Chuong 5 Cac Polysacharide Va Chat Lam Ngot Thay the [Compatibility Mode]

7/31/2019 Chuong 5 Cac Polysacharide Va Chat Lam Ngot Thay the [Compatibility Mode]

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Nhiu vi sinh vt c th to ra s lng di do cc polysaccharidekhi cc ngun carbon d sn c trong mi trng

Mt vi cc polysaccharide ny tch ly trong t bo v hot ng

nh cc hp cht d tr (glycerol) Cc expopolysaccharides c tit ra bi t bo phn ln ccpolysaccharide ca vi khun c thng mi ha

Xanthan c to ra bi Xanthomonas campestris l polysacharideln (106 dalton) v l polysaccharide vi sinh thng mi quan trngnht vi lng sn xut hng nm l 20.000 ngn tn trn nm. Ccloi vi khun khc to ra pullulan, scleroglutan, curdlan v cellulose.Tt c c sn xut thnh cc m, cc thng cha vi sinh ckhuy thng kh.

Polysaccharide

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Polysaccharide

Polysaccharide l mt phc hpcarbohydrate, l polymer c to t ccmonosaccharide nh lin kt glycoside.C kch thc ln, v thng phnnhnh, chia lm 2 nhm:

Polysaccharide ng hnh: ch cha mt loimonomer duy nht

Polysaccharide d hnh: l nhng polymer phctp, c to ra t nhiu loi monomer khcnhau, dn xut ca cc monomer v cc chtkhc, c nhiu trong t nhin.

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Polysaccharide

1. Alginate do Pseudomonas aeruginosa v Azotobacter vinelandii tnghp, hoc thu t rong bin

2. Pectin t v cy ging Citrus3. Xanthan do Xanthanmonas campestris tng hp4. Galactomannans t Cyamopsis tetragonolobus5. Cellulose do Acetobacter xylinum6. Tinh bt t ht ng cc, bp, sn7. Chitosan do Mucorales spp8. Dextran do Acetobacter sp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides,

Streptococcus mutans9. Curdlan do Alcaligenes faecalis10. Gellan do Aureomonas elodea v Sphingomonas paucimobilis11. Pullulan do Aureobasidium pullulans

Cc polysacchride c s dng phn ln l bin i lu bin hc (ccc im ca dng chy) ca dung dch bng cch tng cng tnh nht vc s dng ph bin lm cht lm dy, cht keo, v cc cht huyn ph.Chng c th lm n nh cu trc thc phm v ci thin hnh dng, v ngon.

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Alginate

Alginate do Pseudomonas aeruginosa vAzotobacter vinelandii tng hp, hoc thu t rongbin (Phaeophyceae, ch yu l Laminaria)

Polymer mch thng khng phn nhnh chalin kt -(1 4)-D-mannuronic acid (M) v linkt -(1 4)-L-guluronic acid (G)

Khng phi l copolymer ngu nhin nhng ccha nhng chui MMM hoc GGG hocMGMGMG

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Alginate


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Alginate

Mannuronic acidGuluronic acid

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from: http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hydro.html

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Calcium poly-a-L-guluronate xon tay tri nhn t trn xung

Nhn ngang, cho thy cu ni hydrogen v v tr lin kt ca

calcium

from: http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hydro.html

Alginate

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Polyguluronate: - ng li khi thm ion Ca2+

Polymannuronate l gel yu, tng tc vi Ca2+ yuhn, hnh thnh dng chuiThay i trnh t s dn ph hy cu trc gel vkhng ng.Hp th nc caoTnh nht thp

Cc loi alginate

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L polysaccharide trong rauv qu

Ngun chnh l t v camchanh

Ch yu c dng lm tcnhn keo ha

Cht to ng Cht gi nc Cht n nh

Pectin

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Gm cc gc poly-a-(14)-D-galacturonic acid b methylha c nhng vng c s hin din cc on a -(12)-L-rhamnosyl-a -(14)-D-galacturonosyl c cha ccnhnh vi chui khong t 1-20 gc ch yu l L-arabinose v D-galactose

Ngun: http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hydro.html


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Galactomannan

Sn b-(1 4) mannose (M) vi cc chui a-(1 6)galactose (G)

T l M v G ph thuc vo ngun

M:G=1:1 - fenugreek gum M:G=2:1 - guar gum M:G=3:1 - tara gum M:G=4:1 - locust bean gum (LBG)

Tnh tan gim khi gim thnh phn galactose Cht lm c v st ng dng trong nc st, kem LBG c th to dng gel rt yu

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Guar gum thu c t ni bo t ca Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

KBG (Locust bean gum) thu c t ht ca cy minh quyt (Ceratonia siliqua)

from: http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hydro.html)

Galactomannan

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Xanthan gum

Xanthan gum c pht hin vo gia nhng nm1950. Trong qu trnh sng lc trn cc qun th visinh vt, b phn nghin cu v pht trin ca BNng nghip M tm ra vi khun Xanthomonascampestris (c ngun gc t cy rutabaga).

Sn phm thng mi ca xanthan gum c btu c trn th trng nm 1964 n nm 1969 thc s dng trong thc phm vi s chp thunca FDA. Ngy nay, xanthan gum c ng dng rtrng ri trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm vnhiu ngnh khc

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Xanthomonas

Thuc phn nhm gamma ca proteobacteriagy bnh trn thc vt.

C sc t vng, di ng, hiu kh, gram m.X.campestrisampestris gy bnh thi ra, mttrong nhng bnh nghim trng cc h bpci ( bp ci trng, c ci, mm xi,)

Cc t bin trn X.campestrisampestris lmmt kh nng tng hp xanthan lm gimng k kh nng gy bnh ca vi khun

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Cu trc ca xanthan gum.

Cu trc s cp: Tng t cellulose, khungcarbon ca polysaccharide bao gm lin ktbeta-(1-4) D glucose

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Trong dung dch, xanthan tn ti dng xon kp


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c tnh ca cc xanthan gum

Biu hin nhng c tnh vt l c gi tr ngdng cao: c c nht cao

Khi c mt ca hm lng mui t 0.1% tr lnth khong dao ng bn nhit ca dung dchnht ny vo t 0 100oc.

Mt c tnh cc k quan trng ca xanthan lkh nng thay i cu trc nhanh chng ditc ng ca lc c hc

Khi trong dung dch c nng mui t 0,1%tr ln th xanthan c kh nng ha tan cao, nht ng u, v c kh nng c nh cccht ha hc tt trn cc pH t 1 n 13.

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Tinh bt

Amylose mch dikhng phn nhnh ccn phn glucose qualin kt (1,4) vi mtu kh, to vngxon.

Amylopectin - polymervi lin kt (1,4) vphn nhnh vi lin kt

(1,6), khng to vngxon.

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Cellulose

L chui glucan mch thng khng phn nhnh (1-4)- -D-glucose, mi gc glucose quay 180 so vi hai gcglucose bn cnh, iu ny hon ton khc vi tinh bt(1-4- -glucan) v callose (1-3- -glucan).

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T dc: lactose,cellulose vi tinh th,natri citrat..Ch trvim xng khpgy au ( h khp,thoi ho khp).Vim khp dngthp. Vim ct sngcng khp.

Cellulose nh mt ngun chtx gip ci to h thng tiuha v ti hp thu cht dinhdng. Chng cn l ngundinh dng cho h vi sinh vt

ng rut.

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ChitinChitin ll mtmt homopolysaccharidehomopolysaccharide mchmch thngthng chacha ccccgcgc NN--acetylglucosamineacetylglucosamine thngthng quaqua linlin ktkt ..

ChitinChitin khckhc vivi cellulosecellulose imim cc nhmnhm acetylatedacetylated aminoaminothaythay thth CarbonCarbon ss 22..

NN hnhhnh thnhthnh dngdng sisi didi gingging cellulose,cellulose, vv cc tmtmthythy bb xngxng ngoingoi caca ngng vtvt chnchn tt..

Chitin

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Carrageenan

Chit xut t to (Rhodophyceae)

iota carrageenanlambda carrageenankappa carrageenan

1- 4-linked- -D-galactopyranose


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Dextran

L polysacchatride ngoi bo t vi khun c phthin vo nm 1874 trong mt ln Scheibler pht hinnc p t ma v c ci ng b c qunh li mtcch kh hiu.

Gn 70 nm sau, Allene Rosalind Jeanes tm ra cquy trnh sn xut Dextran quy m cng nghip, mng cho ng dng ca cht ny rng ri trong lnhvc y hc, cng ngh thc phm, m phm

Lng tiu th hng nm hn 500 tn ng dng ln nht trong thng mi hin nay l dch

thay th huyt tng, nhm phc hi th tch mu cabnh nhn b sc do mt mu. ng dng trong thcphm lm cht n nh trong thc phm b sa nglnh (kem ), bnh ngt, bnh ko

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Dextran

C nhiu loi vi sinh c kh nng sn xut Dextran m ch yul cc loi vi khun sinh lactic. Ph bin nht l cc loi thucchi Leuconostoc, ngoi ra c cc chi khc nh Streptococcus,

Acetobacter, nm mc hin ch c chng Rhizopus sp. c khnng ny. Trong cng nghip c sn xut bng ln men lintc Leuconostoc mesentoiredes.

Dextran l glucose polymer (1 6)- -link c trng lngkhong (15,000 20,000,000). Enzyme sinh tng hp Dextran lDextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) c pht hin Leuconostoc vStreptococcus, trong khi Acetobacter capsulatus v

Acetobacter viscous li s dng enzyme Dextrin dextranase(EC 2.4.1.2)

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Dextran

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Cc cht lm ngt

Cho n cui nm 1960, cc cht lm ngtphn ln l ng ma v ng c ci vsucrose. Vo nm 1970, cng ngh enzyme to ra mt loi ng mi ngun gc ttinh bt -HFCS(si r c hm lng fructosecao).


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Cht lm ngt

Nhng ngun ng t nhin Ma ng C ci ng

ng c s dng rng ri lmngt trong thc phm

Cc cht lm ngt khc Syrup ng ru Cc cht lm ngt khng c gi tr dinh

dng

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Cht lm ngt

C cing

Ma ng

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Cht lm ngt

Cht lm ngt c gi tr dinh dng Mt, HFCS, ng.

Cht lm ngt khng c gi tr dinhdng C gi tr calories thp hoc khng c

ng ru v cc cht lm ngt nhnto

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Cht lm ngt t nhin

Thc vt tng hp ng thng quaquang hp Ma ng, c ci ng, cy tht nt,

Bp Ngun ng vt: Lactose-ng sa

Cht lm ngt ng, Syrup, ng ru

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Monosaccharide

Figure 4.231/10/2011 9:29 SA Nguyn Hu Tr36

Disaccharide

Figure 4.3


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Sucrose

Ma ng, c ci ngGlucose Dextrose

ng huyt

Tri cy, rau, mt ong, Syrup bp

Cht lm ngt t nhin

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Fructose

ng qu HFCSLactose c ngt t nht trong

tt c cc loi ng ng saMaltose ng malt Mch nha, ko, bia

Cht lm ngt t nhin

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Syrup Syrup bp High-Fructose Corn Syrup Mt ong Mt r ng tht nt ng nghch chuyn

Cht lm ngt t nhin

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Syrup bp L sn phm ph ca qu trnh sn

xut bt bp 75% ng, 25% nc Dng trong cng nghip nc qu v

ch bin thc phm.

Cht lm ngt t nhin

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High-Fructose Corn Syrup HFCS Rt ngt S dng cho nhiu loi thc phm Thay th cho ng sucrose trong Soda/Bp

n Trong v khng mu

Mt ong F 40%, G 35 %, Sucrose 2 %, cc cht khc.

Mt c dng thay th ng

Cht lm ngt t nhin

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Mt r L dch lng, sn phm ph ca qu

trnh ch bin ma ng v c cing

Lng nc khng qu 75% H2O & 5% cht kh

Dng ch bin thc phm, ru rum

ng chuyn ha

Cht lm ngt t nhin


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Cc ng ru

Sorbitol Mannitol Xylitol Lactitol Erythritol Isomalt

Cht lm ngt t nhin

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Cc phng php cng ngh sinh hc c s dng phttrin mt trong cc cht lm ngt quan trng nht laspartame (tn thng mi l Nutra-sweet) c s dng rngri trong nhiu nc ngt dnh cho n king vi lng calothp.

Thaumatin, mt protein chit xut t qu ca cyThaumatococcus danielli, l mt hp cht ngt nht c nhiungi bit ti

6 loi c FDA chp nhn Saccharin Aspartame Acesulfame-K Sucralose Neotame Stevia

Hu ht c s dng trong: nc ung cho ngi n king, bnh

pudding, gelatin, yogurt, bnh qui

Cht lm ngt thay th

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SWEETENERS

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Saccharin (SweetN Low) c khm ph mt cch tnh c nm

1879, ngt hn Sucrose 500 ln Gy ra tranh ci trong nhng nm 1970

ADI = 2.5 mg/kg th trng D tr tt nhng khng bn nhit

Cht lm ngt thay th

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Aspartame (EqualTM, NutrasweetTM, SpoonfulTM) c khm ph nm 1965, FDA chp nhn

vo nm 1981, ngt hn sucrose 180 ln ADI = 50 mg/kg th trng Tng hp bng cch kt hp amino acid

aspartic acid v phenylalanine vi methanol

Cht lm ngt thay th


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a-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester

Aspartame

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Acesulfame-K (Sunette,Sweet One)

c khm ph nm 1967 ngt hnSucrose 130 ln

c FDA chp nhn nm 1988 ADI = 15 mg/kg c s dng lm chewing gums,

ung

Cht lm ngt thay th

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Acesulfame K

Thng thng khi s dng trn viAspartame

Bn nhit

D v ngO

S

O O

N- K +

O

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Sucralose (SplendaTM)

c khm ph vo nm 1976, FDA chp nhn nm1998, ngt hn Sucrose 600 ln.

ADI = 15 mg/kg c tng hp bng cch thm chlorine vo phn

t ng

3 OH c thay th bng 3 Cl

Khng c hp thu, c tit ra theo ng niu

L cht lm ngt khng c gi tr dinh dng

Cht lm ngt thay th

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Sucralose

4,1',6' trichlorosucrose Ngi ta lo ngi n nh hng ca

Sucralose n tuyn thymus (tuyn c) v bcm Canada

Bn nhit v bn trong nhiu iu kin pHkhc nhau

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Neotame c FDA chp nhn nm 2002 ADI = ang kim tra

Ngt hn sucrose 8000 ln c tng hp t aspartic acid v

phenylalanine Khng chuyn ha thnh phenylalanine

Cht lm ngt thay th


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Neotame

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Stevia

c khm ph cch y mt th k, c

FDA chp nhn nm 2008, ngt hn Sucrose300 ln.

c tng hp bng cch loi nhmglycosides t l mt loi cy bi Paraguay

Cao chit l Rebaudioside A (Rebiana)

Cn nghin cu nhiu hn trn ng vt

Cht lm ngt thay th

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Stevioside

Khng c cho php s dng M

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Alitame

B cm s dng M

Ngt hn sucrose 2000 ln

Amide ca L-aspartyl D-alanine Bn nhit v bn trong acid hn aspartame

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Cc cht lm ngt khc

Glycyrrhizin t r cy cam tho Thaumatin t cy W. African Tagatose tn ti trong t nhin mc thp trong yogurt ,

l sn phm bin dng trung gian ca Lactobacilli(GRAS), c FAO xem nh l novel food ingredient.

Neohesperidine Dihydrochalcones t v cam qut Trehalose tm thy trong mt ong, nm

Cht lm ngt thay thKhng c gi tr dinh dng

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Bc 1: Liquefaction s ha lng -amylase caB.licheniformis chuyn tinh bt thnh low-dextroseequivalent (DE) maltodextrin, thc hin ti pH gn trungtnh trong khong thi gian kh ngn ti nhit trongkhong 95oC n 107oC, n nh lng rt thp ion Ca2+

v c cht .Bc 2: Saccharification - s ng ho Glucoamylase t nm A. nigerb gy nhanh lin kt -1,4gii phng phn t glucose t u tn cng ca chui tinhbt. enzym ny cng tch lin kt -1,6 nhng yu;pullulanase ca loi Bacillus, b gy lin kt -1,6 nhanhhn. S ng ha thc hin di iu kin acid longv nhit thp.

Sn xut syrup c nng fructose cao


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Fructose l nguyn nhn gy bo ph?

Khi i vo h tiu ha sucrose b thy phn thnh glucose vfructose. Glucose c hp thu t trng bng vn chuyn tchcc sau ti gan. Glucose c gi gan hoc tip tc vodng mu.

Fructose c hp thu th ng (khng cn nng lng) trong ttrng v hi trng ti gan. Fructose sau c chuyn thnhglucose hoc tip tc tun hon trong mu.

Trong t bo, fructose b phosphoryl ha to fructose-1-phosphate, d dng chuyn ha thnh trioses (thnh phn caphospholipid v sinh tng hp triacylglycerol (dng d tr calipid). Mt khc, glucose d c hp thu vo t bo hn, mt khivo trong t bo glucose c phosphoryl ha thnh glucose-6-phosphate. dng ny, t bo c th bin dng v s dngglucose.

V vy, khi chng vo trong mu, t bo v i vo chu trnh Kerb,nhng iu ny khng c ngha l fructose gy ra bo ph

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Sn xut syrup c nng fructose cao

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Vi khun Aerobacter cloacae (hin nay l Enterobactercloacae), khi pht trin trong xylose c kh nng chuynglucose thnh fructose trong s hin din ca arsenate vmagnesium chloride. S chuyn ha ny c xc tcbi xylose isomerase.

C nhiu s bt li ngn cn khaithc thng mi: chi ph cao caxylose, cht cm ng tng hpxylose isomerase trong ngun sinhvt; xylose isomerase i lc thpvi glucose; sn lng fructose chc 33%, v thi gian phn ng kodi, s dng arsenate gy c thcphm.

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-Streptomyces sn xut xylose isomerase mkhng cn arsenate. Mt vi loi Streptomyces snxut xylanase ngoi bo cng nh xyloseisomerase ni bo.

-Xylanase phn hy xylan polymer thnh xylose, vxylan c th thu c r t rm hoc g. Bng sdng xylan, chi ph cm ng cho s chun benzym gim t ngt. Sn lng fructose tglucose thu c vi enzym ca Streptomycestrong khong 40% n 50%.

-Phn ng isomer ha glucose cn bng ti nng

fructose khong 55%.

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VitaminVitamins hu ht c tng hp ha hc nhng mt strng hp tn km, phc tp c th thay th bng tnghp bi vi sinh

Vitamin thng c dng:

Nh cc cht b sung cho n king v d ergosterol(provitamin D), riboflavin, B12, ...

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) th hu nh c s dng nhl mt thnh phn thc phm : sn xut hng nm lkhong 40 000 tn.

Trong khi mt vi vitamin c tng hp ha hc th bygi nhiu vitamin c tng hp bng cc vi sinh vt cla chn.

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Vitamin B12 Cyancobalamin

Vitamin B12 l mt coenzyme quan trng c tnghp trong t nhin bi vi sinh vtc tng hp bi 2 siu chng Pseudomonasdenitrificans, Propionibacterium shermanii


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Vitamin B2 Riboflavin

Tng hp bng vi sinh c gi

tr kinh t hn so vi tng hpha hc.Dng siu chng nmEremothecium ashbyi, Ashbyagossypii tng hp mt lngln ln ti 7 g/l

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Vitamin C Ascorbic acid

Sorbitol c vi

sinh chuynthnh sorbose Hin vn c

tng hp ha hc

Mc tiu lchuyn glucosethnh 2KLG bngng ln men

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2KLG

Ln men biErwinia tng hp2,5-DKG

ng ln men viCorynebacteriumchuyn 2,5-DKGthnh 2-KLG

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Tng hp 2-KLG Erwinia ti t hp

Dng ha gene mha 2,5-DKGreductase t thvinCorynebacterium

Chuyn vo Erwinia E. coli khng s

dng c v khcbit v c im ditruyn

Hon tt con ngchuyn ha thnh 2-KLG bi Erwinia

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Tng hp Cortisone

Rhizopus nigricans c s dng tham gia vo qutrnh chuyn ha ca cc bc t Progesteron thnhCortisone

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Chn thnh cm n

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Chuong 5 Cac Polysacharide Va Chat Lam Ngot Thay the [Compatibility Mode]