Curs de TEHNICI DE COMUNICARE

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IXQFLHGHUHODLDH[LVWHQWvQWUHLQGLYL]LLGLQFDGUXOXQHLRUJDQL]DLLSXWHPDVWIHOidentifica:

FRPXQLFDUHDVFHQGHQWUHDOL]DWGHODQLYHOHOHLQIHULRDUHDOHXQHLRUJDQL]DLLFWUHcele superioare);

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5.ELEMENTELE PROCESULUI DE COMUNICARE

,QGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD SH FDUH R vPEUDF RULFH SURFHV GH FRPXQLFDUH DUH FkWHYDelemente structurale caracteristice :

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Mesajul poate fi transmis prin intermediul limbajului verbal, neverbal sau

paraverbal.

/LPEDMXOYHUEDOUHSUH]LQWOLPEDMXOUHDOL]DWFXDMXWRUXOFuvintelor. /LPEDMXO QRQYHUEDO HVWH OLPEDMXO FDUH IRORVHWH DOW PRGDOLWDWH GH H[SULPDUHGHFkWFXYkQWXOJHVWXULPLPLFHWF /LPEDMXOSDUDYHUEDOHVWHRIRUPDOLPEDMXOXLQRQYHUEDORIRUPYRFDO UHSUH]HQWDW GH WRQDOLWDWHD L LQIOH[LXQLOH YRFLL ULWPul de vorbire, modul deaccentuare a cuvintelor, pauzele dintre cuvinte, ticurile verbale.

Alte elemente componente ale procesului de comunicare sunt: feed-back-ul,

FDQDOHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHPHGLXOFRPXQLFULLEDULHUHOHFRPXQLFDLRQDOHFeed-back-ul este XQPHVDMVSHFLILFSULQFDUHHPLWHQWXOSULPHWHGHODGHVWLQDWDU

XQDQXPLWUVSXQVFXSULYLUHODPHVDMXOFRPXQLFDWCanalele de comunicare UHSUH]LQWGUXPXULOHFLOHXUPDWHGHPHVDMH

([LVWGRXWLSXULGHFDQDOHGHFRPXQLFDUH1. canale formale, prestabilite, cum ar fi sistemul canalelor ierarhice dintr-RRUJDQL]DLHFDQDOHQHIRUPDOHVWDELOLWHSHUHODLLGHSULHWHQLHSUHIHULQHLQWHUHVSHUVRQDO

Canalele de comunicare au un suport tehnic reprezentat de toate mijloacele

tehnice care pot veni n sprijinul procesului de comunicare (mijloace de comunicare):telefon, fax, calculator, telex, mijloace audio-video.

0HGLXOFRPXQLFULLHVWHLQIOXHQDWGHPLMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHH[LVWPHGLXoral sau mediu scris, mediu vizual.

Filtrele, zgomotele, barierele UHSUH]LQWSHUWXUEDLLOHFHSRW LQWHUYHQLvQSURFHVXOde comunicare. Perturbarea mesajului transmis poate avea o asemenea intensitate, nct


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vQWUHDFHVWDL PHVDMXO SULPLWV H[LVWHGLIHUHQHYL]LELOH 3HUWXUEDLLOH SRW IL GH QDWXULQWHUQ- factori fiziologici, perceptivi, semantici, factori interpersonali sau intrapersonaliLGHQDWXUH[WHUQ-FDUHDSDUvQPHGLXOIL]LFvQFDUHDUHORFFRPXQLFDUHDSROXDUHIRQLF

SXWHUQLF vQWUHUXSHUL VXFFHVLYH DOH SURFHVXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH Q SURFHVXO GHcomunLFDUH EDULHU UHSUH]LQW RULFH OXFUX FDUH UHGXFH ILGHOLWDWHD VDX HILFLHQDWUDQVIHUXOXLGHPHVDMQIXQFLHGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHSHFDUHOHDXEDULHUHOHSRWILFODVLILFDWHvQ EDULHUH GH OLPEDM EDULHUH GH PHGLX EDULHUH GDWRUDWH SR]LLHL HPLWRUXOXL iUHFHSWRUXOXLEDULHUHGHFRQFHSLH

Bariere de comunicare

Doctor Leonard Saules, de la Grand School of Business, Universitatea Columbia,

FRQVLGHUDFvQSURFHVXOGHFRPXQLFDUHSRWLQWHUYHQLXUPWRDUHOHEDULHUH

Bariere de limbaj:

DFHOHDLFXYLQWH au sensuri diferite pentru diferite persoane;FHOFHYRUEHWHLFHOFHDVFXOWVHSRWGHRVHELFDSUHJWLUHLH[SHULHQVWDUHDHPRLRQDODUHFHSWRUXOXLSRDWHGHIRUPDFHHDFHDFHVWD aude;LGHLOHSUHFRQFHSXWHLUXWLQDLQIOXHQHD]DUHFHSWLYLWDWHDGLILFXOWLGHH[SULPDUHutilizarea unor cuvinte sau expresii confuze.

Barierele de mediu sunt reprezentate de:

FOLPDWGHPXQFQHFRUHVSXQ]WRUSROXDUHIRQLFULGLFDW

IRORVLUHDGHVXSRULLQIRUPDLRQDOLQHFRUHVSXQ]WRULclimatul locului GHPXQFSRDWHGHWHUPLQDDQJDMDLLV-LDVFXQGJkQGXULOHDGHYUDWHSHQWUXFOHHVWHIULFVVSXQFHHD ce gndesc.

3R]LLDHPLWRUXOXLLUHFHSWRUXOXLvQcomunicare poate, de asemenea, constitui

REDULHUGDWRULWLPDJLQLLSHFDUHRDUHHPLWRUXOVDXUHFHSWRUXOGHVSUHVLQHL despre interlocutor;FDUDFWHUL]ULLGLIHULWHGHFWUHHPLWRULUHFHSWRUDVLWXDLHLvQ care are loccomunicarea;

VHQWLPHQWHORULLQWHQLLORUFXFDUHLQWHUORFXWRULLSDUWLFLSODcomunicare.

2XOWLPFDWHJRULHRFRQVtituie EDULHUHOHGHFRQFHSLH, acestea fiind reprezentatede:

H[LVWHQDSUHVXSXQHULORUH[SULPDUHDFXVWkQJFLHDPHVDMXOXLGHFWUHHPLWRUOLSVDGHDWHQLHvQUHFHSWDUHDPHVDMXOXLFRQFOX]LLJUELWHDVXSUDPHVDMXOXLlipsa de interes a receptRUXOXLIDDGHPHVDMrutina n procesul de comunicare.


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'HLvPEUDFIRUPHGLIHULWHFRQVWLWXLQGUHDOHSUREOHPHvQUHDOL]DUHD procesuluide comunicare, barierele nu sunt de neevitat, existnd cteva aspecte ce trebuie luate nFRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXvQOWXUarea lor:-SODQLILFDUHDFRPXQLFULL-GHWHUPLQDUHDSUHFLVDVFRSXOXLILHFUHLFRPXQLFUL-DOHJHUHDPRPHQWXOXLSRWULYLWSHQWUXHIHFWXDUHDFRPXQLFULL-FODULILFDUHDLGHLORUvQDLQWHDFRPXQLFULL- folosirea unui limbaj adecvat.


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,92&$%8/$58/7,,1(/25&2081,&5,,1

'DF SROLVHPDQWLVPXO FXYkQWXOXL FRPXQLFDUH ULGLF SUREOHPHFHUFHWWRULORU ODIHO VWDX OXFUXULOHLFX WHUPHQLL FHIRUPHD]YRFDEXODUXOspecific al disciplinei. Este simplXVXWLOL]H]LFXYLQWHFDVHPQVLPEROFRGPHVDMIUDGDLPSUHVLDFVHSXQSUREOHPHVHULRDVHGHvQHOHJHUHQVHIRUWXO GHILQLULL ORU QX vQVHDPQ SXU L VLPSOX FUHDUHD XQHL HVWXUL GHFXYLQWH GH GUDJXO FXYLQWHORU FL H[LVW R FRPSOH[LWDWH UHDO SH care nu oSRDWHDFRSHULRVLQJXUIRUPXORFRPSOH[LWDWHFDUHDUHPDLPXOWHVXUVHvQDIDUDFDQWLWLLGHHOHPHQWHLHWDSHORULPSOLFDWH

1AtunciFkQGQXHVWHVSHFLILFDWDOWDXWRUFRQLQXWXODFHVWHLWHPHDIRVWSUHOXDWGXS&KULVWLDQ

Baylon, Xavier Mignot, &RPXQLFDUHD


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A comunica / comunicare

$FWXO GH FRPXQLFDUH VH FRQVWLWXLH FD XQ SURFHV GH WUDQVPLWHUH D LQIRUPDLLORU,LGHLORULVHQWLPHQWHORUDWLWXGLQLORURSLQLLORUGHODXQ LQGLYLGODDOWXOGHODXQ LQGLYLGFWUHXQJUXSVRFLDOLGHODDFHVWDODDOWXO&RPXQLFDUHDHVWHSURFHVXOSULQFDUHVHIDFHXQVFKLPEGHVHPQLILFDLLvQWUHSHUVRDQH The World Book Dictionary, editat de Clarence L.%DUQKDUW L 5REHUW . IDFH GLVWLQFLH vQWUH FRPXQLFDUH L FRPXQLFDLL GHILQLQGX-le peDFHVWHDGLQXUPGUHSW

XQVLVWHPGHFRPXQLFDUHSULQWHOHIRQWHOHJUDIUDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHLDOWHOHXQVLVWHPGHUXWHVDXIDFLOLWLSHQWUu transportarea proviziilor militare, a vehiculelorLDWUXSHORUVWXGLXOWUDQVPLVLHLLQIRUPDLHLLGLYHUWLVPHQWXOXLSULQYRUELUHVDXVFULHUHSULQUHYLVWH

L]LDUHSULQUDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHGLVFXULIRQRJUDIVDXDOWHPLMORDFHPentru Robert EscarpitDFRPXQLFDQXvQVHDPQQXPDLDHPLWHLDSULPLFLD

SDUWLFLSDODWRDWHQLYHOXULOHODRLQILQLWDWHGHVFKLPEXULIHOXULWHFDUHVHvQFUXFLHD]LLQWHUIHUHD]XQHOHFXDOWHOH'HODVRFLRORJLDOLWHUDWXULLODWHRULDFRPXQLFULL).'XSFXPDPY]XWFRPXQLFDUHDHVWHvQHOHDVFDXQSURFHVDOWUDQVPLWHULLH[SUHVLLORUsemnificative ntre oameni, ca un concept care include toate acele procese prin careRDPHQLLVHLQIOXHQHD]XQLLSHDOLL$FWXOFRPXQLFULLVHUHDOL]HD]DWXQFLFkQGRVXUVde mesaje tranVPLWH VHPQDOH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL FDQDO OD UHFHSWRU FkQG HPLWRUXOWUDQVPLWHRLQIRUPDLHRLGHHVDXRDWLWXGLQH 6WXGLDWFDSURFHVVRFLDOFRPXQLFDUHDDGHYHQLWRELHFWGHFHUFHWDUHDOWLLQHORUVRFLDOH6 -DFRQVWLWXLWDVWIHORWLLQDXWRQRPDFRPXQLFULL FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ SOXUDOLWDWHD PRGXULORU GH DERUGDUH D FRPXQLFULLOLQJYLVWLFVHPLRWLFSVLKR-VRFLDOVRFLRORJLFFLEHUQHWLFHWF

Indice/Semnal

'LQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOFRPXQLFULLSXWHPQXPL indice FHHDFHRIHULQIRUPDLL

asupUDXQHLVWULSVLKRORJLFHFDUHSULQQDWXUDVDQHILLQGQLFLYL]LELOQLFLDFFHVLELOQLFLXQXLDGLQFHOHODOWHVLPXULDOHQRDVWUHUPkQHDVFXQVvQPVXUDvQFDUHQXVHPDQLIHVWSULQ FRQVHFLQH SHUFHSWLELOH Q SULQFLSLX LQGLFHOH QX VHUYHWH FRPXQLFrii voluntareGHFkWFDDFFHVRULXDWXQFLFkQGvQWUHWHVDXPRGLILFLQIRUPDLLOHSHFDUHGHVWLQDWDUXOOHDUHDVXSUDFRQLQXWXOXLFRPXQLFDWVDXLQWHQLHLFRPXQLFDQWH

SemnalulHVWHRULFHHOHPHQWSXUWWRUGHLQIRUPDLHFXFRQGLLDFDDFHVWDVILIRVW

prRGXVvQPRGGHOLEHUDWGHFLQHYDFDUHVHDWHDSWFDDFHVWDVILHvQHOHVFDDWDUH9RPVSXQH GHFL F HVWH YRUED GH XQ LQGLFH LQWHQLRQDO 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH LQGLFHOH QRQ-LQWHQLRQDOFDUHQXHVWHH[FOXVGLQSURFHVHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHGDUFDUHQLFLQXHVWHQH cesarDFHVWRUDVHPQDOXOMRDFXQUROIXQGDPHQWDO1XH[LVWFRPXQLFDUHGHSOLQIUVHPQDO'HH[HPSOXFXYLQWHOHFRQVWLWXLHVHPQDOHFXDMXWRUXOFURUDLQIRUPDLLOHVXQWWUDQVPLVHDe multe ori, sensul cuvintelor comunicate nu poate fi stabilit n ntregiPHGHFkWGDFQHVHUYLPGHLQGLFL$VWIHOGLIHUHQDGLQWUHLQGLFHLVHPQDOGHYLQHUHODWLYGHRDUHFHLXQLLL DOLL DX DFHODL URO ,QGLFHOH QX RIHU LQIRUPDLL GHFkW vQPRG RFD]LRQDO vQ WLPS FH


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VHPQDOXOOHIXUQL]HD]SULQFKLDUQDWXUDVD,QGLFHOHHVWHXQGDWDOUHDOLWLLFDUHQXHVWHvQVLQHXQLQGLFHGDUFDUHGHYLQHXQLQGLFHDWXQFLFkQGHVWHIRORVLWGHFUHLHUXOXPDQFDVXUVGHLQIRUPDLLQFHSULYHWHVHPQDOXODFHVWDHVWHSURGXVSHQWUXD ILVHPQDOHOQXSUH-

H[LVWVHQVXOXLSHFDUHL-OGPDWXQFLFkQGvOHPLWHP&XWRDWHDFHVWHDDFHOHDLUHDOLWLpot servi uneori drept indici, alteori drept semnale. Cnd cineva apare la televizor,VSHFWDWRULLvLIDFDVXSUDVDRRSLQLHQXQXPDLvQIXQFLHGHFHDVSXVFLLvQIXQFLHGHFRDIXUD VD LQXWD VD DVSHFWXO IL]LF HWF 'DF DFHVWHD FRQVWLWXLH DVSHFWXO VX RELQXLWFUXLDQXL-DDFRUGDWDWHQLHvQPRGGHRVHELWSXWHPYRUELGHLQGLFL'DFOH-a adoptat nPRGGHOLEHUDWvQYHGHUHDHPLVLXQLLSXWHPYRUELGHVHPQDOH'RDUFvQDFHDVWVLWXDLHpen WUX DRELQHPD[LPXPGH HILFDFLWDWH HVWHELQH FDVSHFWDWRULL VQX-LGHDVHDPDGHLQWHQLLOHFHOXLSH FDUHvOSULYHVFLFDVHPQDOXOV ILHLQWHUSUHWDWGUHSWLQGLFH Va trebui,GHFLVGLVWLQJHPvQFDGUXOVHPQDOHORUSHFHOHFDUHVXQWHPLVHSHQWUXDIL percepute caVHPQDOHLFHOHFDUHVXQWHPLVHSHQWUXDILSHUFHSXWHFDLQGLFLQWU-XQVHPQDOY]XWGLQSXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO GHVWLQDWDUXOXL LQWHQLD FRPXQLFDWRUXOXL SRDWH IL DSDUHQW VDX

GLPSRWULYDVFXQV%LQHvQHOHVLQHGHVWUDWHJLDFRPXQLFDWRUXOXLGHDSUHYHGHDQXIUULVFXOGHD JUHLFXPYD ILLQWHUSUHWDWVHPQDOXOGHFWUHGHVWLQDWDUGDFHVWHUHFHSWDWFDDWDUHFDVHPQDOVDXGLPSRWULYFDLQGLFH

Mesaj 6HVSXQHvQPRGRELQXLWFVHFRPXQLFSULQPHVDM$FHVWWHUPHQGHVHPQHD]un semnal, sau un ansamblu de semnale, transmise n cursul unui act de comunicare.([LVWLDOWHFXYLQWHFXH[WHQVLHPDLUHGXVGDUWRWDWkWGHLPSRUWDQWHSHQWUXDGHVHPQDPHVDMHOH8QXOGLQWUHDFHVWHDHVWHHQXQXOXQHQXQHVWHXQPHVDMOLQJYLVWLFvQJHQHUD lVXEIRUPRUDOGHRDUHFHXQPHVDMVXEIRUPVFULVHVWHGHQXPLWPDLGHJUDEWH[W8QPHVDMQXSRDWHILHILFDFHGHFkWGDFHVWHvQHOHVVHPQDOHORUGLQFDUHHVWHFRQVWLWXLWGLQ

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VHPQLILFDWLLQYHUV6HXWLOL]HD]IUHFYHQW+MHOPVOHY(FRWHUPHQXOH[SUHVLHSHQWUXVHPQLILFDQWLFRQLQXWSHQWUXVHPQLIicat. 6DXVVXUHXWLOL]HD]FXYkQWXOVHPQDYkQGvQYHGHUHXQIHQRPHQFRPSOH[FRPSXVdintr-R LPDJLQH DFXVWLF L XQ FRQFHSW RELHFWXO VHPQLILFDW 8Q FXYkQW VDX RFRPELQDLHGHFXYLQWHGLQWU-ROLPELQGLFVDXVHUHIHUODXQRELHFWH[WHULRUVDXRLGHHH[LVWHQW $FHVWD HVWH VHQVXO FRPXQ DO VHPQXOXL FkQG GLVFXWP FRPXQLFDUHD SULQLQWHUPHGLXOOLPEDMXOXL6HPQXOHVWHDVRFLDWvQPRGDUELWUDULFRQYHQLRQDOXQXLFRQFHSWLDUXWLOL]DUHDVDFRQYRDFLPDJLQHDPHQWDODFRQFHSWXOXL&RQIRUPPRGHOXOXLGRPLQDQWvQOLQJYLVWLFVHPQDOHOHLQFOXVHvQVHPQQXDXSULQHOHvQVHOHQLPLFvQFRPXQFXVHQVXOSH FDUH VXQW GHVWLQDWH V-O WUDQVPLW 6H VSXQH vQ DFHVW FD] 6DXVVXUH F VHPQHOH


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OLQJYLVWLFHVXQWDUELWUDUHFXDOWHFXYLQWHFQXH[LVWRMXVWLILFDUHSHQWUXDOH gerea unuianumit semnal n detrimentul celorlalte, pentru un anumit sens. De aceea, n limbidiferite, unui anumit sens i corespund semnale complet diferite.

([LVWLVHPQHPRWLYDWHFHOHvQFDUHVHPQDOHOHSUH]LQWDQDORJLLFX VHPQLILFDLDORUQOLPbaj se dau ca exemple de semne motivate RQRPDWRSHHOH FXYLQWH D FURUIRQLHUHSUH]LQWXQ]JRPRWVDXXQVXQHW'DUFRUHVSRQGHQDQXHVWHGHFkWUHODWLY'Haltfel, sunetul HPLV GH XQXO L DFHODL DQLPDO GH H[HPSOX XQ FRFR HVWH WUDQVFULVfonetic difHULW vQ IXQFLH GH OLPE cock-a-doodle-doo, quiquiriqui HWF Q FRQFOX]LHPRWLYDLDVHPQHORUOLQJYLVWLFHQXHVWHGHFkWUHODWLYLHVWHLPSUHJQDWGHXQDUELWUDUFDUHUPkQHSUHGRPLQDQW$FHVWDUELWUDUVHUHJVHWHLvQDOWHGRPHQLLGHFkWFHODOOLPEDMului.([HPSOXO FODVLF HVWH FHO DO VHPDIRDUHORU UXWLHUH XQGH VHPQLILFDLD culorilor este purDUELWUDU 7RWXL DWXQFL FkQG SH XQ SDQRX UXWLHUGHVHQXO XQHL FXUEH VHPQDOHD]XWLOL]DWRULORUF YRU DERUGD R FXUE avem de-a face cu un semn motivat. Curba a fost

DOHDVSHQWUXDVHPQDUHDVDFXYLUDMXOQJHQHUDODWXQFLFkQGFRPXQLFDUHDVHIDFH altfelGHFkWSULQOLPEDMSDUWHDGHPRWLYDLHFUHWH2 LPDJLQH HVWHPDLSXLQLPXOWPDLUDUDUELWUDUGHFkWXQFXYkQWVDXRIUD]LGHDFHHD comunicarea prin intermediul imaginiieste mult mai eficace. Se pare FVHPQLILFDLDVHWUDQVPLWHFXDWkWPDLXRUFXFkWHDHVWHmai solid DQFRUDWvQVXSRUWXOVXFXFkWGLIHUHQDGLQWUHVHQVLVHPQDOHVWHPDL PLF1HSXWHPSXQHvQWUHEDUHDGHFHVXQWvQFGHVSUHIHUDWH cuvintele imaginilor. Aceasta sevQWkPSO GHRDUHFH LPDJLQHD QX SRDWH YHKLFXOD toate tipurile de sensuri, ci doar aceleVHQVXULFURUDOHVHDPQvQHVHQDHLFKLDUYRUELPGHLPDJLQHDXQXLHOHPHQWFUXLDvLVHDPQL H[LVW R PXOWLWXGLQH GH QRLXQL FDUH QX VH SUHWHD] VDX VH SUHWHD] cuGLILFXOWDWH XQHL UHSUH]HQWUL YL]XDOH /LPEDMXO FDUH XWLOL]HD] semne arbitrare, nu esteVXSXV DFHVWHL OLPLWUL HO SHUPLkQGFRPXQLFDUHD RULFUXL WLS GH VHPQ $FHVW FDUDFWHU

universal, numit RPQLSRWHQ, caracterizeaz OLPEDMXO vQ FDGUXO PLMORDFHORU GHFRPXQLFDUH VXQW FD]XUL vQFDUH QXSXWHPDOHJH vQWUHOLPEDM LXQ DOW mijloc, deoareceDFHVWDHVWHVLQJXUXOFDUHQXHVWHDWDDWXQXLGRPHQLXOLPLWDWQDFHODLIHOvQHOHJHPGHFHWHOHYL]LXQHDWLQGHVvQORFXLDVFUDGioul, unde comunicarea se face prin limbaj. 7HOHYL]LXQHD FXPXOHD] RPQLSRWHQD OLPEDMXOXL L HILFDFLWDWHD imaginii. PentruDFHOHDLPRWLYHXQDILFDUHLQHGHGRPHQLXOLPDJLQLLFRPSRUWDSURDSHvQWRWGHDXQDRSDUWH VFULV LQIRUPDLLOH pe care imaginea QX UHXHWH V OH UHGHD VXQW vQFUHGLQDWHcuvintelor.

CuvntPrototipul semnului lingvistic este cuvntul, dar rareori vorbim de cuvinte

izolate. &XYLQWHOH vQVL VXQW IFXWH SHQWUX D VH FRPELQD vQ IUD]H FRPSOH[H FDUHUHSUH]LQWPDFURVHPQH (semne formDWHODUkQGXOORUGLQDOWHVHPQH$FHDVWSURSULHWDWHHVWH YL]DW vQ JHQHUDO DWXQFL FkQGVSXQHP F OLPEDMXO HVWH DUWLFXODW 8QLWDWHD GHcomunicare n acest caz este fie fraza, fie ansamblulGHIUD]HSHFDUHvOSXWHPQXPLHQXQsau text. Dar putem generaliza la toate tipurile de comunicare ceea ce este evident pentru

OLPEDMXO YRUELW VDX VFULV"&RPXQLFDUHD QX RSHUHD] vQWRWGHDXQD FX ajutorul mesajelorDUWLFXODWHvQVHQVXOGHILQLWPDLVXV8QDILXQFOLSSXEOLFLWDUVHGHVFRPSXQ mult maigreu n elemente sePQLILFDQWHvQVHPQDOHGLVWLQFWHDYkQGXQVHQVGHFkWRIUD]SHFDUHRputem descompune n cuvinte.


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Cod &kQG VH YRUEHWH GH FRPXQLFDUH VH IRORVHWH DGHVHRUL FXYkQWXO cod . Este untermen GLILFLOGLQFDX]DSROLVHPLHLVDOH6SOHFPGH ODFRGLILFDUHDFHDVWDGHVHPQHD]uneori RSHUDLXQHDFDUHIDFHVFRUHVSXQGXQHLVHPQLILFDLLDQXPLWHVHPQDOHHODERUDUHDunui mesaj SOHFkQGGH ODR VHPQLILFDLHFDUH FKLDUGDFQXD IRVWGDWvQSUHDODELOFHOSXLQ QX D IRVW vQFUDSRUWDW OD R VHULH GH VHPQDOH $OWHRUL FRGLILFDUHD GHVHPQHD]RSHUDLXQHDFDUHFRQVWvQD vQORFXLVHPQDOHFDUHDSDULQXQXLDQXPLWVLVWHPFXVHPQDOHFDUH DSDULQ XQXL DOW VLVWHP Q DFHVW al doilea sens, vom merge de la un mesaj dejaconstituit, n general un text, la un alt mesaj.QFD]XOFRGLILFULLOLQJYLVWLFHvQFDX]HVWHVHPQLILFDLD&RPXQLFDWRUXOSURGXFHXQ PHVDMGHFLRVXLWGHVHPQDOHGDUvOHODERUHD]vQ IXQFLH GH VHQVXO FUXLD DFHVW PHVDM YD WUHEXLV-L FRUHVSXQG L GHFRGLILFDUHD YDUHSUH]HQWDDFXPvQHOHJHUHvQPRPHQWXO n care percepe un mesaj constituit din semnale,GHVWLQDWDUXO vL DIHFWHD] XQ VHQV FkW PDL DSURSLDW GH VHQVXO OD FDUH se gndeacomunicatorul.

QVHQVOUJLWFRGXOHVWHXQVLVWHPGHvQHOHVXULFRPXQPHPEULORUXQHLFXOWXULVDXVXEFXOWXUL(OFRQVWDWkWvQVHPQHFkWLvQUHJXOLVDXFRQYHQLLFDUHGHWHUPLQvQFHPRGLvQFHFRQWH[WVHPQHOHVXQWIRORVLWHLFXPSRWILHOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXDIRUPDPHVDMHcomplexe. Orice DVSHFWDOYLHLLQRDVWUHVRFLDOH-)LVNHIntroduction to communicationstudies) care este FRQYHQLRQDOVDXJXYHUQDWGHUHJXOLODDFURUDSOLFDUHFRQVLPWPHPEULLXQHL VRFLHWL SRDWH ILQXPLW FRGDW 7UHEXLH V GLVWLQJHP vQWUH FRGXUL DOHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL QXPLWH FRQYHQLL VRFLDOHL FRGXUL GH VHPQLILFDLL &RGXULOH GHVHPQLILFDLLVXQW sisteme de semne (lingvistice, imagistice, JHVWXDOHHWF)FkQGDFHDVWGLVWLQFLHWUHEXLHWRWXLVDGPLWHPFFHOHGRXWLSXULGHFRGXULVXQW interconectate. NiciXQFRGGHVHPQLILFDLLQXSRDWHILVHSDUDWGHSUDFWLFLOHVRFLDOHLGHXWLOL]DWRULLVL

)LVNHFRQVLGHUFRULFHWLSGHFRGDUHXUPWRDUHOHWUVWXULFRQLQHXQQXPUGHHOHPHQWHGLQFDUHSRDWHILIFXWRVHOHFLHDFHDVWDHVWHGLPHQVLXQHDSDUDGLJPDWLFVHPDQWLF$FHVWHXQLWLSRWILFRPELQDWHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOUHJXOLORULFRQYHQLLORUDFHDVWDHVWHGLPHQVLXQHDVLQWDJPDWLFVLQWDFWLFGHSLQGHGHXQDFRUGSUHDODELOvQWUHFHLFHvOIRORVHVFLFDUHvPSUWHVFDFHODLIXQGDPHQWFXOWXUDO&RGXULOHLFXOWXUDLQWHUDFLRQHD]GLQDPLFvQGHSOLQHWHRIXQFLHFRPXQLFDWLYVDXGHLGHQWLILFDUHVRFLDOeste transmisibil prin mijloacele de comunicare sau canalele care i sunt aplicabile.

Umberto Eco (7UDWDWGHVHPLRWLFJHQHUDO) este autorul unei semiotici speciale,

ED]DWHSHWHRULDFRGXULORUFDUHSOHDFGHOD SUHVXSR]LLDFXQFod nu poate fi separat decultura n care s-a IRUPDWLSHFDUHRGHVHUYHWH3UHPLVDGHODFDUHDXWRUXOSOHDFvQ HDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLVHPLRWLFLHVWHFSHQWUXD H[SOLFDIXQFLRQDUHDVLVWHPHORUVHPLRWLFHQXavem nevoie de FRQFHSWXO GH UHIHUHQW GDF UHIHUHQWXO HVWH FRQGLLD QHFHVDU SHQWUXSURLHFWDUHDPRGHOXOXLVHPLRWLFQXHLFRQGLLDIXQFLRQULLVHPLRWLFH /DVXUVVHSRDWHDIOD R PLQFLXQ XQ IDSW FDUH QX HVWH UHDO GDU DVWD QXvQVHDPQ F QX PDL H[LVWosibilitatea de semnificare. Astfel, semioticDOXL(FRHVWHFRQIRUPSURSULHLGHILQLLLRVHPDQWLFED]DWQXPDLSHFRQGLLLOHGHVHPQLILFDUHWHRULDFRGXULORULQXSHFRQGLLLGHDGHYUWHRULDUHIHULQHL &RQFHSWHFDVHPQFRGPHVDMLWH[WFDSWRDFFHSLHGLIHULWCodul DVRFLD] HOHPHQWHle unui sistem vehiculant (expresia) elementelor unui sistem


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YHKLFXODWFRQLQXWXOQDFHDVWWHRULHIXQFLDVHPQVHUHDOL]HD] atunci cnd o expresieHVWHFRUHODWFXXQFRQLQXWLDUDPEHOHHOHPHQWH FRUHODWHGHYLQIXQFWLYHDOHFRUHODLHLAstfel, putem denumi semnul ca fiind constituit din unul sau mai multe elemente ale unui

plan al expresiei FRUHODWHFRQYHQLRQDOFXXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHHOHPHQWHDOHXQXLSODQDOFRQLQXWXOXL&DLOD6DXVVXUHGDUH[SULPDWvQDOLWHUPHQLVHPQXOHVWH FRUHVSRQGHQDdiQWUH XQ VHPQLILFDQW L XQ VHPQLILFDW 6HPQXO QX HVWHR XQLWDWH IL]LF VDX R XQLWDWHVHPLRWLFIL[FLORFXOGHvQWvOQLUHDO unor elemente reciproc interdependente, provenindGLQ GRX VLVWHPHGLIHULWH L DVRFLDWH SULQWU-R UHODLH FRGLILFDQW Un semnificantHKLFXOHD]FRQLQXWXULGLIHULWHLvQOQXLWHLDUFHHDFHVHQXPHWHPHVDMHVWHGHFHOH aiPXOWH RUL XQ WH[W DO FUXLFRQLQXW HVWH XQ GLVFXUV FX PDL PXOWH QLYHOH 7H[WXO HVWHezultatul FRH[LVWHQHLXQRU FRGXUL GLIHULWH VDX FHOSXLQ DOXQRU VXEcoduri diferite. QL]LXQHDOXL(FRGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOIXQFLRQULLFRGXOXL referentul trebuie exclus caSUH]HQ VWkQMHQLWRDUH FKLDU GDF referentul poate fi obiectul numit, trebuie admis dinULQFLSLXFRH[SUHVLHQXGHVHPQHD]XQRELHFWFLYHKLFXOHD]XQFRQLQXW cultural.

&RGUHVWUvQVLFRGHODERUDWBernstein, n lucrarea Class, Codes and Control (apudChristian Baylon, Xavier

Mignot, omunicarea H[DPLQHD] UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUHOLPE L VRFLHWDWH IRORVLQGFHUFHWULOH SURSULL VXSUD HHFXOXL FRODU([LVW REVHUY %HUQVWHLQ GRX PRGDOLWLfundamentale de a vorbi, LOXVWUDWHvQH[SHULHQDXUPWRDUHQLWHFRSLLGHYkUVWFRODUtrebuie VSRYHVWHDVFFX voce tare episoadele dintr-REDQGGHVHQDWvQIDD unui adultFDUH XUPUHWH WH[WXOntr-o carte. Unii copii nu pot WUDQVPLWH GHFkW XQ QXPU PLF GHLQIRUPDLLLQWHUORFXWRUXOXLFHFXQRDWHGHMDSRYHVWLUHDIRORVHVFXQ cod restrns), n timpFH DOLFRSLL GHVFULX FRQLQXWXO FRPSOHW DO LPDJLQLORU IU V XLWH QLFL XQDPQXQW

(folosesc un cod elaborat). %HUQVWHLQYUHD V DUDWH F DFHL FRSLLSURYHQLL GLQ PHGLLOHGHIDYRUL]DWHQXvQWUHEXLQHD]GHFkWFRGXOUHVWUkQVvQWLPSFHHOHYLL SURYHQLLGLQFODVHOHsuperioare se folosesc la fel de bine de ambeleFRGXUL$XWRUXOQXDILUPFILHFDUHFODVVRFLDODUSRVHGDXQOLPEDMGLVWLQFWGDUUDSRUWXOYDULD]vQIXQFLHGHLPSRUWDQDFDUHVHG vQ IDPLOLH vQVXLULL L IRORVLULL FRUHFWH D OLPEDMXOXL 2UL VSXQH%HUQVWHLQ limbajulvorbit este principalul mijloc prin care un LQGLYLGSDUWLFXODUL]HD]UHgulile socialeQclasele superioare, GLVFXUVXOXLvLHVWHDFRUGDWRDWHQLHVSHFLDOFRSLOXOHVWHRELQXLWVUHIOHFWH]H DVXSUD VHQVXOXL FXYLQWHORU V UHIRUPXOH]H IUD]HOHLQFRUHFWH V-L H[SULPHVHQWLPHQWHOHSHUVRQDOHQPHGLLOHSRSXODUH folosirea OLPEDMXOXLYL]HD]vQDLQWHGHWRDWHrespectarea unei norme. /LPEDMXO FRPXQ SXQH DFFHQWXO SH HYLGHQHOH SURSUL Linterlocutorilor LQXSHFUHDUHDXQRUVHPQLILFDLLQRL

7H]DOXL%HUQVWHLQQXPLWLWH]DGHILFLHQHLOLQJYLVWLFHa fost SURVWvQWUHEXLQDWILLQGDFX]DWGHIDSWXOFQXXUPUHWHGHFkWVinculce valorile clasei mijlocii copiilorclasei muncitoare prin vQVXLUHDYRUELULLHODERUDWH'LQFRORGHFDX]HOHFDUHGXFvQVODIRORVLUHDFRGXULORUUHVWUvQVHVDXDFHORUHODERUDWHGLVWLQFLDvQVLQH poDWHILIRORVLWFXmult succes n a analiza raporturile pe care codurile le au cu societatea.


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Feed-back

1RLXQHD GH IHHG-EDFN GHVHPQHD] DFHOH UVSXQVXUL DOH UHFHSWRUXOXL FDUHIRUPHD]LGHIRUPHD]PHVDMXOXOWHULRUDOHPLWRUXOXL(OUHSUH]LQWUHversul fluxului decomunicare. (PLWRUXOGHYLQHUHFHSWRU LDUUHFHSWRUXOGHYLQHQRXOHPLWRU6SHFLDOLWLLn comunicare auLGHQWLILFDWGRXIHOXULGHIHHG-backSR]LWLYLQHJDWLY

Feed-back-ul pozitiv vQFXUDMHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FRPXQLFDLRQDO FDUH VHGHVIRDUGHH[HPSOXGDFvQWU-XQDPILWHDWUXGHVWXGHQLSURIHVRUXODUHXLWVFDSWH]HDWHQLDHOHYLORUDFHWLDWUDQVPLWXQIHHG -EDFNSR]LWLYQXYRUEHVFDXRFKLLDLQWLLDVXSUDprofesorului, figura lor GHQRWDWHQLHLFRQFHQWUDUHGDFVXQWvQWUHEDLUVSXQGODRELHFWetc; toate aceste semne constituie un feed-EDFN SR]LWLY FH vQFXUDMHD] SURIHVRUXO VFRQWLQXHvQDFHODLPRG

Feed-back-ul negativ vQFHDUFVVFKLPEHFRPXQLFDUHDVDXFKLDUVRvQWUHUXS(pornind GHODDFHODLH[HPSOXGDFSURIHVRUXOQXDUHXLWVFDSWH]HDWHQLDVWXGHQLORUDFHWLDVXQWQHDWHQLYRUEHVFVHIRLHVFXQLLFKLDUFLWHVFDOWFHYDVDXvLFRSLD]FXUVXULODDOW GLVFLSOLQ HWF aceste semne constituie un feed-EDFN QHJDWLY FDUH DU WUHEXL VGHWHUPLQHSURIHVRUXOVVchimbe modul de comunicare).

=JRPRWEDULHUGHFRPXQLFDUH2ULFHOXFUXFDUHLQWHUYLQHvQWUDQVPLWHUHDPHVDMXOXL([LVWWUHLIHOXULGH]JRPRWa) zgomotul semantic FDUHDSDUHDWXQFLFkQGRDPHQLGLIHULLDXGLIHULWHvQHOHVXULSHQWUXDFHOHDLFXYLQWHVDX fraze;b) zgomotul mecanic DSDUHDWXQFLFkQGH[LVWRSUREOHPFXPHFDQLVPXOIRORVLWSHQWUXDajuta comunicarea;

c) zgomotul de mediu VHUHIHUOD]JRPRWHOHH[WHUQHFDUHLQWHUYLQvQSURFHVXQUHVWDXUDQW]JRPRWRVSHQWUXFLQHYDFDUHGRUHWHVvQWUHLQRFRQYHUVDLHHWF)HHG -back-ul este important n reducerea efectelor zgomotului.

Feed-back HVWH XQ WHUPHQ SUHOXDW GLQ OLPED HQJOH] L HVWHvQWUHEXLQDW FXGHRVHELUH vQ FLEHUQHWLF VHPQLILFkQG UHDFLH LQYHUV.9LFWRU 6KOHQX FRQVLGHU Fprincipiul reaFLHLLQYHUVHHVWHLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXFRQWUROXOHILFLHQHLXQHLDFLXQLSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDFRUHFWULLHLn scopul atingerii unui obiectiv fixat.'HRELFHLHPLWRUXOHVWHFHO FDUH WUHEXLH V FHDU XQ IHHG-back, dar vQ VLWXDLD vQ FDUH HO QX IDFH SUHFL]DUHDQHFHVDUDWXQFLFHOODOWYDWUHEXLVHIHFWXH]HUHDFLDLQYHUVQGHFXUVXOWLPSXOXLV-auSXWXWVWUXFWXUDLQIRUPDLLOHGHVSUHWHKQLFDLUROXOIHHG-back-ului n comunicare. Cele maiGHVIRORVLWHL eficiente tehnici de feed-back sunt:

1. Parafraza a reda mesajul cuiva cu propriile cuvinte, spre deosebire de citat,cnd textul respectiv este reprodus; ea esteXWLODWXQFLFkQGGRULPVFODULILFPSR]LLDSHFDUHRVXVLQHPntr-RGLVFXLHVDXFkQGGRULPVFODULILFPRQHvQHOHJHUH

2. QWUHEDUHDGLUHFWHVWHLQWHURJDLDSULQFDUHVHSRDWHUVSXQGH prin da saunu 1HFHVLWDWHD XQRU DVWIHO GH vQWUHEUL HVWH GRYHGLWDWXQFL FkQG VH GRUHWH RELQHUHDXQRULQIRUPDLLVFXUWHLFRQFLVHFkQGQHDIOPvQIDDXQXLLQWHUORFXWRUODFRQLFIRDUWHzgrcit laYRUE$FHVWJHQGHvQWUHEULQXWUHEXLHSXVHvQFD]XOvQFDUHFHOvQWUHEDWQXWLHQLPLFLDUFHOODOWWLHWRWXO


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3. QWUHEDUHD LQGLUHFW acesta este ntrebarea la care nu se poate oferi unUVSXQVFDWHJRULFGDVDXQXQHFHVLWkQGRDQXPH dezvoltare.(VWHIRORVLWRULGHFkWHRUL

VHvQFHDUFDGHWHUPLQDSHFLQHYDV-LH[SULPHVLQFHURSUHUH

4. QWUHEDUHDFXUVSXQVVXJHUDW DFHVWJHQGHvQWUHEULFRQLQGHMDRSUHUHLQWHQLDQHGHFODUDWILLQGDFHHDGHD -OLQIOXHQDSHFHOODOWV-LvQVXHDVF acea opinie.&X DOWH FXYLQWH VH vQFHDUF FRQGXFHUHDGLVFXLHL vQPRGGHOLEHUDW VSUH D RELQH GH ODLQWHUORFXWRU UVSXQVXO dorit, acest lucru realizndu-VH IU FD DFHVWD V FRQWLHQWL]H]Hacest IDSWQFHOHPDLPXOWHFD]XULDFHVWHvQWUHEULDXXQSURQXQDW caracter manipulator.$WXQFLFkQGGRULPVLQLLHPRFRPXQLFDUHVLQFHUHVWHELQHVQHIHULPGHDSXQHVDXGHDUVSXQGHODDVWIHOGHvQWUHEUL

5. $VFXOWDUHD DFWLY 3ULQ PRGXO vQ FDUH DVFXOWP SXQFWXO GH vedere al

LQWHUORFXWRUXOXLQHH[SULPPDFordul sau dezacordul IDGHDFHVWD8QURODSDUWHvQDFHVWtip de feed-backl areFRPXQLFDUHDQRQYHUEDOPLPLFJHVWLF&HUFHWULOHOXL7KRPDV*RUGRQDXUHOLHIDWIDSWXOFRFRPXQLFDUHSRDWHVVHGHVIRDUH optim doar n cazul ncare fiecare receptRUvLGRYHGHWHWUDQVPLWRUXOXLPHVDMXOXLFvODFFHSWFDSDUWHQHUGHGLVFXLH$FFHSWDUHD SDUWHQHUXOXL GH GLDORJ WUHEXLH GRYHGLW SULQ JHVWXUL VDX mesajeWLSLFH8QLQGLYLGQHVLJXULQWHUSUHWHD]DXWRPDWOLSVDXQXL mesaj de acceptare ca pe unulde refuz,DVWIHOvQFkWSRWDSUHDGLYHUJHQHGHSUHUL Limbajul (verbal sau nonverbal) alQHDFFHSWULL VH H[SULP SULQVHQWLQH FULWLFL DPHQLQUL GRMHQL JHVWXUL VSHFLILFH HWFaceste VHPQDOH GH QHDFFHSWDUH vL SURYRDF SDUWHQHUXOXL GH GLDORJ WHDPLQGLVSR]LLe,disconfort, pretext de interiorizare.

'HQRWDLHFRQRWDLH &XYLQWHOHDX SH OkQJ VHPQLILFDLHXQ VXUSOXV VHPDQWLF$PHULFDQ DUHGUHSWVHPQLILFDLHRULFH LQGLYLG FDUH DUH FHWHQLH DPHULFDQ $FHDVWD HVWH GHQRWDLD VDXODWXUD GHQRWDWLY SH FDUH RVHPQLILF DPHULFDQ 'HQRWDLD HVWH DFHD ODWXU DVHPQLILFDLHLFDUHSHQWUXWRLFHLFDUHDSDULQXQHLFRPXQLWLGHOLPEHVWHPDLPXOWVDXPDL SXLQ LGHQWLF $PHULFDQ SRDWH DYHD vQV GLIHULWH adaosuri semantice: pentruLVODPLWL GXS GHVFKLGHUHD GH FWUH 68$ D U]ERLXOXL vPSRWULYD terorismului n$IJDQLVWDQGHSLOGDPHULFDQYL]HD]DFHDSHUVRDQFXOWXUFDUHOHDPHQLQ modulGH YLD L VLVWHPXO GH YDORUL $FHVWH DVRFLDLL SH FDUH OH GHFODQHD] FXYLQWHOH VXQWFRQRWDLLOH&RQRWDLD DGXFH FX VLQH R DVRFLHUH FX DVSHFWXO HYDOXDWLY L YDORULF DOcuvintelor. Cuvintele DX R VHPQLILFDLH JHQHUDO YDODELO SHQWUX WRL YRUELWRULL L XQD

YDULDELOSUH]HQWGRDUOD unii GLQWUHYRUELWRUL$DFXPDPY]XWDPHULFDQSRDWHDYHDYDULDELOHVHPQLILFDii secundare, HYHQWXDOvQDVRFLHUHFXRHYDOXDUHGLIHULWSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLY(apudCuilenburg, WLLQDFRPXQLFULL.

SimbolUn alt tip de semnal este simbolul 'LQ QHIHULFLUH QX H[LVW XQ DFRUG JHQHUDO

asupra FRQLQXWXOXLH[DFWDOWHUPHQXOXL3HQWUu Saussure, simbolul este un semnal care nueste, sau nu nWRWDOLWDWHDOHV vQPRGDUELWUDU GH H[HPSOX EDODQD FDUH VHUYHWH GUHSWVHPQLILFDQWMXVWLLHLGHRDUHFHPHWDIRULFMXVWLLD FkQWUHWHDFLXQLOH RDPHQLORU3HQWUXDOL VSHFLDOLWL vQV VLPEROXl HVWH L HO XQVHPQ DUELWUDU'DU VLPEROXO HVWH XQ WHUPHQ


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comod pentru a desemna un semnal HPEOHPDWLFFUXLDLVHLGHQWLILFXQJUXSVRFLDORGRFWULQRLGHH-IRUGUDSHOXOQDLRQDOFUXFHDFUHWLQVHPLOXQD,VODPXOXL]YDVWLFD

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Putem considera simbolizarea (Denis McQuail, Comunicarea) un proces prin

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LQGLVROXELOOHJDWGHFRQLQXWXOPHVDMXOXL0HVDMXOWUHEXLHVSRVHGHRIRUPLRVWUXFWXUELQHGHILQLWHHQXQXOPHVDMXOXLVHSURGXFHvQWU-XQFRQWH[WGDW&RQWH[WXOVHUHIHUODHOHPHQWHOHFDUHLQWHUYLQSHQWUXDIDFHFDXQHYHQLPHQWVILHVHOHctat pentru a fi perceput;RULFHWUDQVPLVLHVWUXFWXUDWLQHDOHDWRDUHHVWHXQVHPQDO)RUPDVHPQDOXOXLPHVDMXOXLFXSULQGHFDOLWLGHUHSUH]HQWDUHGHUHIHULQGHVLPEROL]DUHVDXGHFRUHVSRQGHQ'HFLVHPQDOXOFXSULQGHHOHPHQWHGHIRUPLFRQLQXW ale mesajului,DGLFGHVHPQLILFDLHDPHVDMXOXL6L(VXQWLQGLVROXELOHFHHDFHIDFHFDPHVDMXOVDLEFDOLWLGHIRUPLGHFRQLQXWVSHFLILFHRULFHSHUFHSLHDXQXLHQXQSURGXFHHIHFWHFRQVHFLQHXQHOHLQGHHILFLHQ(atingerea obiectivHORUYL]DWHDRELHFWLYHORULQLLDOHDOHFRPXQLFULLDOWHOHVXQW

FRQVHFLQHQHLQWHQLRQDWHVDXQHGRULWHDOHFRPXQLFULL

0RGHOXOLQGLFvQSULPXOUkQGLPSRUWDQDHOHPHQWHORUFDUHLQWHUYLQvQSHUFHSLDHYHQLPHQWHORUSXQFWHOHGHYHGHUHLH[SHULHQHOHWUHFXWHDOHOXL0LQIOXHQHD]SHUFHSLD- E1. $FHVWD HVWH XQ IDSW FUHDW SULQ SHUFHSLH ILHFDUH SHUVRDQ DYkQG R SHUFHSLHSURSULH'LYHUL0SRWSHUFHSHGLIHULWDFHODLHYHQLPHQWQDOGRLOHDUvQGPRGHOXODUDWFVLVWHPXOFRPXQLFULLHVWHGLQDPLFLGHVFKLVvQ VHQVXOF HIHFWHOHFRQVHFLQHOHVXQWSDULDOSUHYL]LELOHSDULDOLPSUHYL]LELOH(OSRDWHILDSOLFDWvQDQDOL]DGLIHULWHORUVLWXDLLGHFRPXQLFDUH SHQWUX DQDOL]D GH FRQLQXW DPHVDMHORU D FRUHVSRQGHQHL GLQWUH UHDOLWL LPHVDMHOH FRPXQLFULL GH PDV D UHFHSWULL PHVDMHORU GH FWUH SXEOLFXUL * *HUEQHUToward a General Model of Communication , apud,RDQ 'UJDQ Paradigme aleFRPXQLFULLGHPDV).

Modelul lui Lasswell

Modelul lui Harold D. Lasswell este un model specific studiului cRPXQLFULLGHPDV$XWRUXO VXVLQH F SHQWUX D vQHOHJH SURFHVXO FRPXQLFULL GH PDV QRL DYHPQHYRLHVVWXGLHPQLYHOHOHFHFRUHVSXQGXUPWRDUHORUvQWUHEUL

Cine?

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Prin ce canal?

Cui?

Cu ce efect?

$FHDVWIRUPXODIRVWIRORVLWGe Lasswell n 1948 pentru a nzestra cu un cadruFRQFHSWXDO VRFLRORJLD IXQFLRQDOLVW D PDVV-PHGLD 7UDGXV vQ WHUPHQL GH VHFWRDUH GHFHUFHWDUHHDGXFHODXUPWRUXOUH]XOWDWDQDOL]DFRQWUROXOXLDQDOL]DFRQLQXWXOXLDQDOL]Dmijloacelor de comunicare sau D VXSRUWXULORU DQDOL]D DXGLHQHL L DQDOL]D HIHFWHORU(Armand, Michelle Mattelart, ,VWRULDWHRULLORUFRPXQLFULL).

Pentru Fiske (op. cit DFHVW PRGHO UHSUH]LQW YHUVLXQHD YHUEDO D PRGHOXOXLShannon & :HDYHUHVWHXQPRGHOOLQLDUFDUHSULYHWHFRPXQLFDrea ca o transmitere dePHVDMHLHVWHPDLLQWHUHVDWGHHIHFWHOHFRPXQLFULLGHFkWGHVHPQLILFDLL3ULQHIHFWVHvQHOHJHFRVFKLPEDUHREVHUYDELOLPVXUDELODVWULLUHFHSWRUXOXLHVWHFDX]DWGHXQelement identificabil n proces. Modificnd unul din elementele procesului, vom modifica

LHIHFWXO'XS/DVVZHOOSURFHVXOGHFRPXQLFDUHvQGHSOLQHWHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHvQVRFLHWDWHsupravegherea mediuluiGH]YOXLQGWRWFHHHDFHDUSXWHDDPHQLQDVDXDIHFWDVLVWHPXOGHYDORULDOXQHLFRPXQLWLVDXDOSULORUFDUHRFRPSXQSXQHUHDvQUHODLHDFRPSRQHQWHORU VRFLHWLL SHQWUX D SURGXFH XQ UVSXQV ID GH PHGLX transmitereaPRWHQLULL VRFLDOH Lasswell, 7KH 6WUXFWXUH DQG )XQFWLRQ RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQ LQ6RFLHW\, apud Mattelart, op. cit). LazarVIHOGL0HUWRQDGDXJODDFHVWHWUHLIXQFLLRDpatra, cea de entertainmentVDXGLVWUDFLH QWUDGLLDIXQFLRQDOLVWDFHUFHWULLFRPXQLFULLGHPDVVHvQVFULHL studiul luiLazarsfeldGHVSUHDOHJHULOHSUH]LGHQLDOHGLQ$FHVW studiu panel, destinat a stabiliFRQWULEXLDXQRUVXUVHGLIHULWHODPRGLILFDUHDRSLXQLLSROLWLFHvQWLPSDDMXQVODFRQFOX]LD

FGLVFXLD avea un rol mai important n acest sens dect mass-media. Un studiu ulterior,FDUHDWHVWDWHILFLHQDLQIOXHQHLSHUVRQDOHDFRQILUmat DFHVWLGHHLDSURSXVLSRWH]DXQHLFRPXQLFULvQGRXWUHSWH Conform rezultatelor acestui studiu, s-au putut decela ctevagrupuri PDULGHFDX]HFHDFLRQHD]vPSUHXQFDUHSRWH[SOLFDIDSWXOF indivizii sunt maiSUHGLVSXL V LQ VHDPD GH LQIRUPDLLOH L VIDWXULOH venite din partea celor pe care icunosc personal, respectiv:

au mai mare ncredere n ei;XQFRQWDFWSHUVRQDOSRDWHH[HUFLWDRSUHVLXQHLQIRUPDOvQVHQVXOFRQIRUPULLVHRIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDGLVFXWULLLDUJXPHQWULLSHUVXDViunea fiind rezultatul schimbuluireciproc de opinii;

RVXJHVWLHYHQLWGLQSDUWHDXQHLFXQRWLQHGLQSURSULXOFHUFGH FRQWDFWHVRFLDOHSRDUWvQVLQHJDUDQLDFRQIRUPULLODQRUPHOHGH grup. 3HQWUX D FRPXQLFD FX VXFFHV WUHEXLH GHFL V VH DFRUGH R PDi mare DWHQLHJUXSXULORU L SURFHVXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH QRQIRUPDO GHGLIX]LXQH D LQIRUPDLLORU vQLQWHULRUXOILHFUXLJUXSVDXFDWHJRULHGHSXEOLFYL]DW


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Modelul lui Newcomb

6HPQLILFDLDSULQFLSDODDFHVWXLPRGHOFRQVWvQIDSWXOFHVWHSULPXOmodel care

LQWURGXFH SUREOHPDWLFD UROXOXL FRPXQLFULL vQWU-o societate sau ntr-R UHODLH VRFLDO3HQWUX1HZFRPEDFHVWUROHVWHVLPSOXDFHODGHDPHQLQHHFKLOLEUXOvQFDGUXOXQXLVLVWHPVRFLDO 0RGXO vQ FDUH IXQFLRQHD] DFHVW PRGHO HVWH XUPWRUXO ILJXra 4): A/B esteFRPXQLFDWRUUHFHSWRUHLSRWILLQGLYL]LVDXFRQGXFHUHDXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULUHSUH]HQWDQLLVLQGLFDWHORU VDX JXYHUQJXYHUQDL HWF ; HVWH R SDUWH GLQ PHGLXO VRFLDO $%; HVWH XQVLVWHPFHHDFHvQVHDPQFUHODLLOHLQWHUQHVXQWLQWHUGHSHQGHQte.

Componentele minimale ale sistemului ABX sunt:

RULHQWDUHDOXL$FWUH;LQFOX]kQGvQDFHODLWLPSDWLWXGLQHDIDGH;FDRELHFWDERUGDELOVDXGHHYLWDWFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQVHPQLLQWHQVLWDWHSUHFXPLDWULEXWHOHFRJQLWLYHFUHGLQHLVWUXFWXULFRJQLWLYH

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SXWHP V-L vPSUWLP FXPHPEULL grupului, ai subculturii sau culturii din care facemparte. Denis McQuail (ComunicareaVXVLQHFPRGHOXOOXL1HZFRPEHVWHXQPRGHODOWHQVLXQLLFWUHVLPHWULHGHDFHODLWLSFXPRGHOHOHLQVSLUDWHGHSVLKRORJLDJHVWDOWLVWDinamica DFWHORUGHFRPXQLFDUHFRQVWvQWHQVLXQHDSURGXVGHGH]DFRUG

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X1, X2, X3, X4; UHSUH]LQW RELHFWHOH GH RULHQWDUH DGLFPXOWLWXGLQHD GH

HYHQLPHQWHLRELHFWHFDUHFRPSXQPHGLXOOXL$L%LFDUHSRWHYH ntual forma obiect decomunicare ntre ei;$L%UHSUH]LQWLQGLYL]L;UHSUH]LQWPHVDMXOI%$UHSUH]LQWIHHG-EDFNXODGLFXQPHVDMWUDQVPLVGH%VSUH$DVXSUDVLWXDLHLOXL%WUDQVIRUPDWFDHIHFWHDO;IUHSUH]LQWIHHG-backul.

PotrivitDFHVWHLUHSUH]HQWULVLPSOHDVXSUDFRPXQLFULLGLQWUHGRLDFWRULSHUVRDQD$WUDQVPLWHRLQIRUPDLHFWUHSHUVRDQD%DVXSUDHYHQLPHQWXOXL;$HVWHFRPXQLFDWRUXOLDU % HVWH vQ VLWXDLD UHFHSWRUXOXL GH LQIRUPDLH ILH F R FHUH ILH SXU L VLPSOX F RprimHWH &RPXQLFDUHD vQFHSH GH IDSW SULQ VHOHFLRQDUHD GH FWUH$ D RELHFWHORU GH


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RULHQWDUH;FURUDOHGRIRUPDEVWUDFWOHWUDQVIRUPvQPHVDM;LvOWUDQVPLWHFWUH%$FHVWDGLQXUPSRDWHDYHDLHORSHUFHSLHGLUHFWDOXL;;1, B) sau suporWHIHFWXOOXL;UVSXQ]kQGOXL$SULQUHWURDFLXQHDI%$0RGHOXO:HVWOH\0DF/HDQVXEOLQLD]

QHYRLDVRFLDOGH LQIRUPDLH SHFDUHD SXV-RvQHYLGHQPRGHOXOOXL1HZFRPE(LYRUDGDSWDDFHVWPRGHOLSHQWUXVWXGLXOPDVV-media.

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7HUPHQLL FX FDUH RSHUHD] VHPLRWLFD VHPQ VHPQLILFDLH LFRQ GHQRWDLHFRQRWDLH VXQW WHUPHQL FDUH VH UHIHU ODGLYHUVHPRGDOLWLGH SURGXFHUHDD VHQVXOXLDvQHOHVXOXL 0RGHOHOH SURSXVH GH FRDOD VHPLRWLF GLIHU GH FHOH SURSXVH GH FRDODproces QXQXPDLSULQIDSWXOFQXVXQWOLQHDUHFLLSULQIDSWXOFQXFRQLQLQGLFDLLGHVSUH HWDSHOH WUDQVPLWHULL PHVDMXOXL $FHVWH PRGHOH VXQW GH WLS VWUXFWXUDO L LQGLFUHODLLOHFDUHVHVWDELOHVFvQWUHHOHPHQWHOHSULQFDUHVHFUHHD]VHQVXO

Q FHQWUXO DFHVWHL WLLQH VW FRQFHSWXO GH VHPQ 6HPLRWLFD DUH WUHL GRPHQLLprincipale de studiu:

VHPQXO vQVXL DFHVWD FRQVW vQ VWXGLXO GLIHULWHORU YDULHWL GH VHPQH vQ VWXGLXOGLIHULWHORUPRGXULvQFDUHDFHVWHDWUDQVPLWvQHOHVXOSUHFXPLvQVWXGLXOPodului n careVHPQXO UHODLRQHD] FX RDPHQLL FDUH vO IRORVHVF 6HPQHOH VXQW GHILQLWH FD ILLQG QLWHFRQVWUXFWHXPDQHLSRWILvQHOHVHQXPDLvQXWLOL]ULOHSHFDUHRDPHQLLOHDWULEXLH2. codurile (sistemele n care semnele sunt utilizate); acest studiu cuprinde modurile ncare o varietate de coduri s-DGH]YROWDWSHQWUXDVDWLVIDFHQHYRLOHXQHLVRFLHWLVDXFXOWXULsau pentru a exploata canalele de comunicare disponibile pentru transmiterea lor.

FXOWXUDvQFDUHDFHVWHFRGXULLVHPQHRSHUHD]/DUkQGXOHLDFHDVWDHVWHGHSHQGHQWSHQWUXSURSULDHLH[LVWHQLIRUPGHIRORVLUHDDFHVWRUFRGXULLVHPQH

3HQWUX D vQHOHJH vQPRG FkWPDLDGHFYDW RULJLQDOLWDWHDPRGHOHORUVHPLRWLFHvQspecial OLQJYLVWLFH ,RDQ 'UJDQ 7HRULL DOH FRPXQLFULL GH PDV) este important deUHLQXWFHHDFHXQLL autori numesc dubla situare sau dimensiune a mesajului:SULPDVHUHIHUODIDSWXOFPHVDMXOHVWHXQHOHPHQWDOFLUFXLWXOXLFRPXQLFDLRQDOWULPLVGHFWUHHPLWRUHOFLUFXOSULQWU-XQFDQDOLDMXQJHODUHFHSWRUHVWHVVSXQHPR


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LQIRUPDLHFDUHFLUFXOvQWUHFHLGRLSROLDLFLUFXLWXOXLFRPXQLFDLRQDOVXEDOWDVSHFWPHVDMXOSRDWHILWRWRGDWGHVFULVFDHOHPHQWDOXQXLSURFHVGH UHSUH]HQWDUHFDLQWHUPHGLDUvQWUHRUHDOLWDWHLLPDJLQHDDFHVWHLUHDOLWi (realitatea la carePHVDMXOVHUHIHUVDXODFDUHWULPLWH0RGHOHOHVHPLRWLFHLDXvQFRQVLGHUDUHGXEODVLWXDUHLQIRUPDLRQDOLVLPEROLFDPHVDMXOXLDFHVWHDVHVLWXHD]LVHFULVWDOL]HD]ODLQWHUVHFLDFHORUGRXSURFHVHGHFRPXQLFDUHLGHUHSrezentare (figura 6)

Modelul lui Peirce

3HQWUX3HLUFHRULFHSURFHVVHPLRWLFHVWHRUHODLHvQWUHWUHLFRPSRQHQWHVHPQXOvQVXLRELHFWXOUHSUH]HQWDWLLQWHUSUHWDQWXOILJXUD


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'HILQLLD VHPQXOXL LPSOLF GHFL XQ PRGHO WULDGic: ''Un semn, sau unUHSUH]HQWDPHQ HVWH FHYD FDUH LQH ORFXO D FHYD vQ DQXPLWH SULYLQH VDX vQ YLUWXWHDDQXPLWRUvQVLLUL(OVHDGUHVHD]FXLYDFUHkQGvQPLQWHDDFHVWXLDXQVHPQHFKLYDOHQWsau poate un semn mai dezvoltat. Semnul acesta pe care l creez vO QXPHVFLQWHUSUHWDQWXOSULPXOXLVHPQ6HPQXOLQHORFXODFHYDDQXPHDORELHFWXOXLVX(OLQHORFXO DFHVWXL RELHFW QX vQ WRDWHSULYLQHOH FL FX UHIHULUH ODXQ IHO GH LGHH SH FDUH DPnumit-o uneori fundamentul representamenului''(Peirce, ComunicareLDFLXQH,apudUmberto Eco, Lector in fabula).

Un semn VHUHIHUODDOWFHYDGHFkWODHOvQVXLobiectuOLHVWHvQHOHVGHFLQHYDacesta este efectul pe care l produce n mintea receptorului (interpretantul).Interpretantul nu este interpretul semnXOXLFLHVWHXQFRQFHSWPHQWDOSURGXVGHRSRWULYGHVHPQLGHH[SHULHQDRELHFWXOXLSHQWUXFHOFHXWLOL]HD]VHPQXO,QWHUSUHWDQWXOXQXLRELHFWQXHVWHRVHPQLILFDLHGHILQLWGHGLFLRQDUFLYDULD]vQIXQFLHGHH[SHULHQDSH

care utilizatorul semnului a avut-o vis-D YLV GH DFHO RELHFW 2 VHPQLILFDLH QX HVWHQLFLRGDW R UHODLH vQWUH XQ VHPQ L FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW VHPQXO RELHFWXO 6HPQLILFDLDUH]XOWGLQUHODODLDWULDGLFvQFDUHLQWHUSUHWDQWXODUHXQUROPHGLDWRUGHLQIRUPDUHGHinterpretare sau FKLDUGH WUDGXFHUHD XQXL VHPQSULQ DOW VHPQ ,QWHUSUHWDQWXOHVWHR DOWUHSUH]HQWDUH FDUH VHUHIHU ODXQ DFHODL RELHFW SHED]DXQXL DOW IXQGDPHQW JURXQG-ulUHSUH]HQWULLDFHVWDHVWHSXQFWXOGHSOHFDUHDOVHPLR]HLQHOLPLWDWHUHODLDVHPQ -obiectnu HVWHSRVLELOGHFkWSULQUDSRUWDUHODXQDOWLQWHUSUHWDQWFDUHVHH[SOLFSHVLQHSULQWU-unDOWLQWHUSUHWDQWQFDGUXOWHRULHLFRGXULORU8PEHUWR(FR7UDWDWGHVHPLRWLFJHQHUDO)LQWHUSUHWDQWXOSRDWHILLGHQWLILFDWFXvQWUHJDVHULHGHGHQRWDLLLFRQRWDLLVXFFHVLYHDOHunei expresii.

'XS3HLUFHH[LVWWUHLWLSXULGHVHPQHLFRQXOLQGLFHOHVDXLQGH[XOLVLPEROXO

Un semn iconic HVWHXQVHPQED]DWSHRDQXPLWDVHPQDUHFXRELHFWXOUHDOVDXILFWLYGHH[HPSOXRIRWRJUDILHRVFKHPRGLDJUDPun indice HVWHXQVHPQFDUHVHDIOvQWU-oUHODLHUHDOQXGHUHIOHFWDUHFXRELHFWXOIXQFLRQkQGFDRLQGLFDLHVDXRUHIHULQGHexemplu, un indicator de drum, simptomele unei boli etc.; simbolul este un semn

determinat numai n cadrul unei interpretULGDUQXDUHOHJWXUIL]LFVDXGHDVHPQDUHcu obiectul: de exemplu, un steag.


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0RGHOXOOXL2JGHQL5LFKDUGV

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Modelul lui Saussure

6DXVVXUHHVWHFRQVLGHUDWvQWHPHLHWRUXOOLQJYLVWLFLLPRGHUQHLDOVHPLRORJLHLILLQGcel FDUHDFRQVWUXLWSULPXOSURLHFWDOXQHLWHRULLJHQHUDOHDVLVWHPHORUGHVHPQLILFDUHLQLLLQGVWXGLHUHDYLHLLVHPQHORUvQVkQXOYLHLLVRFLDOH(OVHFRQFHQWUHD]FDOLQJYLVWasupra semnului vQVXL 6HPQXO SHQWUX 6DXVVXUH HVWH XQLWDWHD vQWUH VHPQLILFDW Lsemnificant. Semnificantul este LPDJLQHDDFXVWLFIRUPDIL]LFDVHPQXOXLSHFDUHQRLRpercepem, iar semnificantul este conceptul mental la care se referDFHVWD$FHVWFRQFHSWPHQWDO HVWH vQ PDUH PVXU FRPXQWXWXURU PHPEULORU XQHL FXOWXUL FDUH vPSUWHVFDFHODL OLPEDM6XQW YL]LELOH VLPLODULWLOH vQWUH GLDGD VHPQLILFDQWVHPQLILFDW DO OXL6DXVVXUH L FHDSHLUFHDQ VHPQLQWHUSUHWDQW 6DXVVXUH HVWH vQV PDLSXLQ LQWHUHVDW GH

UHODLDVHPQXOXLFDvQWUHJFXUHDOLWDWHDH[WHUQRELHFWXOOD3HLUFHILJXUD

0RGHOXODUDWFUHODLDGLQWUHFRQFHSWLRELHFWXOUHDOSHFDUHvOUHSUH]LQWHVWHRSHUDLDGHVHPQLILFDUHSULQLQWHUPHGLXODFHVWHLRSHUDLLRPXODFRUGvQHOHVXULUHDOLWLLR vQHOHJH (VWH LPSRUWDQW V UHDPLQWLP F VHPQLILFDWXO HVWH vQ DFHHDL PVXU FD LVHPQLILFDQWXOSURGXFLDXQHLFXOWXULSDUWLFXODUH(VWHHYLGHQWFVHPQLILFDQLLFXYLQWHOHVXQWGLIHULWHvQIXQFLHGHOLPE$FHODLOXFUXVHvQWkPSOLFXVHPQLILFDLLOHFXYLQWHORUHOH GLIHU PDL PXOW VDX PDL SXLQ GH OD FXOWXU OD FXOWXU ILHFDUH DYkQG SURSULDH[SHULHQDRELHFWHORUYH]LLSRWH]D6KDSLU-Worf).

DE RE,187

Conform lui Fiske (Introduction to Communication StudiesSXWHPFRQVLGHUDFH[LVWGRXSDUDGLJPHFODVLFHvQVWXGLXOFRPXQLFULLFRDODSURFHVLFRDODVHPLRWLF


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3ULQFHVHFDUDFWHUL]H]FRDODSURFHVLFDUHVXQWSULQFLSDOHOHPRGHOHDOH

FRPXQLFULLFDUHRUHSUH]LQW"

Caracteristicile FROLLSURFHV:

vede comunicarea ca transmitere a mesajelor;

HVWHLQWHUHVDWvQVSHFLDOGHSUREOHPHFDHILFLHQDLDFXUDWHHDWUDQVPLWHULLPHVDMXOXLGDFHIHFWXOHVWHGLIHULWGHFHHDFHVHLQWHQLRQDVVHFRPXQLFHWHQGLQDHVWHVVH

interpreteze acest lucru GUHSWXQHHFDOFRPXQLFULLLVVHFDXWHPRWLYXOHHFXOXLde-DOXQJXOGHVIXUULLSURFHVXOXLGHFRPXQLFDUH

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vede n mesaj ceea ce este transmis prin procesul de comunicare.LQWHQLDHPLWRUXOXLSRDWHILGHFODUDWVDXQHGHFODUDWGDUHDHVWHHVHQLDOSHQWUXD

putea analiza mesajul.

Modele reprezentative:

Modelul Shannon & Weaver;

Modelul lui Gerbner;

Modelul lui Lasswell;

Modelul lui Newcomb;

Modelul Westley MacLean.

3ULQFHVHFDUDFWHUL]H]FRDODVHPLRWLFLFDUHVXQWSUincipalele modele ale

FRPXQLFULLFDUHRUHSUH]LQW"

Caracteristicile FROLLVHPLRWLFHGHIXUDUHDFRPXQLFULLUHSUH]LQWRSURGXFHUHLXQVFKLPEGHVHQVXULVHPQLILFDLLRELHFWXOGHLQWHUHVvOUHSUH]LQWVWXGLHUHDPRGXOXLvQFDUHPHVDMHOHWH[WHle)

LQWHUDFLRQHD]FXRDPHQLLSHQWUXDSURGXFHvQHOHVXULVDXVHPQLILFDLLLUROXOWH[WHORUvQFXOWXUDQRDVWU

QXFRQVLGHUQHvQHOHJHULOHFDILLQGQHDSUDWHIHFWHDOHHHFXOXLGHFRPXQLFDUHFLFRQVLGHUFHOHSRWUH]XOWDGLQGLIHUHQHOHFXOWXUDOHGLPWUHHPLWRULUHFHSWRU

VHDXWRGHILQHWHvQWHUPHQLGHproducere DLFRPXQLFULLGHILQHWHLQWHUDFLXQHDVRFLDOFDILLQGFHHDFHFRQVWLWXLHLQGLYLGXOFDPHPEUXDOXQHL

FXOWXULVSHFLILFHVDXDOXQHLVRFLHWLYHGHPHVDMXOFDRFRQVWUXFLHDVHPQHORUFDUHSULQLQWHUDFLXQHDFXUHFHSWRULL

SURGXFHvQHOHVXULModele reprezentative:Modelul lui Peirce;

0RGHOXO2JGHQL5LFKDUGVModelul Saussure.


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