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CREATIVITY
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
1996 ch.7-9
導讀者:王燦槐 老師
Social System
FIELD (Social Organization of Domain
RetainsSelectedVariants
DOMAIN (symbol system)
Produces Variation and Change
Transmits Structured Information and Action
PERSON
Genetic Pool and Personal Experiences
Culture
Csikszentmihalyi (1999)
Where is the creativity?
Cognitive flexibility,Motivation,An unusual and inspiring life experience
Part IThe Creative Process
Ch2 Where Is Creativity?• The Systems Model_ 系統模式• Creativity in The Renaissance_ 文藝復興時期的
創造力• Domains of Knowledge and Action_ 知識和行動
的領域• Fields of Accomplishment_ 成就的學門• The Contributions of The Person_ 個人的貢獻• Internalizing The System_ 將系統內化
The Systems Model_ 系統模式三項要素 :domain , field , individual perso
n• There is no way to know whether a thought is ne
w except with reference to some standards (domain).
• There is no way to tell whether it is valuable until it passes social evaluation (field).
• Therefore, creativity does not happen inside people’s heads, but in the interaction between a person’s thoughts and a sociocultural context.
• Creativity can be observed only in the interrelations of a system made up of three main parts.
• Domain: a set of symbolic rules and procedures. E.g., mathematics, algebra, number theory. Domain are in turn nested in what we usually call culture, or the symbolic knowledge shared by a particular society or by humanity as a whole.
• Field: All the individuals who act as gatekeepers to the domain. It is their job to decide whether a new idea of product should be included in the domain. E.g., field of visual art: art teachers, curators of museums, collectors of art, critics, and administrators of foundations and govern agencies that deal with culture.
• Person: Someone whose thoughts or action change a domain or establish a new domain (e.g., Galileo or Freud). However, a domain cannot be changed without the explicit or implicit consent of a field responsible for it.
Ch3 The creative Personality
• The Ten Dimensions of Complexity
Ten Dimensions of Complexity (Yin-Yang and paradoxical personality)
1. A great deal of physical energy, but quiet and at rest.
2. Smart, but naïve at the same time.3. Playfulness and discipline, or responsibility and
irresponsibility.4. Alternating between imagination and fantasy,
at one end, and a rooted sense of reality at the other.
5. Extroversion and introversion6. Humble and proud at the same time
7. Psychological androgyny: masculinity/femininity; aggressive and nurturant, sensitive and rigid, dominant and submissive, regardless of gender
8. Rebellious/traditional-conventional
9. Both passionate and objective.
10. Suffering and pain yet also a great deal of enjoyment.
Ch4 The Work of Creativity
• The Writing of A Story• The Emergence of Problems
– Life as a Source of Problems– The Influence of Past Knowledge– The Pressures of the Human Environment
Three sources a) Personal experiences
We are a perverse race, only suffering interests us. The experiences of scientists are relevant to the
problems they deal with. b) Requirements of the domain Within or cross domains c) Social pressures
• Presented and Discovered Problems
顯現型和發現型問題 _問題發現( problem finding)甚於問題解決( problem solving)
PREPARATION
Problem defined:
Clear The “Aha!” ExperienceThe 99 Percent Perspiration•obstacle or
specific goal
Information from domain
INCUBATION
Parallel processing
INSIGHT
Solution to problem
envisioned
EVALUATIONSolution
attempted or applied
Interaction with field
Information from different domains
PREPARATION
Problematic situation: vague, unease, diffuse
goal
INCUBATION
Synthesis of different inputs processed in
parallel
INSIGHT
Formulation of problem
envisioned
ELABORATION AND EVALUATION
Consequences of problem derived and tested, solutions and application attempted
Interaction with different fields
Presented P
roblemD
iscovered Problem
Csikszentmihalyi & Sawyer (1993)
• The Mysterious Time -The Functions of Idle Time
The functions of idle time (incubation) The field, the domain, and the unconscious Even in the unconscious the symbol system and the social environment play important roles.
-The Field, The Domain, and the Unconscious
• The “Aha!” Experience• The 99 Percent Perspiration
Ch5 The Flow of Creativity
The concept of flow( 興致 ):
the state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience itself is so enjoyable that people will do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it (Csikszentmihalyi , 1990).
• Programmed for Creativity• What is Enjoyment?• The Conditions for Flow in Creativity
– The Clarity of Goals– Knowing How Well One Is Doing– Balancing Challenges and Skills
– The Merging of Action and Awareness– Avoiding Distractions– Forgetting Self, Time, and Surroundings– Creativity as Autotelic Experience
• Flow and Happiness• Flow and The Evolution of Consciousness
Ch6 Creative Surroundings
• Being in The Right Place• Inspiring Environments (a delightful setting)
• Creating Creative Environments Preparation and evaluation benefit from
familiar, comfortable settings and social interaction (sharing thoughts, experimenting with ideas, and asking questions of peers are important parts of individual creativity).
• Patterning Activities Patterning Activities reflecting your
needs and your tastes.
Ch7 The early years
• Childhood and Youth
• Threads of Continuity
• What Shapes Creative Lives?
Childhood and Youth
• Prodigious Curiosity
• The Influence of Parents
• Missing Fathers
• The Mirror of Retrospection
• On to School
• The Awkward Years
-Prodigious Curiosity
• No patterns• Keen curiosity about one’s surroundings:
Darwin• A burning curiosity concerning at least one
aspect of their environment• Motivated by competitive advantage
– others’ less– Superior performance– expectations
-The Influence of Parents
• Treating them like a fellow adult• Generous and help• Support and guidance• Great expectations• Sense of self-respect and discipline• Complete freedom to pursue• Tension and ambivalence• Shaping characters: HONESTY• Honesty: search for truth in your work, never hide an
error; truthfulness to own feelings and intuitions.
-Missing Fathers
• Men: 3/10 • Women :2/10• Autonomy and responsibility• The meaning they extract from the event• Enough emotional and cognitive support• Protect and comfort lf a loving mother• To work hard and succeed• Exceptionally supportive childhoods or very deprived and
challenging ones• 30% farmers, 34% professionals, 25% intellectuals, only
10% comfortably middle-class
-The Mirror of Retrospection
• To make the past consistent with the present
• Make sense of their memories in terms of the events later in life
-On to School
• Little effect
• Influential teachers: notice, believe, care, extra work and greater challenges
• Except scientists, no special relationship with a teacher
• Extracurricular activities more favorably than school subjects
-The Awkward Years
• Ages of 12-20• Special obstacles: more alone, less happy and
cheerful, less sexually aware, less independent from their families
• More time in the protected, playful stages of life for experimentation and learning
• A typical nerd• Lack of popularity: intense curiosity and focused
interest, original ways of thinking and expression• Loneliness helps protect the interests• Marginality was a common theme: Outsider role
Threads of Continuity
• The continuity of interest from childhood to later life is direct
• Intergenerational continuity
What Shapes Creative Lives?
• Not shaped by one event or deterministic one
• They shaped events to suit their purposes• A will moving across time: the fierce
determination to succeed, to make sense of the world, to use whatever means to unravel the mysteries o the universe
• Recognize, nurture, and provide opportunities
Ch8 The Later Years
• College and Profession• Supportive Partners
– The Women’s View
• The Marking of Careers• The Task of Generativity• Taking A Stand
– Beyond Careers– The Question of Succession– The Matter of Time
• The Slings and Arrows of Fate
College and Profession
• A high point• Vocation clear• Soulmates and teachers• Curiosity and Drive • Openness to outside stimuli/ inner focus• Playful and serious• Objects and ideas/ competitive and achievement• Active support of teachers • Determination and luck• Visible in a field: right place at the right time• World war II for women
Supportive Partners
• Stable and satisfying marital relationships
• Sex and songs
• Indispensable help of their spouses
• Happy/ helpful/ peace/ protective
• The Women’s View– Freedom– Mentors– Unequal gender roles: children/ envy
The Marking of Careers
• The results of a lifetime• Much longer years of training and thinking• A long-term commitment to a domain of interest• Forces to invent the jobs they will do lifetime• Create their careers• Interested in learning• A new way of doing things: open to new learning
and has the drive to carry through
The Task of Generativity
• Middle years
• Leaving one’s ideas to the next generation
• Teaching students
Taking A Stand
– involved with historical and social issues– Beyond Careers: other responsibilities
• Internal reason: runs out of challenges• External pressure: many administrative positions• Doing God’s work
– The Question of Succession• INTELLECTUALLY BRILLIANT, FISCUALLY ASTUTE, reas
onably unselfish
– The Matter of Time• As focused, efficient and committed as before• Make a life theme
The Slings and Arrows of Fate
• Hurt helped to strength their resolve.
• Let’s get on with what needs to be done
• Ignore them or dismiss them
• Self-confidence to ignore all the negative advice
• Naïve, as buffer
Ch9 Creative Aging
• What Changes with Age?– Physical and Cognitive Capacities– Habits and Personal Traits– Relationships with the Field– Relationships with Domains– Always One Peak More
• The Sources of Meaning
• Facing The Infinite
What Changes with Age?
• Physical and Cognitive Capacities– Positive attitudes twice– Fluid intelligence– crystallized intelligence increase with time– Greater experience and better understanding– Smarter and knows more
Habits and Personal Traits
• Positive :negative=2:1
• Negative: too much pressure and too little time
• Positive: diminished anxiety, less driven, more courage, confidence and risk taking, more orderly and systematic
• Women more positive than men: adapting psychologically better
Relationships with the Field
• Men: more negative: lost membership
• Women: positive and negative– Greater certainty
Relationships with Domains
• more positive
• More and different knowledge
• New interest
Always One Peak More
• Never run out of exciting goals
• Eager for the chase
• Future orientation
• Work is what makes a life full
The Sources of Meaning
• What makes you proud?
• 70% from work
• 30% from family(40% women, 25% men)
• Duality: love and work
• Work: 70% external reasons, 30% internal reasons
• Women: all external reasons, men: 40% internal
Facing The Infinite
• The future of the universe
• A broader faith
• A meaning full life with the universe