microbial load can be attained a t high doses.
*Universit i Kebangsaan Malaysia
149
4.4 Kesan Sinar Gama dan Masa Simpanan Sejukbeku Ke Atas Mitu Udang
Harimau (Penaeus nonodon)
Mohd. Khan Ayob*, Radziah Ar i f f in , Zainon Othman, Foziah Ali dan
Norimah Yusof
Kajian kesan s inar gama (0, 1, 2 , 4 dan 6 kGy) dan masa siitpanan
sejukbeku (-10 C) selama 6 bulan ke a t a s nutu mikrobiologi , kimia
(pemakanan) dan organolept ik udang harimau (Penaeus monodon) be r -
k u l i t dan berkepala (WS 1) dan udang tanpa k u l i t dan kepala dengan
s e k a l i penceluran (PS 2) t e l a h d i ja lankan . Perbandingan nutu
udang t e r sebu t t e l a h dilakukan dengan sampel udang dua k a l i ce lur
yang mengalami pemprosesan b i a sa d i k i lang (PS 1) . Sinar gamma
dengan dos sehingga 6 kGy t e l a h dapat mengurangkan kandungan jumlah
bak t e r i a sebanyak sekurang-kurang 3 k i t a r an logarithm dengan n i l a i
D1f) = 2.13 kGy. Kemandiran mikrob patogen dapat d i s eka t dengan
berkesan. Pemprosesan b i a sa (sampel PS 1 ) , walaupun dapat nengha-
puskan mikrob patogen, mempunyai kandungan jumlah bak te r i a sebelum
penyimpanan d i dalam j u l a t 10 / g . Peningkatan kandungan jumlah
bak te r i a berlaku selama penyimpanan bagi senua sampel yang d i k a j i
sebanyak 1-2 k i t a ran logarithm. Pembuangan k u l i t dan kepala udang
sebelum penyinaran atau perlakuan penceluran dapat membantu mengu-
rangkan kandungan jumlah bak t e r i a dengan berkesan.
Sinar gama dan masa simpanan t i d a k nempengaruhi pH, kandungan
pro te in dan lemak udang berkenaan. Nanun demikian/ penyimpanan
yang ber laru tan menyebabkan pengurangan kandungan lemak yang
berkesan. Penghasilan indol diperlahankan oleh dos-dos s inaran 1
hingga 4 kGy sama s e p e r t i perlakuan penceluran. Mutu organolept ik
(warna, bau dan teks tu r ) t i dak dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan s ina r gama
selama penyimpanan kecua l i dos 6 kGy yang menyebabkan penudaran warna
mar ah jambu udang berkenaan. Tiada perbezaan nutu senua s i f a t
organolept ik yang b e r e r t i d i d a p a t i d i an t a r a sampel yang d i s i n a r i
dengan dos 2 kGy dengan sampel PS 1.
* U n i v e r s i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia
150
4.4 The Effect of I r r a d i a t i c n and Frozen Storage Tine en the Quali ty
of Tiger Shrimps (Penaeus rronodon)
Mohd. Khan Ayob*, Radziah Ar i f f in , Zainon Othman, Foziah Al l . and
Norimah Yusof
The e f fec t of gamma i r r a d i a t i o n (0, 1, 2 , 4 , and 6 kGy) and
frozen s torage (-10 C) t i n e of 6 months on t h e microbiologica l ,
chemical ( nu t r i t i ona l ) and organolept ic q u a l i t i e s of whole (WS 1)
and peeled with single-blanched (PS 2) t i g e r shrimps (Penaeus
rronodon) were s tud i ed . The q u a l i t i e s of t h e products vere
compared with double-blanched shrimps (PS 1) processed a t a
f ac to ry . The i r r a d i a t i c n dose of up t o 6 kGy reduced the t o t a l
b a c t e r i a l count (TBC) for a t l e a s t 3 logari thmic cyc les with D1Q
value = 2.13 kGy. The surv iva l of pa'chO<$«) i c microbes was
e f f ec t ive ly r e t a r d e d . Although blanching* e l iminated pathogenic 5
microbes, t h e TBC of PS 1 before s torage was i n t h e range of 10 / g .
There was an increase in TBC for 1 t o 2 logari thmic cyc les dur ing
s torage in a l l samples. Peeling treatment e f f e c t i v e l y reduced t h e
TBC of the shrimps.
Gamma i r r a d i a t i o n and s torage time d id not influence the pH,
pro te in and f a t contents of the products . However, prolonged
s torage could e f f e c t i v e l y reduce the f a t con ten t . Indole produc
t ion was slowed down by i r r a d i a t i o n a t 1 t o 4 kGy, which i s
comparable t o t h e blanching t rea tment . Organoleptic q u a l i t i e s
(colour, odour and texture) of the products were not influenced
by i r r a d i a t i o n and s torage t i n e except for samples i r r a d i a t e d a t
6 kGy which changed colour from br ight pink t o p a l e . There was
no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence i n a l l o rganolept ic q u a l i t i e s of
i r r a d i a t e d samples a t 2 kGy as conpared with double-blanched
products .
*Unice r s i t i Kebangsaan Malaysia
151
4.5 Use of Induced Mutations for the Induction of Resistance Against
Cercospora Leaf Spot in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Mohd. Nazir Basiran, Rokiah Abas,
Chi Gek Lan and Asnah Hassan
Mutation induction experiment on groundnut using gamma rays aimed
at the induction of resistance against Cercospora personata and
Cercospora arachidicola are being carried out at the UIN experimen
tal field. Two local varieties have been selected and are being
tested in M2 generation.
Seeds of V13 and Mat Jam were treated with a series of gamma rays
doses ranging from 0 - 4 5 kRad. 3000 seeds were treated for each
treatment. Treated seeds alcng with non treated control were
spaced planted in the field at the UTN experimental plot.
At maturity, all surviving M1 plants were harvested individually.
Seed germination had been reduced by increasing doses of gamma
rays. Malformed and abnormal plants were noticed. Many plants,
especially at higher doses died after germination. Some plants
gave only small or immature seeds. The M2 generation from this
material will be grown on M1 plant progeny basis under field
conditions with high incidence of the disease.
The disease reaction of leaf spots resistant/tolerant mutant will
be recorded. All the mutant lines which exhibit resistant to
iroderately resistant reaction against the disease will be recorded
at various doses depending upon the severity of the disease.
152
4.6 To Induce and Evaluate Semi-Dwarf Mutants as Cross-Breeding
Parents for Rice Improvement
Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Chi Gek Lan, Rokiah Abas, Mohd. Nazir
Basiran and Asnah Hassan.
Some of the popular r ice var ie t ies in Malaysia have semi^dwarf
gene from a Chinese l ine Dee-geo-wco-gen (DGWG), thus possessing
re la t ive ly narrow genetic diversi ty. The narrow genetic diversity
may create a r i sk of genetic vulnerabili ty towards disease and
pes t s .
Recognizing the potential r i s k , breeding for reduced height in
r i ce to primarily reduce lodging susceptibi l i ty from different
sources i s ongoing in UTN. Experiments are being carried out at
the Agricultural Research Station in Bumbong Lima. This project
i s one of the research projects supported by IAEA which has
special theoret ical and pract ical aims introducing as well as
comparing and evaluating semi-dwarf lines as cross breeding
parents. Therefore a major research programme have been developed
in order to improve the germplasm with multiple resistance to
major disease and insects as well as to improve the yield potent ia l .
Four selected high yielding local var ie t ies had been tested in the
M1 for breeding materials. The seeds were irradiated with gamma
rays at doses ranging from 0-50 kRad. For radiation effects on
seeds, the seedling growth, chromosome abnormality, s t e r i l i t y ,
plant height and maturity were observed. M2 generation from th i s
material were plant on M1 plant progeny basis for evaluation and
mutant selection. Due to limitation of sui table r ice f ie ld , the
experiments were done in-stages and at present variety MR 52 i s .
being tested. The development of improved plant type wil l be a
major break-through.
153
4.7 Studies on Crop Improvement Through Mutation Breeding
Ramli Othman, Rusli Ibrahim, Chi Gek Lan, Mohd. Nazir Basiran,
Rokiah Abas and Asnah Hassan
Mutation induction experiments and studies on various crops
species have been ini t ia ted at the preliminary stages using
radiation with gamma rays and also using in-vitro culture
techniques. The prograrmies are aired at improving the germplasm
available for the developnent of better var ie t ies .
Preliminary experiment on the radiosensitivity t e s t of cover
crops had been carried out in order to understand further the
relationship and correlation between growth and effect of
radiation at different doses. Main objective of th i s prograime
i s to induce nutants which are res is tant to pests and diseases
as well as nutants which could produce seeds in local conditions.
The coirmon way to create genetic variation i s nutation induction
by radiation or chemical mutagens, but in-vitro culture techni
ques under certain circumstances can lead to considerable
genetic variat ions. Means of inducing genetic variation can be
achieved by using t i s sue , ce l l and protoplast culture which is
also providing ways of mutant selection.
Basic methodological experiments using commonly used media for
cal lus generation had been practised in the laboratory using
plants l ike carrot , groundnut and paddy in order to find out
the best system and requirement for plant regeneration.
Effort have been attempted .in order to carry out advance stages
of in-vitro culture techniques for plant improvement which i
include meristem cul ture, anther culture, embryo cul ture , ce l l
culture and protoplast cul ture.
Preliminary studies on h i l l paddy have been in i t ia ted , aimed at
producing nutant which are res is tant towards disease as well as
being high yielding.
For tapioca, the breeding system Is coimonly based on vegetative
propagation through stem cuttings and subsequent selection of
better clones for new var i ta l improvenent.
155
4.8 Screening of Rock Phosphate
Bajuri Kadrnin and Ahamad Sahali Mardi
The use of P-32 as a tracer has been particularly valuable in
studying the uptake of phosphorus from fertilizer and soil.
Fried and Dean (1952) and Gunnarssan and Fredrikssan (1953)
attempted to assess the phosphate status of soils by comparing
the specific activity of the phosphate absorbed by plants with
that of fertilizer which has been added to the soil.
The specific activity of P-32 i.e. the dpm or dps per gram or
ng P in a sample requires two independent measurements.
i. Determination of the activity in dpm or dps.
ii. The determination of % P in the sample.
The activity is determined by liquid scintillation counting.
The % P in the sample can be done by any conventional method.
Sample of the plant material in which the specific activity of
P-32 is to be analysed are ashed at 500 C and extracted with a
known amount of 2M HC1 or made up to a known volume. The
activity and % P are determined on aliquots of the extract.
An aliquot of the extract is pipetted into a plastic vial and
made up to 15 - 20 ml if required with water. The vial is
inserted into the sample changer of a liquid scintillation
counter. The Cherenkov scintillation resulting from the motion
of p> particles in water can be used to measure the P-32
activity.
Perubahan Pengikatan Nitrogen dengan Masa bagi Tanaman Kacang
Tanah
Bajuri Kadmin dan Ahamad Sahali Mardi
Objektif penyelidikan in i adalah untuk menentukan parbazaan
pengikatan nitrogen d i antara b i j i benih yang disuntik dengan
tanpa suntikan d i dalam keadaan turtibesaran ter tentu . Dengan
menggunakan baja bar label Urea N-15, kadar kecekapan pengairr
bilan baja nitrogen oleh kacang tanah akan diketahui.
Eksperiiten ani akan roanghasilkan naklumat-maklumat yang d i -
perlukan untuk pengurusan dengan lebih baik.
Hasil daripada penyelidikan in i , akan dapat memastikan
pengurusan tanah dan baja-N dengan car a yang lebih baik lagi .
Begitu juga keputusan pengesyoran penggunaan baja yang lebih
ekcnomi dan pengurusan yang lebih baik i n i akan disebarkan
kepada petani-petani mengikut kesesuaian tanah kepada tanaman
tersebut.
157
4.10 Ana l i s i s Mikrob d i L i t a r Penyejuk Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI
Norimah Yusof dan Foziah Ali
Kajian ke a t a s a n a l i s i s populas i mikrob d i l i t a r penyejuk Reaktor
TRIGA RJSPATI (RTP) telahpun lengkap dalam tahun 1984. Bagaimana-
pun, ker ja i n i t e l a h d i te ruskan untuk mengkaji samada pencucian
dan t indakbalas kimia yang di jalankan ke a tas s is tem penyejuk t e r -
sebut berkesan untuk nengawal populasi mikrob, khususnya populas i
b a k t e r i a .
Persampalan a i r dinulakan dalam bulan J u l a i , 1985/ dan seterusnya
dilakukan s e k a l i s e t i a p bulan. Bilangan koloni bak te r i a per ml
sampel a i r d i p e r o l e h i dengan itenggunakan media NA (Nutrient Agar)
dan dieram pada suhu 37 C selama 3 h a r i .
Biasanya sanpel a i r diambil 20 - 30 h a r i selepas tangki d i c u c i
dan a i r l d i g a n t i . Tindakbalas kimia dilakukan 2 k a l i seminggu
(Selasa dan Jumaat) mengikut Jadual 4 . 1 0 . 1 .
Rajah 4.10.1 menunjukkan kehadiran bak t e r i a d a r i bulan J u l a i
hingga Disember. Dar i kajian i n i , d i d a p a t i bahawa:
i . bilangan koloni bak te r i a neningkat dengan cepat s e t i a p
k a l i pencucian di lakukan. Selepas 20 - 30 h a r i pencucian,
populas i bak t e r i a dalam s e t i a p sampal a i r n e l e b i h i paras 5
bahaya (10 ko lon i per ml a i r ) . Paras bahaya i n i t i d a k
pernah t e r c a p a i bagi sampel-sampel a i r bagi bulan J u l a i
dan d i sepanjang tahun 1983 dan 1984. Paras pa l ing t i n g g i
pernah t e r c a t i t ia lah dalan bulan Oktober, 1985.
i i . Tindakan ke a t a s algae/lumut dan bak te r i a yang d i laksana-
kan selang sebulan mungkin membolehkan mikrob t e r sebu t
tumbuh pada bulan-bulan d i mana tindakan t idak di lakukan.
Misalnya, bilangan bakter ia yang t i n g g i dalam bulan
Oktober mungkin adalah kerana d i d a p a t i t indakan dilakukan
ke a tas algae/luirut sahaja. Begitau juga s i t u a s i bagi '
bulan Disember.
i i i . Bagi bulan-bulan d i mana tindakan ke atas bakteria dilakukan (Julai, September dan November), paras populasi
bakteria tidak rtudah itenurun. In i itungkin kerana bilangan
bakteria yang te lah sedia ada begitu t inggi dan terdapat-
nya algae/luirut pada bulan-bulan tersebut sebagai punca
makanan dan msnyebabkan peningkatan kadar pembiakan.
Dari hasi l kajian ini ,1 barikut ialah cadangan-cadangan untuk
nengurangkan populasi bakteria:
i . Pencucian dan penggantian air d i tangki l i t a r penyejuk
keduaan RTP perlu dilakukan dengan lebih berkesan dan
j ika perlu, sebanyak 2 ka l i sebulan.
i i . Tindakan-tindakan ke atas algae/lunut dan bakteria perlu
dilakukan setiap minggu dan tidak selang sebulan sepert i
yang diamalkan pada masa i n i .
i i i . Kepekatan bahan kimia yang digunakan harus d ikaj i seitula.
Bahan Kimia
CI 66
SA 500
SA 600
Tujuan
Nyah kakisan dan * sca le '
Nyah algae dan luitut
Nyah bakteria
Kekerapan Tindakan
2 kali/minggu set iap minggu
1 kali/minggu Ogos, Oktober, Disember
1 kali/nunggu J u l a i , September, November.
Jadual 4 .10.1: Kekerapan tindakan kimia ke atas a i r d i l i t a r keduaan RTP.
159
Paras Bahaya
1 1 <£ 1 1 g Rajah 4 . 1 0 . 1 ; Bilangan koloni bak te r ia yang terdapat
dalam a i r penyejuk keduaan RTP bagi bulan-bulan Julai-Disember 1985. Paras yang d idapa t i adalah l eb ih t i n g g i d a r i tahun-tahun l epas .
