Chuong 2- tin dai cuong

Phn II- Phn mm SAP2000

109

Chng 2 Giao din ha

SAP2000

Giao din ho ca SAP2000 c dng khi to m hnh, phn tch kt cu, thit

k v hin th. Trong chng ny s gii thiu nhng khi nim v thnh phn c bn ca

giao din ho .

1. m hnh kt cu

SAP2000 phn tch v thit k cc kt cu thit lp qua giao din ho. m t s

kt cu cn phi khai bo cc nhm thng tin sau:

- c trng vt liu v tit din .

- Cc phn t thanh ( Frame ) khi m t cho dm ,ct, dn ....

- Cc phn t tm, v ( Area ) khi m t cho tng, sn, thanh thnh mng, v ...

- Nt c bit ni gia cc phn t

- Cc lin kt ni t ( lin kt cng hoc lin kt n hi ) ti cc nt .

- Cc ti trng : ti trng bn thn, tnh ti, hot t , ti trng nhit, ti trng ng t v cc ti trng khc ...

Sau khi SAP2000 phn tch kt cu, chng trnh cho bit cc gi tr chuyn v, ng sut,

phn lc ... do ti trng sinh ra.

Mn hnh chung (hnh 2.1), bao gm cc thnh phn :

- Main Window - Ca s chnh: gm ton b giao din ho. Ca s ny c th di chuyn v tr, phng to, thu nh hoc ng li bng cc thao tc thng thng ca

Windows. Ti mp trn bn tri ca s cho bit tn ca chng trnh v tn tp d liu

- Menu Bar - Dng Menu : cha cc menu chnh v menu con ( Submenu) m t c th truy nhp vo mi chc nng ca chng trnh SAP2000 .

- Main Toolbar - Thanh cng c chnh : bao gm cc chc nng, cc thao tc hay dng, gip ngi s dng c th truy nhp nhanh. Ch yu trong phn ny l cc chc

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

ng dng Tin hc trong Thit k cng trnh

110

nng hin th ( view, zoom ,... ). Tt c cc chc nng ca thanh cng c ny c th truy

nhp t dng menu .

Hnh 2.1 Tng quan giao din ha SAP2000

- Flloating Toolbar - Thanh cng c di ng : gm cc thao tc thng dng, ch yu l cc chc nng dng thit lp m hnh, cho php truy nhp nhanh. Tt c cc chc

nng ca thanh cng c ny c th truy nhp t dng menu .

- Display Windows - Cc ca s hin th : l mt vng rng trn mn hnh dng hin s hnh hc, cc c trng tit din, ti trng ... , cng nh cc kt qu sau khi

phn tch v tht k. Trong vng ny c th m mt hoc ti a bn ca s mt lc. Mi

ca s c th chn im nhn v cch hin th kt cu khc nhau. V d, c th m c bn ca s, trong ca s th nht hin s kt cu cha bin dng, ca s th hai hin

mt trng hp ti trng no , ca s th ba hin s chuyn v ca kt cu sau khi

tnh ton v s th t hin cc t l ng sut thit k. Cng c th , m ba ca s, mt ca s hin mt bng, mt ca s hin mt ng, v ci cn li hin hnh chiu phi

cnh ca kt cu... Tuy nhin, ti mi thi im, ch c mt ca s l ang hot ng

(Active) v cc tc ng ch c hiu qu trong ca s ny. C th chuyn mt ca s bt k thnh ca s lm vic bng cch nhn vo mt im bt k trong ca s mun chuyn

.



111

- Status Line - Dng trng thi : gm cc thng tin : trng thi hin ti ca ca s Active, v tr ta hin thi ca con tr, h to hin thi, h n v ang dng . . .

Ngi dng di chuyn n y thay i la chn ca mnh.

2. Thanh Menu :

Trong thanh Meu cha tt c cc lnh v cc hp thoi ca SAP2000

vo cc lnh i t Menu chnh Menu con Hp thoi

Trong cc hp thoi chng ta thng gp mt hoc t hp ca cc cch la chn sau :

+ Radio button : ch chn mt trong cc phng n

+ List box : chn mt gi tr trong s cc gi tr lit k trong hp

+ Check box : c th chn mt hoc nhiu phng n

+ Hp gi tr : a vo mt gi tr c th.

Trong qu trnh s dng chng trnh SAP2000, ngi dng rt cn hiu nhng thao tc

c bn thit lp, tnh ton v hin m hnh . . . Cc chc nng v cch thao tc trong

menu c gii thiu ngn gn trong nhng phn sau y.

2.1. Cc thao tc vi tp File

2.1.1. Open- Save- Save as - Close :

Cc chc nng thng thng nh m tp, ng tp , ct tp...

2.1.2. New Modal :

Dng chc nng ny bt u mt m hnh mi qua vic khai bo h li hoc gi mt kt cu mu t th vin ca SAP bng cch chn mt trong nhng kt cu thit lp

sn do chng trnh cung cp. Cc kt cu ny c dng n gin v u nhau v kch

thc. Chng c th l dm, dn, khung phng, khung khng gian, v tr, v cu ... Ngi s dng c th dng mt hoc ghp ni nhiu kt cu mu vi nhau to thnh mt kt

cu mi ph hp vi yu cu ca mnh hoc da trn nhng m hnh ny bin i li

thnh kt cu thc mong mun.

Khi gi th vin mu theo chc nng ny, thng kt cu c to c kch thc l u

nhau theo mt phng. Tu thuc loi kt cu chng trnh s yu cu ngi dng a

vo mt s thng tin cn thit nh : s nhp, s tng, khong cch gia cc nhp, tng . . .



112

2.1.3. Import

Nhp mt tp d liu c t mt chng trnh khc hay cc phin bn trc ca SAP

(SAP90, SAP2000V_7, AUTOCAD, cc tp c s d liu theo cu trc ca Access,

Excel... ) vo SAP2000 ca phin bn hin ti.

2.1.4. Export

Chc nng ny xut tp d liu vo ca SAP2000 thnh tp c dng .S2K ( l tp d

liu chun ging nh vit trc tip bng file text, ngi dng c th m ra xem v sa

cha tnh ton li ). Export cng dng xut cc d liu ca SAP ra cc dng DXF(AutoCAD), MDB(Acess), XCL(Excel),TEXT . . .

2.1.5. Set default file Parth

Khai bo th mc mc nh ct cc tp d liu ca SAP2000.

2.1.6. Bathch File Control

Chc nng ny cho php ngi dng khai bo mt danh sch cc m hnh cn phn tch.

Ty theo cc la chn trong phn ny, SAP2000 s ln lt phn tch cc tp, t ng qun l cc kt qu thu c . . . m khng cn tc ng ca ngi s dng.

2.1.7. Create Video

To cc bn video cho qu trnh phn tch ng ca kt cu lu li cc dng dao ng,

cc biu chuyn v, s bin i ca kt cu khi phn tch TT do hm thi gian.

2.1.8. Print

Cc chc nng in n

- Print Set up for Graphics : Ci t mt s tham s khi in nh s dng trn mt trang, loi my in, tn ca d n . . .

- Print Graphics : In trc tip cc hnh v ang hin trn mn hnh ra my in .

- Print Table : In cc bng d liu nhp vo, cc kt qu tnh ra my in ( xem thm phn " Cu trc bng d liu ca SAP2000" ) di dng vn bn hoc cc c s d liu

khc.

2.1.9. Capture Enhanced Metafile

Chc nng ny dng xut cc d liu trn ca s hin thi hoc mt min d liu do ngi dng la chn sang dng tp (Metafile) c cu trc dng vector m mt s phn

mm ha hoc cng c vn phng c th c c.



113

2.1.10. Capture Picture

Xut cc hnh v trong SAP sang file nh, c th a vo bo co.

2.1.11. Custom Report Writer

T chc cc file bo co theo mt cu trc do ngi s dng t to ra trn c s d liu ca SAP2000. Trong bo co c th a vo cc li ch gii, tiu , hnh nh, cc bng

d liu (vo, ra)... Cu trc thit lp cho bo co c th lu li dng cho cc bi

ton khc hoc bin i, thm, bt, thnh mt cu trc mi. Cc bo co c th in bng cc phn mm in vn bn thng thng. (Phn ny trnh by k chng sau ).

2.1.12. Modify /Show Project Information

Xem v thay i cc thng tin chung ca d n (m hnh ) chy trn SAP nh tn cng

ty, ngi tnh, tn khch hng . . .

2.1.13. Modify /Show Coments and Log

a thm vo cc li ch gii (Text) vo cc file vn bn c ca SAP.

3.1.14. Show Input/ Output text file

Xem cc tp c s d liu vo, kt qu ra ca SAP di dng Text (trnh by k hn

chng sau ).

2.2. . Bin i - Edit

Chc nng ny dng trong qu trnh bin i m hnh. Hu ht cc thao tc ca editing tc ng ti mt hoc nhiu i tng va chn. Cc thao tc ny nm trong menu Edit,

chng bao gm:

- Ct (Cut) v sao chp (Copy) dng hnh hc ca cc i tng chn vo b m. Cc thng tin hnh hc t vo bng m c th truy nhp bng chng trnh khc.

- Dn (Paste) cc dng hnh hc ca i tng t bng m vo m hnh.

- Ghp (thm) vo m hnh mt kt cu ly t th vin mu (Template ).

- Xo (Delete) cc i tng.

- Di chuyn cc nt dn n bin i cc phn t c ni vi nt (Move, Reshape).

- To ra mt mng cc i tng theo khun ch nht hoc cung trn (Replicate).

- Chia cc phn t c thnh cc phn t nh hn hoc ghp chng li vi nhau . . . .



114

Tt c cc thao tc trn phi thc hin trn mt nhm i tng chn t trc. Trong

phn ny cho php thm, bt, thay th, bin i m hnh kt cu c. Cng c th tn dng cc chc nng ny trong khi to lp s kt cu mi hoc bin i cc s

c trong th vin ph hp vi ca mnh. C th nu ra mt s chc nng c bn sau :

2.2.1. Undo

Chc nng ny hu thao tc va lm.

2.2.2. Redo

Chc nng ny tr li (khi phc li) thao tc va thc hin.

2.2.3. Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete

Dng ct, sao chp, dn, xo mt nhm i tng trong qu trnh to lp s kt cu.

2.2.4. Add to Model From Template file

Ni, ghp mt kt cu trong th vin ca SAP vi mt m hnh c.

2.2.5. Interactive DataBase Editing

Sa cha cc d liu vo ( Input Data) qua vic truy nhp cc bng d liu. Cc d liu

mi sa trong bng c cp nht ngay vo m hnh ha sau khi nhn nt chp nhn (Apply). Trong qu trnh sa cha trn bng, SAP cung cp cc chc nng sao chp,

xo, sa cc gi tr thun tin, nhanh chng. Dng chc nng ny i khi hiu qu hn

bin i trc tip trn giao din ho.

2.2.6. Add grid at Selected point

Thm cc ng li ti cc im nh du la chn, ng li ny c phng theo

mt trong 3 trc ca h to bt k.

2.2.7. Replicate

Cho php to ra mt hoc nhiu bn sao ca mt nhm i tng (nt, phn t . . .)

chn no coi l bn mu (bn gc- original object) v cho php chuyn cc bn sao n v tr mi bng phng php tnh tin hoc quay quanh cc trc. C ba kiu Replicate:

2.2.7.1. Linear

Sao chp mt s i tng n v tr mi ( c s gia theo c ba phng ) vi s lng tu

.

Khai bo:



115

V d : To mi Distance : X = 2

Bn Y = 2

Mu Number = 2

2.2.7.2. Radial :

To mt s bn copy t mt bn mu v trong qu trnh copy cho php quay quanh mt

trc no vi mt gc bt k ,v d :t 1 phn t gc nm ngang to 2 phn t mi theo phng Z v +Y vi cc khai bo nh sau:

Rotate about : trc X Z

Increment : Angle = 90 mu Y

Number = 2 Bn sao

2.2.7.3. Mirror :

To mt bn sao i xng qua mt mt phng no v c th dch chuyn n mt v tr bt k .V d t mt thanh theo phng +Z ,i xng thnh thanh theo phng Z.

Khai bo :

Mirror about : Chn XY Plane mu

ordinate =1 Z

(khong cch bn sao di chuyn theo phng vung gc vi mt phng i xng)

Ch : cc bn sao sau coi bn ngay trc l mu.

c im mi ca cc lnh trong Replicate : Ban sao

y l cc lnh sao chp i tng theo nhiu cch khc nhau, t SAP2000 V.8 c quyn

ch la chn mt s hoc tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng mu lin quan n i tng khi Replicate (v d ch chn Section, Load . . .).

Sau khi sao chp c th gi li i tng mu (gc) hoc xo i (chn Delete original

Objects) .

Vi chc nng Radial, Mirror :

+ C th chn trc sn c (trong h ta global) lm trc quay

+ hoc khai bo trc quay mi qua hai im trong khng gian (chn 3D- Rotate) bng cch a vo to X,Y,Z ca hai im ny .



116

+ hoc a vo mt im xc nh trc quay, im ny nm trong mt phng ca hai trc cn li (v d quay quanh trc X chn Rotate axis (X) Coordinate Points on YZ Plane) .

+ Nn dng chc nng to h to mi (di chuyn gc to ) xc nh trc quay mong mun trc khi dng lnh s hiu qu hn.

2.2.7.4. Cc bc thc hin vi cc lnh

+ Chn i tng mu (gc)

+ a vo cc khong cch di chuyn - theo cc phng X,Y,Z (vi lnh Linear) hoc khai bo trc quay, trc i xng (vi lnh Radial v Mirror)

+ Khai bo s i tng mun to thm (Number)

+ Khai bo cc tham s khc (cc thuc tnh i theo lnh, xa i tng gc...).

2.2.8. Extrude

To ra cc i tng mi t mt s i tng ban u n gin thnh loi phc tp hn

nh v, dng khi 3D to ra t Line , Area . . . V d :

- Extrude points to Frame/Cable : a cc im thnh phn t thanh.

- Extrude Line to Areas : t cc ng thng thnh phn t v (Area).

- Extrude Area to Solid : t cc phn t Area thnh PT Solid.

- Convert Line to Solid : chuyn t ng thng sang phn t khi.

- Convert Areas to Solid: chuyn t PT Area sang phn t khi.

2.2.9. Move

Di chuyn mt s thnh phn ca kt cu nh (nt, phn t . . .) n v tr mi trong m

hnh (c th p dng cho c nt v phn t ; i vi nt th cc phn t dnh vi nt u dch chuyn theo, cn phn t th c tc dng nh tnh tin).

2.2.10. Merge joint

Nhp cc nt ln cn (theo mt dung sai no ) thnh mt nt, cc nt ny do ngi

dng chn. C th s dng chc nng ny trong vic ni hai m hnh c lp vi nhau thnh mt m hnh mi hoc sa cc sai st trong qu trnh thit lp m hnh.

2.2.11. Divide frame

C hai la chn khi dng Divide :



117

- Divide into : Tch mt phn t thnh nhiu phn t mi, cc phn t c tch c th bng nhau hoc c chiu di khc nhau bin i theo chiu tng hoc gim u. Sau khi

tch, chng trnh t thm vo cc nt ti nhng v tr cn thit. V d trn hnh 2.2 :

Hnh 2.2 Lnh Divide into

- Break : Khi trong m hnh c nhiu phn t Frame giao nhau, dng chc nng ny s

chia nh cc phn t ti cc im giao v chng trnh t thm vo cc nt, tn thanh cn thit cho phn t mi. V d trn hnh 2.3:

Hnh 2.3 Lnh Divide Break

2.2.12. Mesh curved Frame/Cable

To mt cung trn qua cc im u ca phn t thanh (t thanh thng thnh cong qua

mt s cch no ). Phn t thanh ban u b xo v cung trn mi c th l mt phn t cong u hoc do nhiu on thng ni li .

2.2.13. Join Frame

Cho php ni cc thanh la chn thnh mt phn t v b i cc nt khng cn thit

trong qu trnh ni. V d trn hnh 2.4. Cch lm :

- Chn cc phn t mun ni

- Nhn vo Join Frames

Hnh 2.4 Lnh Join Frame



118

2.2.14. Trim/ Extend Frame

Chc nng ny cng ging nh AutoCAD s cht bt cc on thng hoc ko di cc

on thng mt hoc hai u ca thanh chn.

2.2.15. Mesh Area (Mesh Shell)

Chia nh cc phn t shell thnh mt li theo hai phng. Cch lm :

Chn cc phn t shell mun chia nh.

Nhn Edit Mesh Area v a vo s lng cc phn t mun chia cho mi hng OK .

2.2.16. Mesh Solid

Chia nh phn t Solid thnh cc phn t nh hn.

2.2.17. Disconect

Tch cc phn t quanh mt nt chung thnh mi phn t c mt nt c lp, SAP t

thm vo tn cc nt tng ng (c th s dng chc nng ny khi cn Release hoc

Consntraint, Restraint ). V d trn hnh 2.5:

Hnh 2.5 Tch nt 6 thnh 3 nt 6,13,14 3 u thanh

2.2.18. Connect

Dng ni cc nt ca cc phn t ti cng mt v tr c tn khc nhau thnh mt nt

chung, cc nt tha t loi b ( ngc li ca qu trnh Disconect ) .

2.2.19. Show Duplicate :

Chc nng ny dng hin ( i mu ) cc phn t trng nhau, sau c th xo hoc

nhp li cc nt hoc phn t ging nhau ( trng tn ). Cch lm : chn cc nt v phn t ging nhau trong s kt cu nhn Show Duplicate, cc nt v phn t trng c th c v li bng mt mu khc .



119

2.2.20. Merge Duplicate : ngc li Show Duplicate .

2.2.21. Change Label

Thay i li cch t tn ca mt s hoc ton b ca mt trong s cc i tng nh nt, phn t, tit din, trng hp ti trng . . . theo mt cch (t hp) mi gm c ch hoc

s, c th nh s theo trt t hng X,Y, Z tu chn.

C th dng chc nng ny nh s li tn nt v phn t bng cch chn :

+ Item Type : hin mt danh sch cc i tng chn theo dng lit k, chn mt trong s cc loi ny thay i tn.

+ List Names : nu trc khi thay i, nh du mt nhm th ch hin tn ca nhm i tng ny, mc nh s hin ton b ( all )

Cch thao tc :

- nh du nhm i tng hoc ton b

- Chn loi i tng ( item Type ):

Joint , Frame, Load Case, Section . . .

- a vo cc gi tr cn thay i

( trong mc Auto Relabel Control )

- Edit Auto Relabel All in List

- Trong phn ny c th dng cc

chc nng Paste, Delete,Copy . . .

Hnh 2.6 Thay i cch t tn cho cc i tng

2.3. Hin th - View

Cc chc nng ch yu trong phn ny gip bn hin kt cu theo cc la chn. C th

nhn ton b kt cu hoc mt phn kt cu di dng khng gian hay phng Cc chc

nng trong phn ny c th ly t thanh cng c hoc Menu View. C th s lc qua mt s chc nng ca View nh sau :

- Hin th hai chiu v ba chiu ( 2D-3D View ) : Hin th hai chiu l hin kt cu trong mt mt phng song song vi mt trong ba mt phng X-Y, X-Z hoc Y-Z ca h to chung, ch thy c cc i tng trong mt phng . Hin th theo khng gian ba

chiu ( hnh chiu trc o ) c th thy ton b kt cu t mt im nhn chn. Cc i

tng nhn thy khng b hn ch bi mt mt phng no. Hng nhn c khai bo qua



120

hai gc, mt gc trong mt phng ngang v gc kia t pha trn nhn xung mt phng

ngang.

- Nhn phi cnh (Perspective ): dng chc nng ny lun cho ta mt cm gic thc v hnh nh r hn v chiu th ba. C th chuyn i d dng cc la chn gia nhn theo

phi cnh sang hnh chiu trc o v ngc li. Gc nhn dng th hin mc gn xa t im nhn n kt cu. Gc nhn ln cho hnh nh nhn gn v gc nhn nh cho hnh nh

nhn xa. i khi chn mt gc nhn phi cnh khng hp l s thy kt cu nh b bin

dng (mo m).

- Phng to, thu nh ( Zoom ) : hin r mt vi kt cu no hoc hin ton b kt cu . Zoom out a kt cu li xa mn hnh , Zoom in a kt cu li gn ( phng to).

Ch zoom c th t s gia v thay n. Zoom window ch hin kt cu nm trong ca s chn . Ca s ny khai bo bng cch nh du hai gc ca ca s v di chut

trn min nh du.

- Di chuyn ng ( Pan ) : cho php di chuyn kt cu v trn mn hnh ch hin nhng phn nm trong ca s khai bo.

- Set Display Option: hin cc thng tin ca cc tham s lin quan n cc loi nt, phn t , lin kt . . . trn s kt cu. V d chn Joint Label s hin tn nt; chn Frame Section s hin tn ca tit din gn cho cc phn t thanh trong s . . .Minh ha trn hnh 2.7 v 2.8.

(Vi SAP2000_V7. chc nng ny s dng trong Set Element)

Hnh 2.7 Thng s v tn phn t, lin kt

Hnh 2.8 Hin tn tit din v tch phn t



121

- Gii hn hin - Set Limit: khai bo mt ca s qua cc gi tr ca hai gc ca s gi l gii hn trn v gii hn di. Khi dng Limit, ch nhng phn kt cu nm trn trong ca

s ny mi hin th c v cc hiu qu ca Pan, Zoom ... ch tc ng trong ca s

ny.

- Chn vng hin kt cu theo :

+ Choose Plan : chn Mt phng gii hn. c th l XY, YZ, XZ

+ Tng ng vi n vng kt cu c th nm trong khong Z,X,Y t Min max

V d: Hnh v trn hnh 2.9 ch phn kt cu nm trong mt phng XZ tng ng vi ta

X t 0-4m c hin trn ca s. Nu mun hin li ton b kt cu, chn Select All.

Hnh 2.9 Hp thoi Limit v cch hin th

2.4. Khai bo - Define

Trong Menu Define, khai bo cc s thng s d liu ca kt cu dng gn cho mt nhm thc th no trong s . Cc thng s ny c th t tn, chng bao gm cc nhm:

- Cc c trng vt liu.

- Cc c trng mt ct ca phn t.

- Cc trng hp ti trng tnh.

- Cc mu cho ti trng nhit v ti trng p lc ti nt.

- Cc nhm i tng.

- Cc hm ph phn ng v phn tch.

- Cc hm thi gian v phn tch.



122

- Cc t hp ti trng.

Trong s cc thng tin khai bo trn, nm nhm u dng gn cho mt tp chn no (thng kt hp vi cc chc nng trong Menu Assign). Cc nhm cn li khai bo v

tc ng trc tip trn m hnh v khng dng gn cho i tng .

2.4.1. Material

Chc nng ny cho php khai bo mi nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau hoc thay i, hu

cc nhm c. i vi mi loi vt liu c th t mt tn v a vo cc tham s E, W, M , a . . . v mt s tham s khc cho qu trnh thit k nh ng sut chy ca thp fy, cng ko nn ca b tng R . . .

+ Vi mi loi vt liu c th t mu phn bit

+ C th khai bo Damping Ratio cho vt liu.

2.4.2. Frame /Cable Section

Khai bo cc loi tit din (mt ct) ca phn t thanh, c th :

- t tn cho mi loi tit din.

- Import / Wide Flange: Chn cc tit din thp nh hnh,theo cc tiu chun khc nhau (sn xut trong nh my) theo bng tra trong SAP. Cc tit din ny lu tr trong mt s

tp c tn l AISC.pro, SISC.pro, SECTION.pro nm trong th mc mc nh ca chng trnh.

- ADD / Wide Flange : Dng chc nng ny khai bo cho mt trong s cc tit din chun m SAP cho php v qui nh sn nh cc tit din hnh ch nht, trn, hnh ng. . . m ch cn a vo cc tham s ti thiu tng ng vi tng dng (t3, t2, ... ). Trn mn

hnh, ngi s dng c th nhn trc quan hnh dng ng vi t l kch thc nh d khai

bo.

- Non Primastic : khai bo cho cc thanh c tit din thay i. Vi mt s phin bn u ca SAP2000, chc nng ny ch hin ln trong hp (highligh) ADD / Wide Flange sau

khi ngi s dng khai bo t nht 2 loi tit din, trong cc phin bn sau, SAP sn mt s tit din chun, ngi dng c th thy ngay chc nng ny.

- General : khai bo cho loi tit din c hnh dng bt k (khng nm trong cc chun c sn ca SAP), lc ny ngi s dng phi a vo cc gi tr c th ca din tch mt ct ngang, m men qun tnh, m men ct (A, I, J . . . .). i vi tit din bt k

SAP lun ch hin hnh elip.

- SD section : SAP s m ra mt mn hnh mi, c cc cng c v to ra mt loi tit din ca CSI (CSISD)



123

Trong khi khai bo mt tit din mi SAP yu cu nhp vo cc tham s :

+ Section name : t tn cho tit din

+ Material : chn loi vt liu

+ Properties : cc gi tr c trng hnh hc ca tit din nh Ix, I y , As . . .do SAP tnh c thng qua cc kch thc ngi dng nhp vo.

+ Properties factor : cc h s tng ng vi cc c trng hnh hc nh mmen qun tnh, din tch . . . Mc nh cc h s ny lun bng 1, ngi dng c th thay i n to ra cc hiu qu mi theo mun.

+ Dimension : ngi dng nhp vo cc kch thc ti thiu cho tng loi tit din. Ch cc kch thc ph thuc vo h ta ring ca phn t.

+ Modify / Show Section: Xem hoc bin i cc tit din c

+ Delete Section: Xo cc tit din khai bo

V d :

- Khai bo cho mt thanh c tit din thay i tn TD1,ct tri hnh 2.10, c tit din hnh trn,bin i u trn c thanh vi tit din u thanh k hiu S4, cui thanh l S5.

- Thanh TD2, ct phi hnh 2.10, tit din bin i khc nhau trn 3 on theo trc thanh. on 1, tit din ch nht S1 trn c on,chim 0.2 chiu di thanh, on 2 tit

din ch nht S2 trn c on, chim 0.2 chiu di thanh v on 3, tit din ch nht

bin i u trong on t S2 n S1, chim 0.6 chiu di thanh.

Hnh 2.10 Hnh dng ca cc tit din TD1 v TD2



124

Hnh 2.11 Khai bo cho TD1

Hnh 2.12 Khai bo cho TD2

Kch thc ca cc tit din(m) : S1 = 0.6x0.2 ; S2 = 0.4x0.2 ;

S3= 0.1x0.1 ; S4= D=0.5 ; S5=D=0.3. Cch khai bo trong hp thoi :

Trong cc phin bn gn y, SAP2000 cho php khai bo mt s dng c bit ca phn t thanh nh Tendon ( ch chu ko),Cab (phn t cp) th ngoi cc tham s thng

thng, ngi dng cn phi khai bo thm mt s thng tin khc lin quan n tnh cht

lm vic c bit ca kt cu.

2.4.3. Area Section

Khai bo cho tit din ca cc phn t Area. Cc tham s bao gm:

- Section name : t tn cho phn t Area

- Type : loi phn t, nhm Shell (Shell, Membrane , Plate); nhm Plane v Axisymetric

- Thickness : chiu dy phn t

- Material : chn loi vt liu

- Link/Support properties : khai bo mt s c im cho phn t, gi ta c bit.

2.4.4. Coordinate System / Grid

Chc nng ny c th :

- To h to mi (h to ring) : khai bo cc h li theo Decac hoc to tr, trong v tr ca h to mi da theo cc tham s ca Advanced, lun so vi h tng

th ban u Global.

- Hoc thm, sa, bt cc dng li theo cc phng X, Y, Z ca mt h li c. V tr mi ca li c th trong cc trng thi Lock, Snap ,Hide Grid line,Glue to grid line...

+ Lock Grid : thng thng Grid trng thi kha(lock), trng thi ny khng dng cch thay i nhanh dng li (reshape) theo kiu nhn chut vo dng li v ko n

n mt v tr mi, mun s dng thao tc ny li phi unlock. Mun thm, bt hoc

thay i v tr cc dng li, phi dng cc chc nng trong Edit grid.



125

+ Snap to Grid : trng thi ON, cc nt s bt vo mt li nu chut ang ln cn vi mt li, nu xa, n vn xc nh mt nt bt k. trng thi OFF, nt s c gn ng v tr m n nh du ch khng bt vo cc mt li .

+ Glue Joint to Grid : trng thi ON cc nt s lun thay i cng vi s thay i ca cc dng li ( dn n phn t c th thay i theo ).

+ Khi vo chc nng ny, vi SAP2000 nhng phin bn gn y, cc thng tin v li hin di dng bng, ngi dng c th thay i gi tr trong bng theo 2 cch : thay i cc khong cch gia cc li (Space) hoc theo ta cc dng li

(Ordinastes).

2.4.5. Joint Constraint :Khai bo cc rng buc i vi nt.

2.4.6. Joint Patterns

Trong Menu ny, Joint pattern ch dng khai bo tn cc hm ti trng c bit, loi hm ny m t qua cc nt. m t hm, cng dng chc nng ny trong Assign. Trong

chng 3 s trnh by k cch m t hm v gn chng vo s kt cu.

2.4.7. Group

To sn cc tn nhm. Cc nhm ny c th dng gn cho mt nhm phn t no , v s dng tn ca nhm thay cho la chn cc phn t trong qu trnh gn tit din,

ti trng. . . cho cc phn t .

2.4.8. Load Case

Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng tnh, bao gm cc tham s :

- Load name : Tn trng hp ti trng

- Type : khai bo loi ti trng : tnh ti, hot ti , gi . . . Khi chn cc loi ti trng ny,vi tnh ti (DEAD), SAP t cho h s TT bn thn =1, cn cc loi khc s c gi tr

=0. Type ch l ch gii, khng nh hng n kt qu tnh ton nu tn loi TT khc vi gi tr tht ca n.Trong qu trnh khai bo, nu loi TT chn l QUAKE (ng t) hoc

WAVE (sng) th chng trnh cho php ngi dng chn loi TT ngang trong phn Auto

Lateral Load, TT ny s c SAP tnh t ng k thm trong s tnh.



126

Hnh 2.13 Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng

Selft Weigh : a vo h s cho ti trng bn thn cho trung hp ti ang khai bo, p

dng cho tt c cc loi phn t c mt trong kt cu v lun c phng -Z. Ch nn khai bo mt trng hp c h s ny khc 0.

C th thm , sa , xo cc trng hp

2.4.9. Bridge Load

Khai bo cc thng tin cn thit v cc loi ti trng tnh cho bi ton cu nh Lane,Vehicle . .

2.4.10. Function

Khai bo cc ti trng ng nh Time History v Response Spectrum. Trong cc phin

bn khc nhau ca SAP2000 cch b tr v tn ca cc menu l khc nhau, bi vy trong

gio trnh ny cng nh trong phn ny a ra vn tt mt s chc nngca cc hm ti trng ng ngi dng tham kho, c th khng ng theo trt t ca mt phin bn

no ca SAP2000.

2.4.10.1. Response Spectrum Function

Khai bo mt hm ph no c th l :

- Add Function from file : a vo mt hm ph t mt file c.

+ Function name : t tn hm

+ Function file cho php khai bo ng dn m tp np vo s tnh

- Function Definition : khai bo mt hm ph mi

+ Function name : t tn hm

+ Function Definition : a vo cc gi tr ca thi gian (time) and gia tc (value) cho tng im ca hm ph, sau mi ln khai bo nhn phm Add .

2.4.10.2. Response Spectrum Case

Khai bo cho mt trng hp ti trng ng tnh theo ph.



127

+ Spectrum Case Name : khai bo tn ca trng hp ph .

+ Excitation angle : gc kch ng .

+ Modal Combination : chn phng php t hp cc mode dao ng khi tnh ph.

+ Damping : h s cn .

- Directional Combination: chn phng php t hp theo cc hng. Nu dng phng php GMC s khai bo thm tham s F1, F2 l cc tn s c trng ca ASCE4 .

- Input Response Spectrum : a vo tn cc hm ph s tnh theo mi hng v h s tng ng. C th ch tnh theo mt hng hoc c ba hng .

2.4.10.3. Time History Function

Khai bo v m t hm thi gian (cho tng hm mt) bao gm :

- Add new Function - m t trc tip : bao gm t tn hm, khai bo cc gi tr ca hm l mt cp thi gian v gi tr hm tng ng .

- Add new Function From file : a vo tn ( ung dn ) ca mt hm thi gian khai bo trc trong mt file no ( khng cn m t hm ) .

- Modify / Show Function : xem hoc bin i mt hm thi gian c .

- Delete Function : Xo mt hm thi gian khai bo trc .

2.4.10.4. Time History Cases

Phn ny khai bo cc thng tin cn thit tnh ti trng ng c dng hm thi gian -

l ghp tng ng hm thi gian vi cc trng hp ti trng tnh (c hai loi ny u phi c ). Cc thng tin bao gm :

- History case name : tn hm .

- Modal damping : h s damping , c th l hng s cho mi dng dao ng hoc khc nhau i vi tng mode .

- Number of step : S cc im cn a ra kt qu ( cn tnh )

- Out put Time step size : khong thi gian gia cc buc tnh .

- Load assignment: a vo tn trng hp ti trng tnh gn tng ng vi hm thi gian.

2.4.10.5. Analysis Case

Khai bo cc trng hp cn phn tch trong qu trnh chy SAP.



128

2.4.11. Combination

Khai bo cc t hp ti trng da trn cc trng hp ti khai bo :

- Cho php thm, thay i, xo mt t hp

- Khai bo cc tham s lin quan n t hp

- Type : loi t hp ( phng php dng t hp Linear Add, Envelope, SRSS . . .)

- Define Combination : cc h s t hp ng vi tng trng hp ti tham gia trong t hp.

Hnh 2.14 Hp thoi khai bo t hp

2.5. V Draw

Chc nng ny gip ta to ra cc i tng ( nt, phn t, li . . . ) mi hoc bin i cc

i tng c ca m hnh. Mun to phn t qua chc nng v, phi t chng trnh vo ch v (Draw mode) bng cch chn v nhn vo mt trong su phm chc nng

ca thanh cng c di ng hoc chn t menu Draw (ch trng thi ca m hnh khng

c kho ). Cc thao tc cho qu trnh v bao gm :

- Di chuyn hoc thay i hnh dng ca cc i tng c.

- Thm cc nt mi.

- Thm mt phn t thanh (Frame) bng cch nhn vo v tr ca hai u thanh hoc mt im trn ng li; thm hai thanh cho nhau bng cch nh du mt im no

khong gia cc li.

- Thm cc phn t v (Shell) bng cch nhn vo cc nt gc ca phn t hoc nhn vo mt im gia cc li.

- Thng thng chng trnh mc nh ch bt im, con tr lun di chuyn trn cc giao im ca li v bt vo cc nt. Ch ny c th t ON hoc OFF trong qu trnh v phn t .



129

- i vi kt cu ba chiu, con tr b gii hn khi khai bo hoc bt giao im ca li hay bt nt, v kh xc nh chnh xc to khng gian ch qua mt im trn mn hnh,

cn trong kt cu hai chiu iu ny n gin v chiu th ba l lun xc nh, v tr con tr

c th nh du bt k ch no trn mn hnh.

- Ch c ch Draw v Select l c th chuyn i ln cho nhau .

- Cc thao tc khc khng c thc hin khi chng trnh ang ch Draw .

2.5.1. Reshape Element

Chc nng ny c th thay i hnh dng v v tr ca cc phn t c trong kt cu

bng cch dng chut ko n v tr mi, kch thc v hng ca phn t c th khng thay i hoc thay i. Nu di chuyn cc dng li th cc phn t trn s di chuyn theo ( khi li khng kho v ang ch Glue joint to grid ) .

2.5.2. Special Joint

Cc nt thng thng c chng trnh gn t ng ti cc u hoc gc ca phn t. a thm mt nt mi vo mt v tr bt k trn m hnh, dng chc nng ny v nhn

chut ti v cn to nt.

2.5.3. Draw Frame , Shell

- To ra cc phn t thanh bng cch nh du v tr hai u thanh trn mn hnh hoc ti cc nt li .

- To ra cc phn t v bng cch nh du v tr cc gc phn t trn mn hnh hoc ti cc nt li .

2.5.4. Draw Quick

V nhanh cc phn t thanh v v bng cch nh du mt im bt k trn cnh li (Frame) v trong li (Shell).

2.5.5. Draw 1, 2 joint link

Dng v cc phn t ni c cu trc c bit.

2.5.6. Edit Grid

Chc nng ny c th thm, sa, bt cc dng li theo cc phng X, Y, Z ca mt h

li d c. Ty theo tng phin bn ca SAP m chc nng ny nm menu Draw hay ngay trong phn to lp li. tin cho ngi dng tham kho, xin trnh by c hai loi.

Khi thay i cc li, cc phn t khng nm trn dng li thng thng khng b nh



130

hng. Cc phn t nm trn dng li ch di chuyn theo (b nh hng) khi ch Glue

joint grid l ON.

Vi SAP_V7 cc tham s bin i bao gm (Hnh 2.15):

+ Direction X, Y, Z : chn hng dng li cn thay i

+ X ( Y, Z ) location : a vo cc gi tr cn bin i

V tr mi ca li c cc trng thi Lock, Snap,Glue.

- Thng thng Grid trng thi kha (lock), lc ny c th thm, bt hoc thay i v tr

cc dng li. Tuy nhin trng thi ny

khng dng cch thay i nhanh dng li (reshape) theo kiu nhn chut vo dng

li v ko n n mt v tr mi, mun thao

tc ny li phi unlock .

- Snap to Grid : trng thi ON, cc nt s bt vo mt li nu chut ang ln cn vi

mt li, nu xa, n vn xc nh mt nt bt k. trng thi OFF nt s c gn ng v tr m n nh du ch khng bt vo cc

mt li. - Glue Joint to Grid : trng thi ON cc nt s lun thay i cng vi s thay i ca

Hnh 2.15

cc dng li (dn n v tr v hnh dng phn t c th thay theo) .

- T SAP_V8 bin i cc h li c, vo bng (hnh 2.16) thay i gi tr cho tng dng li theo cc phng X,Y,Z.



131

Hnh 2.16

2.5.7. Snap to Joint

Khi trng thi ON: bt ch bt im vo cc nt.

Khi trng thi OFF: tt ch bt im vo cc nt.

2.5.8. Snap to Frame / Edge

Bt tt ch bt im ca phn t thanh hoc cc cnh.

Ch chung : c im chung ca cc Snap trn l im bt nt c th xy ra hai tnh hung :

+ Bt vo cc giao im li, vo mt nt c nu im cn xc nh nm ln cn cc loi i tng ny v cc ch ny ang trng thi ON.

+ V tr gn nt t ng v t ca con tr trn mn hnh, nu cc ch trng thi OFF.

2.6. La chn Select

Chc nng ny khai bo (chn) mt nhm i tng s dng cho cc thao tc tip theo

trong cu lnh. SAP2000 dng khi nim noun verb chn trc, trong c th u tin to ra mt tp chn (bng cch nhn trc tip vo cc i tng) v sau thc hin

cc thao tc trn tp chn (khng cn dng chc nng selecting, ging nh trong

AutoCAD). Cc thao tc cn thit thc hin trn mt tp chn trc bao gm cc thao tc gn, sa i d liu, hin th, in n...

chn i tng phi t chng trnh vo ch Select bng cch nhn mt trong cc

nt ca thanh cng c di ng. Cng c th chn mt hnh ng bt k t menu Select hoc Display a chng trnh vo ch chn. C th chn i tng theo mt trong

cc cch sau :

- Chn cc i tng n : ch chnh xc cc i tng (Pointer).



132

- V mt ca s bao quanh cc i tng mun chn (Window).

- V mt ng thng i qua cc i tng chn (Intersecting Line) .

- Chn mt mt phng(MP) ( XY Plane,XZ Plane) bng cch nhn

vo mt im bt k trong s cc phn t ca MP, mi i tng trong

MP u c vo tp chn thao tc.

- Chn cc i tng cng loi c trng tit din phn t (Section) .

- Chn cc i tng trong cng mt nhm (Group). . .

Trong ch chn, nt tri ca chut dng chn i tng, nt phi dng tra cu (xem) cc c tnh ca i tng. Mi thao tc (tr v) c th thc hin khi chng trnh

ang ch chn.

2.7. Gn Assign

Chc nng ny dng gn cc c trng vt liu, mt ct ngang, ti trng ( khai bo

trc ) cho mt nhm cc i tng hoc va chn. Cc thao tc ca chc nng ny ly t menu Assign hoc thanh cng c, bao gm :

2.7.1. Nhm 1

Nhm 1 bao gm cc thnh phn c th c gn trong qu trnh to lp s hnh hc:

- Vi nt (Joint): gn cc lin kt, cc rng buc, gi n hi, khi lng tp trung qui i, h to ring (a phng )

- Vi phn t thanh (Frame) : gn cc c trng mt ct, h to ring, gii phng lin kt, v tr cn a ra kt qu, vng cng. . .

- Vi phn t v (Area) : gn cc c trng mt ct, h to ring. . .

- Phn t Solid

- Cc phn t Link/Spport.

C th gn cc chc nng trn cho tng i tng hoc cc i tng trong mt nhm (

c t tn - c th s dng cho cc thao tc trong tng lai ). Nguyn tc chung l

chn i tng sau chn tn ca cc thnh phn cn gn .



133

2.7.2. Nhm 2 - Gn ti trng

2.7.2.1. Joint static load

Dng gn ti trng ti nt, cc tham s cn khai bo:

- Forces

+ Load case : a vo tn trng hp ti trng sp gn, thay i, hu.

+ Option : la chn trng thi gn.

+ Load : a vo cc gi tr ti trng.

- Displacement : tng t nh ti trng nt, nhng a vo cc gi tr chuyn v theo cc phng.

2.7.2.2. Frame static load

Dng gn ti trng cho cc phn t thanh gm cc loi:

- Gravity : trng lc

- Point: gn ti trng tp trung trn phn t :

+ Load case : a vo tn trng hp ti trng sp gn, thay i, hu.

+ Load type and Direction: chn kiu v hng cho ti trng sp khai bo :

+ Forces : ti trng tp trung

+ Moments : Mmen tp trung

+ Direction : hng TT,c th chn mt trong s cc h to ring 1,2,3, h to chung X, Y,Z, hnh chiu ca chng ln cc trc . . .

+ Option : la chn cch gn TT : thm, thay i hay xo ti trng (Add, Modify, Delete ).

+ Point load : khai bo cc gi tr ca ti trng tp trung trn phn t, gm cc tham s :

Distance : khong cch t u phn t n im t lc, trong nu chn

Relative distance cc gi tr tnh theo t l on thng tnh t im t lc/tng chiu di phn t ; Absolute distance gi tr on thng tnh t u thanh n im t lc.

Load : gi tr ca ti trng ( theo hng chn ) .



134

- Distributed: khai bo ti trng phn b u (Uniform) v khng u trn phn t, ngha cc i lng cng ging ti trng tp trung trn phn t trong gi tr lc l ti trng phn b ti v tr .

- Temperature : gn cc ti trng nhit bao gm :

Type : loi ti trng nhit.

+ Option : add , modify, delete

+ Temperature :

+ By element Temperature : a vo gi tr nhit trn phn t

+ By joint Pattern : a vo tn hm TT ( khai bo) v h s tnh cho hm ny.

- Prestress Strain : gn ti trng ng sut trc hoc cc bin dng cho cc phn t thanh chn. Trong phn ny khng m t ti trng m ch khai bo trng hp no chu ti v h s ca ti trng.

- Mt s ti trng khc: sng, gi ...

2.7.2.3. Area static loads

Gn ti trng cho cc phn t Area, Plane . . . i vi cc ti trng nt, mi phn t u

gn nh nhau bng Joint load. Vi TT trn phn t Area c th l mt trong cc loi:

- Gravity : TT dng trng lc, phn ny ch khai bo h s trng lc .

- Uniform : gn ti trng phn b u cho phn t, cc tham s khai bo :

+ Load case : Chn trng hp ti trng gn.

+ Uniform load : a vo gi tr ti trng

+ Direction : a vo hng ti trng

2.7.2.4. Pressure

Khai bo ti trng lc p mt cho cc phn t. Ty loi phn t m cc loi TT p lc c th l : Surface Pressure, Pore Pressure.

- Load case : khai bo trng hp ti trng.

- Pressure:

+ By element : khai bo gi tr lc tc ng vung gc vi b mt phn t v phn b trn c b mt phn t.

+ By Joint Pattern : khai bo tn mu c v h s.



135

- Option : add , modify, delete.

- Joint Pattern :

Khai bo dng ca ti trng mu qua cc nt( h s A,B,C) Gn cc gi tr ca cc hm

TT(mu) cho cc nt trong cc trng hp khai bo ti trng nhit v ti trng p lc.

Cc loi TT khc: Template, Strain . . .

2.7.2.5. Solid Load : Khai bo ti trng cho phn t Solid

2.7.3. Cc cch sao chp c bit - Copy Assign and Paste Assign

T SAP2000V_8 cho php ngi s dng sao chp cc i tng (nt, phn t) qua mt

hoc nhiu thuc tnh ca n: v d nh v tr, dng hnh hc, cc c trng hnh hc, ti trng ...qua cu trc bng (s trnh by k chng 3).

2.8. Phn tch s Analyze

Sau khi khi to xong m hnh kt cu bng cc thao tc trn, c th phn tch m

hnh tnh cc kt qu chuyn v, ng sut, phn lc...

Trc khi phn tch s , nn la chn cc kiu phn tch t menu Analyze bao gm :

- Loi kt cu phn tch ( a vo UX, UY,UZ, RX,RY,RX cc bc t do b gi ).

- Cc tham s phn tch cho cc dng dao ng ( mode ).

- Cc tham s phn tch theo P-Delta.

- Cc kt qu phn tch c ghi vo cc tp a ra.

- Lng RAM ( b nh trong ) c dng.

thc hin qu trnh phn tch, ngi dng chn chc nng Run ca Menu Analyze

hoc nhn vo nt Run trn thanh cng c chnh (main toolbar). Cc tham s c th chn

bao gm :

2.8.1. Option - La chn

- Loi kt cu : trong phn ny SAP2000 hin sn 4 loi kt cu mu :

+ Khung khng gian

+ Khung phng ( X-Z )

+ Dm li ( X-Y )

+ Dn khng gian



136

Ngi dng nhn vo mt trong cc hnh v trn s xc nh loi kt cu cn tnh, trong

trng hp mun chn loi kt cu khng nm trong 4 loi trn (v d dn phng), phi khai bo trc tip cc bc t do c th chuyn v trong Degree of fredom.

- La chn dng phn tch kt cu :

+ Dynamic Analysis : phn tch ng. Trong phn ny s khai bo thm mt s tham s lin quan n phn tch ng nh dng dao ng.

+ Include P-Delta : tnh theo P -delta.

+ Generate Ouput : la chn cc tham s cn a ra kt qu sau khi phn tch, c th l chuyn v, phn lc, ni lc, ng sut phn t . . . Phn ny khai bo nhng

thnh phn cn tnh v in ra cc kt qu trn cho nhng trng hp no.

2.8.2. Set Analysis Case

Cho php ngi dng chn trng hp v kiu phn tch (tnh, ng) cho m hnh ca

mnh.

2.8.3. Run Analysis - thc hin tnh ton kt cu

Chng trnh ct m hnh trong mt tp c s d liu ca SAP2000, sau kim tra v

phn tch m hnh. Trong qu trnh kim tra v phn tch, trn ca s chnh xut hin cc

thng bo ca qu trnh phn tch k thut. Khi phn tch xong, c th xem li cc thng bo trong qu trnh chy chng trnh, dng thanh cun trong ca s chnh. Nhn vo nt

OK ng ca s chnh sau khi kt thc qu trnh xem cc thng bo ny.

Cc thao tc khc ca SAP2000 khng c thc hin trong khi ang phn tch. Tuy nhin c th chy cc chng trnh khc ca Windows trong lc ny. Nu ang phn tch

mt m hnh ln m mt mt thi gian hon thin, dng chc nng Run minimized

(phn tch ti thiu) thay cho Run trong Analyze.

2.9. Thit k Design

Thit k l qu trnh kim tra cc phn t thp hoc b tng theo cc tiu chun thit k khc nhau. Qu trnh ny ch c thc hin sau khi phn tch kt cu.

Cc phn t thanh bng thp c th c mt ct ngang c trng lng ti thiu c ly t

ng t mt nhm cc mt ct ngang khai bo trong chng trnh. Kt cu sau khi thit k c th c tnh ton v kim tra li.

Cc phn t thanh b tng sau khi thit k c th cho din tch ct thp dc v ct ai

c chn t ng theo cc tiu chun thit k m ngi dng khai bo. Qu trnh ny khng cn tnh ton li.



137

Chng trnh c th hin hnh v ca cc t l ng sut (stress ratios) v cc tham s thit k. Cc kt qu thit k a ra di dng bng cho tng phn t thanh bng cch nhn

vo phm phi ca chut. Ngoi ra cng c th cho in cc thng tin ny i vi cc phn

t la chn theo chc nng Print Design Table ca Menu File.

2.10. Display - Hin d liu vo v kt qu

- Show Undeformed Shape : hin dng hnh hc ca kt cu khi cha b bin dng.

- Show Loads : Hin s ti trng cho tng trng hp ti trng ca nt, phn t :

+ Joint : hin s ti trng nt .

+ Frame/Cable/Tendon : hin ti trng trn phn t thanh : Force, Moment, gravity, Temperature, gradient . . .

+ Area : hin ti trng trn phn t v : gravity, Uniform, presure, Temperature . . .

+ Solid: hin s ti trng cho phn t Solid

+ Link/ Support

- Show Pattern : hin cc mu ti trng (trong trng hp ti trng lc p mt v nhit).

- Show Lanes : hin cc d liu v ln ng, lch tm v dy cc phn t Lane.

- Show Input Data : hin cc bng d liu da vo ( dng text ) gm cc d liu v dng hnh hc v ti trng.

- Show Deformed Shape : hin cc biu chuyn v ca tng trng hp ti trng, c th di hai dng :

+ Wire ( si ): hin c s kt cu cha bin dng v bin dng vi hai mu khc nhau. Biu ni gia cc on thng.

+ Cubic curve: ch hin dng kt cu bin dng, biu dng ng cong trn tru, t mu c.

- Show Mode shape : hin cc dng dao ng.

- Show Element Forces / Stress : hin cc biu ni lc v ng sut ca cc phn t (c th km theo c gi tr).

Vi tng trng hp ti trng, c th chn mt hoc nhiu tham s sau :

+ Joint : hin cc phn lc v phn lc n hi khi chn cc chc nng Restraint hoc Spring.

+ Frame : hin mt trong s 6 thnh phn ni lc ca phn t thanh trong mi ca s khi chn Axial, Shear, Moment... Trong , chn cch hin theo :



138

Fill : biu t mu, c khng hin gi tr hoc

Show value on the diagram : hin s dng si v hin c gi tr ti cc mt ct khai bo.

+ Shell : chn mt trong cc thnh phn ni lc hoc ng sut ca phn t shell hin. Trong :

C th hin kt qu theo ni lc hoc ng sut.

ng sut trung bnh c th tnh ti tt c hoc mt s nt la chn.

C th hin biu di dng cc ng ng ng sut (contour) trn s kt cu cha hoc bin dng.

+ Plane : cho cc biu ng sut (tng t nh shell).

- Show Influence Lines : hin cc biu ng nh hng. Ty theo cch chn, c th cho cc dng ng nh hng khc nhau.

+ Joint : ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn chuyn v, phn lc ti mt nt no , c th xem c di dng bng .

+ Frame : ng nh hng ti mt v tr ca mt phn t no -ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn ni lc, c th xem c di dng bng v in ra.

- Show Group Joint Force Sums

- Set Output Table Mode : chn in kt qu a ra. C th l :

+ All Combo : in kt qu cho mi t hp bnh thng.

+ Gravity load case

+ Moving load

+ Wind Load case . . .

2.11. Mt s ci t ban u v la chn Option

- Preference : ci t mt s tham s sn cho chng trnh :

- Dimensions:xem v ci t cc tham s v kch thc nh cc dung sai ca snap, select, font ca cc ch trn hnh v . . .

- Cc tham s ca thp : cc tiu chun (code) thit k, cc tp cha cc mt ct, tham s cho cc trng hp tnh theo ph v hm thi gian.

- Cc tham s ca b tng : cc tiu chun thit k, h s gim bn . . .

+ Color : ci t mu sc hin cho cc nt, phn t . . .



139

+ Window : la chn s ca s hin trn mn hnh v kiu ca s.

+ Show tool bar : ON, OFF hin hay khng hin tool bar.

- Set Coordinate system : t h to mi, thm, bt, bin i cc h to c.

- 3D View Up direction: t hng thng ng ca hnh 3D.

2.12. Kho v m kho - Locking and Unlocking

Sau khi thc hin qu trnh phn tch, chng trnh t ng kho m hnh trnh s thay i nh hng n kt qu tnh ton v kt qu thit k c. Cng c th t mnh kho

m hnh nu cn ti bt c lc no ngn nhng thay i sau i v m hnh hoc

m kho m hnh cho php bin i n. Cc cha nng ny truy np t thanh cng c chnh. Sau khi phn tch, nu khng kho m hnh, chng trnh s cnh bo rng, kt

qu phn tch s b hu. Nu khng mun iu ny xy ra, ct m hnh di mt tn khc

trc khi m kha. Cc bin i sau thc hin trn m hnh mi.

2.13. Lm sch ca s hin Refreshing the Display Window

Sau khi thc hin mt thao tc no , ca s hin c th ti to li cc tham s mi,

thng thng iu ny c lm t ng hoc s dng menu Options tt cc c im

ny, tit kim thi gian lm vic vi nhng m hnh ln. Trong trng hp ny nhn vo nt Refresh Window ca thanh cng c chnh bt k lc no mun ca s hin ti to li

cc cp nht mi.

2.14. Undo v Redo

SAP2000 lu li tt c cc thao tc v, sa, gn m ta thc hin. Bi vy c th hu b

(Undo ) mt lot cc thao tc thc hin. Nu Undo qu nhiu mun thc hin li cc thao tc dng Redo, C th tm chc nng ca Undo v Redo trong menu Edit hoc

thanh cng c chnh.



140


Documents

Chuong 2- tin dai cuong