EdkifiHa&ygwDrsm;ESifh obm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI · 2018. 10. 16. · EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh obm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI rl0g'azmfaqmifa&;twGuf vufawGUvrf;nTef Zefe0g&D 2018

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International IDEA

'Drdkua&pDESifh a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m tultnDay;a&; EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf; (Interna- tional IDEA - International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) onf urÇmwpf0Srf;wGif a&&SnfwnfwHYaom 'Drkdua&pD jzpfay:vmatmif taxmuftuljyK&ef [laom oD;oefYwm0efjzifh 1995 ckESpfwGif zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJYaom EdkifiHpHk tzGJUtpnf;wpfck jzpfygonf/ vuf&Sdü International IDEA wGif wpfurÇmvHk;&Sd rwlnDaom a'orsm;rS tzGJU0ifEdkifiHaygif; 30 &Sdygonf/ International IDEA \ vkyfief;onf todynm A[kokw t&if;tjrpfrsm; azmfaqmifjcif;ESifh rQa0jcif;? tjyef tvSefaqG;aEG;rIudk jzpfajrmufatmif yHYydk;ay;jcif;ESifh ydkrkdxda&mufaom 'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf rl0g'qkdif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jzpfay: vmap&ef taxmuftulay;jcif;wkdYukd t"duxm; aqmif&Gufygonf/

Natural Resource Governance Institute

Natural Resource Governance Institute onf vGwfvyfNyD; tusdK;tjrwfr&SmazG aom tzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfNyD; uGif;qif;avYvmrIrsm;rS &&Sdvmaom oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh wdusckdifrmpGm okawoejyK avYvmjcif;rS od&Sdvmaom todtjrifrsm;jzifh rl0g'qkdif&m tBuHÓmPfay;jcif;ESifh vHIUaqmftm;ay;jcif;wkdY aqmif&Gufygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\ todynm A[kokwrsm;ESifh tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;? vTwfawmfrsm;? t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh rD'D,mtjyif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom EdkifiHumpHEIef;rsm;jzpf ay:vmapa&; twGuf wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m pnf;½Hk;a&; tpDtpOfwdkYESifh vGwfvyfpGm rQa0ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf txl;ojzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukd OD;wnfaom tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rI usif;y&efESifh tjyKoabmaqmifaom rl0g'qdkif&m vIHUaqmftm;ay;jcif;wGif yg0if&ef oifhavsmfaom taetxm;rSm &Sdaeygonf/

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhobm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI

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© 2018 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance© 2018 Natural Resource Governance Institute

International IDEAStrömsborgSE – 103 34 STOCKHOLMSWEDENzkef; - +46 8 698 37 00tD;ar;vf - [email protected]'f - www.idea.int

Natural Resource Governance Institute80 Broad Street, Suite 1801New York, NY 10004USAzkef; - + 1 646 929 9750tD;ar;vf - [email protected]'f - www.resourcegovernance.org

"mwfyHkrsm;rSty þxkwfa0rI\ tDvufx&Gefepf Am;&Sif;tm; Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 vkdifpift& &&SdEdkifygonf/ þxkwfa0rIudk vGwfvyfpGm ul;,l? jzefYa0? ay;ydkYEdkifonfhtjyif jyefvnfa&mpyf? jyKjyifjcif; jyKvkyfEdkifaomfvnf; xdkodkYjyKvkyf &mwGif pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwftwGuf r[kwfaom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm udk;um;í xyfwlnDaom vdkifpifwpfckt& jzefYjzL;jcif; jzpf&rnf/

þvdkifpifESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. odkY oGm;a&mufyg/

International IDEA \ xkwfa0rIrsm;onf trsdK;om; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHa&; tusdK;pD;yGm; uif; &Sif;ygonf/ þxkwfa0rIwGif azmfjyxm;aom xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;onf International IDEA odkYr[kwf Natural Resource Governance Institute odkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkY\ oufqdkif&m bkwftzGJUrsm;ESifh aumifpD tzGJU0ifrsm;\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfr[kwfyg/

ISBN: 978-91-7671-146-0

rsufESmzHk;"mwfyHk - © Rudy Guerrero [© boris15/123RF Stock Photo; ©lefpap/123RF Stock Photo; © neftali77/123RF Stock Photo; © irisphoto18/123RF Stock Photo]

'DZdkif;ESifh tjyiftqif - KPR Group + Santángelo Diseño

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EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHü EdkifiHa&; udk,fpm;jyKrI twdkif;twmESifh xdkEdkifiH\ tkyfcsKyfrI pepftMum; cdkifrm aom qufpyfrIwpf&yf &Sdygonf/ International IDEA \ wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef; (Global State of Democracy Indices) ESifh NRGI \ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (Resource Governance Index – RGI) [laom t"duusonfh okawoe avYvmrI pDrHudef;ESpfckt& EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk vGwfvyfpGmESifh wef;wlnDrQpGm &&SdEdkifonfhtcgwGif o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS tusdK;tjrwf wefzkd;tjynfht0 &&Sd&efESifh &&Sdvmaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk pDrH cefYcGJ&eftwGuf ydkrdkcdkifrmaom Oya'rsm;? Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; &Sdygonf/ þt&mrsm;onf ta&;ygygonf/ aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIonf cdkifrmNyD; owif; tcsuftvuf tjynfht0 &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ yHYydk;rIudk &&SdaomtcgwGif o,H Zmw MuG,f0aom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif vuf&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI'Pf cHpm;ae&onfh vlaygif; 1 .8 bDvD,HausmftwGuf a&&SnfwnfwHYNyD; wef;wlnDrQaom pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI azmfaqmif ay;Edkifrnfh tvm;tvm&Sdygonf/

uHraumif;pGmyif urÇmay:&Sd rwlnDaom a'orsm;wGif rMumao;rDu jzpfay:cJYaom tBuD;pm; t*wdvdkufpm;rIqdkif&m raumif;owif;rsm;u azmfjyaeonfhtwdkif; EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&HwGif a&G;aumufyGJ pnf;½Hk;a&;vIyf&Sm;rI tpDtpOfrsm;\ wjznf;jznf; jrifhwufvm aom ukefusp&dwfrsm;aMumifh wm0efcHrIpepfrsm; tm;enf;aomtcgwGif o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI &v'frsm;tay: tysufoabmaqmifaom oufa&mufrI &SdvmEdkifNyD; o,HZmwrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrI rSm;,Gif;um t*wdvdkufpm;rIaMumifh aiGaMu;rsm; qHk;½IH;&ygonf/

wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&; pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf aumif;rGefaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tNrJwap &Sdraeyg/ *gemEdkifiHwGif 2008 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm; rwdkifcifumv tjzpftysufrsm;wGif a&eH awGU&SdNyD;cgpü t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf a&eHwl;azmfrIaMumifh wdkif;jynfu &&Sdrnfh csrf;om MuG,f0rIESifhywfoufí wpfygwDESifh wpfygwD uwdrsm; tNydKiftqdkifay;í ,SOfNydKifcJYMuygonf/ þtcsufaMumifh jynfolrsm;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm; jrifhwufvmum a&G;aumufyGJNyD;aemuf a&eH aps;rsm; jrifhwufaepOfwGif tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJrIjyKí aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;oGm;aomtcgwGif BuD; rm;aom bwf*sufvdkaiG jzpfay:rIESifh aiGaMu;tajrmuftrsm; acs;,ljcif;wdkY jzpfvmcJYygonf/

rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ vdkonfxufydkaeaom arQmfrSef;csuf rsm;? EdkifiHa&;t& a&wdkudk tm½Hkpdkufjcif;ESifh y#dyu© tp&Sdaom o,HZmwMuG,f0rIESifh qufpyf aeonfh tBuD;rm;qHk; pdefac:rItcsdKUudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf aumif;rGefaom taetxm; rSmvnf; &Sdaeygonf/ tmPm&xm;onfjzpfap? twdkuftcHjzpfaeonfjzpfap EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; onf t"duusaom vkyfief;u@qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrI wdkYudkvnf; ulnDudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifygonf/ 2017 ckESpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef; udef;u rD;armif;xdk;jyaeonfhtwdkif; Oya'tjzpf jy|mef;xm;onfESifh vufawGUwGif trSef wu,f usifhoHk;rItMum; uGm[csuf us,fjyefYpGm &Sdaeygonf/ xdkuGm[csuf jzpfay:&jcif;rSm tuefYtowfjzpfaeaom vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;aMumifhomvQif rubJ t*wdvdkufpm;rIudk aumif;pGm xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif; r&SdaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf taxmuftxm; tajcjyK o,HZmw rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; azmf aqmif&efESifh taumiftxnfazmf&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk taxmuftulay;jcif;jzifh wkHYjyef aqmif&Gufay;cJYygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYu *gemEkdifiHwGif 2016 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rwdkifcif a&eH? "mwfaiGUESifh "mwfowÅK wl;azmfa&;qdkif&m tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufí ygwDpHk rl0g' tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIudk wGJzuf yHYykd;ay;jcif;jzifh pwifcJYygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYESifh vufwGJvkyfudkifcJYaom EdkifiH

vii

a&;ygwD av;cku *gemEdkifiHtaejzifh BuHKawGUae&aom t"duudpö&yf tcsdKUtay: tarQmftjrif&Sd aom &yfwnfcsufrsm; yg0ifonfh tao;pdwf &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJEdkifcJYygonf/ 2008 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif jyKvkyfcJYovdkrsKd; jynfolrsm;udk arQmfrSef;csuf BuD;BuD;rm;rm; ay;rnfhtpm; &yfwnfrItopfrsm;onf yGifhvif;jrifomrI? aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrI? pkaqmif;aiGrsm;ESifh acs;,lrI tp&Sdaom udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí owif;tcsuftvuf ydkrdk&&Sd xm;aom trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif yHYydk;ay;cJYygonf/ þaqG;aEG;rI\ t½Sdeft[kefonf xdkpOfuwnf;u qufvufjzpfay:aecJYNyD; tpdk;& tzGJUonf tqdkjyKxm;aom jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tcsdKUjzifh ,cktcgwGif a&SUqufaqmif&GufaeNyD jzpfygonf/

þtpD&ifcHpmwGif *gemEdkifiH\ &yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOf\ atmifjrifrIrsm;ESifh &&Sdvmaom oifcef;pmrsm;tay: tajccHxm;NyD; EdkifiH ajcmufcktay: EdkifiHtvkduf avYvmrIrsm; tjyif ygwDrsm;\ yg0ifaqmif&GufrIESifh o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom aumif;rGef onfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;rS &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYEdkifiHrsm;&Sd o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI t&nftaoG;tay: ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmifjzpfap? ydkrdkqkwf,kwfoGm;atmifjzpfap rsm;pGm oufa&mufrIjyKEdkifonfrSm txift&Sm; awGUjrif&ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;aom txmuftxm;tajcjyK rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJ owfrSwfoifhaMumif;udk þtpD&ifcHpmwGif axmufjyxm;ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh xdkudpötm; rnfodkY aqmif&GufEdkifrnfESifhywfoufívnf; þtpD&ifcH pmwGif tBuHÓmPfay;xm;NyD; uRrf;usifolrsm;\ tultnDudk &,ljcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? þtpD&ifcHpm\ t"du tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom vufawGUaqmif&Guf&rnfh avYusifhcef;pm&Gufrsm; toHk;jyKjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; tygt0if jzpfygonf/

þtpD&ifcHpmwGif yg0ifaom todynm A[kokwESifh vrf;ñTefrIonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m ½IyfaxG;aom pdefac:rIrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&efESifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrIonf EdkifiHom;rsm; tm;vHk;twGuf tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdapaom a&&SnfwnfwHYaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk taxmuftul ay;apa&;wGif ydkrdkwufMuGaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifvmap&ef taxmuftul ay;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfwdkYu arQmfvifhygonf/

Daniel Kaufmann Yves LetermeOuú|ESifh trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfNatural Resource Governance Institute International IDEA

viii

tpD&ifcHpm tESpfcsKyf

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI &SdpGm? wm0efcHrI &SdpGmESifh wdkif;jynf\ taumif;qHk; a&&SnftusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tay: a&S;½Ivsuf pDrHcefYcGJjcif; &Sdap&m wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifygonf/ Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) ESifh International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) wdkY jyKvkyfcJYaom okawoe avYvmrIu EdkifiHa&;t& udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifrI (qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfydkifcGifhudk vGwfvyfpGmESifh wef;wl nDrQpGm vufvSrf;rDEdkifonfh twdkif;twmESifh obm0 o,HZmwrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;twGuf owf rSwfxm;aom Oya'rsm;? Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;)ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;\ tm;aumif;rI tMum; cdkifrmaom wkduf½dkufqufpyfaerIudk azmfjycJYygonf/

þqufpyfrIonf wpfurÇmvHk;wGif ta&;ygonfh oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdcJYyg onf/ a&eH? "mwfaiGUESifh "mwfowÅK wl;azmfjcif;onf o,HZmw MuG,f0 aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif aexdkifaom vlOD;a& 1 .8 bDvsHausmftwGuf a&&Snf wnfwHYNyD; wef;wlnDrQaom pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk aiGaMu;axmufyHY ay;Edkifygonf/ odkYaomf o,HZmw MuG,f0rIonf ]o,HZmwusdefpm} [k odxm;Muonfh xl;jcm;aom pdefac:rIrsm;udkvnf; ,laqmifvmNyD; xdkpdef ac:rIrsm;udk owif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHktay: tajccHNyD; ESHYpyfaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; &Sdonfh Programmatic usaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u ulnDajz&Sif;&ef taetxm;aumif;wGif &Sdygonf/

¼ tmPm&Sifqefvmonfh tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh EdkifiHom;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm yg0ifEdkifrIenf;yg;jcif; - International IDEA \ wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef; (Global State of Democracy Index) t& o,HZmw MuG,f0aom zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;onf ysrf;rQ tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;t& udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifrIuJhodkY t"du e,fy,frsm;wGif o,HZmw rMuG,f0 aom tjcm;zGHNzdK;qJ EdkifiHrsm;xuf &rSwf rsm;pGmydkí enf;ygonf/1 þtcsufonf pD;yGm;a&; tay: ta&;ygaom pdefac:rIwpf&yf jzpfaeygonf/ taMumif;rSm 2017 ckESpf o,HZmw pDrH tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (Resource Governance Index – RGI) wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; EdkifiHom;rsm; yg0ifEdkifrI tuefYtowfjzifhom &Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrS tusdK;tjrwf trsm;qHk;&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYtwGuf ydkrdktm;enf;aom pepfrsm; &SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/2 odkYaomf twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;ESifh tmPm& ygwD0ifrsm;onf tacstwif aqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wdk;jr§ifhjcif;? jyóem&Sdaom rl0g'rsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwf pdefac:jcif;ESifh EdkifiHom;rsm; vGwfvyf pGm yg0ifEdkifrItwGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh tumtuG,frsm; wdkufwGef; awmif;qdkjcif;wdkY vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/

¼ Oya'ESifh vufawGUtMum; taumiftxnfazmfrIqkdif&m uGm[csuf - 2017 ckESpf o,H ZmwtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;wGif EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf o,HZmwqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh Oya'rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef ½kef;uefaeMu&aMumif; awGU&SdcJYygonf/ vuf&Sd Oya'rlabmif ESifh

1/ International IDEA \ wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ <https://www.idea.int/gsod-indices/#/indices/world-map> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/2/ NRGI \ 2017 ckESpf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;ukd Munfhyg/ <http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

Programmatic usaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; qdkonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh rl0g'rsm; owfrSwfum a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSwqifh axmufcHrI &,lNyD; wowfrwfwnf;aom? qufpyfrI&Sdaom t,l0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk tajccHí tkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfygonf/

ix

ta&;wBuD; tjzpfqHk; o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ESifh &&SdaomtusdK;twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm em;vnfatmif tcsdef,ljcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf xdkodkYaom uGm[csufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&efESifh tpdk;&tzGJU wpf&yfvHk; wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom taumiftxnfazmfrIudk wdkufwGef;awmif;qdk&ef aumif;rGefaom taetxm;rSm &Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

¼ trSefwu,fESifh xifjrif,lq&aom t*wdvdkufpm;rI - o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;u@rS tvGefrsm;jym;onfh tcGefawmfaiGrsm; &&SdEdkifrIESifh ,if;u@\ vQdKU0Sufonfh oabmobm0 onf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;xuf udk,fusdK;&SmazGonfh ,kwfnHhaomolrsm;udk qGJ aqmifEdkifygonf/ rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,frIrsm;udk &Sif;jyNyD; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh BuD;MuyfrIESifh pyfvsOf;í cdkifrmaom uwdu0wfrsm; yg0ifonfh tarQmftjrif&Sdaom? &Sif;vif;aom o,H Zmwqdkif&m &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;jzifh ygwDrsm;onf t*wdvdkufpm;rI tEå&m,f udk avQmhcsEdkif½Hkomru t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfyGm;cJYvQifvnf; tvsiftjref wHkYjyefaqmif&Guf&ef jyifqifEdkifygonf/

¼ y#dyu© ESifh a'otvdkuf pdk;&drfrIrsm; - o,HZmw MuG,f0rIonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ ao;i,faom a'owpfckwGif pkNyHKaewwfNyD; xdka'oESifh teD;qHk;wGif aexdkif olrsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh qdk;½Gm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk ydkrdkcHpm;&avY&Sdygonf/ þtcsuf onf y#dyu©? tNydKifjzpfaeaom tkyfcsKyfrI zGJUpnf;yHkrsm;ESifh ykdrdkrsm;jym;aom tusdK;tjrwf a0pktwGuf awmif;qdkrIrsm; jzpfay:vmapEdkifygonf/ wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESifh trsm; yg0if Edkifaom udk,fpm;jyKrIwdkYrSwqifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh a'ocHvlxkrsm;\ toHrsm;udk ulnDjr§ifhwifay;jcif;? a'otvdkuf pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk wkHYjyefjcif;ESifh a'oEå&tqifhESifh EdkifiHawmf tqifh oabmwlnDrI &&Sdatmif ulnDjcif;wdkY vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/

¼ owif;tcsuftvuf rnDrQrI - o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;u@rS ukrÜPDrsm;onf rsm;aom tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYukrÜPDwGif; uRrf;usifrI? aiGaMu;rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvuf &&SdEdkifrIwdkYt& EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xuf rsm;pGm tm;omavY&Sdygonf/ þtcsufonf vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf rsm; aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;jcif;rsm; tay:omru xdefodrf;BuD;MuyfrI? tcGefpepfESifh obm0ywf0ef; usifESifh vlrI0ef;usifqdkif&m wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufrI&Sdygonf/ o,H Zmwqdkif&m &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg ygwDrsm;taejzifh þowif;tcsuf tvuf uGm[rIudk avQmhcs&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfatmif t"du ynm&yfqdkif&m udpö&yf rsm;taMumif; ygwDwGif; em;vnfoabmaygufrI jr§ifhwifEdkifygonf/

¼ EdkifiHom;rsm;\ jrifhrm;aom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh a&wdk pOf;pm;jcif; - obm0 o,HZmw MuG,f0rIESifhqufpyfaom pD;yGm;a&;t& uwdu0wfonf ½kwfw&uf pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf rI BuD;BuD;rm;rm; jzpfrnf[k EdkifiHom;rsm;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk jr§ifhwifEdkifygonf/ tqdkyg arQmfrSef;csufrsm;onf tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJjcif;ESifh acs;,ljcif;wdkYudk tm;ay;EdkifNyD; tpdk;&tm; pkaiG &efyHkaiGrsm; wnfaxmifjcif;uJhodkY a&&Snf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&ef cufcJapygonf/ o,HZmwqdkif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfonf ygwDwpfcktwGuf rwlnDaom rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEkdifrIrsm;\ ukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh &&Sdaom tusdK;twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm;ukd pOf;pm;&ef? t"du pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm; ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&efESifh oabmwlnDrI wnfaqmuf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef ygwD\ a,bk,s &nfrSef;csuf udk t"du rJqE´&Sifrsm;ESifh tjcm;ygwDrsm;xH wifjy ajymqdk&ef tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yf jzpfyg onf/

¼ u@ rwnfNidrfrI - ukefypönf;aps;EIef;rsm; twuftusjzpfNyD; xdkaps;EIef; twuftusonf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tpdk;&u xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJEdkifrItay: twm;tqD; jzpfapygonf/

x

owif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHktay: tajccHxm;NyD; ESHYpyfaom o,HZmwqdkif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrIwpf&yf owfrSwfusifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh ygwDrsm;onf ajymif;vJaom tajctaersm; udk wkHYjyef&ef ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh taetxm;rSm &Sdaeygrnf/

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrIwGif tcef;u@wpfckrS yg0ifjcif;ESifhywfoufí om"ursm;pGm &SdNyD; om"u taumif;? tqdk; ESpfrsdK;vHk; &Sdygonf/

¼ aemfa0EdkifiH - EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf u@wpfckvHk;twGuf r[mAsL[m? trsdK;om; a&eH &efyHkaiG pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m a&&SnfwnfwHYrI tygt0if a&eHu@ rl0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; oabmwlnDrI &,l&ef ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJYMuygonf/

¼ tpöa&;EdkifiH - 2014 ckESpf ESifh 2016 ckESpftMum;wGif twdkuftcHygwDu ¤if;wdkY\ wdkif;jynfo,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI rlabmiftm; od&Sdem;vnfrIaMumifh vdkifpifxkwf ay;jcif;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; csdK;azmufcJYonfh tpdk;&\ wpfzufowfvkyf&yftm; jyefvnfjyifqifapNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmtay: ppfaq;xdef;aMumif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif cJYygonf/

¼ awmiftmz&duEdkifiH - tmPm& ygwDtiftm;pk\ rl0g'owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif owÅKwGif;u@tm; EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;taMumif; aqG;aEG;rIrsm; yg0ifcJYonf/ odkY aomf oabmxm; uGJvGJrIrsm;aMumifh aemufydkif;wGif tkyfpkwpfpku cGJxGufoGm;NyD; 2013 ckESpfwGif ¤if;udk,fydkif EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfck zGJUpnf;cJYygonf/

¼ *gemEdkifiH - 2007 ckESpf a&eH awGU&SdcJYNyD;aemuf t"du ygwDESpfcktMum; EdkifiHa&; NydKifqdkifrIaMumifh tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csdK;azmufí a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD tvGeftuRH uwday;cJYjcif;ESifh aemufydkif;wGif a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk tvGeftuRH toHk;jyKjcif;wdkY jzpfay:cJYygonf/

¼ rav;&Sm;EkdifiH - a'oEå& tpdk;&xH 0ifaiGcGJa0jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; t&SdefjrifhwufvmrIaMumifh tmPm& ygwDESifh twdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm;\ rl0g' owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;tMum; t"du uGmjcm;csufrsm; ay:vGifvmcJY½Hkomru ygwDwGif; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIudkvnf; jrifhwufapcJYygonf/

¼ yD½l;EdkifiH - EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf "mwfaiGUwl;azmfrI vkyfief;oabmwlnDcsuftm; jyefvnfn§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;jcif;udk 2016 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif t"du udpö&yftjzpf aqG;aEG; ajymqdkcJYMu½Hkomru vlBudKufrsm;a&; 0g' ESifh yk*¾dKvf EdkifiHa&;wdkYonf taxmuftxm; tajcjyK rl0g' csrSwfjcif;tay: twm;tqD; jzpfapEdkifyHkudkvnf; rD;armif;xdk;jyygonf/

owif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHktay: tajccHNyD; ESHYpyfaom o,HZmwqkdif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrI rsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;jzifh ygwDrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wkdY\ wdkif;jynfonf o,HZmwrsm; wl;azmf jcif;rS taumif;qHk; tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdum EdkifiHom;rsm;\ a&&Snf tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&S;½Ivsuf 0ifaiGrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJNyD; o,HZmw usdefpmtm; a&SmifMuOfEdkifap&ef tultnDay;Edkifygonf/

xi

obm0 o,HZmwqkdif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfonf atmufygwdkY vdktyfonf -

¼ &Sif;vif;aom &nf&G,fcsufESifh tusHK;0ifrI e,fy,f

¼ ygwD\ tjrifhqHk; tqifhrsm;ESifh &yfwnfrI a&;qGJ&ef wm0ef&Sdolrsm;rS av;eufpGm aqmif&GufrI

¼ a&;qGJjcif;ESifh twnfjyKcsuf &,ljcif;twGuf pepfwus pDpOfaqmif&Gufjcif;

¼ u@tvdkuf uRrf;usifolrsm;\ yHYydk;rIESifh us,fjyefYaom wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;tay: tajccH í rwlnDaom udpö&yf e,fy,frsm;tm; tao;pdwf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfjcif;

rl0g' &yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOftm; pwifjcif;? 'DZdkif;qGJ jcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif; [laom wef;wl ta&;BuD;onfh tqifh oHk;qifh tjzpfodkY a,bk,stm;jzifh cGJjcm;Ekdifygonf/ xdktqifhrsm;xJwGif tcsdef t,l&qHk; tqifhrSm taumiftxnfazmfjcif; tqifhjzpfNyD; vkyfief; pOf\ vkyfief;tzGJUwGif yg0ifolrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf &Sd udpö&yf e,fy,ftm;vHk;udk *½kwpdkuf xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;twGuf tcsdefay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ wdkif;jynfu &ifqdkifae& aom t"du udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&eftvdkYiSm vkyfief;tzGJUonf vlxk\ vuf&Sd &yfwnfrI? wnfqJOya'? Xmeqdkif&m rlabmifESifh rwlnDaom rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,frI rsm;ESifhqufpyfaeonfh ukefusp&dwfrsm; ESifh &&Sdaom tusdK;twGuf ay; qyf&rIrsm;udk rjzpfrae qef;ppf tuJjzwf&ygrnf/ þvkyfief;u@ESifh tvGef ynm&yfqefaom oabm obm0aMumifh ygwDrsm;taejzifh uRrf;usifolrsm;\ taxmuftyHY ESifh yHYydk;ulnDrIwdkYrS vnf; rsm;pGm tusdK;aus;Zl; &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/3

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmw MuG,f0rI\ xl;jcm;aom EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pdefac:rI rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifaMumif; þtpD&ifcHpmwGif awGU&Sd&yg onf/ tcef; 1 wGif o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;rS Programmatic usaom ygwDrsm;onf bmaMumifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIwGif txl;ojzifh ta&;ygaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;NyD; tjcm;pDrHudef; ESifh qufpyfolrsm;onf ygwD\ &yfwnfrIrsm;? ygwDwpfckESifhwpfcktMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG; rI\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef tusdK;oufa&mufyHk enf;vrf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tcef; 2 wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD tcsKdUu o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIwGif yg0ifcJYaom tcef;u@rsm;ESifh ywfoufí EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI 6 ckudk azmfjyxm;NyD; xdkavYvmrIrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpm wpfck vHk;ü ukd;um;xm;ygonf/ aemufqHk;tcef;ESifh ¤if;ESifh yl;wGJyg&Sdaom avYusifhcef; pm&Gufrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m y#dnmOfpmcsKyfrI pHEIef;owfrSwfa&; rlabmif (Natural Resource Charter Benchmarking Framework) ESifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (Resource Governance Index) wdkYtay: tajccHí ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fydkif rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfEdkifatmif tultnDay;rnfh vufawGU tokH;wnfhaom vrf;ñTef; wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ taMumif;t&m tm;vHk;onf NRGI ESifh International IDEA wdkY\ tawGUtBuHKESifh okawoe topf? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfrI topfwdkYtay: tajccHxm;ygonf/

3/ International IDEA ESifh NRGI wdkYtjyif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHrS Fundacion RAP uJhodkYaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;uvnf; þe,fy,fwGif ta&;ygaom tvkyftcsdKU aqmif&Gufay;cJYygonf/ xyfrHod&Sdvkdygu <https://fundacionrap.org/> ukd Munfhyg/

obm0 o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf onf prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;ESifh &SmazGawGU&Sdjcif;rSpNyD; 0ifaiGrsm; oHk;pGJjcif; txd o,HZmw MuG,f0rIudk a&&Snf wnfwHYaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItjzpfodkY ajymif;vJjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;u jyKvkyf&onfh qHk;jzwfcsuf tqifhqifh jzpfygonf/

xii

2015 - 2016 ckESpfwGif NRGI ESifh International IDEA wdkYonf *gemEdkifiHu &ifqdkifae&onfh ta&;tBuD;qHk; udpö&yftcsdKUESifhywfoufonfh o,HZmwqdkif&m tao;pdwf rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh teD;uyf yl;aygif;vkyfudkifcJYygonf/ tqdkyg&yfwnfrIrsm;tm; ygwDrsm;\ 2016 ckESpf rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&; rl0g'wGif xnfh oGif;cJYNyD; yGifhvif;jrifomrI? aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrIESifh 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI tp&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ESifhywfoufNyD; ydkrdkjynfhpHkaom owif;tcsuftvuftay: tajccHonfh trsm;jynfolqdkif&m jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI jzpfay:vm atmif taxmuftul jyKcJYygonf/ þtcsufonf 0ifaiGrsm;\ yrmPrsm;ESifh xdk0ifaiGrsm;u jzpfay:aprnfh zGHUNzdK;wdk; wufrIESifhywfoufí vlxk\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ukd jrifhwufapcJYonfh ,cif rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;yGJrsm;wGif jyóemjzpfapcJYaom tajctjrpf r&Sd qGJaqmif ajymqdkrIrS uGJxGufvmaom ta&;ygonfh tajymif;tvJwpf&yf jzpfcJYygonf/ ,cktcgwGif ygwDrsm;twGuf wnf&Sdaeaom o,HZmwrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vufawGUusaom tjrif&Sdap&efESifh a&G;aumufyGJ pnf;½Hk; a&;yGJrsm;wGif tvGeftuRH uwdrjyK&ef vrf;jyajryHkwpfck &Sdaeygonf/

xiii

rl0g' &yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfa&; vkyfief;pOf

vkyfief;pOf pwifjcif;

&nf&G,fcsufESifh tusHK;0ifrI e,fy,fudk owfrSwfyg

vkyfief;pOftwGuf taumiftaxnfazmfa&;

tpDtpOf a&;qGJyg

&yfwnfrIudk a&;qGJNyD; aqG;aEG;yg

oufqdkifrIt&SdqHk; udpö&yf e,fy,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg

aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&rnfhqufpyfolrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg

aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm; usif;yNyD; &yfwnfrIudk tNyD;owfyg

&yfwnfrIudk jzefYjzL;yg/

vkyfief;pOf\ tkyfcsKyfrItay: oabmwlnDrIjyKyg

vkyfydkifcGifhESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; &,lyg

avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (u)

vkyfief;pOf 'DZdkif;

avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (C)avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (i)

avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (p)avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (Z)avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (ps)

avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (*) avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (c)

yg0ifaprnfh vkyfief;u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg

xiv

vkyfief;pOf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;

Suthep Kritsanavarin for NRGI

xv

1

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrIwGif t"duusaom aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpf&onfh taMumif;t&if;

obm0 o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;onf þMuG,f0rItm; a&&SnfwnfwHYaom zGHUNzdK;wdk; wufrItjzpfodkY ajymif;vJ&ef tcGifhtvrf;&Sdygonf/ uHraumif;pGmyif EdkifiHrsm;pGmonf tm;enf; aompepfrsm;? y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&ef tvm;tvm ydkrsm;jcif;? ,dk,Gif;oGm;aom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ¤if;wdkY \ wGif;xGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; ukefcrf;oGm;NyD;aemufwGif ydkrdkenf;yg;aom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwdkYudk BuHKawGUMuygonf/ o,HZmw usdefpm[k orkwfMuaom þjzpfpOfonf o,HZmw MuG,f0rI\ xl;jcm;aom vu©Pmrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeNyD; xdkvu©Pmrsm;rSm t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf tuefY towfjzifhom &Sdjcif;? ukefcrf;oGm;Edkifjcif;? tcsdKUaom yx0Dajr ae&mrsm;wGifom wpfpkwpfpnf; wnf; tajrmuftrsm; wnf&Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; þusdefpmonf tvdktavsmuf usoifhonfawmh r[kwfbJ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;rS rl0g' csrSwfolrsm;ESifh jynfol vlxkonf tqdkyg o,HZmwrsm; wl;azmfjcif;onf a&&SnfwnfwHYaom csrf;omMuG,f0rI jzpf ay:vmaprnfh tvm;tvmrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefaprnfh a&G;cs,frIrsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifMuygonf/ NyD;cJYaom q,fpkESpftwGif; usifhoHk; vkyfaqmifolrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfrI puf0ef;wpfckvHk;wGif tpkd;&rsm;u jyKvkyfEdkifaom a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI ydkrdkjzpfvmEdkifajc&Sdrnfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef BudK;yrf;cJYMuygonf/4

EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmw MuG,f0aom wdkif;jynfrsm;tm; a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI jr§ifhwif ay;aom rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwf usifhoHk;Edkif&ef tultnDay;&mwGif t"duusaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifEdkifygonf/ International IDEA \ wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef; (Global State of Democracy Indices) u wkdif;wmcJYonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHa&; udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifrI\ twdkif;twmonf NRGI \ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (Resource Governance Index) u wdkif;wmcJYonfhtwdkif; obm0 o,HZmwrsm;xHrS tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdjcif;ESifh &&Sdvmaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJjcif; tp&Sdaom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh tcdkiftrm qufpyfaeygonf/5 þtcsufudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;onf xifjrifcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm pkpnf; xkwfazmfcGifh &SdNyD; jynfolrsm;onf a&G; aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmESifh rQwpGm rJay;cGifh&SdaomtcgwGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIudk uREfkyfwdkY jrifawGU&ygonf/

tqdkyg taMumif;tcsufrsm;tjyif wowfrwfwnf;&Sdaom rl0g'&yfwnf rIrsm; &SdNyD; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ,SOfNydKif&ef? rl0g' csrSwfrIudk vrf;ñTef&ef ESifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;ESifh qufoG,fajymqdk&ef tqdkyg rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk toHk;jyKonfh Programmatic usaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIudk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmap&ef txl;yif oifhavsmfaom taetxm;

4/ þqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk trsm;pku ]o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf} [k &nfñTef;Muyg onf/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <https://resourcegovernance.org/approach/natural-resource-charter> wGif &,lEdkifaom obm0 o,HZmwqkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Natural Resource Charter) udkMunfhyg/

5/ 2017 ckESpf wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef; (2017 Global State of Democracy Indices) ESifh 2017 ckESpf o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (2017 Resource Governance Index)xHrS tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;t& udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifrI tm;aumif;aom tpdk;&wpf&yfonf tusdK;tjrwf &&SdrIESifh qufpyfrI .7 &SdNyD; 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh qufpyfrI .64 &Sdygonf/

1

Programmatic usaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; qdkonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh rl0g'rsm; owfrSwfum a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSwqifh axmufcHrI &,lNyD; wowfrwfwnf;aom? qufpyfrI&Sdaom t,l0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk tajccHí tkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfygonf/

2

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI rl0g' azmfaqmifa&;twGuf vufawGUvrf;nTef

rSm &Sdaeygonf/ xdkodkYaom ygwDrsm;onf a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; rl0g'rsm;udk taxmuftul jzpfapEdkifonfh tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifNyD; wm0efcHrI&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfrIudk ysdK;axmifay;Edkif&ef ydkrdkoifhavsmf aom taetxm;rSm&SdaMumif; EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u awGU&SdcJYMuygonf/ ygwDrsm;u rl0g' tay: tajccHí ,SOfNydKifaom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ydkrdktm;aumif;aom Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ESifh ydkrdkrsm;jym;aom vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m atmifjrifrIudk &&SdavY &SdMuygonf/6

o,HZmw MuG,f0rI\ EdkifiHa&; pdefac:rIrsm; - MoZmtmPm BuD;olrsm;u o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk vuf0g;BuD;tkyfonfh tajctaewGif 'Drdkua&pD azmfaqmifjcif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf tmPm&Sif tkyfcsKyfrIpepf jzpfay:vmEdkifaom tvm;tvmrsm;rStp a'owGif; rauseyfrIrsm;ESifh oufa&mufrIrsm;txd obm0 o,HZmw MuG,f0rIESifhqufpyfí jzpfay:vmaom EdkifiHa&;pdefac:rI rsm;pGmudk udkifwG,f&ef xl;jcm;aom taetxm;wpf&yfrSm &Sdaeygonf/ þtydkif;wGif tqdkygpdefac:rI tcsdKUtjyif qHk;½IH;Edkifajcrsm; avQmhcsjcif;ESifh tcGifh tvrf;rsm; toHk;csjcif;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u yg0ifEdkifaom tcef;u@rsm;udk avYvmoHk;oyf xm;ygonf/

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rItm; owif; tcsuftvuf ykdrdkjynfhpHkpGm &&Sdatmif taxmuftul jyKEdkifNyD; tmPm&Sif tkyfcsKyfrI jzpfay:vmEdkifaom tvm;tvmrsm;udk avQmhcsay;Edkifygonfo,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif tmPm&Sif tkyfcsKyfrIpepf jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh tvm;tvm ydkí&Sdygonf/7 ESpf&Snfvrsm; avYvmcJYaom þtaMumif;tcsufudk International IDEA \ wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef; (Global State of Democracy Index) rS rMumao;rDu &&SdcJYaom tcsuftvufrsm;uvnf; xyfrH axmufcHaeygonf/ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ukd,fpm;jyKrIwGif ysrf;rQtm;jzifh o,HZmw rMuG,f0 aom EdkifiHrsm;xufpmvQif &rSwf ododomom ydkíenf;aMumif; tqdkyg tñTef;udef;u azmfjy aeygonf/8 þqufpyfrItwGuf ajz&Sif;csufwpf&yfrSm tpdk;&rsm;onf ukrÜPD tenf;i,fxHrS 0ifaiGtajrmuftrsm; &&SdaomtcgwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;u ay;aom tcGefrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdktm; xm;rI enf;yg;vmNyD; EdkifiHom;rsm;tay:vnf; wkHYjyefaqmif&GufrI usqif;vmaomaMumifh jzpf ygonf (yHk 1 .1 udk Munfhyg)/

odkYaomf aqmif&GufrI tm;aumif;NyD; owif;tcsuftvuf tpHktvif &&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; onf tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rI &Sdvmrnfh tcGifhtvrf;udk jr§ifhwifay;EdkifNyD; twdkuftcH jzpfaom tcgwGifvnf; jyóemjzpfapaom rl0g'rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk pdefac: ar;cGef;xkwfEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tpöa&;EdkifiHwGif twdkuftcHygwDu vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh

6/ Cheeseman, N. et al., Politics Meets Policies: The Emergence of Programmatic Political Parties (Stockholm : International IDEA, 2014), XI V available at <https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/politicsmeets-policies.pdf>.

7/ Ross, M., The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations (Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 63.

8/ (EdkifiHwum aiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtzGJUu t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkonfhtwdkif;) o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;onf wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDtqifh tñTef;udef;rsm;\ udk,fpm;jyKrI tm;aumif;aom tpdk;&tydkif;wGif ysrf;rQ&rSwf .48 &&SdcJYMuNyD; <https://www.idea.int/gsod-indices/#/indices/world-map> wGif zwf½IEdkif ygonf/ o,HZmw rMuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;onf ysrf;rQ&rSwf .57 &&SdcJYMuonf/ þavYvmoHk;oyfrIwGif pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESifh zGHUNzdK;rI tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm; (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries) ryg0ifyg/

3


vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI wdkufzsufa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;taMumif; ¤if;wdkY\ em;vnf oabmaygufrI udk toHk;csí trIwpfckudk txufw&m;½Hk;odkY wdkifMum;cJYNyD; xdktrIonf aemufqHk;wGif 0efBuD; csKyf Benjamin Netanyahu u cGifhjyKay;cJYaom o,HZmw xkwfvkyfrIqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf udk jyefvnf½kwfodrf;apcJYygonf/9

yHk 1 .1tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh wm0efcHrI

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9/ tcef; (2) wGif tpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

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4


&Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;aom a'oEå&tpdk;&tm; 0ifaiGcGJa0rIqdkif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&; qGJcJYygonf/ þjzpf&yfwGif trsdK;om;ygwDrSwqifh rl0g' a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOfonf wpfEdkifiH vHk;\ tm½HkpdkufrIudk &&Sd&ef t,ltqrsm;tm; jzefYa0jcif;twGuf tenf;i,faom tcGifhtvrf; rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfcJYygonf/10 ,l*ef'gEdkifiHwGif or®w Museveni u ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf tkyf csKyfcJYygonf/ 2016 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif umvwGif 'Drdkua&pD ajymif;vJa&; aqG;aEG;yGJ wGif twdkuftcHygwDu a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrI ESifh t*wdvdkufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&;ESifh ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;rIudk ¤if;\ rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&; tpDtpOfü xnfhoGif;cJYygonf/11 xdk ygwDonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkifr&cJYaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY aqG;aEG;wifjycJYaom udpö&yfrsm;onf vTwfawmfxJwGif ygwDrsm;\ pdwfyg0ifpm;rIudk &&SdcJYygonf/

tuGuf 1 .1EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh t&yfbuf tcef;u@

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uefYowfcHxm;&aom t&yfbuf tcef;u@onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifygonf/ twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;pGmonf t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;? rD'D,mwdkYESifh eD;uyfpGm csdwfqufaeaomaMumifh tqdkyg w&m;0ifr[kwfaom xdef;odrf;apmifhMunfha&; aqmif&Gufol rsm;twGuf vGwfvyfcGifhr&Sdjcif;onf twdkuftcHygwDrsm;taejzifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;ESifh qufqHajym qdk&ef? tjcm;a&G;cs,fEdkifaom tjrifrsm;udk xkwfazmfjy&efESifh tpdk;&udk a0zef&eftwGuf &&SdEdkif aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;tay: oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif twdkuftcHygwDonf ¤if;\ &yfwnfrIudk owfrSwf&mwGif pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfoltm;vHk;ESifh tjynfht0 xdawGUqufqH&ef vdktyfaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk &SmazGjcif;ESifh ywfoufí pdefac:rIrsm;udk &ifqdkifcJY&ygonf/13

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ygwDrl0g'rsm;wGif t&yfbuf tcef;u@udk tumtuG,fay;jcif; udk xnfhoGif;jcif;ESifh t&yfbuf vGwfvyfrIr&Sdygu uefYowfcH&rnfh tawG;tjrif t,ltqrsm; ESifh toHrsm;udk a&SUodkY xGufay:vmaprnfh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYjzifh t&yfbuf tcef;u@udk ydkrdkjr§ifhwifay;Edkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;udkvnf; &&SdEdkifygonf/

10/ tcef; (2) wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/11/ ‘Uganda: We are rebranding the party, FDC president Mugisha Muntu’, The Africa Report, 18

July 2013, <http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/uganda-we-are-rebranding-the-party-fdc-president-mugisha-muntu.html>.

12/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <www.resourcegovernanceindex.org> wGif &&SdEdkifaom 2017 ckESpf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;udk Munfhyg/

13/ tcef; (2) wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

5


ygwDrsm;onf Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmatmifESifh rl0g'rsm;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfrItMum; uGm[csufudk avsmhusvmatmif tultnD ay;Edkifygonf2017 ckESpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;t& o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI rl0g'rsm;ESifh tqdkyg rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfonfh twdkif;twm odkYr[kwf apmifhMunfhppfaq;onfh twdkif; twmMum; BuD;rm;aom uGm[csufudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tqdkyg tñTef;udef;t& ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfudk jyoonfh EdkifiHrsm;twGuf xkduGm[csufonf ydkíBuD;rm; aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/14 &Sif;vif;csufrsm;xJwGif (u) o,HZmwMuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u &ifqdkif&aom pGrf;aqmif&nfqdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;? (c) taumif txnfazmf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom rl0g'tay: vufcHusifhoHk;rI (Institutional Buy-in) ESifh (*) Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif;twGuf jyifyrufvHk;rsm; yg0ifygonf (tqdkyg taMumif;tcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí ydkrdktao;pdwf od&Sd&ef tuGuf 1 .2 udk Munfhyg)/15

tuGuf 1 .2taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif uGm[csuftaMumif;

Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;

o,HZmw 0ifaiGrsm;xHrS &&Sdonfh rsm;jym;aom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf MoZmtmPm BuD;olrsm; tm; ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf tqdkyg 0ifaiGrsm;udk &,l odkYr[kwf xdef;csKyfEdkifapaom t*wdvkdufpm;rI tjyKtrludk aqmif&Gufvmap&ef rufvHk;rsm;ay;aMumif; okawoe avYvmol rsm;u awGU&SdcJYygonf/ tqdkygvkyf&yfrsm;onf tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmudk rMumcP tm;enf;apavY&SdNyD; t"dusaom XmetzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ b@ma&;ESifh vlYpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd avsmhusapaom vkyf&yfrsm;vnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif yg0ifyg onf/

taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf vdktyfonfh rsm;pGmaom aqmif&Gufolrsm;

o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;\ ynm&yfqefaom oabmobm0aMumifh rsm;pGmaom Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay: wHkYjyefrIrsm; jzpfay:apNyD; qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfrItm; trsm; vufcHxm; aom trsdK;om;&nfrSef;csuf odkYr[kwf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIxHrS aoG znfapygonf/ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf EdkifiHtqifh &nfrSef;csuftm; vlwpfpkrS Oya'rsm; odkYr[kwf rl0g'tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJEdkifaomfvnf; tqdkyg rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfrI &Sd ap&ef rsm;pGmaom Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHrS aemufxyf aqmif&Gufol rsm;pGm vdktyfygonf/

jyifyrufvHk;rsm;

aemufqHk;taejzifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m Oya'udk jyXmef;&ef EdkifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tvSL&Sifrsm;rS jyifyrufvHk;rsm;vnf; &Sdwwfonf/ odkYaomf a'ocHjynfolrsm;\ pdwfyg0ifpm;rI tm;enf;ayvdrfYrnf/

14/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <www.resourcegovernanceindex.org> wGif &&SdEdkifaom 2017 ckESpf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;udk Munfhyg/

15/ Ross (note 7), p. 214.

6


o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; &rSwfrsm;u azmfjyaeonfh taumiftxnfazmfrI uGm[csuf

owif;tcsuftvuf jynfhpHkpGm &&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf tao;pdwfusaom o,HZmw rl0g'rsm; &SdvmaomtcgwGif vuf&Sdrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfrI &Sdap&eftwGuf rsm;pGm vdktyfaeonfh ppfaq;avYvmrIudk jyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/ tpöa&;EdkifiHwGif twdkuftcHygwDonf tmPm&ygwD\ tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m a&G;cs,frIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhEdkifcJYNyD; vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh vuf 0g;BuD;tkyfrI wdkufzsufa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ausmfvGefcsdK;azmufonfh vkyf&yfudk ppfaq;ay; &ef BuD;Muyfa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifcJYonf/ þudpöudk txufw&m;½Hk;rSwqifh aqmif&GufcJYygonf/16

ygwDrsm;u þuGm[csufudk zefwD;jcif; ESifh udkifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf om"uwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ 1990 jynfhNyD; aESmif;ydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif tmPm&ygwDonf a&eHrS&&Sd aom tcGeftcrsm;udk twdkuftcHygwDu csKyfudkifxm;aom jynfe,frsm;xH csay;&ef wGefYqkwf aecJYygonf/ twdkuftcHygwDonf EdkifiHawmftqifh ESifh jynfe,ftqifh ESpfckvHk;wGif axmufcHrI ydkrdk&&Sdvmojzifh tqdkyg jynfe,fwpfckwGif wif&Sdaeaom ay;acs&rnfrsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef aemufqHk;ü w&m;pGJqdkrI jyKcJYygonf/17

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16/ tcef; (2) wGif tpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/17/ tcef; (2) wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

Oya'rlabmif vufawGUaumif;

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70 73 66 64 59 60 47 34 36 22

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7


jyK OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfrsm;udk azmfxkwfa&G;cs,f&ef ta&;ygaom tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yf jzpf ygonf/ ygwDtzGJU0ifrsm;wGif vTwfawmfqdkif&m ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m XmetzGJUtpnf;rsm;\tydkif;aygif;pHkrS yg0ifEdkifNyD; ygwDtay: opöm&SdrIonf rMumcPqdkovdk wpfOD;csif; rl0g'avYvm oHk;oyfrIxuf vTrf;rdk; ausmfvGefavY&SdaomaMumifh tpdk;&tzGJU wpf&yfvHk;wGif ygwD\ &yfwnfrI rsm;\ wowfrwfwnf; &SdrI azmfaqmifjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfrI uGm[csufudk ajz&Sif;&ef ygwDrsm;onf txl;aumif;rGefaom taetxm;rSm &Sdaeygonf/18 ¤if;wdkYonf taumiftxnfazmfrIudk apmifhMunfh&ef wm0ef&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tygt0if t"duusaom Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xH vdktyfonfh aiGaMu; ESifh vlYpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; csay;&efvnf; pnf;½Hk;axmufcHay;Edkifygonf/

cdkifrmaom ygwDrsm;onf trSefwu,f jzpfay:aom t*wdvdkufpm;rIESifh ,lq&aom t*wdvdkufpm;rIwdkYtay: wkHYjyef&ef tultnDay;Edkifonfobm0 o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrIonf t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfyGm;Edkifajcrsm;aom e,fy,fwpfck jzpfyg onf/ tvGefrsm;jym;aom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;ESifh ydkrdkvQdKU0Sufaom oabmobm0aMumifh wdkif; jynf\ tusdK;xufpmvQif udk,fusdK;&Sm tjrwfxkwfrnfh ,kwfrmolrsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkifygonf/ vlyk*¾dKvftenf;i,fu t*wdvdkufpm;rIwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufaomtcgwGif ygwDwpfckvHk;twGuf emrnfysufapEdkifNyD; xdkemrnfysufrIonf tpdk;&tzGJU wpfckvHk;tay:vnf; usa&mufvmEkdifyg onf/ b&mZD;EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHydkif a&eHukrÜPD yg0ifonfh a':vm 5 bDvD,Hzdk; t*wd vdkufpm;rI jzpf&yfaMumifh tmPm& ygwDtay: qefYusif jzKwfcsjcif;txd jzpfvmcJYNyD; jynfolrsm;tMum; rauseyfrIESifh qE´jyrIvnf; qufvufjzpfyGm;cJYygonf/19 cdkifrmaom o,HZmwqdkif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrIwpf&yf txl;ojzifh yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh t*wdvdkufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&;qdkif&m ppf aq;rIrsm;ESifhywfoufí owfrSwfcsufrsm; yg0ifonfh rl0g'&yfwnfrI wpf&yfonf t*wdvdkuf pm;rI jzpfyGm;Edkifajcudk avQmhcsay;EdkifNyD; t*wdvdkufpm;aom vkyf&yf jzpfyGm;aomtcgwGif ygwD wGif;&Sd tjcm;olrsm;twGuf wkYHjyefEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;udkvnf; jr§ifhwifay;Edkifygonf/ rav; &Sm;EdkifiHwGif twdkuftcHygwD wpfckjzpfaom Democratic Action Party onf ¤if;\ ygwD rl0g'wGif obm0 o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf wl;azmfa&;u@ yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifa&; (Extractive Industries Transperancy Initiative – EITI) tm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; ponfh yGifhvif;jrifomrIqdkif&m tpDtrHrsm;udk xnfhoGif;cJYygonf/ ygwDonf tqdkyg tpDtrHrsm;udk cs rSwf usifhoHk;cJYjcif;rSm OD;aqmifygwD\ yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh ,lq&aom t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfyGm;Edkifonfh tvm;tvmrS cGJxGuf&eftwGufvnf; wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpfygonf/20 NcHKMunfh vQif t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfyGm;aMumif; trSefwu,f taxmuftxm;xufpmvQif t*wdvdkuf pm;rI &Sdonf[laom xifjrifcsufonf tjcm;t&mrsm;tjyif zGHUNzdK;a&; rdwfquftzGJUrsm;u cs rSwfonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tcsuftvuf ay;Edkifygonf/

tpöa&;EdkifiHrS rMumao;rDu &&SdcJYaom tawGUtBuHKu &Sif;vif;aom tkyfcsKyfrI r[mAsL[m r&Sd

18/ Bryan, S. and Hofmann, B. (eds) Transparency and Accountability in Africa’s Extractive Industries: The Role of the Legislature (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 2007)

19/ Watts, J., ‘Operation Car Wash: Is this the biggest corruption scandal in history?’, The Guardian, 1 June 2017, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/01/brazil-operation-car-wash-is-this-the-biggest-corruption-scandal-in-history>.

20/ tcef; (2) wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIESifh <http://transparency.org.my/media-and-publications/press-release/ti-m-2014malaysia-corruption-barometer-mcb-results/> wGif zwf½IEdkif aom Transparency International Malaysia, Malaysia Corruption Barometer, 2014 wdkYudk Munfhyg/ (EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf wdkif;jynftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;rI trsm;qHk;jzpfonf[k ,lqaMumif; awGU&Sdjcif;)

8


jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifaom EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m qHk;½IH;Edkifajcrsm;udk azmfjyaeygonf/ tmPm& ygwDtwGif; aumif;rGefaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESifhywfoufí oabmrwlnDrI wpf&yfaMumifh vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf\ vkyfief;pOfESifh &v'fESifhywfoufNyD; 0efBuD;csKyf ESifh ¤if;tpdk;&tzGJU\ t"du tzGJU0ifrsm;tMum; vlod&SifMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJrI jzpfyGm;cJYygonf/ ygwDwGif; oabmxm;uGJvGJrIESifh t*wdvkdufpm;rI umuG,fa&;twGuf ygwDü BudKwiftpDtrHrsm; r&Sdjcif;aMumifh 0efBuD;csKyf\ oabmwlnDcsufonf wdkufcdkufcH&&ef vG,fulNyD; ygwD\ EdkifiHa&; &yfwnfrIudk tm;enf;apum wdkif;jynf\ n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;EdkifrI tajctaeudkvnf; tm;enf;vm apEdkifonf/21

tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifaom rl0g'rsm;onf bHkoabmwlnDrI wnfaqmufay;EdkifNyD; a'oEå& pdk;&drfylyefrIrsm;udk wkHYjyefay;Edkifum y#dyu©udk avQmhcsay;Edkifygonfobm0 o,HZmwrsm;wGif txl;ojzifh BuHKawGU&aom pdefac:rIwpf&yfrSm o,HZmw MuG,f0rI onf EdkifiH\ ao;i,faom tpdwftydkif;wpfckwnf;wGif rMumcP pkpnf;aeavY &Sdygonf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfuGufrsm;\ teD;qHk;wGif aexdkifolrsm;onf wdkif;jynf\ usefa'o rsm;xufpmvQif o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ qdk;&Gm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk yHkrSeftm;jzifh ykdrdkcHpm; Mu&NyD; tusdK;quftm;jzifh &&Sdvmaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;tay: &,lcHpm;vdkpdwfvnf; ydkrdkjyif; xefygonf/ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom a'orsm;rS toHrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;&efrSm rl0g' qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGif pdefac:rIwpf&yf jzpfEdkifygonf/ tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif xdkodkY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;jcif; r&SdaomaMumifh y#dyu©yif jzpfyGm;vmEdkifygonf/ trsm;yg0ifEdkifrI wnfaqmufjcif;twGuf toHk;jyKonfh enf;vrf;ESpfckrSm a'orsm;tMum; qufoG,fajymqdkrIwGif tpdk;&u xdyfydkif;rS atmufodkY aqmif&Gufonfh enf;vrf;ESifh a'ocHvlxk\ tjrifrsm;udk ygwD &yfwnfrIrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;yg0ifapaom atmufydkif;rS xdyfydkif;odkY aqmif&Gufonfh enf;vrf; jzpfygonf/

aemfa0 ESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif ygwD &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJjcif;onf EdkifiHawmftqifh rl0g' qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif a'ocHrsm;\ toHrsm;udk yg0ifapaom enf;vrf;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ aemfa0EdkifiHonf aiGpk&efyHkaiGESifhywfoufNyD; ¤if;\ ygwDpHk oabmwlnDcsufaMumifh ausmfMum;yg onf/ odkYaomf tmwdwf&Sd e,fajrtopfrsm;wGif o,HZmw wl;azmfcGifh jyKrnf? rjyKrnf ESifh a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk tajccHtaqmuftOD; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf toHk;jyKrnf? rjyK rnfwdkYESifhywfoufí wdkif;jynfwGif; oabmxm;uGJvGJrI &SdcJYNyD; o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfuGuf rsm;ESifh eD;uyfrItay: rlwnfí uGJvGJaomtjrifrsm; &SdcJYygonf/ a&eHxGuf&Sdonfh taemufawmif ydkif;a'orsm;wGif tm;aumif;aom Progress Party onf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk n§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;twGuf jynfwGif;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;\ ta&;ygrIESifhywfoufí ¤if;\ &yfwnfrI udk ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tzGJU\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tjzpf azmfaqmifcJYygonf/22 txufwGif aqG;aEG;cJY onfhtwdkif; rav;&Sm;EdkifiH qm&m0ufjynfe,frS Barisan Nasional ygwD0ifrsm;onf a'oEå & tpdk;&tm; 0ifaiG cGJa0ay;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom udpö&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftqifh ygwDaqG;aEG; yGJwGif yg0ifvmap&ef vkyfaqmifcJYMuygonf/

21/ tcef; (2) wGif tpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/22/ tcef; (2) wGif aemfa0EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

9


tuGuf 1 .3EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifh w&m;0ifESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfaomapmifhMunfh Muyfrwfolrsm;tMum; qufqHa&;

vTwfawmfrsm;? w&m;½Hk;rsm;? pm&if;ppfcsKyfXmersm;? t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; tkyfpkrsm;? owif; axmufrsm;ESifh bmom&yf ynm&Sifrsm; todkif;t0dkif;jzpfMuaom w&m;0ifESifh w&m;0ifr[kwf aom apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ o,HZmw rl0g' &yfwnfrI rsm;udk rJqE´&Sifrsm;tm; today; ajymMum;&ef ulnD&mwGif ESifh rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrI tqifajy acsmarGUatmif aqmif&Gufay;&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifEdkifygonf/

rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdapjcif;

o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIonf ynm&yfqefaom acgif;pOfwpfck jzpfaomaMumifh ygwDtrsm;pkonf ¤if;wdkY\ o,HZmw rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm; &,l&ef w&m; 0ifESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfaom apmifhMunfh Muyfrwfolrsm;u pkaqmif;ay;aom toHk;jyKjcif;u taxmuftuljzpfaMumif; awGU&SdMuygonf/ Oyrm aemfa0EdkifiHwGif ygwDrsm;ESifh tpdk;& tzGJUrsm; onf trsdK;rsdK;aom &yfwnfrIrsm;\ aemufuG,f&Sd ynm&yfqdkif&m eufeJ ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;udk em; vnf&ef bmom&yfynm&Sifrsm; todkif;t0dkif; ESifh tusdK;tjrwfr,laom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh rMumcP aqG;aEG;wdkifyifavY &Sdygonf/23 udkvHbD,m&Sd t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf owÅKwl;azmfrIrS &&Sdaom tcGefrsm;udk a'oEå& e,fajrrsm;ESifh taumif;qHk; rQa0Edkifrnfh enf; vrf;taMumif; ygwD\ tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd &ef a'oEå& 0ifaiGcGJa0jcif;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItMum; qufpyfrIrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avYvm aom okawoe avYvmrIudk tus,fw0ifh aqmif&GufcJYygonf/24 tvm;wlyif *gemEdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí &yfwnfrIrsm; a&; qGJ&ef BudK;yrf;aepOf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItaMumif; wifjyrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf;rS vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk zdwfMum;cJYygonf/25 awmiftmz&du\ tmPm&ygwDjzpf aom ANC ygwDwGif ¤if;\ udk,fydkif wwfodynm&SiftzGJU &SdNyD; okawoe avYvmrI trsm; tjym; jyKvkyfcJYygonf/

rJqE´&Sifrsm;ESifh ajymqdkqufqHjcif;

o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;onf ½IyfaxG;ygonf/ þu@u zefwD;vdkufaom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif &Sif;vif;NyD; usdK;aMumif;cdkifvHkaom axmufjy ajymqdkrI rsm; jyKvkyf&eftwGuf cufcJapygonf/ EdkifiHrsm;pGmwGif t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; rsm;pGmjzifh zGJU pnf;xm;aom nGefYaygif;tzGJUrsm;onf aumif;rGefaom o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tavYtx jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf pnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmf&ef aqmif&GufMuNyD; tqdkygudpö&yfrsm;\ ta&;ygrIudk trsm;jynfolxH &Sif;vif;ajymjyMuygonf/ Oyrm ta&SUwDarmEdkifiHwGif Luta Hammutuk [laom NGO onf topfawGU&Sdaom a&eHodkufrsm;\ tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh a&eHqdkif&m &efyHkaiGwpf&yf wnfaxmif&ef vdktyf&onfh taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajymjy

23/ tcef; (2) wGif aemfa0EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/24/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Foro Nacional Por Colombia \ 0ufbfqdk'fudk <https://www.foronacional.org/formulario> wGif Munfhyg/25/ tcef; (2) wGif *gemEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

10


&ef wpfEkdifiHvHk;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJYygonf/26 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm; ESifhywfoufí jynfolvlxk\ taxGaxGA[kokwudk wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifh Luta Hammu- tuk onf wdkif;jynf\ a&eHydkifqdkifrItm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yftjzpf rnf odkY taumif;qHk; pDrHcefYcGJ&rnfESifhywfoufí aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef EkdifiHa&;ygwD ESpfckvHk;udk ulnDay;cJYygonf/

taumiftxnfazmfrIudk yHYydk;ay;jcif;

apmifhMunfh Muyfrwfolrsm;uvnf; taumiftxnfazmfrIudk yHYydk;ay;jcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jynfhrSDatmif aqmif&Guf&ef tultnD ay;Edkifygonf/ tpöa&;EdkifiHü tjiif;yGm;zG,fjzpfaom vdkifpifxkwfay;onfh tokwfwGif tpöa&; EkdifiH txufw&m;½Hk;onf twdkuftcHygwDrsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuft& a&eHqdkif&m vkyfief;oabm wlnDcsuf wpfckudk &yfqdkif;cJYygonf/27 b&mZD;EdkifiHwGif pm&if;ppfcsKyf w&m;½Hk; (Supreme Audit Court) onf trsdK;om;a&eHukrÜPDESifh qufpyfaeaom t*wdvdkufpm;rIwGif rnfonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;u rnfodkY yg0ifcJYonfudk &Sif;vif;&mwGif t"du tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJYygonf/ t&yf buf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIudk yHYydk;aomvufawGU A[kokwESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;xH ay;EdkifpGrf;ukd ydkrdkjr§ifhwifvmMuygonf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;udk pepfwus apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfEdkif&ef vdktyfaom aqmif &GufEdkifpGrf; &Sdvmjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;twGuf xdwfvefYzG,faumif;aom tvm;tvm wpf&yf jzpfaomfvnf; o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; toHk;jyKrIESifh wl;azmfrI\ xdcdkuf oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf ygwDwpfcktm; ¤if;\ apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&;qdkif&m BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIrsm;udk rnfonfhe,fy,f wGif t"duxm; tm½Hkpdkuf aqmif&Gufoifhonfudk azmfxkwfa&G;cs,f&ef tultnDay;Edkifygonf/

o,HZmw ydkifqdkifrI\ pD;yGm;a&; pdefac:rIrsm; - vQdKU0SufrIESifh aps;EIef; twuftus jrefrIwdkYMum;rS a&&SnfcHaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm; &&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmwqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf &&SdrI rnDjcif;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\ jrifhrm;aom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;? 0ifaiGtajymif;tvJ jrefjcif;ESifh o,HZmwrsm;\ ukefcrf;oGm;Edkif jcif; paom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;udk tarQmf tjrif&SdNyD; a&&SnfwnfwHYaom enf;vrf;jzifh udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&ef aumif;rGefaomtaetxm; wGif &SdonfrSm &Sm;yg;vSygonf/ odkYaomf &Sif;vif;NyD; taMumif;t&m tpHktviftay: tajccH aom rl0g' &yfwnfrIwpf&yfudk wwfEdkiforQ apmpD;pGm owfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;onf tqdkyg pdefac: rIrsm;udk udkifwG,f&ef? o,HZmwwl;azmfrIrS &&SdaomtusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk wkd;jr§ifh&efESifh xdktusdK; tjrwfrsm;udk aemufydkif;rsdK;qufrsm; &&SdcHpm;Edkifap&ef taxmuftul jzpfapEdkifygonf/ þ tydkif;wGif obm0 o,HZmwrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m t"du xdcdkufEdkifajcrsm; ESifh ¤if;wdkYudk avsmhyg;oufomap&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u aqmif&GufEdkifonfh xl;jcm;aomtcef; u@wdkYudk &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygonf/

26/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Luta Hamutuk Institute \ 0ufbfqdk'fudk <http://www.lutahamutukinstitute.org/> wGif Munfhyg/27/ tcef; (2) wGif tpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

11


ynm&yfqdkif&m taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHxm;aom ygwD rl0g'rsm;onf EdkifiHrsm;tm; o,HZmw wl;azmfjcif;twGuf aumif;rGefaom vkyfief;oabmwlnDrI &&Sdatmif ulnDay;Edkifygonfo,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIwGif rMumcP BuHKawGU&avY&Sdaom aemufxyf pdefac:rIwpf&yfrSm o,H Zmw wl;azmfa&;u@rS ukrÜPDrsm;onf o,HZmw MuG,f0aom wdkif;jynfrsm;rS tpdk;&rsm;xuf A[kokw ESifh pOf;pm;ÓmPf ydkrdkavY&Sdygonf/ þtcsufonf vkyfief;oabmwl pmcsKyfqdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESifhomvQif oufqdkifonfr[kwfbJ vdkifpifcsay;jcif; pepfrsm;\ yHkpH? tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIpepfESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usif? vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh jynfwGif; yg0ifrIqdkif&m wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufrI&Sdygonf/

þowif;tcsuftvuf uGm[rIonf vkyfief;u@\ ynm&yfqefaom oabm obm0? yk*¾vdu u@\ vQdKU0SufrI ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;\ o,HZmwrsm;ESifh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m enf;uyfrIwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmygonf/ þodkY owif;tcsuftvuf &&SdrIESifhywfoufí [efcsufrnDrIESifh qufpyf jzpfay:vmaom t,HktMunf r&SdrIaMumifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\ o,HZmwrsm;xHrS tusdK;tjrwf tjynfht0 r&&Sdjcif; jzpfvmapEdkifygonf/ Oyrm wefZefeD;,m;EdkifiHwGif tpdk;&u Barrick Gold ukrÜPDtm; tcGefoufomap&ef 2000-2017 ckESpftxd a&T ykdYaqmifrIrsm;udk avQmhayghazmfjycJYonf[k pGyfpGJcJYygonf/ aemufqHk;wGif tpdk;&u jynfyodkY wifydkYrIrsm;udk ,m,D ydwfyifcJYNyD;aemufydkif; qufvufjzpfay:vmaom tacstwifaqG;aEG;rIonf ½IyfaxG;NyD; vGefpGm tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfcJYonfhtjyif ukefusp&dwfvnf; rsm;cJYygonf/28 o,HZmw MuG,f0aom wdkif;jynfrsm;onf rMumcPqdkovdk ½IyfaxG;aom qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;pGmudk vsifjrefpGm jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfavY&SdNyD; tpkd;&rsm;onf udpö&yfrsm;udk tjynfht0 em;vnfxm;jcif; r&SdaomaMumifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; tompD; &&Sdapygonf/

ygwDrsm;onf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufí tao;pdwf &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowfrSwf vdkufaomtcg ygwDwpfckvHk;wGif ynm&yfqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tay: em;vnfoabmaygufrIudk jr§ifhwif&ef ESifh pdefac:rIrsm;udk A[kokwESifh tiftm;udk aemufcHjyKonfh taetxm;rS wkYHjyef aqmif&GufEkdifrnfh tvm;tvmrsm;udk wdk;wufatmif jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfcsufudk zefwD;ay;ygonf/ ,cifvTwfawmftrwfESifh awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ wGif;xGufo,HZmwqdkif&m vTwfawmfaumfrwD \ Ouú|jzpfaom Faith Bikaniu ]aumfrwDu rJ&&SdaomtcgwGif uREfkyftaejzifh cdkifrmaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEdkifonfh taetxm;wGif &Sdaeap&ef tmPm&ygwDESifh tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&mrl0g' rsm;twGif; udpö&yf tm;vHk;udk owÅKwGif;ESifh wGif;xGufrl0g' e,fy,fwGif uRrf;usifrI&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrS vdktyfaom yHYydk;rIjzifh tao;pdwf tjyeftvSef ar;cGef;xkwf aqG;aEG;&ef ta&; BuD;onf} [k &Sif;jycJYygonf/ þtcsufonf txl;ojzifh vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh pyf vsOf;í aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif vsifjrefaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfjcif;ESifhywfoufí vkdtyfaomtcgwGif tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;tay: t,HktMunf&Sd&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ &Sif;vif;aom ygwD &yfwnfrIrsm;onf Oyrmtm;jzifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme ESifh owÅKwGif;0efBuD;XmewdkYtm; tcsdwftqufr&Sd aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk a&SmifMuOf&efESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tay: ¤if;wdkY qufqHrIonf wpfowfrwfwnf;&Sdaom &yfwnfrIwpf&yftay: tajccHap&efvnf; taxmuftuljyKEdkifygonf/

28/ Reuters owif;rS 2017 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif azmfjycJYaom Barrick Gold ukrÜPD\ wefZefeD;,m;EdkifiHwGif jyKvkyfaom vkyfief;oabmwlnDrIonf ukefusp&dwfrsm;aom om"uwpf&yf jzpfvmEdkifonf (Barrick Gold’s Tanzania deal may set expensive precedent)’ <http://www.reuters.com/article/barrick-gold-acacia-shareholders/barrick-golds-tanzania-deal-may-set-expensive-precedent-shareholers-idUSL2N1MZ1F4>.

12


ygwDrsm;onf arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJay;jcif;ESifh a&&SnfpDrHudef;udk yHYydk;ay;jcif;twGuf ulnDEdkifygonfobm0 o,HZmwESifh qufpyfaom 0ifaiGtajrmuftjrm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf rMumcP qdkovdk jynfolvlxktMum; ½kwfw&uf BuD;rm;aom tjymif;tvJ jzpfvmrnf[k tvGeftrif; arQmfrSef;xm;rIrsm; &SdvmapavY &Sdygonf/29 tqdkyg arQmfrSef;csufrsm;onf o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;\ tajymif;tvJjrefNyD; yHkysufapaom oufa&mufrIrsm; wkdif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepf tay: usa&mufvmjcif;rS umuG,fay;Edkifaom pkaiG &efyHkaiGrsm; wnfaxmifjcif; tp&Sdonfh a&&SnfarQmfrSef;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&ef tpdk;&twGuf cufcJapEdkifygonf/30

*gemEdkifiHwGif 2008 ckESpfü a&eH&SmazGawGU&SdcJYaomtcg t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;wGif &Sif;vif;NyD; tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHktay: tajccHaom o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m &yfwnfrIrsm; r&SdcJYbJ trsm;jynfol arQmfrSef;csufrsm;\ oufa&mufrIudk ydkrkdtvG,fwul cHpm;&ygonf/ 2008 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rwdkifcif umvrsm;wGif xdkpOfu twdkuftcHygwD\ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wpfOD; jzpfonfh or®w John Atta-Mills onf ]þEdkifiHu o,HZmwrsm; tvGef aygMuG,f0ygw,f/ «...» oifwdkYtaejzifh oifwdkYvkyfcsifwm vkyfvdkY&apzdkY uREfkyfwdkYu uREfkyfwdkY\ o,HZmwrsm;udk toHk;jyKygr,f} [k axmufcHolrsm;udk ajymcJYygonf/31 aemufESpfESpfMumNyD; a&eHaps;rsm; usqif; oGm;aomtcg ygwDrsm;onf a&wdk o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m rl0g'\ vlodrsm;aom aiGaMu; qdkif&m tEå&m,frsm;rS wdkif;jynfudk umuG,fay;&ef jyifqifxm;jcif; r&SdaMumif;ESifh a&eH aps; aumif;&cJYpOfu bwf*sufudk tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJcJYonfhtwGuf aemufydkif; bwf*suf vdkaiGjyrI tBuD;tus,f jzpfvmaMumif; tvsiftjref ay:aygufvmcJYygonf/32

ygwDrsm;onf vkyfief;u@ tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifh aps;EIef; twuftusrsm;tay: vQifjrefaom wkHYjyefrIrsm; jyKvkyfapEdkifygonfukefypönf; aps;EIef;rsm; tNrJwrf; twuftus jzpfaejcif;aMumifh wdkif;jynf\ o,HZmwrsm;udk xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;tay: BuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm; &Sdvmapygonf/33 owÅKwGif;wpfck \ oufwrf;onf o,HZmw wpfckck\ a,bk,s xkwfvkyfrI oufwrf;uJhodkYyif EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH twGuf a&G;cs,fEdkifaom rl0g'rsm;tay: tajymif;tvJ jzpfapygonf/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf rMumao;rDurS o,HZmwrsm;xGuf&SdaMumif; awGU&Sdxm;onfh wdkif;jynf topfrsm;wGif pGefYpm;rI ykdí rjyKvdkMuaomfvnf; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif o,HZmwrsm;udk trsm;pk xkwf,loHk;pGJNyD;jzpfaom tcgwGifvnf; &&SdcHpm;p&m tusdK;tjrwf ydkíenf;ygonf/ tpdk;& rl0g'rsm;onf tqdkyg ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;tay: wkHYjyefaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/

Oyrm yD½l;EdkifiHwGif tpdk;&u "mwfaiGUodkuf wpfodkufudk 1984 ckESpfwGif &SmazGawGU&SdcJYaomfvnf; pwifxkwfvkyf&ef ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf MumcJYygonf/ "mwfaiGUaps;EIef;rsm; tBuD;tus,f us

29/ Ross (note 7)

30/ Collier P. a&;om;aom tmz&duwGif obm0 o,HZmwrsm;ESifh y#dyu© (Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa) <http://the-beacon.info/countries/africa/natural-resouces-and-conflict-in-africa/>.

31/ Rachel Boynton ½dkuful;cJYaom rSwfwrf;½kyf&Sif Big Men (2013: Boynton Films), 35:30.

32/ tcef; (2) wGif *gemEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/33/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Natural Resource Governance Institute u a&;om;aom aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;NyD;

qHk;½IH;Edkifajcrsm; jrifhwufvmjcif; - ypönf;aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;jcif; taMumif;rsm; (Falling Prices, Rising Risks: A Series on Low Commodity Prices) <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/collection/falling-prices-rising-risks-series-low-commodity-prices>.

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qif;cJYNyD;aemuf 2016 ckESpfwGif wdkif;jynf\ "mwfaiGUokdufrsm;xJrS wpfodkufonf arQmfrSef;xm; onfxuf ydkrdkao;i,faeaMumif; od&SdcJYNyD; xkwfvkyfrIESifhywfoufonfh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tajc taersm;tay: tajymif;tvJ jzpfapcJYygonf/ wdkif;jynftaejzifh ¤if;\ "mwfaiGUtwGuf aps; aumif; qufvuf&&Sdap&eftvdkYiSm ygwDrsm;onf vkyfief;oabmwlnDrItay: tqdkyg topf jzpfay:vmaom tajctaeESifh udkufnDonfh &yfwnfrIrsm; csrSwf&ef vdktyfvmcJYygonf/34 þ tajctaewGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfatmif tvG,fwul ajymif;vJEdkif&rnfjzpfNyD; xdkodkYaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk avsmhusapNyD; tpuwnf;u a&&SnftwGuf pDpOfrI&Sdonfh rl0g'qdkif&m tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; zefwD;ay;&yg rnf/ tvm;wlyif *gemEdkifiHwGif a&eHaps;rsm; tBuD;tus,f usqif;oGm;aomtcgwGif Oya' wpf&yftay: tvGeftrif; tav;xm;jcif;onf ygwDrsm;tm; tjcm;rl0g'qdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí xdcdkufvG,foGm;apaMumif; ygwDrsm;u awGU&SdcJYMuygonf/ ygwDrsm;onf a&eHaps; usqif;rI tusyftwnf;ESifh a&eHaps; usqif;rIESifhwpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif jzpfyGm;aom tvGefrsm;jym; onfh EdkifiHYaMuG;NrDwdkYaMumifh aps;EIef;usqif;aeaom tajctaewGif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI azmfaqmif ay;Edkifrnfh ydkrdktao;pdwfusaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJcJYygonf/

tuGuf 1 .4ygwDwpfckESifhwpfckMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rI\ xl;jcm;aom wefzdk;

ygwDwpfckESifhwpfckMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIESifh oabmwlnDrI &,ljcif;onf a,bk,stm; jzifh tvGef pdefac:rIrsm;NyD; EdkifiHa&;t& pGefYpm;rIrsm;aom tvkyfjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf o,HZmw ydkifqdkifrI\ a&&Snfjzpfaom oabm obm0ESifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m ajz&Sif;rI enf;vrf; rsm;onf rSDcdktm;xm;vdkY&&ef vdktyfaomaMumifh ygwDwpfckESifhwpfckMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG; rIonf txl; ta&;ygNyD; wpfcgwpf&H rjzpfrae vdktyfygonf/ þtuGufwGif o,HZmw MuG,f0rIESifhywfoufaom rl0g'rsm;udk ygwDaygif;pHk 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG; aqmif&Gufjcif;u wpfEdkifiH vHk;twGuf rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh ta&;BuD;onfudk om"uESpfckjzifh &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;yg rnf/

0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI - EdkifiHonf &orQ0ifaiGudk oHk;pGJEdkifojzifh a&&SnftwGuf aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrI

o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGudk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJ&efrSm aps;EIef;twuftus jrefqefrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom a&wdk pdefac:rIrsm; ESifh &orQ oHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;ESifh ukefcrf;oGm;EdkifrIwdkYaMumifh jzpf ay:vmaom a&&Snf pdefac:rI ESpfrsdK;vHk;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ tu,fí tqdkyg pdefac:rIrsm;tay: wkYHjyefrIonf a&G;aumufyGJ puf0ef;wpfckpDtay: vdkufí ajymif;vJyg u wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;tay: qdk;&Gm;aom tusdK;qufrsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/ pum;csD;wGif azmfjyxm;cJYonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHa&;t& bHkoabmwlnDcsuf &&Sdatmif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;\ tusdK; aus;Zl;rsm;ESifhywfoufí csDvDEdkifiHu om"uwpfck jzpfygonf/ csDvDEdkifiHonf tjcm;EdkifiH trsm;pkxufpmvQif ukefypönf;aps;EIef; twuftusrsm;udk avsmhyg;apEdkifcJYNyD; taMumif;rSm ¤if;\ tm;aumif;aom ygwDpepfrS jzpfay:vmonfh a&SUa&; BudKawG;aom tcGef0ifaiGqdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh tpDtrHrsm;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ aemfa0EdkifiHrSmvnf; cdkifrmaom om"u wpfckjzpfNyD; a&&SnfwnfwHYrI\ ta&;ygrIESifh jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;\ pkyf,loHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;tay: uefY owfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufí EdkifiHa&;t& us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vufcHrIonf tcGefaumufcHonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk yHYydk;ay;xm;ygonf/

34/ tcef; (2) wGif yD½l;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

14


ta&SUwDarmEdkifiHrS EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf a&eHrS&&Sdonfh 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJjcif;twGuf cdkifrmaom pepfwpf&yf zefwD;&ef BudK;yrf;cJYjcif;jzpfNyD; tcuftcJrsm;vnf; awGUBuHKcJY&ygonf/ ta&SUwDarm EdkifiHwGif a&eHpwifawGU&SdcJYpOfu t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDESpfckjzpfaom Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) ESifh Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) wdkYu &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk aemifrsdK;qufrsm;twGuf pkaqmif;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&eH &efyHkaiGwpf&yf zefwD;ay;aom Oya'rsm;udk jy|mef;&ef twlwuG aqmif&GufcJYMuygonf/35 0ifaiGrsm;udk ESpftenf;i,f aumufcHNyD;aemuf EdkifiHtwGuf a&wdk vdktyfcsufrsm;onf aemif rsdK;qufrsm;twGuf a&&Snf tusdK;tjrwfrsm;xuf ykdrdkrsm;jym;aMumif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u vufcHvmcJYMuygonf/ &v'ftaejzifh EdkifiHtpdk;&onf &efyHkaiGxJrS aiGaMu;rsm;udk pwifoHk;pGJ&ef BudK;yrf;cJYygonf/ tpdk;&ESifh wdkif;jynf\ pkyf,loHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;onf tvGefedrfhusaeaomaMumifh aiG aMu;rsm;pGmudk csufcsif; xda&mufpGm toHk;rjyKEdkifaMumif; ygwDESpfckvHk;u tvsiftjrefyif od&Sd vmcJYygonf/ &v'ftaejzifh t"du ygwDESpfckonf jynfwGif;vkyfom;rsm;\ t&nftcsif;rsm; jr§ifhwifjcif;? qufpyf tajccH taqmufttHk ESifh tpdk;&\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI pepfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif; tygt0if EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;\ pkyf,loHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;udk jrifhwufaprnfh enf;vrf;jzifh aiGaMu;oHk;pGJjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;aom ESpf 20 r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfudk wdkif;jynftwGuf zefwD;&ef twlwuG aqmif&GufcJYMuygonf/36

tcGefaumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI

ygwDwpfckESifhwpfcktMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIrS tusdK;tjrwf &&SdEdkifaom o,HZmw tkyf csKyfrI\ aemufxyfe,fy,fwpfckrSm o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf tcGefaumufcHrI qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfjcif; jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHrsm;onf wnfNidrfNyD; tm;udk;tm;xm; jyKEdkifaom rlabmifwpf&yf&SdaMumif; tmrcHcsufrsm; ay;EdkifaomtcgwGif tm;taumif;qHk;ESifh ,HkMunftm;udk;vdkY t&qHk; o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDrsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkifavY &Sdygonf/ tu,fí ukrÜPDrsm;u owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJpuf0ef; wpfckcsif;pDtvdkuf ajymif;vJEdkifonf[k xifjrif,lqygu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf xdkEdkifiHwGif vkyfief;vnfywf vkyfudkif&ef a&G;cs,fEdkifajc enf;yg;Edkifygonf odkYr[kwf ueOD;wGif usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfrI r&Sd aom owfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd awmif;qdkvmEdkifajc ydkírsm;ygonf/

ZrfbD,mEdkifiHwGif 2008 ckESpf aemufydkif;ü wGif;xGufwl;azmfa&;qdkif&m tcGefpepfonf EdkifiH a&; OD;aqmifrIESifhywfoufí ajymif;vJrIwpfck jzpfay:wdkif; vdkufajymif;cJYygonf/ xdkodkY ajymif; vJrIaMumifh tBuD;rm;qHk;aom wGif;xGufwl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDrsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ vufawGU owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk qef;ppfEdkifonfh 2015 ckESpf trsdK;om; a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDwGif vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;udk &yfqdkif;cJYygonf/ ZrfbD,mEdkifiH&Sd puf0ef;tm; avYvmqef;ppfcJYaom tcGefqdkif&m uRrf;usifolu ]þtajctaeonf ½dk;om;aom tcGefxrf;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\tusdK;tjrwftwGuf Oya'qdkif&m r&Sif;vif;rIudk tcGifhaumif;,l&ef? r½dk;om;aom tcGefxrf; rsm;tm; tcGefwdrf;a&Smif&ef «ESifh» tcGefpDrHtkyfcsKyfrItwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfay:&ef tvm;

35/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/documents/investing-for-the-future-timor-lestes-petroleum-fund.pdf> wGif Triwibowo, D. ESifh Seixas Miranda, N. A. a&; om;aom tem*wftwGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif; - ta&SUwDarm\ a&eH&efyHkaiG (Investing for the Future: Timor-Leste’s Petroleum Fund) (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016) udk Munfhyg/

36/ <http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Timor-Leste-Strategic-Plan-2011-20301.pdf> wGif &,lEdkifaom trsdK;om;vTwfawmfxH wifoGif;cJYonfh rluGJjzpfaom ta&SUwDarmEdkifiH\ r[m AsL[mus zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef; (Strategic Development Plan) 2011-2013 ckESpf/

15


tvmudk jrifhwufapcJYygonf} [k &Sif;jycJYygonf/37 tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHwGif vdkifpifrsm; xkwfay; aom tmPmydkiftzGJUonf ygwDwpfckrS wpfckodkY tul;tajymif;rsm;jzpfwdkif; A[dktpdk;&tzGJUESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tMum; ajymif;vJcJYygonf/38 o,HZmw wl;azmfrIwGif yk*¾vdu u@\ yg0ifrIonf tqdkyg a&G;aumufyGJ puf0ef;rsm;\ &v'frsm;tay: rsm;pGm rlwnfí ajymif;vJcJYyg onf/ &v'ftm;jzifh ygwDtajymif;tvJrsm; rjzpfrcsif; o,HZmw wl;azmfrI pDrHudef;rsm;onf rMumcPqdkovdk &yfqdkif;aecJYjcif; odkYr[kwf vkyfuGuftopfrsm;tm; r&SmazGjcif;wdkY jzpfcJYyg onf/ tqdkygudpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí bHkoabmwlnDrI zefwD;ay;aom ygwDwpfckESifh wpfck tMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIonf wowfrwfwnf;&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk qGJaqmifaom rlabmifwpf&yf zefwD;ay;&ef taxmuftulay;EdkifNyD; tpdk;&tm; 0ifaiGtrsm;qHk; &&Sdatmif aumif;rGefonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; ay;ygonf/

aemufxyfajcvSrf;rsm;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm o,HZmwusdefpmESifh qufpyfaom pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh qHk;½IH;Edkifajcrsm;onf o,H Zmw MuG,f0aom wdkif;jynfrsm;rS EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ o,HZmw MuG,f0rIrS tusdK; tjrwf r&&Sdatmif wm;qD;aeygonf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIonf pD;yGm;a&;udk yHkysufapNyD; EdkifiH \ bwf*sufrsm;tm; ukefypönf;aps;EIef; twuftusrsm;\ oufa&mufrIudk cHpm;&apum a& &Snf wnfwHYaom vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm; jzpfay:ap onfhtjyif EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHjyify&Sd tcGifhxl;cH vlwef;pm;tcsdKUtwGufomvQif tusdK;tjrwf &&SdapcJYygonf/ o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf t"dyÜm,f&SdNyD; a&&SnfwnfwHYaom zGHUNzdK;wdk; wufrItwGuf taxmuftul jyKEdkifap&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf wufMuGNyD; tcsuftvuf jynfhpHkpGm od&Sdem;vnfaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcJYovdk yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;vnf; &Sdygonf/

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ tpkd;&tzGJU wpf&yfvHk;xH vufvSrf;rD a&muf&SdEdkifrI? rl0g'qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;tay: vTrf;rdk;rI ESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfrIwdkYaMumifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf obm0 o,H Zmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m xl;jcm;aom EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; pdefac:rIrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef aumif;rGefaom taetxm;rSm &Sdaeygonf/ tcef; (2) wGif azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI ajcmufckwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItay: jyKvkyfEdkifonfh oufa&mufrIudk rD;armif;xdk; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tqkdyg oufa&mufrIrsm;wGif taumif;a&m? tqdk;yg yg0ifNyD; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSmvnf; tmPm&&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;a&m? twdkuftcHygwD rsm;yg yg0ifygonf/

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh tjyKoabmaqmifpGm taxmuftuljyK&ef taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;rSm wdkif;jynfu BuHKawGUae&aom t"du udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;aom? tcsuftvuf tpHktviftay: tajccHaom? taMumif;t&mtvdkuf a&;qGJxm;aom rl0g' &yfwnfrI &Sd&ef

37/ Hinfelaar, M. ESifh Jessica Achberger, J. wdkY a&;om;aom ZrfbD,mEdkifiHwGif obm0 o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ EdkifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm; (The Politics of Natural Resource Extraction in Zambia) (Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre, 2017)/

38/ <https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/documents/subnational-governance-extractives-fostering.pdf> wGif &,lEdkifaom Bauer, A. et al. a&;om;onfh o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrsm; tay: a'oEå&tkyfcsKyfrI - a'otvdkuf pdefac:rIrsm;udk udkifwG,fjcif;jzifh trsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm; MuG,f0 csrf;omrI azmfaqmifjcif; (Subnational Governance of Extractives: Fostering National Prosperity by Addressing Local Challenges) (Natural Resource Governance Institute, August 2016)/

16


jzpfygonf/ tcef; (3) wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; tqkdyg&yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOf wpfckwnf;uyif ygwDESifh EdkifiHtm; tm;aumif;aom o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI jzpfay: vmrnfhvrf;aMumif;ay: wGef;ydkYay;Edkifygonf/ tjcm;t&mrsm;xufpmvQif jzpfEdkifonfrSm rl0g' &yfwnfrIwpf&yfudk owfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;onf ygwD0ifrsm;ESifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY udk;um;Edkif apNyD; obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh apmifh Munfhjcif;wdkY aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; taxmuftyHY ay;Edkifygonf/

Matt Grace for NRGI

17

EdkifiHajcmufEdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uo,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrItay: rnfodkY vTrf;rdk;yHk

þtcef;wGif tcef; (1) udk tajccHí EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m &v'frsm; tay: ydkrdkaumif;rGefap&efjzpfap odkYr[kwf ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;ap&efjzpfapcJYaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk xyfrH avYvm oHk;oyfxm;ygonf/ þtcef;wGif þtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf jyKvkyfxm;NyD;ESifh þtpD&ifcH pm wavQmufvHk; &nfñTef;xm;onfh EdkifiH ajcmufEdkifiHtwGuf EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrIrsm; yg 0ifygonf/ avYvmrI wpfckcsif;pDonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;twGif;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtMum; rl0g'csrSwfa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifhywfoufí tao;pdwf avYvmoHk;oyfrI jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrIrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh o,HZmwqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf wavQmuf&Sd wdusaom rl0g'qdkif&m udpö&yf wpf&yftay: t"duxm;ygonf/

¼ aemfa0EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif a&eHqdkif&m vkyfief;u@ tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufí bHk oabmwlnDcsuf wnfaqmuf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ tcef;u@udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfxm;NyD; vkyfief;u@ wpfckvHk;twGuf r[mAsL[mESifh a&eH&efyHkaiG pDrHcefYcGJrItjyif trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIwGif jzpfay:aeaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk xif [yfaponfh rMumao;rDu jzpfay:vmaom vm;&mrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

¼ tpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiH\ tBuD;qHk; a&eHvkyfuGuf wnfaqmuf &ef BudK;yrf;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;tMum; vkyfief;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufESifhywfoufí tpdk;& \ wpfzufowf vkyf&yfudk pHkprf;ppfaq;&efESifh jyefajymif;aqmif&Guf&ef twdkuftcHygwDrsm;u Xmeqdkif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm;tm; w&m;ojzifh jyefvnfjzpfapjcif; ,Eå&m;rsm; (Institutional Recourse Mechanisms) rsm;tm; rnfodkY toHk;jyKyHkudk avYvmoHk;oyfxm;ygonf/

¼ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif wGif;xGufu@tm; EdkifiHawmfydkif jyKjcif;tay: wpfEdkifiHvHk; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIESifhywfoufí tmPm& ygwDrsm;twGif;ESifh tjcm;ygwD rsm;Mum; rl0g' a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfudk avYvmoHk;oyfxm;NyD; xdkvkyfief;pOfonf tmPm& ygwDwpfcku EdkifiHa&;ygwDtopf zGJUpnf;&ef cGJxGufjcif;jzifh tqHk;owfcJYygonf/

¼ *gemEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif EdkifiH\ a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;qdkif&m pnf; rsOf;rsm; zefwD;a&;qGJjcif;ESifh tqdkygpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk aemufydkif;wGif taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;t& NydKifqdkifrIrS ay:xGufvmonfh pdefac:rIrsm;udk avYvmoHk;oyfxm;ygonf/

¼ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif tmPm&ygwDrsm; ñGefYaygif;tzGJUESifh twdkuftcHygwD rsm; nGefYaygif;tzGJU\ rl0g'csrSwfa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk avYvmoHk;oyfxm;NyD; a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk a&eHxGuf&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;xH cGJa0ay;jcif;ESifhywfoufí qm&m0ufjynfe,f&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tMum; tajctaersm;udk t"du azmfjyxm;ygonf/

¼ yD½l;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif 2016 ckESpf or®w a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ ygwDrsm;u vufcHxm;aom &yfwnfrIrsm;ESifh tqdkyg&yfwnfrI rsm;udk zefwD;a&;qGJaom vkyfief;pOfrsm; txl;ojzifh "mwfaiGUudk jynfwGif;ü toHk;jyKjcif;ESifh wifydkYjcif;ESifhywfowfí t"du azmfjyxm;ygonf/

2

18


tqdkyg EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrIrsm;onf ynm&yfqdkif&m? rl0g'qdkif&mESifh owif;*sme,fqdkif&m pmwrf;rsm;tjyif ygwDukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ESifh tjcm;qufpyfolrsm;ESifh awGUqHkar;jref;rIrsm;rS &&Sd onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHxm;ygonf/ t"duygwDrsm; tm;vHk;udk awGUqHk ar;jref;cGifhjyK&ef qufoG,fcJYygonf/ okawoe avYvmrIqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;onf ygwDrsm; twGif; rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJjcif;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufwpf&yf odkYr[kwf n§dEdIif; oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yf &&Sdvmapaaom tajctaersm;udk em;vnf&eftvdkYiSm tjcm; ygwDrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm;? tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIwdkY\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh taMumif;t&m ESifhywfoufaom oufqdkifonfhtzGJUrsm;? t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? rJqE´&Sifrsm;? uRrf; usifolrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumrS vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifhywfoufaom tem*wf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief; pOfrsm;twGuf oifcef;pmrsm;ESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&m udpö&yfrsm;udk avYvmxm;yg onf/

EdkifiHrsm;udk yx0Dtaetxm; uGJjym;pHkvifrItay: tajccHíaomfvnf;aumif;? a&G;aumufyGJ umvrsm;ESifhywfoufí ESifhôdkYr[kwf vkyfief;u@qdkif&m ta&;ygaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; odkY r[kwf a&eHaps;rsm; usqif;jcif;uJhodkYaom jyify ywf0ef;usifwGif jzpfay:onfh tajymif;tvJrsm; tp&Sdonfh tjcm; tusyftwnf;rsm;tay: wkHYjyefrItjzpf EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&mü obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;\ ay:vGifxif&Sm;rItay: tajccHíaomfvnf; aumif; a&G;cs,fcJYygonf/

19

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - aemfa0EdkifiHo,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufíEdkifiHa&; bHkoabmwlnDrI wnfaqmufjcif;

Kaisa Toroskainen ESifh Laury Haytayan

© Marius Dobilas/ Shutterstock.com

20

aemfa0EdkifiH? t"du tcsuftvufrsm; (2015 ckESpf)

vlOD;a&5 .2 oef;1

wpfOD;csif; jynfwGif; tom;wif xkwfvkyfrI (PPP)$ 612002

t"du obm0 o,HZmwa&eH? "mwfaiGU

ykdYukefa0pkrsm; (2015 ckESpf)5

jynfwGif; tom;wifxkwfvkyfrI (GDP) wGif o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;\ &mcdkifEIef;93

EdkifiHa&;pepfygvDref 'Drdkua&pD

tmPm& ygwDrsm;uGefqmaA;awYAf ygwDya&m*&ufpfygwD

twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;avbmygwDA[dkygwDc&pf,ef 'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDvpfb&,fygwD*&if;ygwDqdk&S,fvpf vuf0JygwD4

tjcm;

36%

"mwfowÅK

6%

a&eHESifh "gwfaiGU

58%

1 “DataBank 2015: Population, total,” World Bank (2015), 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.

2 “DataBank 2015: GDP per capita (current US$),” World Bank (2015), 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD.

3 “DataBank 2015: Total natural resource rents (% of GDP),” World Bank (2015), 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS.

4 aemfa0EdkifiH ygvDref (Stortinget), https://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/Members-of-the-Storting/Parliamentary-Party-Groups.

5 “DataBank 2015: Fuel exports as % of merchandise exports,” World Bank (2015), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN and “DataBank 2015: Ores and metals exports as % of merchandise exports,” World Bank (2015), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN.

21

EdkifiHtvkduf avYvmrI - aemfa0EdkifiH

o,HZmw wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufíEdkifiHa&; bHkoabmwlnDrI wnfaqmufjcif;

EdkifiHa&;pepfaemfa0EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;pepfonf pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf (Constitutional Monarchy) jzifh tkyfcsKyfonfh udk,fpm;jyK ygvDref 'Drdkua&pD (Representative Parliamentary Democracy)jzpfygonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf\ OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif tpdk;&tzGJUonf tmPmudk usifhoHk;ygonf/ Oya'jyKa&; tmPmudk ygwDpHk pepftwGif;rS a&G;cs,fonfh tpdk;& ESifh vTwfawmf (Storting) ESpfckvHk;xH tyfESif;xm;ygonf/ vGefcJYaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif uGefqmaA;awhAfygwDESifh avbm ygwDwdkYu t"du OD;aqmifcJYonfh ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;onf wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJYygonf/ aemfa0EdkifiH EdkifiHa&;pepf\ xl;jcm;aom vu©Pmrsm;wGif vTwfawmf oufwrf;wpfcktwGif; a&G;aumufyGJ rac:,lEdkifonfh yHkao owfrSwfxm;aom vTwfawmfoufwrf;rsm;ESifh vlenf;pk tpdk;& (Minority Government) tzGJUrsm;\ tpOftvmwdkY yg0ifygonf/

obm0 o,HZmw MuG,f0rIESifh tkyfcsKyfrI aemfa0EdkifiHwGif 1960 jynfhESpfrsm;ü a&eH&SmazGawGU&SdcJYNyD; xdkpOfuwnf;u urÇmay:wGif t"du a&eHxGuf&Sdaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmcJYygonf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; tm;vHk;aygif; onf 2015 ckESpfwGif EdkifiH GDP \ 15 &mcdkifEIef; ESifh tpdk;& 0ifaiGrsm;\ 20 &mcdkifEIef;txd &SdcJYygonf/39 a&eHESifh pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xme (Petroleum and Energy Ministry)? a&eHOD;pD;Xme (Petroleum Directorate) ESifh Statoil tygt0if þvkyfief;u@&Sd t"du Xmeqdkif&m tzGJU tpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@rsm;udk Oya'ESifh rl0g'rsm;wGif owfrSwfxm;ovdk a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJjcif;twGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; owfrSwfxm;ygonf/40 a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG rsm;udk (,cifu a&eH&efyHkaiG[k ac:aom) yifpif&efyHkaiGodkY xnfhoGif;xm;NyD; tqdkyg&efyHkaiGtm; b@ma&;0efBuD;Xm\ vrf;ñTefrIatmuf&Sd A[dkbPfu tkyfcsKyfí aemufqHk;wGif Storting vTwfawmfxH tpD&ifcH wifjy&ygonf/ A[dkbPfonf xdk&efyHkaiG\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m aeYpOf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJygonf/41 aemfa0EdkifiH\ a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk yifpif&efyHkaiGESifh bwf*sufqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;wdkYrSwqifh pDrHcefYcGJjcif;42 onf wnfNidrfNyD; yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdum 'Drdk ua&pD qefonf[k trsm;u todtrSwfjyKxm;Muygonf/

þEdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrIwGif xdkokYdaom tkyfcsKyfrIywf0ef;usif zefwD;jcif;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ tcef;u@ESifh bHkoabmwlnDrI wnfaqmufjcif;tjyif aemfa0EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif; wGif jzpfay:avY&Sdaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk xif[yfaponfh rMumao;rDu jzpfay:cJYaom tcsdKUaom vm;&mrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfxm;ygonf/

39/ Norsk Petroleum ESifh urÇmYbPfwdkYrS wifjyaom udef;*Pef;rsm;onf uGmjcm;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ http://www. norskpetroleum.no/en/economy/governments-revenues udk Munfhyg/40/ o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2013) http://www.resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/country_pdfs/norwayRGI2013.pdf.

41/ Norges Bank Investment Management, https://www.nbim.no/en/the-fund/governance-model.

42/ ]]aemfa0EdkifiH aiGaMu;qdkif&m rl0g'\ tajccHpnf;rsOf;onf trsm;odxm;aom bwf*sufqdkif&m pnf;rsOf; jzpfygonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; puf0ef;wpfckvHk;wGif tpdk;&onf wpfESpfvQif 4 &mcdkifEIef; jzifh cefYrSef;xm;aom &efyHkaiGay:rS jyefvnf&&Sdrnf[k arQmfrSef;xm;aom trSefwu,f &&Sdrnfh tusdK; tjrwfudkomvQif oHk;pGJEdkifonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/}} https://www.nbim.no/en/the-fund udkMunfhyg/

22


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23


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24


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43/ https://www.nbim.no/en/the-fund/governance-model/guidelines-for-observation-and-exclusion-from-the-fund udk Munfhyg/

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44/ “Few aware of oil revenue rule,” News in English, 22 April 2011, http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/04/22/few-aware-of-oil-revenue-rule.

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a&eHu@\ a&&SnfwnfwHYrI - e,fajrtopfrsm;tm; prf;oyf&SmazGcGifh ay;jcif;ESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pdk;&drfylyefrIrsm;ygvDrefonf a&eHvkyfuGufwpfckudk prf;oyf&SmazGcGifh ay;jcif;ESifhywfoufí wefzkd;uGif;quf (Value Chain) wpfavQmuf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: taumif;qHk; vTrf;rdk;Edkifygonf/45 aemuf ydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif Oyrmtm;jzifh awGU&SdrIwpf&yf NyD;aemuf xkwfvkyfrIvdkifpif csay;onfhtcgwGif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk a&eH ESifh pGrf;tif0efBuD;XmeESifh ukrÜPDMum; n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSwqifh t"du csrSwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf a&eH&SmazGjcif;ESifh wl;azmfjcif;twGuf e,fajrtopfrsm; cGifhjyKay;jcif;ESifhywfoufí tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIwGifvnf; ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifygonf/ NcHKiHkMunfhvQif tajccH wefzkd;rsm;ESifh tcsdKUaom tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeojzifh 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifh,SOfvQif þudpö&yfESifhywfoufí bHkoabmwlnDrI &&Sd&ef ydkrdkcufcJygonf/ Oyrm Lofoten Islands a'owGif a&eHvkyfief;rsm; ydwfyifxm;cJYNyD; taMumif;rSm a&eHvkyfief;rsm;aMumifh Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&aom ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm; toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIrsm;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;ae&onfh a'ocHvlxk\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKay;aeaom ydkrdkao;i,fonfh ñGefYaygif;ygwDrsm;u tqdkyga'orsm;wGif wl;azmfxkwf vkyf&ef BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk ydwfyifcJYaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

rMumao;rDESpfrsm; rwdkifciftxd obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwfESifh csdefqí prf;oyf&SmazGa&;qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJYMuyg onf/ &moDOwk ajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufí pdk;&drfrIrsm;ESifh tem*wfwGif aemfa0EdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;\ tajccHtjzpf a&eH a&&SnfwnfwHYrIESifhywfoufí ydkrdk tajccHusaom udpö&yfrsm;udk 2013 ckESpfwGif *&if;ygwDu xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;vmcJYNyD; ESpf 20 twGif; a&eHqdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk &yfpJ&ef tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ xdk&yfwnfrIudk aemufydkif;wGif qdk&S,fvpf vuf0JygwDuvnf; vuf cHvmcJYygonf/ &moDOwk ajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufí pdk;&drfrI ESifh a&eHuif;rJYaom aemfa0 vlY todkif;t0dkif;tjzpf pdwful;MunfhvdkrIonf atmfpvdkNrdKU ESifh aemfa0EdkifiH tv,fydkif;wGif aexdkif aom aemfa0EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum; ydkrdkjzpfyGm;cJYNyD; xdka'orsm;onf a&eHvkyfief;u@\ tvkyf tudkif zefwD;ay;rIESifh tjcm; aumif;rGefaom wdkuf½kduf oufa&mufrIrsm;rSwqifh vufiif; tusdK;tjrwf &&SdrI ydkíenf;ygonf/ *&if;ygwD vTwfawmftrwf Rasmus Hansson ESifh tjcm;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ]]*&if;ygwDtwGuf 4 &mcdkifEIef; axmufcHrIudk Munfhjcif; tm;jzifh jynfol trsm;pkonf a&eHvkyfief;u@udk vufvTwf&ef tqifoifh rjzpfao;aMumif; awGUEdkifygonf}}[k aumufcsufcscJYNyD; ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom ygwDrsm;uvnf; tvm;wl tajymtqdk rsm;udk ydkrdkvufcHvmMuygonf/

45/ a&eHvdkifpifrsm;udk e,fajrtopfrsm;wGif cGifhjyKay;&ef tqdkjyKcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufí Storting vTwfawmf\ tcef;u@ - þudpö&yftwGuf vTwfawmf\ twnfjyKcsufonf Oya't& vdktyfonf r[kwfaomf vnf; vufawGUwGif a&eHESifh pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xmeonf ¤if;\ pDrHudef;rsm;udk Storting vTwfawmfxH wifjy NyD; vTwfawmfu wifjyvmaom tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk oHk;oyfí ¤if;\xifjrifcsufudk xkwfjyefay;ygonf/ aemfa0EdkifiH\ a,bk,s ygvDrefpepfESifhtnD tpdk;&onf w&m;0if qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&mwGif yHkrSeftm; jzifh vTwfawmf\ xifjrifcsufudk vdkufemavY&Sdygonf/ tqkdyg pDrHudef;rsm;udk 0efBuD;Xmeu w&m;0if twnfjyKaomfvnf; vufawGUwGif yrmPwpf&yfudk ausmfvGefaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk Storting vTwf awmfodkY tNrJwrf; wifjyMuNyD; xdkodkY wifjyjcif;onf tvGefta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yfrsm;udk vTwfawmfodkY wifjy&rnf[laom zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'yg taxGaxG vdktyfcsufESifhtnD jzpfygonf/ xdkodkYaom vuf awGUvkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;rSwqifh Storting vTwfawmfonf prf;oyf&SmazGrIudk rnfonfh ae&mwGif rnf odkY aqmif&GufEdkifonfESifhywfoufí ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdonfhtjyif tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKifonf aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIESifh xdcdkufrI qef;ppfjcif;ESifhywfoufí owfrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;pOftm; vdkufem aqmif&Gufap&ef aocsmrI &SdapEdkifygonf/

27


bHkoabmwlnDrItwGuf tajccH tkwfjrpfrsm;wGif a&SUqufBuHKawGU&rnfh tajymif;tvJrsm;a&eHvkyfief;u@ pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf aemfa0EdkifiH\ tajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhywfoufí ydkrdkus,f jyefYaom bHkoabmwlnDrIudk avbmygwDESifh uGefqmaA;awYAfrsm;u EdkifiHa&;wGif BuD;pdk;cJYNyD; a&eHxkwfvkyfrIudk wdk;csJU&ef oabmwlnDcJYpOf acwfu &&SdcJYNyD; &efyHkaiG\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk EdkifiH &yfjcm;wGif xm;&SdNyD; aiGaMu;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;udk owfrSwfcJYygonf/ tqdkyg ygwDrsm;\ vTwf awmftwGif; &,lxm;aom cHkae&m trsm;pkonf avQmhenf;vmNyD; þ bkHoabmwlnDcsufudk ar;cGef;xkwfvdkaom ygwDtopfrsm;u rJqE´&Sifrsm;\ axmufcHrIukd &&SdvmaomaMumifh þ bHkoabmwlnDrIonf ,cktcsdefwGif ajymif;vJaeEdkifonf[k tcsdKUaom okawoe avYvmol rsm;u oHk;oyfMuygonf/46

a&eHaps;rsm; usqif;vmNyD; pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; jzpfvmonfhtjyif &moDOwk tajymif;tvJ aMumifh a0zefoHrsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;vmygonf/ ya&m*&ufpfygwD\ rMumao;rDu jrifhwufvm cJYaom axmufcHrIonf wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifh a&eHxGuf&Sdaom taemufawmifydkif;a'orsm;rS jzpfNyD; xdka'orsm;wGif rJay;olrsm;u tvkyftudkif qHk;½HI;rIrsm;twGuf avsmfaMu;tjzpf a&eH &efyHkaiGrsm;udk tajccH taqmuftOD; zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf oHk;pGJay;&ef awmif;qdkMuygonf/47 tusdK;quftm;jzifh ya&m*&ufpf ygwDonf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGudk jynfwGif;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH jcif;ESifh &efyHkaiGudk jynfwGif; yk*¾vdu u@udk jr§ifhwif&ef txl;&nf&G,fcsuf &efyHkaiGrsm;tjzpfodYk cGJxkwfjcif;udk tm;ay;axmufcHygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tpdrf;a&mif pD;yGm;a&; enf;ynmrsm; (Green Economy Technologies) twGuf urÇmYaps;uGuf zefwD;&eftwGuf &efyHkaiGudk toHk;jyK&ef *&if;ygwDu tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ tcsdKUaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u a&&Snf&yfwnfcJYaom tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;ukd ar;cGef;xkwfjcif;tay: ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh pdk;&drfrI&SdaMumif; ,cktcgwGif ajymMum;aomfvnf; tpdk;&tzGJUESifh vTwfawmfxJ&Sd ygwD trsm;pku vuf&Sd bHkoabmwlnDcsuf udkaomfvnf;aumif;? rl0g'ESifhywfoufí BuD;rm;aom tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfrvmatmif tumtuG,frsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif; axmufcHqJ jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif; ajymif; vJvmaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf &efyHkaiGudk vTrf;rdk;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wpfpdkuf rwfrwf vdkufemMuNyD; txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf aeYpOf pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif 0ifrpGufzufbJ cyfuGmuGm qufqHa&; (Arm’s-length Relationship) udk xdef;odrf;oifhonf [laom pnf; rsOf; jzpfygonf/

þtjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIodkY ygwDtopfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmrIuvnf; EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfaqmifrI tay: oufa&mufrI &Sdygonf/ tpOftvmtm;jzifh udpö&yfrsm;udk aumfrwD tpnf;ta0; odkY r[kwf vTwfawmf rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;wGif raqG;aEG;rD w&m;0ifr[kwfaom enf;vrf;jzifh aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;cJYMuygonf/ þtcsufudk c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDrS a&eHESifh pGrf;tif0efBuD; a[mif;jzpfaom Einar Steensnæs u ygwDrsm;\ vkyfief;pOfESifh tmwdwfwGif a&eHwl;azmfrI ESifhywfoufí qufpyfolrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk &Sif;jycJYyHkwGif txift&Sm; awGUjrifEdkifyg onf (tuGuf 2 .1 udkMunfhyg)/ ydkrdkao;i,faom? ydkí tpOftvmenf;aom odkYr[kwf EdkifiH a&;e,fy,fwGif ykdrdk topfjzpfaom ygwDrsm;onf ydwfum;aemufuG,frS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: vTrf;rdk;&ef wlnDaom aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; odkYr[kwf uGef&ufrsm; r&Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf

46/ Dag Dyrdal, “Tverrpolitisk pensjonskasse eller aktivt politisk verktøy?” Internasjonal Politik 74 (2016): 1–11.

47/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Reuters owif;Xmeu 2013 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv? 15 &ufaeYu a&;om;cJYonf ]]aemfa0 EdkifiH\ ya&m*&ufpf ygwDu tpdk;&topfwGif BuD;rm;aom tajymif;tvJrsm; &SmazGvm (Norway’s Progress Party seeks big changes in new government)}} udk http://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-election-idUSBRE97E0SC20130815 wGif Munfhyg/

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vTwfawmfwGif; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESifh rD'D,mudk toHk;jyKí &Jwif;aom tqdkjyKcsufrsm; jyKvkyfMu onfhtjyif vTwfawmftrwf Rasmus Hansson \ pum;t& ]]¤if;wdkY\ xifjrifcsufrsm;udk rJay;jcif;ESifh tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh rSwfrdatmif xkwfazmf&ef}} tjcm;ygwDrsm;udk wGef; tm;ay;ygonf/

29

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Laury Haytayan ESifh Kaisa Toroskainen

© Roman Yanushevsky / Shutterstock.com

30

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1 “DataBank 2015: Population, total,” World Bank (2015)? 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.

2 “DataBank 2015: GDP per capita (current US$),” World Bank (2015)? 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD.

3 “DataBank 2015: Total natural resource rents (% of GDP),” World Bank (2015)? 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS.

4 tpöa&;EdkifiH ygvDref https://knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionCurrent_eng.asp.

5 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN ü Munfh½IcJYonfh “DataBank 2015: Fuel exports as % of merchandise exports,” World Bank (2015) ESifh 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN ü Munfh½IcJYonfh “DataBank 2015: Ores and metals exports as % of merchandise exports,” World Bank (2015)

31

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o,HZmwMuG,f0rIESifh tkyfcsKyfrItpöa&;EdkifiHonf IMF \ owfrSwfcsuft& o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH r[kwfyg/48 odkYaomf rMumao;rDESpfrsm;wGif "mwfaiGUESifh "mwfowÅKrsm; &SmazGawGU&SdrIrsm;onf ¤if;\ EdkifiH a&;&m pD;yGm;a&; (Political Economy) ESifh ydkíus,fjyefYaom yx0D EdkifiHa&; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; (Geopolitical Interests) wdkYtwGuf ydkrdkta&;ygvmcJYygonf/ 2009 ckESpfwGif tpöa&;EdkifiHonf ukAayaygif; 10 x&DvD,H&Sdaom wrm (Tamar) "mwfaiGUodkufudk EdkifiH\ ajrmufbufurf;½dk;wrf; urf;vGefwGif awGU&SdcJYygonf/ þawGU&SdrINyD; aemufESpfwGif xdkae&müyif aemufxyf ta&;ygaom awGU&SdrIwpfckjzpfaom Leviathan "mwfaiGUodkufudk awGU&SdcJYNyD; ukAayaygif; 22 x&DvD,H &Sd rnf[k cefYrSef;cJYygonf/ þ"mwfaiGUodkufonf ajrxJyifv,f ta&SUydkif;wGif 'kwd, tBuD;qHk; urf;vGef"mwfaiGUodkuf jzpfNyD; tpöa&;EdkifiHtm; tom;wif pGrf;tifwifoGif;olrS tom;wif pGrf;tif wifydkYoltjzpfodkY ajymif;vJay;Edkifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdygonf/

tpöa&;EdkifiH\ Oya'rlabmifudk 1952 ckESpf a&eHOya'u owfrSwfay;NyD; xdkrlabmifwGif trsm;jynfolxH aMunm&onfh vdkifpifcsay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfudk jy|mef;xm;aomfvnf; a&eHqdkif &m tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufí qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; jyKvkyf&ef udk,fydkiftcGifhtmPmudk 0efBuD;tm; ay;tyfxm;ygonf/49 þtpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif tpöa&;EdkifiH\ twdkuftcHbufu Leviathan vkyfuGuf\ ydkYukefqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufESifhywfoufí tpdk;&\ vkyfaqmifrIudk

48/ o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGqdkif&m yGifhvif;jrifomrI vrf;ñTef (Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency) (IMF, 2007) wGif "mwfowÅKESifh [kduf'½dkumAGef MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;tm; atmufyg twdkif; t"dyÜm,f owfrSwfxm;ygonf - ]]EdkifiHwpfEkdifiHonf atmufyg pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;xJrS wpf&yf &yfudk jynfhrDvQif xdkEdkifiHtm; [dkuf'½dkumAGef ESifhôdkYr[kwf "mwfowÅK t&if;tjrpfrsm; MuG,f0aom EkdifiHtjzpf rSwf,lygonf/ (1) 2000-2005 ckESpftwGif; [dkuf'½dkumAGef ESifhôkdYr[kwf "mwfowÅKrS &&SdaomtcGef 0ifaiGrsm;onf ysrf;rQtm;jzifh tcGef0ifaiG pkpkaygif;\ tenf;qHk; 25 &mcdkifEIef; &Sdjcif;? odkYr[kwf (2) [dkuf'½dkumAGef ESifhôkdYr[kwf "mwfowÅK wifydkYrIrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;onf ysrf;rQtm;jzifh pkpkaygif; ydkYukefrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;\ tenf;qHk; 25 &mcdkifEIef; &Sdjcif;}} http://www.imf.org/external/np/fad/trans/guide.htm, 2 udk Munfhyg/

49/ tpöa&;EdkifiH tpdk;& http://energy.gov.il/English/Subjects/OilAndGasExploration/Pages/GxmsMniOilAndGasExplorationLobby.aspx.

32


ppfaq;&efESifh ajymif;jyefvSef&ef Xmeqdkif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm; w&m;ojzifh jyefvnfjzpfapjcif; ,Eå&m;rsm; (Institutional Recourse Mechanisms) rsm;tm; rnfodkY toHk;jyKyHkudk avYvm oHk;oyfxm;ygonf/

vTwfawmfaumfrwDwGif yk*¾vdu tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh oHk;pGJol tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tMum; wdkufyGJTamar ESifh Leviathan "mwfaiGUodkufrsm;udk awGU&SdcJYpOfu ydkrdkao;i,faom Tanin ESifh Karish "mwfaiGUodkufrsm;tjyif ¤if;wdkYudk U.S ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfaom Noble Energy u tpöa&;EdkifiHrS rdwfzufukrÜPDjzpfaom Delek ESifh wGJzufydkifqdkifcJYygonf/50 Leviathan "gwf aiGUudk awGU&SdNyD;aemuf Tamar wGif "mwfaiGU xkwfvkyfaeNyD;om;jzpfaom xdkukrÜPDESpfckonf Leviathan wl;azmfxkwfvkyfEdkif&ef tpöa&;tpdk;&ESifh vkyfief;oabmwlnDrI &,l&ef BudK;yrf;cJYyg onf/ tqdkjyKcJYaom oabmwlnDcsufonf xdkukrÜPD ESpfcktm; tpöa&;EdkifiH "mwfaiGU o,H Zmwrsm;tay: vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcGifh ay;Edkifojzifh twdkuftcHESifh jynfoltMum; pdk;&drfrI jzpfapcJY ygonf/ ueOD;wGif vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI wdkufzsufa&; tmPmydkifu Noble ESifh Delek tm; Tanin ESifh Karish "mwfaiGUodkufrsm;&Sd ¤if;wdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk a&mif;csapaom oabmwl nDrIwpf&yfudk tqdkjyK&ef aqmif&GufcJYygonf/ odkYaomf xdkoabmwlnDrItay: jynfolrsm;u qefYusifaeqJjzpfaom 2014 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif trsm;jynfolESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrI jyKvkyfNyD; 2015 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsm; rwdkifrD vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI wdkufzsufa&; tmPmydkiftzGJUu tpöa&;EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf "mwfaiGUaps;EIef;rsm; jrifhwufvmEdkifonfh tEå&m,faMumifh xdktqdk jyKcJYaom oabmwlnDcsufudk uefYuGufcJYygonf/51

vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI wdkufzsufa&; aumfr&Sifem\ tjrifESifh qefYusifí 0efBuD;csKyf Benjamin Netanyahu onf ukrÜPDrsm;bufu &yfwnfí xdkqHk;jzwfcsufonf tpöa&;EdkifiH\ &ifESD;jr§Kyf ESHrIrsm; qGJaqmifEdkifrIudk rsm;pGm usqif;apaMumif; axmufjycJYygonf/ pGrf;tif taxmuftyHY zlvHkrIESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xH wifydkYrIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tpöa&;EdkifiH\ trsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;udk udk;um;vsuf Netanyahu u ]]þtpDtpOfonf uREfkyfwdkY\ zlvHkrItwGuf vGefpGm ta&;ygNyD; taMumif;rSm uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh vnfywfaeaom "mwftm;ay;puf½Hk wpf½Hkwnf; r&SdvdkMuyg/ uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf wpfckxufydkaom "mwfaiGUvkyfuGufrsm; vdktyfygw,f}}[k qdkygonf/52

tqdkyg taMumif;t&if;rsm;aMumifh 0efBuD;csKyfonf vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI wdkufzsufa&; aumfr&Sifem \ uefYuGufrIrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef uefYowfxm;aom ukefoG,frI tavYtxrsm;qdkif&m Oya' (Restrictive Trade Practices Law) \ uif;vGwfcGifh tydk'f (tykd'f 5253)udk awmif;qdkjcif; vkyfief;pOftm; tpysdK;cJYygonf/ ZD,Gefepf or*¾ (Zionist Union) vTwfawmftrwf Eitan

50/ Financial Times u 2014 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;onfh ]]tpöa&;EdkifiHrS xdef;odrf; BuD;MuyfolwdkY\ ypfrSwfxm;jcif;cH&aom Leviathan "mwfaiGUodkuf (Leviathan gas field targeted by Israeli regulator)}} https://www.ft.com/content/40474f4a-8aaf-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.

51/ ICIS u 2015 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;onfh ]]vmAD,moef "mwfaiGU rdwfzuf ukrÜPDrsm;? tpöa&; tpdk;&u rqkwfom rwdk;om tajctaerS vGwfajrmuf&ef BudK;yrf; (Leviathan gas partners, Israeli government seek to break impasse)}} http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2015/02/04/9858480/leviathan-gas-partners-israeli-government-seekto-break-impasse.

52/ Times of Israel u 2015 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]"mwfaiGU wl;azmfrIqdkif&m vkyfief;oabmwlnDrItm; ydwfyifay;&ef Meretz u txufw&m;½Hk;tm; awmif;qdk (Meretz petitions High Court to block gas deal)}} http://www.timesofisrael.com/meretz-part y-petitions-high-court-to-block-gas-deal

53/ tpöa&;EkdifiHtpdk;& uefYowfxm;aom ukefoG,frI tavYtxrsm;qdkif&m Oya' 5748-1988 http://www. antitrust.gov.il/eng/Antitrustlaw.aspx.

33


Cabel (twdkuftcH)u OD;aqmifcJYonfh vTwfawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm; aumfrwDESifh jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfaom aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;wGif xdktqdkjyKxm;aom a&Smif&Sm;rIESifhywfoufí aumfrwD\ aqG;aEG;rI 11 Budrf jyKvkyfcJYonf/ þvkyfief;u@rS EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;\ wifjyaqG;aEG;rIrsm; &SdcJYygonf/ aumfrwD\ tacstwif aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif tmPm& ñGefYaygif;tzGJUu tydk'f 52tm; toHk;jyKjcif;twGuf taMumif;t&if;tjzpf EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&; taMumif;jyí pnf;½Hk;cJYaomfvnf; twdkuftcHbufu xdkvkyfief; oabmwlnDrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m wefjyef*&ufrsm;udk tm½Hkpdkufí NydKifqdkifrI jrifhwufvmygu oHk;pGJolrsm;twGuf vQyfppfaps;EIef;rsm; usqif;vmEdkifonf[k axmufjyMuygonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf taejzifh uif;vGwfcGifhtydk'fudk toHk;jyK&ef Knesset vTwfawmftm; pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJYjcif;vnf; r&Sd aMumif; twdkuftcHbufu axmufjyygonf/ aqG;aEG;rI tpDtpOf 11 ckNyD;aemuf aumfrwDu tydk'f 52 tm; toHk;jyKrIudk rJuGmjcm;rI tenf;i,fjzifh uefYuGufEdkifcJYygonf/ vuf,m,drf;ESifh bmoma&;udkif;½Idif;aom ygwDrsm;u arQmfrSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; 0efBuD;csKyfbufrS &yfwnfcJYyg onf/ b@ma&;0efBuD;\ Kulanu ygwD\ tBuHtpnfonf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;udk tm½Hkpdkuf54 aomaMumifh vQyfppfaps;EIef;rsm; jrifhwufvmrnfudk pdk;&drfaeaom tpöa&;EdkifiHrS oHk;pGJolrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk tumtuG,fay;vdrfhrnf[k arQmfrSef;xm;Muaomfvnf; tydk'f 52 tm; toHk;jyKrIudk axmufcHrJay;cJYonfhtwGuf twdkuftcHbuf jyif;xefaom a0zefrIrsm; udk &ifqdkifcJY&ygonf/55 twdkuftcHbufu pkaygif;í uif;vGwfcGifhtydk'f toHk;jyKjcif;udk uefY uGufcJYNyD; aumfrwDwGif rJtEdkif&cJYaomfvnf; Netanyahu u aumfrwD\ pnf;aESmifrIr&Sdaom &v'fudk vspfvsL½Ií Noble ESifh Delek wdkYESifh oabmwlnDrIudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJYygonf/

xkdoabmwlnDrIudk w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwGif pdefac:&ef twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkMum; n§dEdIif;yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIaemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&onf jynfolvkxltm; today;jcif;r&SdbJ? ¤if;wdkY\ xifjrifcsufudk xnfh oGif; rpOf;pm;bJ oabmwlnDrIudk twnfjyKcJYjcif;aMumifh us,fjyefYpGm a0zefcHcJY&ygonf/

]]oabmwlnDrI[m obm0ywf0ef;usif ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tay: b,favmuf oufa&mufrvJ? (Delek tkyfpk\ ydkif&Sif Yitzhak) Tshuva ESifh Noble energy wdkY vuf0g;BuD;tkyfjcif;[m jynfolvlxkudk b,favmuftxd tumtuG,fay;rvJqdkwm b,folrS tmrrcHEdkifygbl;/ 0ef BuD;csKyf&JU oabmwlnDcsuftay: axmufcHjcif;[m o&J0ifyl;ovdk jzpfaeNyD; 'Drdkua&pD rqef aom? Oya'ESifh rvGwfuif;aom? vHk;0 vufcHEdkifzG,f r[kwfaom vkyf&yfjzpfygw,f}} [k twdkuftcHygwDrS Mertez u a&;om;cJYygonf/56

xdkvkyfief;oabmwlnDrItwGuf axmufcHrIonf Likud ygwDtwGif;üvnf; wjznf;jznf; us qif;vmcJYygonf/ Oyrm pD;yGm;a&;0efBuD;onf tydk'f 52 udk awmif;qdkzdkYtwGuf ¤if;\ tcGifh

54/ ygwD\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m &nf&G,fcsufwGif tdrf&m? bPfpepf? b@ma&;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m udpörsm; ESifhywfoufaom rl0g'rsm; tqdkjyKjcif;rS vlrIa&; jcm;em;csufrsm;tm; avQmhcsjcif;udk t"duxm;ygonf/

55/ rJrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf - tzGJU0if 7 OD; (ZD,Gefor*¾? Joint List ? Meretz ESifh Yesh Atid) u wpfzufrS uefYuGufí? tzGJU0if 6 OD; (Likud ? Kulanu ? United Torah Judaism ESifh Shas) u usefwpfzufrS axmufcHcJYonf/ rSef;xm;onfhtwdkif;yif twdkuftcHtzGJU0if tm;vHk;onf 0efBuD;csKyf\ tydk'f 52 toHk;jyKrIudk uefYuGufcJYygonf/

56/ Times of Israel u a&;om;onfh ]]"mwfaiGUwl;azmfrIqdkif&m vkyfief;oabmwlnDrItm; ydwfyifay;&ef Meretz u txufw&m;½Hk;tm; awmif;qdk (Meretz petitions High Court to block gas deal)}}

34


ta&;udk toHk;jyK&ef jiif;y,fí 0efBuD;csKyftm; udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJYygonf/57

0efBuD;csKyfrS aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfra&;xdk;rD xdkvkyfief;oabmwlnDcsufonf tpöa&;EdkifiHESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;xuf ukrÜPDrsm;tay: rsufESmomay;onf[k xifjrifaomaMumifh Mertez ygwD? tpdk;&t&nftaoG; aumif;rGefa&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rI (Movement for Quality of Government) ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,fa&;twGuf tpöa&;or*¾ (Israel Union for Environment Defense) tygt0if twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm; pkaygif;í xdkvkyfief;oabmwlnDcsuftm; Mum;0if[efYwm; ydwfyifay;&ef txufw&m;½Hk;tm; toem;cHvTm wifí awmif;qdkcJYygonf/ 2016 ckESpf? rwfvwGif tpöa&;EdkifiH txufw&m;½Hk;u xdk"mwfaiGUqdkif&m vkyfief;oabmwlnDcsufudk zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifh rudkufnD[k ,lqí &yfqdkif;cJYygonf/ aemuf 10 ESpftwGuf "gwfaiGUprf;oyf&SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfrIqdkif&m pnf; urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk yHkao owfrSwfay;rnfh oabmwlnDcsufyg tydk'fudk w&m;½Hk;u uefY uGufcJYonf/ xdktydk'fonf vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIwdkufzsufa&; aumfr&Sifem u oabmwlnDrItay: uefYuGufcJYuwnf;u tpöa&;EdkifiH BuD;Muyfxdef;odrf;a&;tzGJU\ ra&&mrItm; wdk;yGm;vmonf[k ,lq&aomaMumifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk tmrcHcsufay;&eftwGuf xnfhoGif;xm;cJYjcif; jzpfyg onf/58

tpdk;&ESifh tjcm;Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@ESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkrIrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;txufw&m;½Hk;\ qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfNyD;aemuf tpkd;&taejzifh xdkoabmwlnDcsufyg owfrSwf csufrsm;udk jyefvnfn§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;&ef wGef;tm;ay;cHvm&ygonf/ 2016 ckESpf? rwfvwGif tpdk;&onf jyefvnfjyifqifxm;aom oabmwlnDrItopfudk twnfjyKay;cJYonf/ ¤if;oabm wlnDrI topfwGif ydkíenf;aom "gwfaiGUaps;EIef;udk owfrSwfxm;NyD; ukrÜPDrsm;\ tpöa&;EdkifiH&Sd "gwfaiGUodkuftay: xdef;csKyfrI avQmYcs&eftwGuf ¤if;wdkY\ vkyfief;ydkifqkdifrI tcsdKUudk a&mif;cs ay;&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/

txufw&m;½Hk;\ qHk;jzwfcsuftm; jyefvnfwkHYjyefonfhtaejzifh Likud ygwD\ vTwfawmftrwf u ¤if;onf vTwfawmftrwfrsm;tm; nDvmcH tpnf;ta0;wGif rJ½HI;cJYygu txufw&m;½Hk;xH oGm;a&mufjcif;rS wm;qD;&ef Oya'rlMurf;wpf&yf wifoGif;rnf[k "mwfaiGUqdkif&m oabmwlnD csuf udpöudk udk;um;í aMunmcJYygonf/59 twdkuftcHbufrS vTwfawmftrwfrsm;u þtqdk jyKaom vkyf&yfonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonf[k a0zefcJYMuygonf/

NcKHiHkMunfhvQif Leviathan udpöonf twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; yl;aygif;n§dEdIif; aqmif&GufrI\ ta&;ygrIESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\ vkyf&yfudk jyefvnfxdef;ausmif;onfh taejzifh txufw&m;½Hk;uJhodkY vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJUu aqmif&GufEkdifonfh tcef; u@udk azmfjyaeygonf/

57/ Haviv Rettig Gur. u 2015 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 1 &ufaeYü Times of Israel wGif a&;om;cJYaom ]](Drillilng into Netanyahu’s gas deal and why some might oppose it)}} http://www.timesofisrael.com/drilling-into-netanyahus-gas-deal-and-why-some-might-oppose-it.

58/ Financial Times u a&;om;onfh ]]tpöa&;EdkifiHrS xdef;odrf;BuD;MuyfolwdkY\ ypfrSwfxm;jcif;cH&aom Leviathan "mwfaiGUodkuf (Leviathan gas field targeted by Israeli regulator)}}

59/ Hamodia u 2016 ckESpf? ZGefv 23 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]MK u txufw&m;½Hk;xH toem; cHrIrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef BudK;yrf; (MK Seeks to Curb High Court Petitions)}} http://hamodia.com/ 2016/06/23/mk-seeks-curb-high-court-petitions.

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - awmiftmz&duEdkifiHowÅKwGif; EdkifiHawmfydkif jyKjcif;"mwfowÅKqdkif&m rl0g'tm; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;jcif;

Kaisa Toroskainen

© Nataly Reinch / Shutterstock.com

35

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t"du obm0 o,HZmwa&T? yvufwDerf? ausmufrD;aoG;

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1 “DataBank 2015: Population, total,” World Bank (2015)? 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeY wGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.



4 awmiftmz&duEdkifiH ygvDref http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Category_ID=107


37

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - awmiftmz&duEdkifiH

owÅKwGif; EdkifiHawmfydkif jyKjcif;"mwfowÅKqdkif&m rl0g'tm; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;jcif;

EdkifiHa&;pepfawmiftmz&duEdkifiHonf ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHjzpfonf/ tmz&dueftrsdK;om; uGef*&uf (ANC) ygwDonf tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;rIpepf (Apartheid Regime) tm; qefYusif wGef;vSefrIudk OD;aqmifcJYNyD; 1994 ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJYpOf uwnf;u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJYygonf/ ANC OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJUonf awmiftmz&du uGefjrLepfygwD (South African Communist Party – SACP) ESifh awmiftmz&du tvkyf orm;or*¾rsm; uGef*&uf (Congress of South African Trade Unions – COSATU) wdkY yg0ifonfh oHk;yGifhqdkif r[mrdwftzGJU (Tripartite Alliance) [kac:aom nGefYaygif;tzGJUwpfzGJUtay: tajccHygonf/ tBuD;qHk; twdkuftcHygwDrSm vpfb&,f usaom 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwfygwD (Democractic Alliance – DA) jzpfygonf/60 'kwd,tBuD;qHk; twdkuftcHygwDrSm pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfrItwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; ygwD (Economic Freedom Fighters – EFF) jzpfNyD; 1994 ckESpfwGif &&SdcJYaom EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfrIonf pD;yGm;a&;t& wef;wlnDrQrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh qufvufí tm;enf;aecJYjcif;udk taMumif;jyKí xkdygwDudk 2013 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJYygonf/61 wpfEdkifiHvHk;tqifhwGif EFF ESifh DA ygwD ESpfckvHk;onf ANC ygwDu &&Sdaom axmufcHrIudk r,SOfEdkifaomfvnf; 2016 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif a'oEå& a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ tm; aumif;aom pGrf;aqmif&nfaMumifh ,cifu pdefac:EdkifcJYjcif; r&Sdaom ANC tay: trsm;pk axmufcHrIukd Ncdrf;ajcmufvmNyD; "mwfowÅKqdkif&m rl0g'ESifhywfoufí aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIrsm; jzpf yGm;onfh EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif;udk yHkazmfvmcJYygonf/

o,HZmw MuG,f0rIrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIawmiftmz&duEdkifiHonf urÇmay:wGif a&eHr[kwfaom wGif;xGuf tMuG,f0qHk; EdkifiHjzpfNyD; o,HZmw t&HyrmP\ wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm 2 .5 x&DvD,Htxd &Sdonf[k cefYrSef;& onf/62 EdkifiH\ owÅKwGif;rsm;twGuf aps;aygaom vkyfom; &&Sdap&ef &nf&Gnfonfh a&TUajymif; tvkyform;pepf? ajr,m cGJa0csxm;ay;rIESifh vlrnf;rsm;\ tdrf,mqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;aom Oya'rsm; (Pass Laws) tp&Sdonfh tom;a&mif cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfrIpepf (1948-1994) \ t"du vu©Pm&yfrsm;tjzpf awmiftmz&du ordkif;wGif t"du tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJYygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wGif;xGufwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;wGif ordkif;wpfavQmuf jzpfyGm;cJYaom rw&m;rIrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf usifhoHk;NyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI&Sdaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH xlaxmifa&; [lonfh tmPm&ygwD ANC \ &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf t"duusygonf/ þodkY ordkif;aemufcH tajctaet& owÅKwGif;u@onf GDP wGif yg0ifrI usqif;vmNyD; rMum ao;rDu ukefypönf; aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;cJYaomfvnf; awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'

60/ 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwfygwD (Democratic Alliance) https://www.da.org.za/why-the-da/history.

61/ wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;ygwD (Economic Freedom Fighters) http://effighters.org.za/about-us.

62/ ,lautpdk;&u 2015 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 29 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;onfh awmiftmz&duEdkifiH - owÅKwGif; u@ - aemufqHk;tajctae https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/south-africa-mining-sector-an-update/south-africa-mining-sector-an-update.

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qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif t"dutcef;u@rS yg0ifqJ jzpfygonf/63 þvkyfief;u@udk 2002 ckESpf "mwfowÅK ESifh a&eHt&if;tjrpfrsm; zHGUNzdK;a&; tufOya' (Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act – MPRDA) u vTrf;rkd;NyD; 2008 ckESpfwGif jyifqifcJYum jyifqifcsuf topfrsm;udk vuf&Sd vTwfawmfwGif aqG;aEG;aeygonf/ "mwfowÅK t&if;tjrpfrsm; OD;pD;Xmeonf xdkOya' taumiftxnfazmfrIudk BuD;Muyfygonf/

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIwGif tmPm& r[mrdwftzGJUtwGif;ESifh tjcm;aomygwD rsm;tMum; rl0g'a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOfESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyfaom aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk avYvmoHk;oyf xm;ygonf/ avYvmoHk;oyf&mwGif toHk;jyKcJYaom t"du om"urSm owÅKwGif;rsm;tm; EdkifiH ydkif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufí EdkifiHtqifh aqG;aEG;rIjzpfNyD; xdkaqG;aEG;rIudk 2007 ckESpfrS 2013 ckESpftxd jyKvkyfcJYonf/ aemufqHk;wGif ANC rS tkyfpkwpfpk uGJxGufí ygwDtopf EFF ygwD udk wnfaxmifcJYygonf/

EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI\ rlvtpowÅKwGif;u@ESifhywfoufí ANC ygwD\ rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm;onf ygwD\ zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifrI qdkif&m pmwrf;jzpf vGwfvyfrI y#dnmOfpmwrf; (Freedom Charter) (1995) rS jzpfwnfvmcJY jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkpmwrf;wGif ]]ajratmuf&Sd "mwfowÅKrsm;? bPfrsm;ESifh vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;aom vkyfief;u@wdkYtm; jynfoltm;vHk;\ ydkifqdkifrIatmufodkY vTJajymif;&rnf}}[k azmfjyxm;yg onf/64 ANC \ owÅKwGif; rl0g' (1994) yxr rlMurf;wGif65 þ&nf&G,fcsuftm; ajratmuf &Sd "mwfowÅK ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk yk*¾vdu ajrydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS tpdk;&\ ykdifqdkifrIatmufodkY vTJajymif; jcif;tjzpf t"dyÜm,f aumuf,lcJYygonf/ xdkodkY t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcJYaom þ&nf&G,fcsufudk 2002 ckESpf MPRDA jzifh atmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufcJYNyD; MPRDA wGif ]]"mwfowÅK ESifh a&eHqdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf awmiftmz&du EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;\ bHktarGtESpf jzpfNyD; Edkif iHawmftpdk;&onf awmiftmz&du EdkifiHom;rsm; tm;vHk;\ tusdK;twGuf xdkt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufol jzpfonf}}[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/66 xdkYjyif ANC tpkd;&ESifh owÅKwGif; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;Mum; n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;xm;onfh 2004 ckESpf owÅKwGif; y#dnmOfpmwrf;wGif67 vlrnf; awmiftmz&duEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh tjcm; tm;enf;aom tkyfpkrsm;\ b0udk jr§ifhwifay;&ef &nfrSef;csufrsm; owfrSwfcJYonf/ tqdkyg &nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif ta&;tBuD;qHk;taejzifh ydkifqdkif

63/ Trading Economics u a&;om;onfh ]]awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ EdkifiHjcm;aiG oD;oefYxm;&SdrIrsm; (South Africa Foreign Exchange Reserves)}} http://www.tradingeconomics.com/southafrica/foreign-exchange-reserves ESifh Business Live u 2016 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;onfh ]]"mwfowÅKcGefrsm; - "mwfowÅKrsm;rS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGusqif;í a&SUavQmuf ydkrdkcufcJEdkif (Mining royalties: Minerals revenue plummets, more pain ahead)}} http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/mining/2016/02/25/mining-royalties-mineralsrevenue-plummets-more-pain-ahead.

64/ Freedom Charter wGif tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;rIpepftm; qefYusifa&;twGuf tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ http://www.anc.org.za/content/first-national-consultative-conference-freedom-charter-revolutionaryprogramme-anc udk Munfhyg/

65/ tmz&duef trsdKom;uGef*&uf\ "mwfowÅKESifh pGrf;tifrl0g' rlMurf; http://www.anc.org.za/content/draft -mineral-andenergy-policy.

66/ "mwfowÅKESifh a&eHt&if;tjrpfrsm; zHGUNzdK;a&; tufOya'\ yk'fr 3(1)/ http://cer.org.za/wp-content/ uploads/2010/08/28-OF-2002-MINERAL-AND-PETROLEUM-RESOURCES-DEVELOPMENT-ACT_7-Dec-2014to-date-1.pdf udk Munfhyg/

67/ awmiftmz&du tpdk;&u EdkifiHawmf jyefwrf;wGif 2004 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 13 &ufaeYü a&;om;cJYonfh awmiftmz&du owÅKwGif;u@twGuf a,bk,s vlrIpD;yGm;a&; jr§ifhwifjcif; y#dnmOfpmwrf;twGuf trSwfay;uwfjym; (Scorecard for the Broad Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining Industry, http://www.mqa.org.za/sites/default/files/Mining%20Charter%20August%202004.pdf.

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rIrsm;\ 26 &mcdkifEIef;udk vlrnf;jynfolrsm;xH vJTajymif;ay;jcif;vnf; yg0ifcJYygonf/

'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfatmufwGif owÅKwGif;twGuf þyxrOD;qHk; Oya'ESifh rl0g' rl abmiftm; a&;qGJcJYuwnf;u awmiftmz&duEdkifiHom;rsm; tm;vHk;xH uwdu0wf jyKxm;aom tusdK;cHpm;cGifhrsm; tm;vHk;udk aemufydkif; qufcHonfh ANC tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;taejzifh xda&mufpGm ay;tyfEdkifjcif; &Sd? r&SdESifhywfoufaom rl0g'qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIudk jzpfay:vmapaom taMumif; tcsufrsm;pGm &SdcJYygonf/

tuGuf 2 .3awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ ANC ygwDwGif rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;

rl0g' a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;rIwdkYudk aqmif&Gufaom ANC \ t"du ae&mrsm;rSm ¤if;\ rl0g'qdkif&m ygwDwGif; nDvmcHESifh vkyfief;u@tvdkuf zGJUpnf;xm;aom aumfrwDrsm; jzpfygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; aumfrwD (Economic Transformation Committee – ETC) onf ygwDwGif; owÅKwGif;qdkif&m rl0g'a&;qGJjcif;twGuf wm0ef&Sdygonf/ ETC wGif owÅKwGif; rl0g'qdkif&m tBuHay;rsm; &SdNyD; rl0g' a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;twGuf uRrf; usifolrsm;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS jyify okawoe avYvmrIrsm;ukd toHk;jyKygonf/ ig;ESpfwpfBudrf usif;yaom trsdK;om;vTwfawmfwGif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; rcsrSwfrD rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk rl0g' qdkif&m nDvmcHrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;MuNyD; r[mrdwftzGJU0ifrsm; tm;vHk;tjyif jynfe,frsm; ESifh a' orsm;uvnf; yg0ifMuygonf/

vTwfawmftrwf tenf;i,fuomvQif owÅKwGif; vkyfief;u@wGif txl;jyK tawGUtBuHK odkYr[kwf ynmwwfajrmufrI &Sdojzifh rl0g'qdkif&m udkufn§drIrsm;ESifh Oya'qdkif&m jyifqifrIrsm; paom vkyfief;e,fy,frsm;tm; aumif;rGefaom qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif; odkYr[kwf vdktyfaom tajymif;tvJtwGuf tao;pdwftqifhtxd em;vnfEdkif&ef cufcJonf/ xdkYaMumifh rl0g' avY vmoHk;oyfrIESifh okawoejyKvkyfrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkifrIonf ygwD? tpdk;&ESifh vTwf awmfaumfrwDrsm;wGif rl0g' csrSwfjcif;\ tqifhtm;vHk;ü ydkí ta&;BuD;vmcJYygonf/ ]]owÅK wGif;ESifh "mwfowÅKqdkif&m rl0g'e,fy,fwGif uRrf;usifolrsm;xHrS vkdtyfaom yHYydk;rIjzifh udpö&yf tm;vHk;udk tmPm& ygwDESifh tzGJUtpnf;twGif; tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ odkY rSomvQif aumfrwDu rnfonfhtajymif;tvJrsm; jyKvkyf&rnfESifhywfoufí qHk;jzwfcsufcs&m wGif Oya'qdkif&m jyifqifcsufrsm;twGuf oufqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;qkdif&m t&nf tcsif;rsm; jynfh0aernfjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh aumfrwDtzGJU0if wpfOD;jzpfaom uREfkyftaejzifh rl0g' ESifhôdkYr[kwf Oya'qdkif&m tajymif;tvJESifh jyifqifcsufrsm; aocsmayguf jzpfay:vma&; twGuf cdkifrmaom qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&rnfh taetxm;rSm &Sdaeygonf/}}[k vTwfawmftrwf a[mif;ESifh "mwfowÅK t&if;tjrpfrsm;qdkif&m vTwfawmf aumfrwD\ Ouú|jzpfaom Faith Bikani u qdkcJYygonf/

yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh ANC ygwDtwGif;ESifh ygwDtjyifrS a0zefajymqdkolrsm;u vlrnf;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; jr§ifhwifay;jcif;rSty ANC \ tapmykdif; rl0g'pmwrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tjcm; zGHUNzdK;a&; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;onf[k axmufjyvmMuygonf/ þtcsufonf txl;ojzifh wefzkd;jr§ifhwifjcif; (Value Adddition) ESifh tvkyftudkif zefwD;jcif;udk &nf&G,faom

40


zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI&Sdonfh EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif;68ESifh ywfoufaeum tqdkyg &nf&G,fcsufudk Ready to Govern (1992) rl0g' vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ESifh Reconstruction and Development Plan (RDP, 1994)69 wdkYwGif azmfjyxm;NyD; tqdkyg pmwrf;ESpfckudk us,fjyefYpGm aqG;aEG;cJYMuNyD; oHk;yGifhqdkif r[mrdwftzGJU (Tripartite Alliance) u axmufcHcJYygonf/ yxr pmwrf;wGif ]]"mwfowÅKrsm;tm; wefzdk;jr§ifhwif jyKjyifjcif; (Beneficiation) ESifh urÇmYtqifhrD owÅKwGif;ESifh "mwfowÅKqdkif&m qifhwuf jyKjyifjcif;qdkif&m t&if;tESD; ukefpnfrsm; aps;uGuf (Capital Goods Industry) zefwD;ay;jcif;jzifh owÅKwGif; vkyfief;u@tm; wdkif;jynf\ tjcm;u@rsm;ESifh aygif;pyf&ef rl0g'rsm;ukd a&;qGJowfrSwf&rnf}}[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 2007 ckESpf ESifh 2012 ckESpf rl0g'qdkif&m nDvmcHrsm;wGif ANC ygwDu tqdkyg &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí vkyfief;atmifjrifrI taetxm;onf auseyfzG,f&m r&SdaMumif; 0efcHcJYygonf/70

'kwd,taejzifh owÅKwGif;u@\ tvkyfcefYxm;rI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ydkifqdkifrIwdkYwGif vlrnf;rsm; rQwpGm yg0ifEdkif&ef owÅKwGif; y#dnmOfpmwrf;wGif jy|mef;xm;aom a,bk,s vlrnf;pD;yGm;a&; jr§ifhwifrI (Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment – BB-BEE) rl0g'rsm;tm; taumiftxnf azmfjcif;ESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;vmcJYMuygonf/ awmiftmz&du owÅK wGif; zGHUNzdK;a&;toif; (South African Mining Development Association) u xkwfjyef aom 2010 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpmwGif ]]toGifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m tusdK;tjrwfrsm; (Transfor- mational Rents) tay: tav;xm; tm½HkpdkufrI tvGefrsm;aeNyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;qdkif&m tusdK;tjrwfrsm; (Developmental Rents) tay: tm½HkpdkufrI tvGefenf;aeonf}}[k azmfjy cJYNyD;71 ydkifqdkifrIESifhywfoufí axmufcHonfh vkyf&yfonf þu@\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;tay: tm½HkpdkufrIudk usqif;apum tqdkyg zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m oufa&muf rIrsm;tm; yk*¾vdu tcsdK;us ydkifqdkifrIxuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSwqifhom &&SdEdkifaMumif; axmufjy cJYygonf/ xdkYjyif owÅKwGif;vkyfief;u@wGif vlrnf;rsm;\ ydkifqdkifrIonf tenf;i,faom yk*¾dKvfrsm;u xdef;csKyfxm;onfh ukrÜPD tenf;pkwGifom pkNyHKaeNyD; omrefjynfolrsm;twGuf us,fjyefYaom tusdK;cHpm;cGifhrsm; zefwD;ay;jcif; r&SdaMumif; tqdkyg tpD&ifcHpmu jyocJYygonf/ ANC \ oHk;yGifhqdkif r[mrdwftzGJU (Tripartite Alliance) rdwfzuftzGJUrsm;72 ESifh tjcm;ygwDrsm; u þuJhodkY csrf;omMuG,f0rI pkNyHKaerIudk ydkrdka0zef uefYuGufvmMuonf/ ANC tzGJU0ifrsm;onf tqdkyg taMumif;t&if;rsm;aMumifh tkyfpkuGJcJYygonf/ trSefwu,fawmh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom aqG;aEG;rIonf tm;aumif;&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;wpf&yf rSm jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI trsm;pkonf þvkyfief;u@wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh tpdk;&\ yg0if aqmif&Gufjcif; tygt0if taumif;qHk; ]]tpkd;&\ 0ifaiGpepf (Government Take System)}}taMumif; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rnfhtpm; vlrnf; jynfolrsm;b0 jr§ifhwifjcif;tay: tm½Hkpdkufaeaom aMumifh jzpfygonf/

68/ Nordic ESifh ta&SUtm&SEdkifiHrsm;uJhodkY vkyfief;u@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk taxmuftuljzpfap&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;aqmifí vkyfief;u@qdkif&mESifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;\ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; pDpOfa&;qGJjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI &SdaomEdkifiH (Developmental State) [laom t,ltqESifhywfoufí Oyrmtm;jzifh Thandika Mkandawire a&;om;onfh ]]tmz&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGif zGHNzdK;wdk;wufrI&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;taMumif; pOf;pm;Munhfjcif; (Thinking About Developmental States in Africa)}} United Nations University, http://archive.unu.edu/hq/academic/Pg_area4/Mkandawire.html.

69/ “ANC 1992: Ready to Govern,” http://www.anc.org.za/docs/pol/1992/readyto.html.

70/ SIMS tpD&ifcHpm 2012 ESifhywfoufí ANC rl0g'qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIpmwrf;/71/ ]]pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIESifh zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf awmiftmz&du\ "mwfowÅK o,HZmwrsm;tm; xkwf,loHk;pGJ

jcif; (Harnessing South Africa’s Mineral Resources for Economic Growth and Development)}} (2009), http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/29809_harnessing_sas_mineral_resources-executive_summary.pdf.

72/ COSATU rl0g'pmwrf; (2012)

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aemufqHk;wGif oHk;yGifhqdkif r[mrdwftzGJU\ rdwfzuftzGJUrsm;onf "mwfowÅKqdkif&m t&if;tjrpf rsm; ydkifqdkifrIESifhywfoufí vGwfvyfrI y#dnmOfpmwrf;tm; ANC \ t"dyÜm,f aumuf,lrIudk uefYuGufcJYNyD; vkyfief;u@\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsmonf[k pGyfpGJcJYygonf/ twd tus qdk&vQif ¤if;wdkYonf vGwfvyfrI y#dnmOfpmwrf;tm; qdkvdk&if;twdkif; t"dyÜm,f aumuf ,lrIudk tm;ay; axmufcHcJYNyD; xdk t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrIt& EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf ajratmuf ydkifqdkifrIrsm;ESifh vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkomru owÅKwGif;vkyfief; vnf ywfrIrsm;udkvnf; xdef;csKyfoifhonf[k qdkygonf/73 2010 ckESpfrSpí ANC \ vli,ftoif; (Youth League) onf ANC \ acgif;aqmifydkif;tay: a0zefrIudk ykdrdk xkwfazmfvmcJYMuNyD; uwday;xm;aom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk taumiftxnf azmfay;&mwGif wdk;wufrI r&Sdjcif;ESifhywf oufí a0zefwdkufcdkufcJYygonf/74 xdkYaMumifh 2000 jynfhESpfrsm;\ yxrq,fpkESpf tukefwGif ]]'Drdkua&pDpepf 16 ESpfMumNyD;aemuf wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk ydkrdk t&Sdeft[kefjr§ifh toGifajymif;vJ &ef vkdtyfrIESifhywfoufí wpfEdkifiHvHk; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI}}wpf&yf ay:aygufvmcJYygonf/75

owÅKwGif;rsm;tm; EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfrItay: ANC \ uefYuGufrIu tmPm& r[mrdwftzGJUtm; NydKuGJapcJYtjyif;txef jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rItay: wkHYjyefrItaejzifh 2010 ckESpfwGif ANC \ trsdK;om; taxGaxGaumifpD (National General Council) u ¤if;\ pD;yGm;a&; toGifajymif;vJa&; aumfrwDtm; owÅKwGif; tygt0if EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;\ r[mAsL[m usaom vkyfief;u@rsm; tay: wdk;jrifhvmaom tpdk;&\ xdef;csKyfrIESifhywfoufí ]]okawoe avYvmrI? uGif;qif;avY vmrIrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;rIrsm; xyfrHjyKvkyf&efESifh qHk;jzwfcsufwpf&yftwGuf rl0g'qdkif&m nDvmcH xH owif;ay;ydkY&ef}} apcdkif;cJYygonf/76 aemuf usif;yaom ANC rl0g' nDvmcHwGif xdkodkY apcdkif;cJYaom owÅKwGif;u@wGif tpdk;&\ 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI (State Intervention in the Mining Sector - SIMS) tpD&ifcHpmyg tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk a'oEå&ESifh jynfe,f½Hk;cGJrsm;ESifh r[mrdwftzGJU\ rdwfzuftzGJUrsm; tm;vHk;tygt0if ANC tzGJU0ifrsm;xH wifjycJYygonf/ xdk tpD&ifcHpmwGif EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfrItm; raxmufcHcJYbJ ]]EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;onf awmiftmz&du EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;twGuf 'ku©jzpfvmvdrfhrnf}}[k axmufjycJYum taMumif;rSm qufpyf ukefus p&dwfrsm;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;\ wkHYjyefrIrsm;ESifh zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'yg tuefYtowfrsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfrnfhtpm; "mwfowÅK rl0g'\ zGHNzdK;wdk;wufrI&Sdaom EdkifiHawmfESifh ywfoufonfh tydkif;rsm;tay: ydkrdktm½Hkpdkuf&ef ypfrSwfxm;onfh tpdk;&\ yg0ifaqmif&GufrIudk tBuHjyKcJYNyD; tapmydkif; ANC rl0g'\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk a&S;½Iaom enf;vrf;udk axmufcHcJYyg onf/77

73/ ANC \ trsdK;om;rl0g' nDvmcH (National Policy Conferece) (2012) twGuf aqG;aEG;rI pmwrf;rsm;tay: COSATU \ wkHYjyefrIrsm;

74/ ]]ANCYL rl0g'pmwrf; 2012 - "mwfowÅK MuG,f0rItm; jynfoltm;vHk; ydkifqdkifEdkifatmif vTJajymif; Edkifjcif;qDodkY (ANCYL policy document 2012: Towards the transfer of Mineral wealth to the ownership of the people as a whole: A Perspective on Nationalization of Mines)” http://www.ancyl.org.za/show.php?id=5502.

75/ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIESifh zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf awmiftmz&du\ "mwfowÅK o,HZmwrsm;tm; xkwf,loHk;pGJjcif; (Harnessing South Africa’s Mineral Resources for Economic Growth and Development) (2009), 1.

76/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m owÅKwGif;vkyfom;rsm; or*¾ (National Union of Mineworkers - NUM) \ owÅKwGif;rsm; EdkifiHykdifjyKvkyfjcif; - tNyD;owfpmwrf; (Nationalization Of Mines- Final Document) (2011), http://www.num.org.za/News-Reports-Speeches/Reports/token/download/ItemId/2.

77/ owÅKwGif;u@wGif tpdk;&\ 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI (State Intervention in the Mining Sector) (2012)

42


aemufydkif;wGif xdkudpöudk ygwDnDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;cJYMuonf/ 2012 ckESpf ¤if;\ a&G;aumufyGJ nDvmcHwGif owÅKwGif;u@tay: tpdk;&\ xdef;csKyfrIudk xyfrHwdk;jr§ifh&ef tqdktm; rJcGJqHk;jzwf í y,fcscJYygonf/78 odkYaomf SIMS tpD&ifcHpmESifhywfoufí aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm; jyKvkyfpOfu wifjyrIrsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh ANC ygwD0if trsm;pku ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom tpdk;& ydkifqdkifrIudk y,fcscJYaomfvnf; ygwDwGif;&Sd tkyfpkrsm;ESifh r[mrdwftzGJUonf &v'ftay: rusreyfjzpfaeMuqJ jzpfaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;ygonf/ xdkpOfu ANC vli,ftoif;\ acgif;aqmifjzpfaom Julius Malema u xdkudpöESifhywfoufí ANC udk qufvufa0zefcJYaomaMumifh ygwDrS xkwfy,fcHcJY &ygonf/ Malema u Economic Freedom Fighters ygwDtopfudk wnfaxmifcJYNyD; EkdifiHawmftpdk;&onf "mwfowÅKu@udk xdef;csKyfoifhaMumif; qufvufajymqdkcJYygonf/ ANCYL/EFF vIyf&Sm;rIonf 2012 ckESpfwGif Marikana tjzpfqdk; uJhodkYaom tvkyform; tjiif;yGm;rI ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmcsdefwGif jzpfyGm;cJYygonf/ tpdk;& xdef;csKyfrIudk jr§ifhwif&efESifh qHk;½IH;oGm; aom tvkyftudkifrsm;udk jyefvnfzefwD;ay;&ef aus;vufowÅKwGif; vkyfom;rsm;u txl; axmufcHcJYonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkYonf owÅKukefpnf aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;í owÅKwGif;rsm; ydwfodrf;cJYaomaMumifh tvkyftudkif qHk;½IH;cJYolrsm; jzpfonf/79 2014 ckESpf taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJwGif tqdkyg rJqE´&Sifrsm;\ rJrsm;onf awmiftmz&du\ rJ&&SdrI tajctaeudk vIyfcwfapcJYNyD; EFF onf wwd,tBuD;qHk;ygwD jzpfvmcJYygonf/

awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif; tajymif;tvJjzpfNyD; tmPm&ygwDtay: axmuf cHrI usqif;vmojzifh EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;qdkif&m jiif;cHkrIudk tom;ay;rI enf;vmcJYaomfvnf; þjiif;cHkrIrS xGufay:vmaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rItwGuf oifcef;pm rsm;onf "mwfowÅK rl0g'tay: qufvufoufa&mufrI &SdcJYygonf/

rl0g'csrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfonf tmPm&ygwD\ owfrSwfxm;aom &yfwnfrItm; rD;armif;xdk;jyEdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom rl0g'csrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfonf ANC ygwDtwGif;tmPm tm;NydKifrIESifh tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIwdkYESifhywfoufaom tajctaersm;udk rD;armif;xkd;jyygonf/ ANC ygwDonf r[mrdwf rdwfzuftzGJUrsm;ESifh rl0g'qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIudk rMumcP jyKvkyfyg onf/ tvm;wlNyD; trsm;jynfolESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif; ESifh rl0g' xkwfjyefcsrSwfjcif;wdkYjzifh trsm;jynfol\ tjrifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygonf/ aemufqHk;ü vTwfawmfxJwGif cHkae&m trsm;pk &Sdxm;aom ygwDtaejzifh ANC ygwD\ rl0g'u vTrf;rdk;cJYygonf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ygwDESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJUMum; yl;aygif;rI twdkif;twmonf r[mrdwftzGJUtwGif; ANC acgif; aqmifydkif;tay: qefYusifrI jzpfvmapcJYygonf/

ygwDacgif;aqmifydkif;ESifhywfoufí ANC ygwDtwGif;&Sd tzGJUrsm;tMum; oabmxm;uGJvJGrIrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; vTwfawmftrwfrsm;onf acgif;aqmifydkif;u ay;aom trdefYudk vdkufemaeonf[k txifcH&ap&ef owd&SdMuygonf/ w&m;0ifygwD &yfwnfrIwpf&yfudk vufcHcJYNyD;aemuf uGJjym; aom tjrifrsm;ESifhywfoufí vlod&SifMum; aqG;aEG;rI twdkif;twmudk ygwD\ pnf;urf;u

78/ Anine Kilian. u 2014 ckESpf? rwfv 28 &ufaeYwGif Mining Weekly wGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]owÅK wGif;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu jyefvnfodrf;,ljcif;onf awmiftmz&du EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdvdrfhrnf - yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm; (State takeover of mines would be beneficial to South Africans – panellists)}} http://www.miningweekly.com/article/nationalisation-debate-2014-03-28/rep_id:3650.

79/ Noor Nieftagodien. “New Political Directions? Reconstituting and re-imagining the left after Marikana,” New South African review 5, ed. Gilbert M. Khadiagala (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2015).

43


xdef;csKyfay;onf/ þtajctaewGif oabmxm;uGJvGJ qefYusifaeaom vli,ftoif;\ acgif;aqmif Julius Malema u ododomom uGJxGufaeygonf/

jiif;cHkrIu jyif;xefvmcJYaomfvnf; tmPm& r[mrdwftzGJU ESifh twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;tMum; "mwfowÅK rl0g'ESifhywfoufaom EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;rItay: tuefYtowf jzpfaeygonf/ owÅKwGif;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí t"du twdkuftcH vkyfaeaom tzGJUtpnf;rSm owÅKwGif; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif; jzpfyHkay:NyD; xdktoif;onf owÅKwGif; y#dnmOfpmwrf;tm; aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;&mwGif tjcm;wpfzufrS jzpfum a,bk,stm;jzifh owÅKwGif;u@\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh rl0g'qdkif&m zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf ajymqdkygonf/ tqdkyg vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;onf avYvmoHk;oyfrI ESifh tm;ay;axmufcHrIqdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;pGm &SdNyD; xdkt&if;tjrpfrsm;u awmiftmz&duEdkifiH wGif owÅKwGif;vkyfief;\ tcef;u@ESifhywfoufaom aqG;aEG;rIaemufuG,frS okawoe avYvmawGU&SdrI rsm;pGm yHYydk;ay;ygonf/ xifrSwfrxm;onfrSm tqdkyg vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;onf xyfrHí EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;tay: tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk jiif;y,fcJYNyD; wefzkd;uGif;quf csdwfqufrI rsm; ysdK;axmif&ef zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIESifhoufqdkifaom 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aqmif&GufrIrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wl qefYusifcJYygonf/80

tjcm;ygwDrsm;rS wHkYjyefrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí ANC ygwDonf ¤if;\ "mwfowÅK rl0g'rsm;tm; DA ygwDu qdk&S,fvpf 0g'tjzpfvnf;aumif;? EFF ygwDu eD,dkvpfb&,f 0g'tjzpfvnf; aumif; wpfNydKifwnf; pGyfpGJae&aMumif; awGU&SdcJYygonf/ Oyrm DA ygwD\ "mwfowÅK t&if; tjrpfrsm;twGuf twdkuftcH 'k0efBuD;jzpfaom Henrik Schmidt u SIMS tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;aom tawG;tac:rsm;onf ]]uGefjrLepf r[kwfawmif qdk&S,fvpf}} jzpfonf[k qdk cJYygonf/81 odkYaomf DA ygwD udk,fwdkiftaejzifh &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;aom "mwfowÅK rl0g'wpf&yf r&SdbJ rMumcPqdkovdk owÅKwGif; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;\ w&m;0if aMunmcsuf rsm;ESifh &yfwnfrIrsm;udkom oHa,mifvdkufaecJYygonf/ tmPm& ygwDtay: ¤if;\ pdefac:rI onf ANC tpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tay: t"du xm;cJYygonf/82 wpfcsdefwnf;rSm yif EFF ygwDu owÅKwGif;rsm;udk EdkifiHydkif rjyKvkyf&ef tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ukd vdkufemí vuf,m ,drf;cJYjcif;twGuf ANC ygwDudk a0zefcJYNyD; awmiftmz&du uGefjrLepfygwDtm; ]]tpdk;&tzGJUwGif ANC ygwDESifh yl;aygif;n§dEdIif; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tavQmhay;cJYonf}}[k pGyfpGJcJYygonf/83 ANC ygwDudk,fwdkifuvnf; DA \ axmufcHolrsm;tm; vljzLrsm; NrdKUawmf (White Capital) \ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf jyif;jyif;xefxef orkwfcJYNyD; EFF \ tjrifrsm;tm; vlydef;BudKuf jzpf aMumif; wkHYjyefcJYygonf/

þtajctaeonf yk*¾dKvfpGJ EdkifiHa&; (Identity-based Politics) ESifh ordkif;wpfavQmuf jzpf

80/ Ben Turok u Great Insights ü 2013 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]awmiftmz&du EdkifiH\ owÅKwGif;u@&Sd jyóemrsm; (Problems in the mining industry in South Africa)}} http://ecdpm.org/great-insights/growth-to-transformation-role-extractive-sector/problems-mining-industrysouth-africa

81/ SIMS tpD&ifcHpmtay: DA u 2015 ckESpf? arv 7 &ufaeYwGif wkHYjyefcJYaom ]]owÅKwGif;u@wGif tpdk;&u 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;onf usqHk;zdkY aocsmonf (State intervention in the mining sector is doomed to fail)}}udk https://www.da.org.za/2015/05/state-intervention-in-the-mining-sector-is-doomed-to-fail wGif Munfhyg/

82/ Oyrm DA ygwDu 2016 ckESpf? {NyDv 19 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]owÅKwGif; y#dnmOfpmwrf; topfonf þu@tm; ANC u udk,fhaowGif; udk,fwl;apjcif; jzpfw,f (New Mining Charter is the ANC’s suicide note for the industry)}}udk https://www.da.org.za/2016/04/new-mining-charter-is-the-ancs-suicide-note-for-the-industry wGif Munfhyg/

83/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ twdkuftcH - tpnf;ta0; tusOf;csKyf (Chatham House, 2015)

]]wpfenf;tm;jzifh «EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;rIudk»

EkdifiHwGif a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fumv r[kwfygu

rjyKvkyfMuyg}}

vTwfawmftrwfFaith Bikani

44


yGm;cJYaom w&m;rrQwrIrsm;onf awmiftmz&du EdkifiHa&;wGif &Sdaeao;aMumif; jyoaeygonf/ "mwfowÅK t&if;tjrpfrsm;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufí twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh tmPm&ygwD ESifh ¤if;\ r[mrdwf tzGJU0ifrsm;Mum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIonf awmiftmz&du EdkifiHwGif ,aeYtcsdefxd jzpfrvmao;yg/ vTwfawmftrwfESifh "mwfowÅK t&if;tjrpfrsm;qdkif&mvTwfawmf aumfrwD\ Ouú|a[mif;jzpfaom Faith Bikani \ tqdkt& ygwDrsm;tMum;wGif tvGwf oabm n§dEdIif;rIESifh aqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyf&ef vrf;aMumif;rsm; r&Sdyg/ ]]wpfenf;tm;jzifh «EdkifiHa&; t& aqG;aEG;rIudk» EkdifiHwGif a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fumv r[kwfygu rjyKvkyfMuyg/ uREfkyfwkdY jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;aomtcgwGif ygwDpHk aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm; odkYr[kwf rsufESmpHknD tpnf; ta0;rsm;wGif vlod&SifMum; jyKvkyfMuygonf/ uREfkyftaejzifh oabmwlnDrI wpfcktaejzifh &Sd aomt&mrsm;ESifh ygwDpHk xdawGUqufqHrIrsm;twGuf jyifqif&mwGif uREfkyf\ygwDu qHk;jzwfcJY aom t&mrsm;twdkif;om vkyfzdkY ydkNyD;tm;oefygw,f}}[k olru ajymygonf/

owÅKwGif;rsm;tm; EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;qdkif&m jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIonf tmPm& r[mrdwftzGJUtwGif; t,l0g'qdkif&m ESifh rl0g' &yfwnfrIqdkif&m uGmjcm;csufrsm;udk azmfjyaeovdk ANC ygwD\ tkyfcsKyfrI tBudrfBudrf pdefac:cH&aomtcgwGif vTwfawmf&Sd ygwDaygif;pkHMum; tjyeftvSef aqG; aEG;rI r&Sdjcif;udkvnf; ay:vGifapygonf/ EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIonf t,l0g'ESifh oufqkdifaomfvnf; okawoe avYvmawGU&SdrIrsm;tay:vnf; tajccHygonf/ rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk tmPm& r[mrdwftzGJUtwGif;? vTwfawmfü? jynfoltrsm;a&SUwGif tao;pdwf jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;cJYMuNyD; EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif;tm; ajymif;vJap &ef rsm;pGm taxmuftul jyKcJYygonf/ jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIu jyif;xefvmcJYaomfvnf; rl0g' cs rSwfjcif;? aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;ESifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;\ awmif;qdkrIrsm;udk wHkYjyefjcif;qdkif&m enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm;onf EdkifiHydkif jyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom &yfwnfrI owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfxJwGif tcdkiftrm wnf&SdaecJYygonf/ ajymif;vJaeaom EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif;? owÅKwGif;u@\ qdk;&Gm;aom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh tusdK;quftjzpf jzpfvmaom tvkyform; or*¾rsm;\ uaomif;ueif; jzpfrIwdkYaMumifh aemufydkif;wGif qefYusifaom tjrifrsm;tMum; ydkrdkeufeJaom tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rI jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - *gemEdkifiHEdkifiHa&;t& ,SOfNydKifrIonf tcGef0ifaiGqdkif&ma&&SnfwnfwHYrItay: Ncdrf;ajcmuf

Kaisa Toroskainen, Adams Fusheini ESifh Femke Brouwer

© Anton Ivanov / Shutterstock.com

45

46

*gemEdkifiH? t"du tcsuftvufrsm; (2015)

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EdkifiHa&;pepfor®w OD;aqmifaom 'Drdkua&pD

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1 “DataBank 2015: Population, total,” World Bank (2015)? 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.world bank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.



4 *gemEdkifiH ygvDref http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians.

5 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif http://databank.world bank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN& country= ü Munfh½IcJYonfh “DataBank 2015: Fuel exports as % of merchandise exports,” World Bank (2015) ESifh 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif http://databank.world bank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=TX.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN& country. ü Munfh½IcJYonfh “DataBank 2015: Ores and metals exports as % of merchandise exports,” World Bank (2015)

47

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - *gemEdkifiH

EdkifiHa&;t& ,SOfNydKifrIonf tcGef0ifaiGqdkif&ma&&SnfwnfwHYrItay: Ncdrf;ajcmuf

EdkifiHa&;pepf*gemEdkifiHonf ygwDpHkpepf &SdNyD; Oya'jyKa&; vTwfawmfwpf&yfwnf;om &Sdygonf/ rsdK;cspfygwDopf (New Patriotic Party – NPP) onf 2016 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyfonfh or®wESifh vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpf uGef*&ufygwD (National Democratic Congress – NDC) tm; trsm;pk tEdkif&&SdcJYNyD; tqdkyg a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif *gemEdkifiH\ pD; yGm;a&; pGrf;aqmif&nfrSm a&G;aumufyGJ\ t"du acgif;pOfwpfck jzpfcJYygonf/ ,cif Oya'jyKa&; r@dKifwGif udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifcJYonfh ydkrdkao;i,faom twdkuftcHygwD ESpfckonf aemufqHk; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ cHkae&mrsm;ukd qHk;½IH;cJYNyD; *gemEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif ygwDESpfck u vTrf;rdk;aom tajctaeudk ydkrdkcdkifrmapcJYygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk tpdk;&tzGJUxH tyf ESif;xm;NyD; tpdk;&tzGJUudk or®w Nana Akufo-Addo u OD;aqmifygonf/

obm0 o,HZmw MuG,f0rIrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrI*gemEdkifiHwGif 2007 ckESpfü a&eH&SmazGawGU&SdcJYNyD; rsm;rMumrD 2010 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif a&eH xGuf&Sdaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmcJYum 2014 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&0ifaiGrsm;xJrS o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; 18 &mckdifEIef;txd wdk;jr§ifhvmcJYygonf/84 *gemEdkifiH tpdk;&u a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrI pepf\ 'DZdkif;tay: vrf;ñTef;rIay;&ef vlxkESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;tm; us,fus,f jyefYjyefY jyKvkyfcJYygonf/ xdkpepfudk 2011 ckESpf a&eH0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrI tufOya' (Petroleum Revenue Management Act - PRMA) tjzpf jyXmef;cJYNyD; aemufydkif;wGifvnf; jyifqifcsuf rsm; jyKvkyfcJYygonf/ pkaiG &efyHkaiG ESpf&yfudk wnfaxmifay;aom xdkOya'onf 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI twGuf cdkifrmaom Oya'tajccH jzpfvmcJYygonf/ aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif *gemEdkifiHonf tajc cH taqmufttHk wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;rsm;udk aiGaMu;axmufyHY&eftwGuf a&eHrS&&Sdrnfh 0ifaiGudk arQmfrSef;í acs;aiGtajrmuftrsm; acs;,lcJYygonf/ tusdK;quftaejzifh 2014 ckESpf? ZGefvrSpí urÇmYa&eHaps;rsm; rarQmfvifhbJ tBuD;tus,f usqif;oGm;aomtcg jynfolYaMuG;NrDESifh bwf*sufvdkaiGjyrI ododomom &SdvmcJYygonf/ þtawGUtBuHKudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh PRMA udk a&;qGJcJYpOfu tcGef0ifaiGqdkif&m a&&SnfwnfwHYrI wpfckvHk;udk NcHKiHkí vHkavmufpGm pOf;pm;cJY jcif;r&SdaMumif; ay:vGifygonf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;t& ,SOfNydKifrIu zdtm;ay;vmonfhtcgwGif tpdk;&u bwf*suftm; tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJjcif;rS wm;qD;umuG,fEdkifcJYjcif; r&SdbJ wpfzufuvnf; a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;ESifhywfoufí jrifhrm;aom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;u tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJ&ef wGef;tm;jzpfapcJYygonf/

þEdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrIwGif EdkifiHa&;t& NydKifqdkifrIESifh *gemEdkifiH\ a&eHrS&&Sdonfh tenf;i,f aom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; vGJrSm;pGm pDrHcefYcGJrIonf EdkifiHtm; taMuG;wifapNyD; bwf*suf tusyf twnf; jzpfapyHkudk jyojcif;tm;jzifh PRMA jy|mef;jcif;ESifh ¤if;tm; taumiftxnfazm&mwGif BuHKawGU&aom pdefac:rIrsm;udk avYvmoHk;oyfxm;ygonf/

EdkifiHa&;t& NydKifqdkifrIMum;xJrS a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI tufOya'udk a&;qGJjy|mef;jcif;2008 ckESpfwGif a&eHudk pD;yGm;jzpfaom yrmPtxd &SmazGawGU&SdcJYNyD;aemuf rsdK;cspfygwDopf

84/ Ghana EITI, https://eiti.org/ghana.

48


(New Patriotic Party – NPP) tpdk;&tzGJUu *gemEdkifiH\ zGHUNzdK;p a&eHvkyfief;u@ESifh 0ifaiG rsm;tay: vTrf;rdk;aom t"du Oya'rsm;a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf taxmuftul jzpfap &ef vlxkESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;udk pwifjyKvkyfcJYygonf/ jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tvSL&Sifrsm;u tpdk;&tzGJUtm; *gemjynfolrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJYygonf/ *gemEdkifiHwGif "mwfowÅKrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhywfoufí vlxku ,cifu rausreyfjzpfcJYaomaMumifh ESifh a&eHu@wGif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHjzpfaom Edkif*sD; &D;,m;u &ifqdkifae&aom pdefac:rIrsm;aMumifh EdkifiHom;rsm;onf a&eH&SmazGawGU&SdrI owif; tay: tpydkif;wGif owdxm;í apmifhMunfhaecJYMuygonf/ odkYaomf us,fjyefYaom vlxkESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;aMumifh a&eHMuG,f0rI\ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh jzpfvmEdkifaom tEå&m,frsm;udk ydkrdk od&Sdem;vnfvmMuNyD; *gemEdkifiHom;rsm;onf a&eHawGU&SdrItm; rSefuefpGm toHk;cs&eftwGuf xl;jcm;aom tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yftjzpf pwif oabmxm;vmcJYygonf/

tuGuf 2 .4*gemEdkifiHrS ygwDrsm;Mum; rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;

a&eHESifh "mwfaiGUudpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí vTwfawmfwGif udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifaom *gemEdkifiHrS yg wDrsm;\ rl0g'csrSwfrIudk vkyfief;u@tvdkuf aumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;jcif;rSwqifh aqmif&GufNyD; xdkaumfrwDrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh wm0ef&Sdaom 0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ay:xGufvmaom rl0g' rlMurf;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygonf/ þtqifhwGif jyify uRrf;usifol rsm;ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;wdkifyifEdkifygonf/

xdkYjyif ygwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;uvnf; a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m rl0g' aMujimpmwrf;rsm;udk ygwD\ trsdK;om; trIaqmifaumfrwDrS twnfjyKap&eftwGuf taxmuftul jyKcJYygonf/ ygwD\ trsdK;om;trIaqmif aumfrwDwGif a'oEÅ& ½Hk;cGJrsm;ESifh tjcm; rJqEé,frsm;\ udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifapjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\ tjrifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;yg0ifapcJYygonf/

tcsdKUygwDrsm;wGif ygwDacgif;aqmifydkif;u trsdK;om;aumfrwDwGif Mum;emjcif;rjyKrD tqdkjyKaom rl0g'udk twnfjyKay;NyD; tBuD;tus,f jiif;iHkaqG;aEG;rnfhtpm; w&m;0if twnfjyKay;&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJwpf&yf jyKvkyfí rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;tm; atmufrStxufodkY vkyfief; pOftpm; txufrS atmufodkY vkyfief;pOf jzpfapygonf/

0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm; azmfaqmif&mwGif aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrI tajcjyKenf;vrf; udk usifhoHk;aomfvnf; t"du ygwDESpfckMum; jyif;xefaom NydKifqdkifrIonf 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI &v'frsm;tay: qdk;&Gm;aom oufa&mufrI &Sdapygonf/ a&eH&SmazGawGU&SdpOfu wm0ef,lcJYaom NPP \ pGrf;tif0efBuD;onf xdk&SmazGawGU&SdrIudk *kPfjyK&ef a&eHpdrf; wpfykvif;udk vTwfawmfxJ odkYyif ,laqmifvmcJYygonf/85 þodkY vlod&SifMum; xkwfazmfrIrsm;ESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyfaeaom aumif;rGefonfh owif;pum;rsm;onf vlxktMum; arQmfrSef;csufrsm; jrifhwufapNyD; xdkjrifhrm; aom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;onf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrI vkyfief;pOf\ oabm obm0ESifh 0ifaiGrsm;onf EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;udk tvsiftjref toGifajymif;vJEdkif&ef vHkavmufonf[laom ,lqcsufwGif ay:vGifaeygonf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh vlxkESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;aMumifh 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIpepf tm; Oya'tjzpfodkY jy|mef;jcif;ESifh o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;\ tenf;pkudk tem*wf rsdK;

85/ Modern Ghana u 2007 ckESpf? ZGefv 20 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;onfh ]]vTwfawmfu a&eHawGU&SdrI taMumif; aqG;aEG; (Parliament Discussses Oil Discovery)}} https://www.modernghana.com/news/138029/parliament-discusses-oil-discovery.html.

49


qufrsm;twGuf pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh usef0ifaiGrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfzGHUNzdK;a&;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;qdkif&m tajccHpnf;rsOf;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY axmufcHcJYMuygonf/

EdkifiHa&;t& NydKifqdkifrIonf u@ pDrHcefYcGJrIudk yHkazmf&mwGif tcef;u@ wpf&yftaejzifh quf vufyg0ifcJYNyD; aemufydkif; tmPm&vmaom NDC tpdk;&tzGJUu ¤if;wdkYonf ]]yxrqHk; a&eH udk tvsiftjref}} xkwfvkyfrnf[k aMunmí a&eHvkyfief;u@tm; pwifxkwfvkyf&ef zdtm; ay;cJYygonf/ odkYaomf þr[mAsL[mtwGuf xkwfvkyfrI rpwifrD jynfhpHkaom rl0g'rsm;? Oya' rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm; azmfaqmif&ef wlnDaom qHk;jzwfcsuf r&SdcJYyg/ xdktcsufudk ,cktcgwGif ,aeY a&eHu@tay: oufa&mufrI&Sdaom t"du trSm;rsm;xJrS wpfcktjzpf ,lqMuygonf[k trsm;jynfol tusdK;pD;yGm;qdkif&m wm0efcHrI aumfrwD (Public Interest Accountability Committee – PIAC) \ 'kOuú|jzpfaom Kwame Jantuah u azmfjycJYygonf/ PIAC onf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm; toHk;jyK&mwGif wm0efcHrI wdk;jrifh&ef PRMA t& wnfaxmif xm;aom tzGJUtpnf; jzpfygonf/

]]uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh rl0g'a&;qGJrI wpfckvHk;udk rSm;,Gif;aom taetxm;wpf&yfuae pwifcJY w,fvdkY tcsdKUu xifMuygw,f/ taMumif;rSm EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk NPP xHrS NDC tpdk;&xH odkY vTJajymif;aomtcgwGif uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh prf;oyf&SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; tufOya' (Exploration and Production Act)86 udk rjyXmef;rcsif; prf;oyf&SmazGjcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;cJYoifh aomaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ xdktufOya'u a&eHu@twGuf or®musrf;yrm t"duusaom Oya'jzpfNyD; tjcm;oufqdkif&m Oya'rsm;u xdkOya'rS ay:xGufvmwmjzpfw,f}} vdkY Jantuah u qdkcJYygonf/ ]]xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&rnfhtpm; EdkifiHwum a&eHukrÜPDrsm;u vkyfief;rsm;udk pwif vkyfudkifaeaomaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh 2011 ckESpf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI tufOya' (Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011) udk tvsifpvdk jyXmef;cJYNyD; taMumif;rSm EdkifiHwum a&eHukrÜPDrsm;u vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyfudkifaeNyD; uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh 0ifaiGudk rnfodkY pDrHcefYcGJí wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif; rnfodkY oHk;pGJ&rnfudk owfrSwfay;aom xda&mufonfh Oya' r&Sdao;aMumif; owdxm;rdcJYaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/}}87

t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;Mum; NydKifqdkifrIonf PRMA tufOya'yg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufí aumif;rGefpGm aqG;aEG;oHk;oyfxm;aom rl0g'qdkif&m jiif;cHkrItjzpfodkY jzpfrvmcJYyg/ trSefwu,f awmh vlxkESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom t"du tjrifrsm;rS aoGznf&ef cufcJ aomaMumifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf Oya'ESifhywfoufí ¤if;wdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm;Mum; rnfonfh BuD;rm;aom uGmjcm;csufrsm;udkrqdk xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef wGefYqkwfaecJYMuygonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkap umrl a&eH? "mwfaiGYESifhywfoufí *gemEdkifiH t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tzGJU (Ghana Civil Society Platform on Oil & Gas) \ acgif;aqmifjzpfaom Steve Manteaw u 0ifaiGrsm;tm; pkaqmifjcif;ESifh oHk;pGJjcif; tcsdK;ESifhywfoufí tjrifuGJvGJrIrsm; &SdcJYaMumif; &Sif;jy cJYygonf/ t"dutm;jzifh xdkpOfu tmPm& NDC ygwDu 0ifaiGudk pkaqmif;&eftwGuf odrf; qnf;½Hkomru *gemEdkifiH\ tajccH taqmufttHkqdkif&m vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf vnf; toHk;jyK&rnf[k axmufjycJYygonf/ tjcm;ygwDrsm;u cdkifrmaom &yfwnfrIrsm; r&SdcJYMu yg/ a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; aMuG;NrD jyefvnfay;qyfrItwGuf tmrcHrsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKjcif; ESifhywfoufívnf; uGJjym;aom xifjrifcsuf oabmxm;rsm; &SdcJYygonf/ NDC rS vTwfawmf

86/ prf;oyf&SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; Oya'rlMurf;onf PNDC Oya' 84 udk tpm;xdk;cJYNyD; xdkOya'onf owÅKwGif;u@twGuf a&;qGJxm;aomaMumifh a&eHESifh "mwfaiGU prf;oyf&SmazGjcif; ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif;\ tajccH udpö&yfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/

87/ 2016 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv a&mufrSom prf;oyf&SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; Oya'rlMurf;udk vTwfawmfwGif jy|mef;cJYNyD; a&eHu@wGif tdwfzGifhaps;NydKif wifoGif;rIpepfudk pwifrdwfqufay;cJYygonf/

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trwfrsm;\ tqdkt& tmPm& ygwDonf þudpöESifhywfoufí ygwDwGif; oabmxm; uGJvGJ aeaomfvnf; aemufqHk;wGif pDrHudef;rsm;udk jrefqefpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifap&ef acs;aiGrS aiGaMu;yHYydk;rI &,l&ef pdwftm;xufoefcJYaMumif;udk ,cif NDC vTwfawmftrwf Kwame Ampofo u ]]EdkifiHa&;orm; wpfOD;taeeJY uREfkyfwdkY tmPm&Sdwkef; ,cktcsdefwGif taumif txnf azmfrSmyJvdkY ajymrSmyJ/ vkyfvdkY&wkef; pGefYpm;NyD; &J&ifhwJY qHk;jzwfcsufawG cs&r,f/ tJhvdkrS rvkyf&if tm;enf;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm;yJ jzpfaerSmaygh}}[k xkwfazmfajymqdkcJYygonf/

PRMA \ aemufqHk;'DZdkif;onf ygwDtjrifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;rS xGufay:vmaom tjrifrsm;Mum; n§dEdIif;xm;rIudk xif[yfygonf/ *gem trsdK;om;a&eHukrÜPD (Ghana National Petroleum Company) xH &S,f,mxnfh0ifrItwGuf ay;acsrIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf owfrSwf xm;aom 0ifaiG\ 70 &mcdkifEIef;txd ESpfpOf bwf*sufodkY ay;oGif;&NyD; xdkodkY ay;oGif;rIrS rnfonfh ydkvQHrIudkrqdk cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;ESifh tarGtESpf &efyHkaiGrsm; (Stabilization and Heritage Funds) wGif pkaqmif;ygonf (ykH 2 .1)/88

yHk 2 .1a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m tufOya't& *gemEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;

88/ *gemEkdifiH tpdk;&? 2011 ckESpf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI tufOya' (Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011) (2011), www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/…/Petroleum_Revenue_Management_Act_%202011.PDF.

a&eH[dk;vf'if; &efyHk aiGwGif trSefwu,f &&SdrIrsm; (tpk&S,f

,mrSwqifh aiGaMu; yHYydk;rI &,ljcif;qdkif&m tom;wif ukefus p&dwf ESifh NOC

wGif tpdk;&\ &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrI)

owfrSwf tcGefawmfaiG (BR)

ESpfpOf bwf*sufodkY xnfh0ifonfh yrmP(ABFA) = (≤70%)*BR

a&eHukefcrf;oGm;Nyd;aemuf ABFA = &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI0ifaiG + GNPC

tjrwfa0pkrsm;

pkaqmif;aiGrsm; = trSefwu,f&&SdrIrsm; - ABFA

trsm;jynfolqdkif&m aiGvHk;aiG&if; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI ≥ABFA \ 70%

tjcm;-uefYowfrxm;aom bwf*sufoHk;pGJrI

tarGtESpf &efyHkaiG (≥pkaqmif;aiGrsm;\ 30%)

cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif; &efyHkaiG (≤pkaqmif; aiGrsm;\ 70%) bwf*suf cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;

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pnf;urf;owfrSwfjcif; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; (umv&Snf)

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pnf;urf;owfrSwfjcif; pmcsKyfpmwrf; rsm; (umv&SnfESifh umvvwf)

51


tarQmftjrif&Sdaom 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIudk tm;ay;axmufcHolrsm;\ tjrifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; ay;&eftvdkYiSm ABFA onf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; aMuG;NrDtwGuf tmrcH taygiftjzpf toHk;jyKrIudk uefYowfcJYygonf/ aemufqHk;ü PRMA \ tao;pdwf 'DZdkif;udk b@ma&;0efBuD; Xmeu zefwD;cJYNyD; EdkifiHwumrS tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;rS uRrf;usifolrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rI&SdcJYonfh tjyif vTwfawmfwGifvnf; rQwpGm? wpfnDwpfnGwfwnf; twnfjyKcJYygonf/ tusdK;quftae jzifh txl;ojzifh tmPm&ygwDonf tqdkyg pnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: a,bk,s oabmwlnDcsufudk tom;ay;cJYNyD; NDC vTwfawmftrwf Adam Mutawakilu u ]]ygwDtm;vHk;onf wef;wl yg0ifcGifh &&Sdxm;ygonf/ a&eH? "mwfaiGUESifhywfoufí ygwDrsm;tMum; BuD;rm;aom oabmxm; uGJvGJcsufrsm; r&Sdyg/ oabmxm; uGJvGJcsufrsm;onf 0ifaiGrsm; oHk;pGJrI enf;vrf;ESifhom ywf oufaeyHk ay:ygonf}}[k qdkcJYygonf/ awGUqHkar;jref;cJYol rsm;pGmuvnf; aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrIqdkif&m a&G;cs,frIrsm;ESifhywfoufí oabmxm; uGJjym;rIrsm;onf ygwDrsm;\ t,l0g'rsm;ESifh qufpyf aeaMumif; twnfjyKcJYMuNyD; NDC u oHk;pGJrIudk tm;oefum NPP u vkyfief;u@ zGHUNzdK;a&; udk &nfoefygonf/ vufawGUwGif *gemEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;pepfonf Westminster yHkpHrsdK; vTwf awmfpepf jzpfNyD; trsm;pk\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk vdkufem&aom pepfjzpfonfhtwGuf tmPm&ygwD taejzifh ¤if;\ &yfwnfrIudk &v'frsm;wGif vHkavmufpGm xif[yfap&ef taxmuftul jzpfap ygonf/

taumiftxnfazmfrIqdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;tpdk;&tzGJU\ tapmydkif; ESpfrsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh 2012 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;teD;wGif NDC onf w½kwfEdkifiHESifh tajccH taqmufttHktwGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;qdkif&m oabmwlnDrIwpf&yf jyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;u ausmaxmufaemufcH jyKxm;onfh xyfaqmif; aiGaMu;yHYydk;rI &&Sdjcif;rS tusdK;tjrwf &&SdcJYygonf/ xdktcsufaMumifh trsm;jynfolu@\ vkyf cvpmrsm;udkvnf; wdk;jr§ifhay;cJYNyD; a,bk,stm;jzifh tpdk;&\ toHk;p&dwf jrifhwufcJYygonf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif a&eHaps;rsm; pwif usqif;vmaomtcg bwf*suf a&&SnfwnfwHYrItwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;jcif; r&SdaomaMumifh NDC tpdk;&onf pHowfrSwfcsuf yHkaoenf;tay: tajccHí cefYrSef;xm;onfxuf rsm;pGm avsmYenf;NyD; &&Sdaeaomfvnf; a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; qufvufoHk;pGJrdcJYygonf/89 NDC ygwDu apcdkif;cJYNyD; Oya' taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ra& &mrIESifh us,fjyefYaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\ qHk;jzwfcGifhwdkYu cGifhjyKxm;aomaMumifh cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif; &efyHkaiGudk uefYowf&efESifh tydkaiGrsm;udk aMuG;NrD jyefvnfay;qyf&eftwGuf toHk;jyK&ef b@ma&;0efBuD;\ qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh PRMA tajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; a&Smif wdrf;cJYygonf/90

aiGaMu;qdkif&m taxGaxG pnf;rsOf;rsm; r&SdaomaMumifh NPP OD;aqmifaom twdkuftcH tzGJU taejzifh PRMA t& owfrSwfxm;aom uefYowfcsufrsm;twGif;rS ay:aygufvmonf[k,lq &aomaMumifh wdk;yGm;vmaom aMuG;NrDESifh oHk;pGJrItay: pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef tcsdef tawmfMum ,lcJYygonf/ 2011 ckESpfESifh 2014 ckESpfMum;wGif PIAC ESifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf;rsm;u owfrSwf0ifaiG yHkaoenf;wGif toHk;jyKaom a&eHaps;EIef;ESifh trSefwu,f jzpf vmaom a&eHaps;EIef;rsm;tMum; uGmjcm;csufudk owday;cJYonfhtjyif tjcm; taumiftxnf

89/ Oyrm NRGI Blog u 2015 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 11 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]*gemEdkifiHwGif a&eHrsm; xGuf&Sdvmaomfvnf; aiGaMu;qdkif&m wm0ef,lrI tm;enf;aeqJjzpf (In Ghana, Fiscal Responsibility Remains Elusive Even as Oil Flows)}} http://www.resourcegovernance.org/blog/ghana-fiscal-responsibility-remains-elusive-even-oil-flows.

90/ pGrf;tifrl0g'twGuf tmz&du A[dkXme (Africa Centre for Energy Policy) u a&;om;onfh *gemEdkifiH wGif a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGudk pDrHcefYcGJjcif; oHk;ESpf (Three years of petroleum revenue management in Ghana) (2014), http://www.aceplive.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ACEP-Report-PRMA-Final.pdf.

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oabmxm;uGJvGJcsufrsm; r&Sdyg/ oabmxm;

uGJvGJcsufrsm;onf 0ifaiGrsm; oHk;pGJrI enf;vrf;ESifhom

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vTwfawmftrwfAdam Mutawakilu

52


azmfrIqdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;udkvnf; axmufjycJYonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJYaomaMumifh PRMA tm; jyifqifjcif;ESifhywfoufí jiif;qefrIudk pwifjzpfay:apcJYygonf/91 xdktpD&ifcHpm rsm;yg awGU&Sdcsufrsm;onf owÅKwGif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tifaumfrwDwGif udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifaom t"du ygwDrsm;tm; PRMA \ tcsdKUaomtydkif;rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfaMumif; vufcHvmap cJYygonf/ t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;u axmufjycJYonfh Oya'\ tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí us,fjyefYaom vlxkaqG;aEG;rIaMumifh 2015 ckESpfwGif vTwfawmfu PRMA jyifqifcsuf tuf Oya'udk wpfnDwpfnGwfwnf; twnfjyKcJYygonf/ PRMA \ t"du ajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif b@ma&;0efBuD;tm; owfrSwf0ifaiGudk jyifqifcGifhay;jcif;? ABFA ESifh &efyHkaiGrsm;tMum; vTJ ajymif;rIESifh xdkYaemuf wnfNidrfapa&;ESifh tarGtESpf &efyHkaiG (Stabilization and Heritage Fund) rsm;tMum; vTJajymif;rIwdkYESifhywfoufonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh tqdkygjyifqif csuf tufOya't& wnfaxmifxm;aom *gem tajccHtaqmufttHkESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI &efyHk aiG (Ghana Infrastructure and Invest- ment Fund) tay: ABFA cGJa0rIrsm; vsmxm;jcif; wdkY yg0ifygonf/ xdkjyifqifcsufrsm;aMumifh PIAC twGuf yHkrSef aiGaMu;yHYydk;rIudk &&Sdap&efvnf; aocsmapygonf/

okdYaomf 2016 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifcifumvü EdkifiHa&;t& NydKifqdkifrIonf PRMA enf; Oya'rsm; taumiftxnfazmfrIukd xyfrHNcdrf;ajcmufcJYygonf/ PRMA jyifqifcsuf rwdkifrD PIAC ESifh CSO tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif ABFA udk Oya'wGif owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; EdkifiH awmf zHGUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m oufa&mufrI\ e,fy,f 12 ckxHrS a&G;cs,fxm;aom OD;pm;ay; e,fy,f av;cktwGuf toHk;jyKrnfhtpm; e,fy,faygif;pHkwGif oHk;pGJcJYaMumif; axmufjyxm;yg onf/92 þodkY a0zefrIudk wkHYjyefonfhtaejzifh awGUqHkar;jref;cJYaom t"du ygwDESpfckvHk;rS owÅKwGif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tifESifh b@ma&;aumfrwD tzGJU0ifrsm;u a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrItwGuf xyfrH OD;wnfoifhaMumif; ,cktcgwGif vufcHvmygonf/ odkYaomf vufawGUwGif 2015 ckESpf tpdk;& toHk;p&dwft& ABFA oHk;pGJrIudk PIAC tpD&ifcHpm wGif jyKvkyfxm;aom tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ESifh qefYusifí e,fy,faygif;pHkwGif qufvufjyKvkyfcJYygonf/ Oyrm vrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm; tajccH taqmufttHkqdkif&m OD;pm;ay; oHk;pGJ&rnfh e,fy,frsm;onf 2015 ckESpfwGif ABFA &efyHkaiG\ wpf0ufeD;yg;udkom &&SdcJYNyD; csay;xm;aom yrmPudk ausmfvGefcJYum 2011 ckESpfuwnf;u ABFA &efyHkaiGjzifh aqmif&Gufonfh rNyD;pD;ao;aom vrf; pDrHudef; 12 ck &Sdaeonfhwdkif vrf;pDrHudef;topf 21 ckudkvnf; pwifcJYygonf/ 2011 ckESpfESifh 2015 ckESpfMum;wGif ABFA &efyHkaiGjzifh aqmif&GufcJYaom vrf;pDrHudef;aygif; 118 ck &SdcJYyg onf/93 e,fy,faygif;pHkwGif oHk;pGJjcif;onf a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;xHrS tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&Sd aMumif; jyo&ef EdkifiHa&;zdtm;ESifh csdwfqufaeNyD; xdkzdtm;udk vGefuJaom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;u ydkí jrifhwufapum NDC rS b@ma&;aumfrwD Ouú| James Avedzi u ]]EdkifiH\ ae&m a'o tm;vHk;rSm tajccHtaqmufttHktwGuf vdktyfcsuf&SdNyD; jynfolawGu or®wudk zdtm; ay;Muygw,f/ or®wtaeeJY b,fpDrHudef;udk pwifr,fqdkwm a&G;cs,fcGifh&Sdygovm;}} tajzu

91/ pGrf;tifrl0g'twGuf tmz&du A[dkXmeu a&;om;onfh *gemEdkifiHwGif a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGudk pDrHcefYcGJ jcif; oHk;ESpf (Three years of petroleum revenue management in Ghana)/ odkYaomf tpdk;&r[kwf aom tzGJUtpnf; rsm;pGmu taumiftxnfazmfrIqdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;udk axmufjycJYovdk ¤if;wdkYonf owfrSwf &efyHkaiGtm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifhywfoufí 0efBuD;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh ydkíay;jcif;onf aiGaMu;pepf\ ajzmifhrwfrSefuefrItay: tEå&m,f&SdvmEdkifaMumif; pdk;&drfrIrsm;udkvnf; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJYMuygonf/

92/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Ghana Business News u 2015 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 14 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;cJYaom ]]a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;\ t"due,fy,f u@tenf;i,fwGif pkNyHKoHk;pGJjcif; - IMANI (Concentrate petroleum revenue on few key sectors of the economy – IMANI)}} https://www.ghana businessnews.com/2015/09/14/concentrate-petroleum-revenueon-few-key-sectors-of-the-economy-imani.

93/ PIAC ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpm 2015 ckESpf? 45-49 ? http://piacghana.org/resources/2015%20PIAC%20Annual%20Report477.pdf.

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Kwame Jantuah

53


awmh a&G;cs,fcGifh r&Sdygbl;/ or®wu pDrHudef;tm;vHk;udk pwifay;zdkY zdtm;jzpfaeygw,f/ rJqE´ &Sifrsm;ESifh a'oEå& acgif;aqmifrsm;Mum; aqG;aEG;& cufaeygw,f/ oifu jiif;vdkufvdkY uREfkyf taeeJY aemufxyf rnfonfhpDrHudef;udkrQ oifhudk ray;awmY&if oifhrSm vkyfp&mr&Sd jzpfoGm;rSm aygh}}[k azmfjycJYygonf/

pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom oifcef;pmrsm;EdkifiHa&;t& tjcm;ygwDrsm;xuf omvGefatmif vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI (Political Outmaneu- vering) onf PRMA zefwD;jcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf t"duus aomfvnf; ygwDrsm;taejzifh tajctjrpf&Sdaom xda&mufaom rl0g'qdkif&m jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI jzpfvmatmif raqmif&GufcJYMuyg/ twdkuftcH vTwfawmftrwfrsm;u PIAC ESifh tjcm; t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk toHk;jyKí b@ma&;0efBuD;tm; ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfcJYum txl;ojzifh 0ifaiGrsm;udk e,fy,faygif;pHkwGif toHk;jyKjcif;ESifhywfoufí jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf rl0g'wpfckudk pdefac:ar;cGef;xkwf&ef twdkuf tcH ygwDrsm;tpm; tpOftvmtm;jzifh tpdk;&udkom OD;wnfavY&SdaomaMumifh t&yfbuf vlY tzGJUtpnf;ESifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm;tMum; xdawGUqufqHrIrSm enf;yg;ygonf/ þtcsufonf *gemEdkifiH&Sd ygwDrsm;twGif; rl0g'csrSwfjcif; ,Eå&m;rsm;ESifhywfoufí vkyfief;u@tvdkuf uRrf;usifrI r&Sdjcif;tjyif a&G;aumufyGJ wpfckESifh wpfckMum;wGif twdkuftcHygwDrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;yHYydk;rI r&Sdjcif; paom vufawGUpdefac:rIrsm;ESifh csdwfqufEdkifygonf/ Kwame Jantuah &Sif;jycJYovdk ]]twdkuftcH jzpfvmygu ygwDtaejzifh qufvufvnfywfEdkifzdkY vHkavmufaom aiGaMu;yHYydk;rIrsm; &Sd&ef ½kef;uef&aomaMumifh txl;ojzifh ygwD qufvufvnfywfzdkYtwGuf pdefac:rIrsm; &Sdaeojzifh a&eHESifh "mwfaiGUu@wGif pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh ynm&yfqefonfh oabm obm0 &Sdaom qufpyf udpö&yfrsm;onf ygwDtwGuf ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; 'kwd, OD;pm;ay; jzpfvmygw,f/}} wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif avYvmoif,lrI jyKvkyfaeNyD; owÅKwGif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tifqdkif&m aumfrwDonf pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhwufvmNyD; ygwDwpfckESifh wpfcktMum; yl; aygif;aqmif&GufrItwGuf vrf;aMumif;wpf&yf jzpfvmygonf/

NcHKiHkMunfhvQif *gemEdkifiHwGif ygwDwpfckESifhwpfckMum; tjyeftvSef ajymqdkrI\ &v'frsm;rSm a&m axG;aeygonf/ wpfzufwGif t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ yg0ifvTrf;rdk;EdkifrI? av;pm;cH&rIESifh vkyfydkifcGifh twdkif;twmaMumifh *gemEdkifiH\ 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIpepf zGHNzdK;rI wpf&yfvHk;wGif vGwfvyf aom aqmif&Gufolrsm;u tpdk;&tzGJUESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; a&eHu@rS &&Sdrnfh wdkif;jynf twGuf tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ap&ef wGef;tm;ay;EdkifcJYonf/ xdkYjyif vGwfvyf aom wm0efcHrI ,EÅ&m;wpfcktaejzifh PIAC udk vltrsm; odvmapcJYygonf/ aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrI rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif; wnf&SdrI\ ta&;ygrIudk avQmhwGufír&bJ txl; ojzifh *gemEdkifiH\ omref jynfolrsm;tm; a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmatmif rnfodkY atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJYyHkudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;\ ta&; ygrIudk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf; Edkifol tukef,lpwrf; a&G;aumufyGJpepfESifh tm;aumif;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm; zefwD;ay;onfh EdkifiHa&;pepfwdkYonf tmPm tm;vHk;udk tmPm&ygwDtm; pkNyHK&&Sdapygonf/ þtcsufaMumifh tmPm&ygwD taejzifh a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;ESifhywfoufí wpfEdkifiHvHk;\ pD;yGm;a&;tay: rvdkvm;tyfaom tusdK;qufrsm; jzpf ay:vmaprnfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcGifh &&Sdygonf/ a&&Snfrl0g'\ a&;qGJowfrSwfrIESifhywfoufí t"du ygwDESpfckMum; uHraumif;pGm tcsdwftquf jywfawmufaerIonf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrS &&Sdoifhaom aumif;rGefonfh &v'frsm;udk tm;enf;apygonf/

54

55

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - rav;&Sm;EdkifiHa'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrQa0rItay:tajccHí r[mrdwfrsm; tajymif;tvJjzpfjcif;

Tricia Yeoh ESifh Kaisa Toroskainen

© Wan Fahmy Redzuan/ Shutterstock.com

56

rav;&Sm;EdkifiH? t"du tcsuftvufrsm; (2015)

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3 tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk blrdaA' ppfwrf; 2013 ckESpf? "mwfowÅK ESpfywfvnfpmtkyf - rav;&Sm; (Minerals Yearbook: Malaysia) 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/ 2013/myb3-2013-my.pdf ü Munfh½IcJYonf/



57

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - rav;&Sm;EdkifiH

a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH a&eHrS&&Sdaom0ifaiGrQa0rItay: tajccHír[mrdwfrsm; tajymif;tvJjzpfjcif;

EdkifiHa&;pepfrav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;pepfonf pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepf (Constitutional Monarchy) jzifh zuf'&,f ygwDpHk 0ufpfrifpwm pepf (Federal, Multiparty Westminster System) tay: tajccHygonf/ Barian Nasional (BN, National Front) nGefYaygif;ygwDu 1957 ckESpfwGif wkdif;jynf vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJYpOfuwnf;u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvmcJYNyD; rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif ,aeYtcsdeftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYaom 0efBuD;csKyftm;vHk;onf United Malays National Organization (UMNO) ygwDrS jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf (2008 ckESpf ESifh 2013 ckESpfwGif usif;y cJYonfh) aemufqHk;a&G;aumufyGJ ESpfckwGif tqdkyg nGefYaygif;ygwDonf vTwfawmfwGif cHkae&m trsm;pkjzpfaom oHk;yHkESpfyHkudk &,lEdkifcJYjcif; r&Sdyg/ þtajctaeonf tiftm;BuD;rm;vmaom twdkuftcH tiftm;pkudk tcGifhta&; ay;cJYygonf/

o,HZmw MuG,f0rIrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIa&eHudk 1910 ckESpfwGif qm&m0ufjynfe,f? rD&DNrdKUü pwif awGU&SdcJYygonf/ 1960 jynfhESpfrsm; uwnf;u rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf tm&SwGif a&eHtrsm;qHk; xkwfvkyfaomEdkifiH jzpfcJYygonf/ a&eH u@udk 1974 ckESpf a&eHzGHUNzdK;a&; tufOya' (Petroleum Development Act) u vTrf;rdk;cJY NyD; xdkOya'wGif trsdK;om; a&eHESifh "mwfaiGUukrÜPDjzpfaom Petronas tm; tpdk;&xHrS us,f jyefYaom rl0g'qdkif&m vrf;nTefcsufESifh Oya'qdkif&m BuD;MuyfrI r&Sdoavmufjzifh xdku@ukd pDrH cefYcGJ&ef oD;oefYtcGifhta&; ay;xm;ygonf/

1975 ckESpfwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ jynfe,f 13 cku Petronas ESifh oabmwlnDrI pmcsKyfrsm; a&;xdk;cJYNyD; zuf'&,f tpdk;&u xdkjynfe,frsm;udk ukef;wGif;ESifh urf;vGef a&eHESifh "mwfaiGU xkwfvkyfrIrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGtay: cdkifaMu; 5 &mcdkifEIef;udk aiGom;jzifh &&SdcHpm;apcJYygonf/94 2008 ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;u EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,ftqifhrsm;wGif tm;aumif;vmaomaMumifh a&eH cdkifaMu; udpö&yfonf wif;rmaom EdkifiHa&; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI\ taMumif;t&mwpf&yf jzpfvmcJYygonf/ tmPm& nGefYaygif;tzGJUu xdef;csKyfxm;pOf qmbm ESifh qm&m0uf jynfe,frsm;u a&eH0ifaiGrsm;\ ydkírsm;aom a0pkudk awmif;qdkcJYygonf/ xdkY jyif twdkuftcHrsm;u xdef;csKyfxm;aom jynfe,frsm;wGif a&eHcdkifaMu;rsm; ay;&ef tpdk;&u wkefYqdkif;aecJYNyD; uDvefwefjynfe,fu 1998 ckESpfuwnf;u ay;&rnfjzpfaom usef&Sdaeonfh a&eHcdkifaMu;rsm;udk ay;acs&ef awmif;qkdí Petronas udk w&m;pGJqdkcJYygonf/95 xdkw&m;pGJqdkrI

94/ yxrqHk; a&eHxGuf&SdcJYaom jynfe,fig;ckrSm rav;&Sm;ta&SUydkif;&Sd qmbm(Sabah)? qm&m0uf(Sarawak) ESifh rav;&Sm;uRef;qG,f&Sd uDvefwef(Kelantan)? w&ef*gEl(Terengganu) ESifh yg[ef(Pahang) wdkY jzpf Muygonf/ yg[efjynfe,fwGif a&eHudk aemufqHk;awGU&SdcJYNyD; 2012 ckESpfu jzpfygonf/

95/ uDvefwefjynfe,f tpdk;&u ¤if;\jynfe,fxJwGif ukef;wGif;ESifh urf;vGefa&eHydkifqdkifrItay: wkHYjyefonfh taejzifh Petronas onf &&Sdaom0ifaiGrsm;\ 5 &mcdkifEIef;udk uDvefwefodkY wpfESpfESpfBudrf aiGom;jzifh ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkygonf/ xdkpOfuwnf;u zuf'&,ftpdk;&onf uDvefwefjynfe,f tpdk;&odkY a&eHckdifaMu; rav;&Sm;&if;*pf 12 bDvD,H ay;&ef&SdaMumif; uDvefwefjynfe,frS Oya'jy|mef;olrsm;u awmif;qdkcJYygonf/

58


tay: zuf'&,f tpdk;&u uDvefwefjynfe,ftm; ]]o'´gaMu;rsm;}}96 ay;&ef urf;vSrf;cJYaomf vnf; prf;oyfwdkif;wmrIrsm;udk xdkjynfe,f urf;pyfrS a&rdkif oHk;rdkiftausmfwGif jyKvkyfcJYonf [laom taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzifh xdkjynfe,f\ cdkifaMu; cHpm;cGifhudk todtrSwfjyK&ef jiif;qefae qJ jzpfygonf/97

þavYvmrIwGif tmPm& ESifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm; ñGefaygif;tzGJUrsm;twGif; rl0g' csrSwfa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk avYvmoHk;oyfxm;NyD; qm&m0ufjynfe,f&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifh zuf'&,f tpdk;&tMum; tajctaersm;udk t"du azmfjyxm;ygonf/

obm0 o,HZmwrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& xdawGUqufqHrI trsdK;rsdK;zuf'&,fpepf jzpfaomfvnf; rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf A[dkcsKyfudkifrI tm;aumif;NyD; txufrS atmuf odkY tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;um EdkifiHa&;tmPm trsm;pkonf 0efBuD;csKyf\ vufxJ wGif &Sdygonf/ Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; r@dKifrsm;\ tcef;u@rsm;rSm a&maESmaeaomaMumifh obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItay: wdkuf½dkufBuD;MuyfrI r&Sdoavmuf enf;ygonf/ tmPm& BN nGefYaygif;tzGJUwGif yg0ifaom ygwDrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmwrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom t"du rl0g'rsm;tm; qHk;jzwfjcif;? pDpOfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif;twGuf &Sif;vif; cdkifrm aom enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm; r&SdMuyg/ ygwD\ EdkifiHtqifh trIaqmif½Hk;cGJtqifhwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;u obm0 o,HZmw rl0g'qdkif&m xdawGUqufqHrI tenf;i,fom&SdNyD; jynfe,ftqifhwGif vnf; rqdkpavmufom &Sdygonf/

a&eHESifhywfoufNyD; rl0g'a&;qGJjcif;\ ta&;ygaom Xmeqdkif&m vu©Pmwpf&yfrSm tpdk;&xHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcGifh tmPmrsm;udk vdkufavsm vufcHjcif;ESifh Petronas xH vTJajymif;jcif; jzpfygonf/ jyify xifjrifcsufrsm;twGuf &if;jrpfrsm; tenf;i,fom &SdaomaMumifh Petronas onf a&eHu@wGif rl0g' csrSwfa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&;twGuf t"du tzGJUtpnf; jzpf aecJYygonf/ (BN ñGefYaygif;tzGJUwGif t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwD) UMNO ygwD xdyfoD;aumifpD\ tzGJU0ifa[mif;jzpfaom Saifuddin Abdullah u ]]uREfkyf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYaom ig;ESpfpvHk; wGif rl0g'taMumif; vHkavmufpGm odkYr[kwf tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;aom tpnf;ta0; wpfckrS r&SdcJYzl;yg/ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;u a,bk,sqefNyD; &yfwnfrIpmwrf;rsm; r&SdcJYyg/}}[k qdkygonf/

odkYaomf twdkuftcH ygwDrsm; ñGefYaygif;tzGJUtwGif; obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m aqG; aEG;rIrsm;onf ydkrdkjynfhpHkaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHyHkay:NyD; txl;ojzifh a&eH xGuf&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;xH cdkifaMu;rsm; ay;jcif;ESifhywfoufí jzpfygonf/ Oyrm Democractic Action Party (DAP) rS twdkuftcH vTwfawmftrwfu ]]obm0 o,HZmw xkwf,lrIonf jynfe,frl0g'ESifh jynfe,ftmPm wdkYESifhpyfvsOf;í t"duusaom udpö&yfjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&eHMuG,f0aom qmAmESifh qm&m0uf jynfe,frsm;&Sd ygwD jynfe,faumfrwDrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmw xkwfazmfrIESifhywfoufí ¤if;wdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm;udk aqG;aEG;NyD; aMunmygvdrfhrnf}}[k qdkcJYygonf/ twdkuftcH ñGefYaygif;tzGJUonf EITI tm; &nfñTef;csufrsm;udk 2013 a&G;

96/ a&eHcdkifaMu;rsm; udpöonf uDvefwefjynfe,fwGif txl;ojzifh xif&Sm;NyD; taMumif;rSm tpdk;&tzGJUu jynfe,f bwf*sufvdkaiGudk 2016 ckESpftwGuf cefYrSef;&mwGif jynfe,f0ifaiGrsm;onf rav;&Sm;&if;*pf 593 .8 rDvD,Hom &SdcJYaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ Oyrm https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/318287 udk Munfhyg/

97/ 2012 ckESpf yifv,fydkifeuf tufOya' (Territorial Sea Act 2012) t& rnfonfhjynfe,f\ urf;ajcrS rqdk a&rdkif oHk;rdkifxuf ausmfvGefí wnf&Sdaeaom obm0 o,HZmw tm;vHk;udk zuf'&,ftpdk;&u ydkifqdkifaomfvnf; qm&m0ufjynfe,f 0efBuD;u þtcsufonf zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifh rudkufnD aMumif; apm'u wufcJYygonf/

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wpfckrS r&SdcJYzl;yg/ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;u

a,bk,sqefNyD; &yfwnfrI pmwrf;rsm; r&SdcJYyg/}}

vTwfawmftrwf Dato’ Saifuddin

Abdullah

59


aumufyGJ rl0g' aMunmpmwrf;twGif; xnfhoGif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí tpdk;& r[kwfaom tzGJU tpnf;rsm;? vkyfief;u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh okawoDrsm; tp&Sdaom jyifytzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vnf; xdawGUqufqHcJYygonf/

ygwDwGif; aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;taejzifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm; ñGefYaygif;tzGJUu bHk&yfwnfrIwpf&yf jzpfrvmao;cifwGif a&eH cdkifaMu;ESifhywfoufí ¤if;\ tzGJU0ifygwD oHk;ckESifh n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufcJY ygonf/ vTwfawmftrwfvnf;jzpf? twdkuftcH People’s Justice Party (PKR) \ vuf&Sd tzGJU0ifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfaom Dato’ Saifuddin Abdullah u nGefYaygif;tzGJU\ bkHrl0g' rlabmif ESifhywfoufí tultnDay;cJYNyD; ]]ygwDoHk;ckxJrS ygwDwpfckcsif;pDonf toD;oD; aqG;aEG;cJYMuNyD; aemuf aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsuf cs&eftwGuf or®waumifpDodkY rl0g'rsm;udk wifjyMuygonf}}[k qdkcJYygonf/

cdkifaMu;tay: jiif;ckHrIrsm; - udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ydkrdk&&Sd&ef EdkifiHa&;t& awmif;qdkrI2014 ckESpfwGif qm&m0ufjynfe,f\ Oya'jyKa&; vTwfawmfu ¤if;\ a&eHcdkifaMu; awmif;qdkrI udk 20 &mckdifEIef;txd wdk;jr§ifh&ef tqdkudk twnfjyKcJYNyD; qmAmjynfe,frS twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;uvnf; xkdenf;wl awmif;qdkvmcJYygonf/ þodkY awmif;qdkrItwGuf taMumif;jy csufrSm qm&m0ufjynfe,fonf rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif 'kwd, tqif;&JqHk; jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;\ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm; ykdí cGJa0ay;oifhaomaMumifh jzpfyg onf/98 BN tkyfcsKyfaom tqdkygjynfe,f ESpfckvHk;\ EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;ygrIaMumifh ¤if;wdkYu EdkifiHawmf\ a&eHydkifqdkifrIxHrS ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom a0pk&&Sd&eftwGuf zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkrIonf ta&;ygaom topfay:vmonfh EdkifiHa&; ta&GUwpfck jzpfygonf/ BN ygwDrsm; ñGefYaygif;tzGJU\ ]]yHkao tyfaiGrsm;}}udk a&&Snf pOf;pm;Munfhygu qmAmESifh qm&m0ufjynfe,f ESpfckaygif;onf zuf'&,f vTwfawmfwGif BN cHkae&maygif; 133 ckteuf 47 cktxd &SdaeNyD; (trsm;pk tEdkif& &eftwGuf cHkae&m 112 ck vdktyfygonf)/ qm&m0ufjynfe,f\ jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf Adenan Satem99 u a&eHcdkifaMu;rsm;ESifh udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ydkrdk&&SdcGifhqdkif&m udpö&yftm; rajz&Sif;Edkifyg u BN nGefYaygif;tzGJUtaejzifh aemuf a&G;aumufyGJwGif jynfe,ftay: xdef;csKyfEdkifrI qHk;½HI; oGm;Edkifonf[k zuf'&,f tpdk;&tzGJUtm; rMumao;rDu owday;cJYygonf/100

a&eHcdkifaMu;rsm;\ yrmPESifh xifjrif,lqxm;aom qmAmESifh qm&m0ufjynfe,frsm;tay: rrQrw qufqHonf[k xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;aMumifh jynfe,f\ udk,fydkif a&eHukrÜPD wnf axmif&efESifh Petronas ukrÜPDtm; qm&m0ufjynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;udk tvkyftudkif

98/ jynfe,ftvdkuff qif;&JrGJawrI jzpfyGm;rItajctae (Incidence of poverty by state)? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH? 2014 ckESpf (Economic Planning Unit, 2014).

99/ þtpD&ifcHpmudk a&;om;onfhtcsdefwGif Adenan Satem onf qm&m0ufjynfe,f\ jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf jzpfaecJYygonf/ ¤if;onf 2017 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYNyD; Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg u ¤if;&mxl;udk tpm;xdk; wm0ef,lcJYygonf/

100/ Richard T.W. u 2016 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 11 &ufaeYwGif Free Malaysia Today ü a&;om;cJYaom ]]Adenan - udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;rnfh uwdu0wfrsm;udk taumiftxnf razmfay;Edkifygu BN

taejzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif ½IH;edrfhEdkifzG,f&Sd (Adenan: BN risks losing in GE if autonomy promises not met)}} http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/07/29/adenan-bn-risks-losing-in-ge-if-autonomy-promises-not-met

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taejzifh obm0 o,HZmw xkwf,lrIESifhywfoufaom ¤if;wdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm;udk

aqG;aEG;í aMunm ygvdrfhrnf/}}

Democratic Action Party rS twdkuftcH

vTwfawmftrwfwpfOD;

60


ydkrdkay;&ef awmif;qdkrIrsm;vnf; &SdvmcJYygonf/101 tqdkygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf jynfe,ftqifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ydkrdk&&Sd&ef awmif;qdkrIrsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\ aiGaMu;ESifh tcGefwdkYudk udk,fwdkif pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh &&Sd&ef awmif;qdkrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí qm&m0ufjynfe,f tpdk;&tzGJUESifh zuf'&,f tpdk;&Mum; tjiif;yGm;rIudk xif[yfaeygonf/ qm&m0ufjynfe,f&Sd a'ocHrsm;u A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsí a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tm; ydkrdkvkyfydkifcGifh ay;&efESifh 1963 ckESpf rav;&Sm; oabmwlnDcsuf (1963 Malaysia Agreement) \ taiGUtoufrsm;udk jyefvnf vdkvm;aeygonf/102 qm&m0ufjynfe,f&Sd EdkifiHa&; uGJjym;rIwavQmufrS ygwDrsm;u qm&m0ufjynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdk&mwGif ykdrdk ajym&Jqdk&J &Sd vmcJYygonf/

a&eH cdkifaMu;rsm;ESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIwGif t"duusaom wdk;wufrIwpf&yfrSm zuf '&,f tpkd;& ESifh tmPm& nGefYaygif;tzGJUESifh twdkuftcHwdkYtwGif;rS qm&m0ufjynfe,frS EdkifiH a&;orm;rsm;Mum; tvsiftjref ajymif;vJaeaom tajctae jzpfygonf/ qm&m0ufjynfe,fonf tmPm& nGefYaygif;tzGJU\ EdkifiHa&;t& &SifoefrItwGuf ta&;ygaomfvnf; nGefYaygif;rdwfzuf tzGJUrsm;tMum; ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom udpö&yfjzpfonfh jynfe,f\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhESifhywfoufí xif&Sm;aom oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; pwifay:aygufvmygonf/ rMumao;rDu NyD;qHk;cJYaom 2016 ckESpf qm&m0ufjynfe,f a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif qm&m0ufjynfe,f&Sd t"du ygwDwdkif;u 20 &mcdkifEIef; a&eHcdkifaMu; cGJa0csay;rIudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef uwday;cJYNyD; xdkodkY uwday; cJYaom ygwDrsm;wGif Parti Pesaka Bumipuutera Bersatu (PBB) ? BN nGefYaygif;ygwDESifh qm&m0ufjynfe,fwGif EdkifiHa&;t& vTrf;rdk;rIt&SdqHk; ygwDwdkY yg0ifcJYMuygonf/ wdkif;jynf\ o,HZmw MuG,f0rIxHrS a0pk ydkrdk&&Sd&ef þawmif;qdkrIonf zuf'&,ftpdk;&u zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; qdkif&m cGJa0csay;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vspfvsL½Ixm;jcif;ESifh bmoma&; vGwfvyfcGifh uJhodkY udpö&yf rsm;wGif jynfe,f\ oD;oefY tmPmtay: zuf'&,ftpdk;&u 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;wdkYESifhywf oufí qm&m0ufjynfe,fwGif ,cifuwnf;u &SdaecJYaom rauseyfcsufrsm;\ vu©Pmyif jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&eHcdkifaMu; ay;acsrIqdkif&m udpö&yfudk avYvmoHk;oyf&mwGif jynfe,f tpdk;&ESifh zuf'&,f tpdk;&tMum; vuf&Sd tmPmcGJa0rI tpDtpOfESifhywfoufí us,fus,f jyefYjyefY jzpfay:aeaom rauseyfcsufudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/

zuf'&,f vTwfawmfwGif vTwfawmftrwf 14 OD;&Sdaom 'kwd,tBuD;qHk; BN nGefYaygif;ygwD jzpfaomfvnf; qm&m0ufjynfe,f Oya'jyKa&; vTwfawmf\ PBB tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfaom Juanda Jaya u UMNO onf ¤if;\ ygwDtm; wef;wlnDrQaom rdwfzufygwDtjzpf r,lq aMumif; pGyfpGJcJYygonf/ BN nGefYaygif;tzGJUwGif w&m;0if vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; r&Sdjcif;aMumifh vufawGUwGif UMNO onf ¤if;\ tzGJUtpnf;twGif; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk nGefYaygif;ygwDrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif; odkYr[kwf rQa0jcif; r&Sdyg/ tusdK;quftaejzifh tm Pm& nGefYaygif;tzGJU&Sd PBB uJhodkY tjcm;ygwDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ EdkifiHa&; r[mrdwftzGJUjzpfaom UMNO u csrSwfonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: rSDcdkrI enf;yg;vmNyD; ygwDwGif; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIESifh

101/ 0efBuD;csKyfu 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufcJYNyD;aemuf jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf Adenan ESifh Petronas wdkYu 2020 ckESpfta&mufwGif ¤if;\ a'owGif;vkyfief; vnfywfrIrsm;wGif tvkyfcefYtyfxm;rnfh qm&m0uf jynfe,f ol? jynfe,fom; ta&twGufudk tenf;qHk; 60 &mckdifEIef;txd wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef oabmwlnDcJYMuonf/ Oyrm Sharon Ling u 2016 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif The Star Online ü a&;om;cJYaom ]]qm&m0ufjynfe,f tpdk;& ESifh Petronas wdkY ausvnfpGm ajz&Sif;EdkifcJYMu (Sarawak govt reaches amicable settlement with Petronas)}} udk http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/08/27/sarawak-govt-reaches-amicable-settlement-with-petronas wGif Munfhyg/

102/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiH oabmwlnDcsufwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiH wnfaxmifonfhtcgü udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhESifh qmAm ESihf qm&m0uf jynfe,fol? jynfe,fom;rsm;\ txl; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk tav;teufxm; jy|mef;xm;yg onf/

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rl0g' a&;qGJjcif;twGuf w&m;0if vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; r&Sdyg/ PBB ygwDwGif; rl0g'a&;qGJjcif;ESifh ywfoufí ygwDOuú|onf (ygwD\ t"du qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfa&;tzGJUjzpfaom)ygwD\ xdyfoD; aumifpD odkYr[kwf tjcm; jyifyygwDrsm;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf/ odkYaomf Ouú|onf rsm;pGmaom rl0g'qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí ygwD\ &yfwnfrIudk qHk;jzwf&efESifh xdkqHk;jzwf csufrSwqifh jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJU\ &yfwnfrIudkyg qHk;jzwf&ef udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcGifh tmPm &Sdyg onf/

t&Sdefwufvmaom jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIu ygwDwpfckESifh wpfckMum; tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIudk wdk;jrifhapcJYjynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf Adenan \ OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif qm&m0ufjynfe,f tpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;tMum; tajctaetopfwpfck pwifay:aygufvmygonf/ jynfe,ftpdk;& onf twdkuftcHESifh oGm;aygif;onf[k ,lqcH&Edkifonfhwdkif uRef;qG,ftajcpdkuf BN nGefY aygif;ygwDrsm;ESifh cyfuif;uif; ae&ef ydkrdkBudK;yrf;vmcJYygonf/ Oyrm a&eHcdkifaMu;rsm;udk 20 &mcdkifEIef;txd wdk;jrifh&ef rlvtqdkudk DAP u 2014 ckESpf jynfe,fOya'jyKa&; vTwfawmfwGif wifjycJYaomfvnf; aemufqHk; twnfjyKjzpfcJYonfrSm PBB aemufwef;cHkxdkifol (Backben- cher) wpfOD;u wifjycJYaom jyifqifxm;onfh rluGJ jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh qm&m0ufjynfe,fwGif &Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&; tacstwif aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIonf ygwDpGJ uGJjym;rIrsm;tay: rlwnfyHkray:bJ jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcH ygwDrsm;onf a&eHcdkifaMu; ydkrdk&&Sd&efESifh Petronas wGif qm&m 0uf jynfe,fol? jynfe,fom;rsm;tm; tvkyfcefYxm;rItay: tumtuG,frsm; ydkrdk&&Sd&ef awmif; qdk&mwGif pnf;vHk;cJYMuygonf/

tpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif uGJaeMuaomfvnf; qm&m0ufjynfe,f tqifhwGif ygwDrsm;u ta&;ygaom rl0g'qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí bHkoabmwlnDcsuf &&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJYonf/ Oyrm rl0g'qdkif&m udpörsm;taMumif; aqG;aEG;&ef jynfe,f 0efBuD;csKyfESifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tMum; tvGwfoabm xdawGUqufqH ajymqdkrI &Sdonf[k Juanda u ajymcJYonf/ EdkifiHa&;t& uGJjym;rI&Sdaom ygwDrsm;tMum; xdawGUqufqHrIonf EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif xdawGUqufqHrIxuf rsm;pGmydkí azmfa&GrI&SdaMumif; jyoaeygonf/ þxl;jcm;aom EdkifiHa&; wdk;wufajymif;vJrI jzpfay:vm&jcif;rSm ygwDrsm;tm;vHk; onf jynfe,f\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhESifh ¤if;\ a&eHqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufí tacs twif aqG;aEG;rIudk yDjyifpGm jyKvkyfEdkifNyD; OD;aqmifEdkifyHkay:ygu ¤if;wdkYtwGuf tusdK;pD;yGm; &Sd aeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ Oyrm 0ifaiGcGJa0jcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhESifhywfoufí t&Sdefjrifhvmaom tacstwif aqG;aEG;rIaMumifh 0efBuD;csKyfESifh Petronas wdkYonf tvkyfcefY xm;rI wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;ESifh pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufay;jcif;wdkYudk urf;vSrf;&ef qm&m0ufjynfe,f 0efBuD;ESihf xdawGUqufqHvmcJYygonf/ xdkYaMumifh qm&m0ufjynfe,fwGif ygwDrsm;\ ½kef;uefrI rsm;onf rav;&Sm;EdkifiH oabmwlpmcsKyfyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif; jyefoGm;&ef ppfrSefaom qE´tay: rsm;pGm tajccHNyD; t"du EkdifiHa&; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u qm&m0uf jynfe,fol? jynfe,fom;rsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ydkrdkay;&ef uwday;aom ygwDudk axmufcHrnfjzpf aMumif; oG,f0dkufí 0efcHjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/

62

63

EdkifiHtvdkuf avYvmrI - yD½l;EdkifiH"mwfaiGUqdkif&m vkyfief;oabmwlnDrIrsm; jyefvnfn§dEdIif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí a&G;aumufcH or®wavmif;rsm;tMum; oabmxm; uGJvGJaecJY

Alonso Hidalgo, Fernando Patzy ESifh Kaisa Toroskainen

© Christian Inga / Shutterstock.com

64

yD½l;EdkifiH? t"du tcsuftvufrsm; (2015)

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1 “DataBank 2015: Population, total,” World Bank (2015)? 2016 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif Munfh½IcJYonf/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.



4 yD½l;EdkifiH uGef*&uf http://www.congreso.gob.pe/eng/?K=371


65

EdkifiHtvkduf avYvmrI - yD½l;EdkifiH

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103/ þavYvmrIwGif azmfjyrxm;aom tjcm;ygwDESpfckjzpfaom Partido Aprista Peruano (APRA) ESifh Alianza por el Progreso (APP) wdkYuvnf; þoufwrf;twGif; vTwfawmftwGif; udk,fpm;jyKyg0ifcGifh &&SdcJYygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;rIonf ¤if;wdkY\or®wtjzpf a&G;aumufcH&ef 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ yk*¾dKvfa&; odu©muszG,f jzpf&yfrsm;aMumifh xdcdkufcJY&NyD; ¤if;wdkY\ rJqG,f pnf;½Hk;rIrsm; wGif pGyfpGJrIaygif;rsm;pGmudk jyefvnfckcH acsyaecJY&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh "mwfaiGUqdkif&m rl0g'ESifhywfoufí ynm&yfqefaom tqdkjyKcsufrsm; ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;tay: tuefYtowf jzpfcJYygonf/

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66


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zGJUpnf;yHkqdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;u Camisea "mwfaiGUodkuftm; toHk;csrnfh vrf;udk azmufay;1980 jynfhESpfrsm; ESifh 1990 jynfhESpf\ tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;twGif; tpdk;& ESifh Royal Dutch Shell ukrÜPDtMum; jyif;jyif;xefxef aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJYaomfvnf; Camisea "mwfaiGUokdufudk wl;azmf&ef vkdifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ueOD;wGif yD½l; EdkifiH\ tm;enf;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m ywf0ef;usifaMumifh vufrSwfrxdk;EdkifbJ &SdaecJYyg onf/ [kduf'½dkumAGef Oya'topfwGif ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; pepftay: BuD;rm;aom zGJUpnf;yHkqdkif&m ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk pwifrdwfqufay;cJYaom 1990 jynfhESpf tv,fydkif;a&mufrSom vQif Camisea ü pD;yGm;jzpfvkyfief;rsm; pwifcJYygonf/ xdkOya'wGif [dkuf'½dkumAGef qdkif&m at*sifpD topfwpfckjzpfaom Perupetro tm; ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vHk;udk vdkifpif&&Sdxm;olrsm;xH vTJajymif;cGifh ay;xm;NyD; prf;oyf&SmazGjcif; ESifh vkyfief;vkyfudkifrIqdkif&m vdkifpifrsm;udk o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifh jzefYjzL;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;rS oD;jcm; cGJxkwfay;cJYyg onf/ EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI qGJaqmif&efESifh EdkifiHawmf\ 0ifaiGrsm;udk &&Sdap&ef tpdk;&onf "mwfaiGUvkyfief;u@twGuf oD;jcm; pnf;rsOf;rsm; zefwD;ay;cJYum cdkifaMu;rsm;udk a&eHaps;rsm; ESifhtnD owfrSwfí ,SOfNydKifrIudk tm;ay;&ef "mwfaiGUaps;uGufwGif EdkifiHawmftm; 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifjcif;rS uefYowfcJYygonf/105 aps;NydKifwifoGif;jcif; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf Camisea "mwf aiGUokdufudk vkyfuGufESpfuGuf cGJcJYNyD; xdkvkyfuGufESpfuGufrSm jynfwGif;pGrf;tif vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;&ef (tBuD;qHk;jzpfaom) vkyfuGuf 88 ESifh wifydkY&eftwGuf ydkrdkao;i,faomvkyfuGuf 56 wdkY jzpfygonf/ xdkvkyfuGufrsm;\ pnf;urf;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí t"du uGmjcm;csufrSm aps;EIef; jzpfygonf/ Shell ukrÜPDu vkyfuGuf 56 rS xGuf&Sdaom LNG udk U.S. Henry Hub aygufaps;jzifh ruúqDudk EdkifiHodkY a&mif;csygonf/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGif 2010-2015 ckESpfrSpí te,fusausmufrS xGuf&Sdaom "mwfaiGU (Shale Gas) udk aps;uGufodkY tajrmuftrsm; oGif;vmojzifh Henry Hub aps;EIef;rsm; xdk;uscJYygonf/106 xkdaps;EIef;usqif;rI aMumifh yD½l;EdkifiH tpdk;&odkYay;aom cdkifaMu;rsm;tay: qdk;&Gm;aom wdkuf½dkufoufa&mufrIrsm; &SdvmcJYonf/ vkyfuGuf 88 \ aps;EIef;udk (tuGuf 2 .5 wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;) jynfwGif; aps;uGuftwGuf yHkao owfrSwfxm;NyD; vufawGUwGif ¤if;\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif;udk usqif;cJYaom aps;EIef;jzifh wifydkYrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJYygonf/

aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;rIaMumifh yD½l;EdkifiHrS ruúqDudkEdkifiHodkY wifydkYrI aps;EIef;udk jyefvnfn§dEdIif;jcif; ESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkrI pwifjzpfay:vmcJYygonf/ odkYaomf oabmwlnDrIudk yD&l;EdkifiHESifh ruúqD udkEdkifiHtMum; jyKvkyfxm;onfr[kwfbJ Shell ukrÜPDESifh ruúqDudk tpdk;&Mum; jyKvkyfxm;aom aMumifh xdkodkY jyefvnfn§dEdIif;&ef cufcJcJYygonf/107

105/ Oya' 27133106/ Financial Times u 2015 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif a&;om;aom “The US shale revolution,”

https://www.ft.com/content/2ded7416-e930-11e4a71a-00144feab7de.

107/ Peru Reports u 2016 ckESpf? rwfvwGif a&;om;cJYonfh ]]Camisea obm0"mwfaiGU - yD½l;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&; abmvHk;yGJ (Camisea natural gas: Peru’s political football)}} http://perureports.com/2016/03/28/camisea-natural-gas-perus-political-football.

67


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tuGuf 2 .5yD½l;EdkifiH\ Camisea "mwfaiGUoabmwlnDcsufrsm; ajymif;vJvmyHk

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þprf;oyfwdkif;wmrItqifh tNyD;owfaomtcgwGif vkyfuGuf 56 onf jynfyodkY wifydkY&ef twGuf o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; ykdufvdkif; wnfaqmuf&ef b@ma&;qdkif&m jzpfajrmufEdkifpGrf;twGuf vdktyfonfh 4 .5 x&DvD,H ukAay r&SdaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm od&SdcJY&ygonf/ &v'ftaejzifh tpdk;&u vkyfuGuf 88 rS "mwfaiGUudk jynfyodkY wifydkYrItwGuf qufvuf owfrSwf&ef qHk; jzwfcJYygonf/ Camisea Consortium ESifh TPG \ wlnDaom tzGJU0ifrsm;u trsm;pk ydkif qkdifonfh Peru LNG ukrÜPDonf "mwfaiGUtm; t&nfodkY ajymif;vJaom puf½Hkrsm; wnf aqmuf&efESifh vnfywfvkyfudkif&ef aps;NydKifwifoGif;jcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif tEdkif&&SdcJYygonf/ vkyfuGuf 56 rS "mwfaiGUudk jynfyodkY wifydkYjcif;twGuf pkpkaygif; oabmwlnDrI av;ckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJYygonf -

¼ yD½l;EdkifiH tpdk;&u vkyfuGuf 56 wGif prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;? wl;azmfjcif;ESifh vkyfief;vkyfudkifjcif; twGuf Perupetro rSwqifh Camisea Consortium ESifh vdkifpifqdkif&m oabmwlnDrI wpfckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJYygonf/

¼ Camisea Consortium u obm0"mwfaiGUtm; t&nftjzpfajymif;vJjcif;ESifhodkavSmifjcif; twGuf Peru LNG ESifh qifhwufjyKjyifrIqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJYonf/

¼ Peru LGN u Shell ESifh oabmwlnDrIwpfckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJYNyD; (2013 ckESpfrSpí Repsol ESifh) oabmwlnDrIwpfckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJYum Repsol onf EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGuf rsm;wGif "mwfaiGU ta&mif;t0,fvkyfaom 0,fvuf (Off Taker) jzpfonf/

¼ 0,fvufjzpfaom Shell u vkyfuGuf 56 rS xkwfvkyfaom LNG \ 72 &mcdkifEIef;udk ruúqDudkEdkifiHodkY wifydkY&ef (zuf'&,f vQyfppfaumfr&SifrSwqifh) ruúqDudktpdk;&ESifh oabm wlnDrIwpf&yfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJYonf/

68


2016 ckESpf? rwfvwGif xkwfjyefcJYaom aMunmcsufwpfckü Alfredo Barnechea u tqdkyg vkyfief;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuftm; jyefvnfn§dEdIif;vdkY &oifhaMumif;udk ]]EdkifiHwum oabm wlpmcsKyfrsm; tygt0if oabmwlpmcsKyf tm;vHk;udk jyefvnfjyifqifvdkY &ygw,f/ tajctae awG ajymif;vJvmwJYtcgrSm oabmwlpmcsKyfwdkif;udk jyefvnfjyifqifEdkifNyD; txl;ojzifh Mr. Toledo ESifh Mr. Kuczynski wdkY pdwfBudKuf a&G;cs,f^csay;cJYwJh þtvdrftnm pmcsKyfawGqdk&if ydkvdkYawmif jyifqifEdkifygw,f}}108 vdkY tBuHjyKcJYygonf/ Barnechea u xdkodkY xkwfazmfajymqdkrI rsm; jyKvkyfcJYaomfvnf; AP ygwDtwGif;ü jyefvnfn§dEdIif;rIudk rnfodkY qufvufaqmif&GufMurnf ESifhywfoufí oabmwlnDrI &SdyHkray:yg/ pGrf;tifESifh owÅKwGif; 0efBuD;a[mif;jzpfNyD; AP ygwD uvnf;jzpfonfh Carlos Herrera Descalzi u ydkrdk owd&SdcJYNyD; n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI vkyfief;pOf wpf&yfudk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ ¤if;u ]](oabmwlpmcsKyfwpfck\) pmcsKyf0if wpfzufu epfemw,fvdkY cHpm;&wJYtcg ¤if;u tjcm;pmcsKyf0iftm; jyifqifcsufwpf&yf tqdkjyK ygw,f/ þvkyfief;pOfudk xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf owfrSwfxm;aom enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm;jzpf onfh wdkuf½dkufn§dEIdif;jcif;? tEknmw pD&ifqHk;jzwfjcif; odkYr[kwf w&m;pD&ifa&; tzGJUxH oGm; a&mufjcif; enf;vrf;rsm;rSwqifh ajz&Sif;ygonf/ xdkYjyif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u pmcsKyf0ifwpfOD; jzpfygu trsm;jynfolqdkif&m ypönf;rsm; odkYr[kwf tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; yg0ifvmygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfolydkif ypönf;rsm;tay: oufa&mufrI&Sdaom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; EdkifiHawmf onf vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonfomru jyefvnfn§dEdIif;rIwpf&yfudk awmif;qdk&efESifh «oabmwlpmcsKyftm;» jzpfay:vmaom tajctaeESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif vkyf&ef udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m wm0ef 0wÅ&m;vnf; &Sdygonf/ jyefvnfn§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;w,fqdkwm pnf;urf;wif;usyfwm odkY r[kwf EdkifiHawmfydkifodrf;wm r[kwfovdk jyefvnfodrf;,lwmvnf; ydkvdkYawmif r[kwfyg/}}109

jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI qufvuf jzpfay:vmonfESifhtrQ Frente Amplio nGefYaygif;tzGJUu trSef wu,f vdkifpifqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tay: tajccHí ukrÜPDrsm;xH vuf&Sd vTJajymif;xm; aom ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfcJYygonf/ xdkygwDu Camisea "mwfaiGU udk rnfolydkifqdkifaMumif;ESifh 1990 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif jy|mef;cJYaom [dkuf'½dkumAGef Oya'rsm;onf yD½l;EdkifiH tpdk;&ESifh jynfolrsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom udpö&yf [kwf? r[kwfESifhywfoufí jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIudk pwifcJYygonf/ FA ygwDrS ta&G;aumufcH or®wavmif; wpfOD;jzpfaom Verónika Mendoza u Camisea obm0"mwfaiGUudk EdkifiHawmf zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf toHk;jyK jcif;udk olr\ rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&;wGif t"du udpö&yfwpfcktjzpf ajymMum;cJYygonf/ FA ygwD twGuf "mwfaiGUwifydkYrIqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk jyefvnfn§dEdIif;jcif;wGif atmf*Jepf [dkuf '½dkumAGef Oya' (26221) wGif jy|mef;xm;aom yD½l;EdkifiH\ "mwfaiGUrl0g' wpf&yfvHk;udk ajymif;vJjcif; yg0ifygonf/ a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;rItp 2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif olru ]]"mwfaiGUudk wdkif;jynfzGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf oHk;udk oHk;&r,f? ukrÜPD tenf;i,fu vk,l oGm;zdkY r[kwfbl;/ yD½l;EdkifiH awmifydkif; "mwfaiGUydkufvdkif; wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh Cusco NrdKUol? NrdKUom;rsm;ESifh awmifydkif;a'otaejzifh pufrIul;ajymif;a&;ESifh tvkyftukdif zefwD;jcif;wdkYtwGuf þo,HZmwudk toHk;jyKcGifh &&Sdapr,f}}110 [k ajymqdkcJYonf/

108/ “Barrenechea arremete contra candidatos,” La Razón, 3 March 2016, http://cronologiapoliticadelperu.org/2016/03/03/barrenechea-arremete-contra-candidatos/.

109/ “Debate: ¿Es posible renegociar el contrato del gas de Camisea?” El Comercio, 4 March 2016, http://elcomercio.pe/opinion/colaboradores/debate-posible-renegociar-contrato-gas-camisea-noticia1883781?ref=flujo_tags_517047&ft=nota_3&e=titulo.

110/ “Verónika Mendoza sobre Camisea: ‘¿Dónde está el bendito gas?’ [VIDEO]” LaMula, 29 January 2016, https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2016/01/29/veronika-mendoza-sobre-camisea-donde-esta-el-bendito-gas-video/redaccionmulera.

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69


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PPK ygwDrS Kuczynski onf ¤if;\ or®wa&G;aumufyGJü "mwfaiGUqdkif&m udpö&yfESifhywfoufí ar;cGef;xkwfcH&aomtcg wkHYjyefcJY&ygonf/ 2016 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif ¤if;u tqdkyg pDrHudef;udk "mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrI ykdí rsm;rnf[k ,lqí rlvwGif taumiftxnf azmfcJYaomfvnf; xdkpOf uwnf;u ]]pGrf;tifrlabmif ajymif;vJoGm;NyD jzpfNyD; ukefMurf;aps;EIef;rsm;vnf; usqif;oGm;NyD jzpfum txl;ojzifh obm0"mwfaiGU aps;vnf; usqif;oGm;NyD jzpfygonf}}[k ajymcJYygonf/ aemufxyf ar;jref;cH&onfhtcgwGif ¤if;u aetdrfrsm;wGif obm0"mwfaiGU oHk;pGJrIudk jr§ifhwif &ef awmifydkif; ydkufvdkif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh jynfwGif;oHk;pGJrIudk wdk;csJUjcif;rSm ¤if;\ OD;pm; ay; udpö&yf jzpfaMumif;udk ]]uREfkyfwdkY\ tpdk;&u jzpfatmif vkyfygvdrfhr,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh jynfwGif;"mwfaiGU qufoG,fa&; ydkufvkdifrsm; wnfaqmufrIudk aiGaMu;yHYydk;ay;í yD½l;EdkifiHom; rsm;twGuf aps;toufomqHk; "mwfaiGUudk oHk;pGJEdkifygvdrfYr,f}}[k ajymcJYygonf/114

PPK ygwDESifh FA ygwDwdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm;tMum; uGmjcm;csufrSm yxrwpfckwGif "mwfaiGUodkuf rsm;onf jynfwGif;ESifh jynfy0,fvdktm; ESpfckvHk;udk jznfhqnf;ay;aom "mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrI &&Sd &ef vHkavmufvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ qefYusifbuftm;jzifh FA ygwDu "mwfaiGU wifydkYrIqdkif&m oabmwlnDrIonf yD½l;EdkifiHudk tusdK;rjyKbJ "mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrIudk jynfwGif; oHk;pGJrItwGuf jyefvnfowfrSwfay;oifhum xdkodkY owfrSwfay;jcif;jzifh wdkif;jynf\ pGrf;tif vdktyfcsuf\ ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom tpdwftydkif;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifrnf[k ,lqygonf/

111/ tpdk;&tzGJU pDrHudef; odkYr[kwf a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m rl0g' aMunmpmwrf;onf or®w a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifvdkonfh yD½l;EdkifiHrS rnfonfhygwDtwGufrqdk vdktyfaom owfrSwfcsufwpfck jzpfygonf/ xdkpmwrf; wGif ygwDrsm;u tpdk;&tzGJUtwGuf a&G;aumufcH&ygu taumiftxnfazmfrnfh ¤if;wdkY\ rl0g'rsm;udk azmfjyMuygonf/ vufawGUwGif tcsdKUaomygwDrsm;u PPK ESifh FA ygwDrsm;\ 2016 ckESpf tpdk;&tzGJU pDrHudef;rsm;uJhodkYaom ynm&yfqefonfh pmwrf;rsm; wifoGif;aomfvnf; tjcm;ygwDrsm;u wifoGif;aom pmwrf;rsm;rSm xdkrQavmuf wdwdusus r&SdcJYyg/

112/ Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi. “El Plan de Gobierno de Fuerza Popular representa un compromiso con el futuro del Perú,” Plan Perú, http://keikofujimori.pe/#yt_spotlight7.

113/ “Keiko Fujimori ‘PPK regaló el gas de Camisea’ (VIDEO)” Correo, 18 May 2016, http://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/arequipa/keiko-fujmori-ppk-regalo-el-gas-video-673543.

114/ “PPK: ‘Renegociaré el contrato de exportación del gas de Camisea,’” Inforegion, 20 March 2016, http://www.inforegion.pe/219613/ppk-renegociare-el-contrato-de-exportacion-del-gas-de-camisea.

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"mwfaiGUudpöonf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIwGif t"du usvmonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm owfrSwf&ef BudK;yrf;cJYMuygonf/ odkY aomfvnf; aemufqHk; xGuf&SdvmcJYaom &yfwnfrIrsm;rSm uGJjym;cJYygonf/ tpuwnf;u FA ygwDonf "mwfaiGUwifydkYrI qufvufaqmif&Gufjcif;udk qefYusifcJYNyD; wifydkYrIrsm;udk &yfqdkif;xm; &efESifh "mwfaiGUudk jynfwGif;oHk;pGJrIESifh pufrI ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf vrf;aMumif; jyefajymif;&ef ruúqDudkEdkifiHESifh csKyfqdkxm;aom pmcsKyfrsm;udk jyefvnfn§dEdIif;jcif;udk tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ xdkYjyif FA ygwDonf vuf&Sd wl;azmfa&;^xkwfvkyfa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk vdkifpifrsm;rS 0efaqmifrI pmcsKyfrsm;tjzpfodkY jyefvnfn§dEdIif;&ef tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ AP ESifh FP ygwDESpfckvHk;u tpdk;&onf 0,fvuf (Shell) ESifh ruúqDudkEdkifiH\ zuf'&,f vQyfppfaumfr&Sif (Federal Electricity Commission) tMum; jyefvnfn§dEdIif;rIrsm;wGif t"du tcef;u@rS wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&ef ydkrdk owd&SdpGmjzifh tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ rlv&yfwnfrItwdkif; rajymif;vJbJ &SdaecJYaom PPK ygwD u jyefvnfn§dEdIif;&ef vHk;0 rpOf;pm;bJ jynfwGif;oHk;pJGrI jr§ifhwif&ef xkwfvkyfrI wdk;jr§ifhjcif;udk tqdkjyKcJYygonf/

a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;jcif;rS rl0g'qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;odkYPPK ygwDu 2016 ckESpf? ZGefv or®w a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif tEdkif&&SdcJYNyD; vuf&SdwGif a&G; aumufyGJü ay;tyfcJYaom uwdudk taumiftxnf azmfay;&ef &Sdaeygonf/ odkYaomf tpdk;& onf wifydkYrIqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk jyefvnfn§dEdIif;rnf? rn§dEdIif;rnfESifhywfoufí ygwD\ &yfwnfrIrSm wdwdusus r&SdcJYbJ ¤if;tpdk;&tzGJU\ pDrHudef;wGifvnf; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; jyefvnfn§dEdIif;jcif;udk &nfnTef; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ EdkifiHa&; vufawGUtajctaersm;onf vTwfawmfxJwGif wwd,tBuD;qHk; ygwDomjzpfaom PPK ygwDtpdk;&tzGJUtm; tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh aygif;ul;wHwm;rsm; wnfaqmuf&ef tm;ay;cJYygonf/ xdkYaMumifh yD½l;EdkifiH\ 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfaom PPK ygwD0if Fernando Zavala u ¤if;\ &mxl; vufcHNyD;aemuf yxrqHk; rdefYcGef;wGif oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tm; jyefvnfn§dEdIif;rIonf ¤if;\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif jzpfay:vmrnf[k aMunmcJYygonf/115 þjyefvnfn§dEdIif;rIonf AP ygwDESifh FP ygwDwdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm;ESifhtnD wifydkYrI yrmPrsm;udk avQmhcs&efESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom aps;EIef;rsm; &&Sdap&eftvdkYiSm zuf'&,f vQyfppfaumfr&SifESifh Shell ukrÜPDwdkYtMum; vuf&Sd oabmwlpmcsKyfudk jyifqifrnf jzpfaom aMumifh þodkY jyefvnfn§dEIdif;rIonf ruúqDudkEdkifiHESifh jyKvkyfxm;aom wdkuf½dkuf EdkifiHa&;oabm wlnDcsuftay: oufa&mufvmEdkifzG,f t&SdqHk;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;\ pD;yGm;a&;t& vpfA&,f qef aom tpdk;&tzGJUonf vuf&Sd oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;udk 0efaqmifrIqdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfaom aemufxyf tqifhwpfqifhudkvnf; aqmif&GufNyD; wl;azmf&&Sdaom o,H Zmwtay: jynfe,ftvdkuf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &,lay;vdrfhrnf [laom arQmfrSef;csufrsm;rSm enf;yg;ygonf/

vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; pwifNyD; vtenf;i,ftwGif;wGif tjcm;ygwDtrsm;pkonf a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifcifu ay;cJYaom uwdrsm;udk taumiftxnf razmfay;rnfhyHk ay:vmygonf/ AP ygwD onf oabmwlpmcsKyf jyefvnfn§dEdIif;rIESifh ywfoufí jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIudk pwifcJYaomfvnf; xdkjyefvnfn§dEIdif;rI udpöudk ¤if;tpdk;&tzGJU\ tpDtpOfwGif rxnfhoGif;cJYovdk ¤if;\ vTwfawmf tpDtpOfwGifvnf; t"du ruscJYyg/ tvm;wlyif Fujimori \ Fuerza Popular ygwDu (or®w a&G;aumufyGJwGif ½IH;edrfhcJYaomfvnf;) vTwfawmfwGif cHkae&m trsm;pk tEdkif&cJYaom a&G;aumufyGJNyD;aemuf þjyefvnfn§dEdIif;jcif; udpöonf FP ygwD\ Oya'jyKa&;qdkif&m tpD tpOfrS aysmufuG,foGm;cJYNyD; PPK ygwDtay: zdtm;udk avsmhusapcJYEdkifajc &Sdygonf/ tusdK;

115/ “Premier Zavala anuncia el inicio de la negociación del gas de Camisea,” La República, 20 August 2016, http://larepublica.pe/impresa/politica/795643-premier-zavala-anuncia-el-inicio-de-la-negociacion-del-gas-decamisea.

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quftm;jzifh FA onf þ "mwfaiGUoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk trsm;jynfol\ tjrifwGifvnf; aumif;? vTwfawmfxJwGifvnf;aumif; t"duusonf[k oabmxm;onfh wpfckwnf;aomygwD jzpfygonf/ aemufvmrnfh a'oEå& a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tBudKjyKvkyfaom oabmxm; aumufcH rIrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;ygrIESifh axmufcHrI tm;aumif;vmaom FA ygwDtaejzifh tjcm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; txl;ojzifh PPK ygwDtay: zdtm;ay;&ef BudK;yrf;vmygvdrfhrnf/

vlBudKufrsm;0g' (Populism) ESifh yk*¾dKvfpGJ EdkifiHa&; (Personal Politics) onf taxmuftxm; tajcjyK pGrf;tifrl0g' jzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;tay: twm;tqD; jzpfae2016 ckESpf rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&;wGif tpdk;& pDrHudef;rsm;onf udpö&yfaygif;rsm;pGm taMumif;udk xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;xm;NyD; tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; ryg&Sdyg/ rl0g'qkdif&m tqdkjyKcsufrsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh us,fjyefYNyD; ,cifrl0g' odkYr[kwf &yfwnfrIrsm;ESifh,SOfvQif rsm;pGm ajymif;vJ oGm;jcif;r&SdbJ (tvkyftudkif? pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIESifh trsm;jynfol ab;tEå&m,f uif;&Sif;a&; paom) rJqE´&Sif jynfoltrsm;ESifh ywfoufonf[k ,lq&aom udpö&yfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf/ vufwiftar&dum;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;üuJYodkYyif yD½l;EdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ OD; aqmifaom a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ yk*¾dKvfa&;ESifh *kPfodu©mtay: rsm;pGmrSDcdkygonf/116 rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh ygwD pDrHcefYcGJrI tzGJU0if tenf;i,fu a&;qGJaomaMumifh ygwDwGif; aqG;aEG;rIrSmvnf; tawmfav; enf;yg;ygonf/ þtcsufonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfrnfhtpm; a&G;aummufyGJ tEdkif&a&;udk OD;pm;ay;aeonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD pepftwGif; zGJUpnf;yHkqdkif&m tm;enf;csuf\ &v'f jzpfygonf/

PPK ESifh FP ygwDrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ acgif;aqmifrsm; or®wavmif;tjzpf 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifrIudk taxmuftul jyK&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;xm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh txufyg azmfjycsuftwdkif; jzpf aeygonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&;twGif; ¤if;wkdY\ rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;onf tajccH vlwef;pm; axmufcHolrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&S;½Ií &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd aqmif&GufcJYaom vkyf ief;pOf\ &v'f r[kwfcJYyg/117 "mwfaiGUrl0g'ESifhywfoufí PPK ygwD\ &yfwnfrIonf ¤if;\ a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,fESifh ygwD xdyfoD;yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ aemufaMumif;rSwfwrf;ESifhtnD jzpfcJY NyD; FP ygwD\ &yfwnfrIonf ¤if;\ EdkifiHa&; NydKifbufrsm;tay: rlwnfí ajymif;vJcJYygonf/ qefYusifbuftm;jzifh tpOftvm ydkí BuD;rm;aom AP ygwDESifh FA nGefYaygif;tzGJUwdkYonf Programmatic usaom oabmwlnDrIrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef tvdkYiSm ygwDwGif; aqG;aEG;rIrS wqifh odrfarGUaom uGJjym;csufrsm; ydkí yg&Sdonfh &yfwnfrIrsm;udk wnfaqmufa&;qGJcJYygonf/ AP ygwDu ueOD;wGif Camisea udpö&yfudk trsm;jynfolxH today;cJYNyD; FA ygwDu xdk udpö&yf\ ta&;ygrIudk vsifjrefpGm jyefYESYHod&SdapcJYygonf/ FA ygwDonf ¤if;\ tpdk;& pDrHudef; wGif "mwfaiGUrl0g'ESifhywfoufí tao;pdwf Programmatic usaom tqdkjyKcsufwpf&yfudk xnfhoGif;cJYNyD; jzpfygonf/

Programmatic tm;enf;csufrsm; &SdcJYaomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIwGif t"du udpö&yfonf "mwfaiGUqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJvmrIaMumifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tEdkif &oltwGuf aemufqufwGJ tusdK;qufrsm; &SdvmcJYygonf/ Camisea "mwfaiGUwifydkYrIqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufwGif udk,fydkif tcsKyftjcm tmPm&Sdaom tjcm;EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; pkBuD; ESpfckESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&xH 0ifaiGvTJajymif;rIrsm;tay: rSDcdkaeaom a'oEå& tpkd;&rsm;ESifh

116/ Oyrm http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/peru/political-parties.htm udk Munfhyg/117/ acgif;aqmifudk t"duxm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsdK; jzpfaomfvnf; Fuerza Popular ygwDonf yD½l;EdkifiH\

EdkifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;udk trsm;qHk; pkaqmif;EdkifcJYaMumif;udk rSwfom;oifhygonf/

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Suthep Kritsanavarin for NRGI

73

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u rl0g'qdkif&m&yfwnfrIrsm; azmfaqmifyHkenf;vrf;

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NRGI ESifh International IDEA wdkY\ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI e,fy,fESifh *gemEdkifiHwGif tvGef atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJYaom yl;wJGtpDtpOf tygt0if wpfurÇmvHk;&Sd EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf; rsm;tm; a,bk,s rl0g'&yfwnfrI xkwfazmf&mwGif tultnDay;jcif;wdkYrS &&Sdvmaom ¤if;wdkY \ us,fjyefYaom tawGUtBuHKudk aygif;pyfum þvrf;ñTefrIudk jyKpkxm;ygonf (tuGuf 3 .4 ukd Munfhyg)/118 udpö&yftvdkuf avYusifhcef;pm&Gufrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;? BuD;MuyfuGyfuJolrsm;ESifh okawoDrsm;tm; o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI pepfrsm;okdY 0ifa&mufEdkifatmif tultnDay;aom NRGI u zefwD;xm;onfh Natural Resource Charter Benchmarking Framework rS t"du &,lxm;ygonf (avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) udk Munfhyg)/ vkyfief;pOfqdkif&m avYusifhcef; pm&Gufrsm;udk International IDEA \ xkwfa0rIwpfckjzpfaom Strategic Planning for Political Parties: a Practical Tool tay:vnf; tajccHxm;ygonf/119


vkyfief;pOf\ &nf&G,fcsufESifh e,fy,fukd owfrSwfygobm0 t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m rl0g' &yfwnfrIwpfck azmfaqmifa&;twGuf yxrOD;qHk; tqifhrSm vkyfief;pOf\ a,bk,s &nf&G,fcsufudk azmfxkwf&efjzpfonf/ xkdYaemuf vkyfief;pOf\ 'DZkdif;ESifh acgif;pOf vTrf;NcHKrI\ us,fjyefYrIESifh euf½dIif;rIwdkY yg0ifaom e,fy,ftm; tqdkyg &nf&G,fcsufESifh udkufnDatmif owfrSwfoifhygonf/ yHk 3 .2 wGif jzpfEdkifaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom e,fy,frsm; yg0ifonfh om"u oHk;ckudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

118/ þtawGUtBuHKwGif 2015-16 ckESpfwGif *gemEdkifiHü t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwD av;cku o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI twGuf ygwD Platforms azmfaqmifpOf NRGI ESifh International IDEA wdkYu ¤if;wdkYESifh yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrItjyif a*smf*sD,mEdkifiH? a[wDEdkifiH? uefnmEdkifiHESifh eDaygEdkifiHwdkYwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh International IDEA \ ylaygif;aqmif&GufrIwdkY yg0ifygonf/

119/ van den Berg, C. F. et al., Strategic Planning for Political Parties: A Practical Tool (Stockholm: International IDEA: 2013).

3

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75


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o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;\ tjyeftvSef qufpyfaeaom oabm obm0 aMumifh o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;rS t"duusaom Edkifa&;ygwDrsm; tm;vHk;taejzifh udpö&yf e,fy,ftm;vHk;udk vTrf;NcHKonfh jynfhpHkaom &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &Sdygu taumif;qHk; jzpf ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; csufcsif;vufiif; vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh tuefYtowfjzifhom&Sdaom tcsdef umvESifh yHYykd;rIwdkYaMumifh ygwDonf ueOD;taejzifh wdusaom Oya' wpf&yf&yfukd jyefvnfoHk; oyf&ef odkYr[kwf ukefaps;EIef; usjcif; odkYr[kwf t*wdvkdufpm;rI aumv[mv jzpfay:jcif; uJYokdYaom vufwavmjzpf&yftm; wHkYjyefaqmif&Guf&ef toifhjzpfatmif jyifqifjcif; ponfh ydkíusOf;ajrmif;aom &nf&G,fcsufudk tav;xm;aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh yD½l;EdkifiHwGif "mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrIqdkif&m oabmwlnDrIwpfck\ wnfaqmufyHkonf 2016 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh wpfcsdefwnf; usa&mufaom ukefaps;EIef;rsm; ½kwfw&uf usqif;onfh tajctaewGif tusdK;&SdrI enf;yg;vmyHk ay:ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh t"dduusaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD ESpfckvHk;onf &yfwnfrIrsm; owfrSwfcJYNyD; xkdudpö&yftm; ¤if;wdkY\ pnf;½Hk;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;wGif t"dutjzpf a&SUwef;wifcJYMuygonf/120 *gemEdkifiHwGif 2016 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrsm; rwdkifrD EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u txl;ojzifh 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pkaqmif;rIrsm;tm; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;cJYaom tao;pdwf o,HZmw rl0g'qdkif&m &yfwnfrIrsm; xkwfazmfowfrSwfay;jcif;jzifh tapmydkif;0ifaiG rSm;,Gif;wGufcsufrIrsm;ESifh tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJrIrsm;ESifhywfoufaom trsm;jynfol\ pdk;&drfrIrsm; udk wkHYjyefajz&Sif;ay;cJYygonf/

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120/ tcef; 2 wGif yD½l;EkdifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/121/ xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-natural-

resource-charter-decision-chain> wGif &,lEdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quftaMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifudk Munfhyg/

122/ tcef; 2 wGif tpöa&;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

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aqmif&Guf&ef ydkí tm;oefEdkifygonf/123 odkYaomf þtcsdefwGif udpö&yfe,fy,f tenf;i,fudk xnfhoGif; aqmif&Gufjcif;uomvQif t"dyÜm,f&Sdonfhwdkif EdkifiHrsm; tm;vHk;taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef; (Extraction Lifecycle) \ rnfonfhtqifhwGif a&muf&Sdaeonfjzpfap tenf;qHk;awmY udpö&yfe,fy,f tm;vHk;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef ta&; BuD;ygonf/ xdkodkY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh ¤if;wkdYtm; o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI wpfckvHk;udk em; vnfapjcif;? ¤if;wdkY a&G;cs,faom tao;pdwf &yfwnfrIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; tbufbufrS em; vnfapjcif;ESifh ta&;ygaom awGU&SdrI topfrsm; odkYr[kwf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tjzpftysuf paom arQmfvifhrxm;onfh tajctaersm; tygt0if tem*wftwGuf jyifqif&ef taxmuf tul jzpfapygonf/ aemufqHk;wGif xdkodkY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh EdkifiHtaejzifh o,HZmw usdefpmESifh rMumcP qufpyfaeavY&Sdonfh xdcdkufrI jzpfay:apaom pOf;pm;awG;ac:yHkudk a&SmifMuOfEdkifatmif tultnD ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (u) onf ygwDtm; qHk;jzwf csuf uGif;quf\ rnfonfhe,fy,frsm;udk tao;pdwf vTrf;NcHK&ef ta&;tBuD;qHk; jzpfonfudk qef;ppf&ef taxmuftul jyKEdkifNyD; avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) \ a&;qGJxm;yHkESifh taMumif;t&m tykdif;rsm;onf tao;pdwf &yfwnfrIrsm;udk csufcsif;vufiif; azmfaqmifonfjzpfap? razmf aqmifonfjzpfap e,fy,ftm;vHk;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&mwGif vG,fulapEdkifygonf/

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123/ tcef; 2 wGif awmiftmz&duEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

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tusdK;&Sdapygrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aemfa0EdkifiHwGif a'otay:vdkufí o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItay: trsm;jynfol\ xifjrifcsufrSm rsm;pGm uGJjym;ygonf/ a&eHxkwfvkyfaom a'orsm;rS jynfolrsm; onf tvkyftukdif qHk;½HI;rIrsm;twGuf avsmfaMu;ay;jcif;ESifhywfoufí pdk;&drfrItrsm;qHk; jzpfcJY NyD; &moDOwk'Pf cH&aom a'orsm;rS jynfolrsm;onf a&eHwl;azmfrI\ a&&Snfoufa&mufrIrsm; ESifhywfoufí pdk;&drfrI jzpfcJYMuygonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh a'oEå&tqifh OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf &rnfh udpö&yfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm em;vnfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ygwDrsm;taejzifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;rS ukd,f pm;vS,frsm;ESifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;\ toHudk em;axmif&ef vkdtyfygonf/124

qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;qufwavQmuf o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI t&nftaoG;udk tuJjzwfaom urÇmvHk; qdkif&m tñTef;udef;jzpfonfh o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef; (Resource Governance Index) onfvnf; tvGefaumif;rGefaom &nfñTef;azmfjycsufwpf&yf jzpfEdkifNyD; taMumif;rSm xkdtñTef;udef;onf EdkifiHrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh aumif;rGefaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&m pHEIef; rsm;? tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh ,SOfvQif rnfonfhtaetxm;odkY a&muf&SdaeaMumif; od&Sdapaom aMumifh jzpfygonf/125 ygwDtaejzifh tjcm;aom tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;taejzifh tvm;wl pdefac:rIrsm; udk rnfodkY ajz&Sif;cJYaMumif; od&Sd&efvnf; tqdkygtñTef;udef;udk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/

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124/ tcef; 2 wGif aemfa0EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/125/ 2017 ckESpf o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;udk <http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/> wGif

&,lEdkifygonf/

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avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (u) - udpö&yf e,fy,frsm;

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]]jrifhrm;}} owfrSwfxm;aom rnfonfhudpö&yf e,fy,fudkrqdk rl0g'&yfwnfrI topfwGif tao;pdwf xnfhoGif;azmfjyoifhygonf/ tjcm;udpö&yf e,fy,frsm;udk aemufqHk;pmwrf;wGif rxnfhoGif;onfhwdkif tenf;qHk; vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;u tajccHtqifhü (qdkvkdonfrSm avYusifhcef; pm&Guf (q) wGif yg0ifaom udpö&yftvdkuf Z,m;rsm;\ vuf&SdygwD taetxm;ESifh rlabmif tydkif;rsm;wGif) jyefvnfoHk;oyfoifhonf/ Z,m;wGif obm0 o,HZmwqkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Natural Resource Charter) \ wdusaom pnf;rsOf;rsm; (Precepts) tm; &nfñTef;azmfjy csufrsm; yg0ifygonf/126

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ygwDtaejzifh e,fy,ftcsKdUudkom tm½Hkpdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfygu e,fy,fwpfcktm; tjcm; e,fy,fwpfckxuf ydkrkdtm½Hkpdkuf tav;xm;rdEdkifonfh tEå&m,frsm; &Sdojzifh *½kwpdkuf pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ vwfwavmwGif vlodtrsm;qHk; udpö&yfrsm;tay: tm½Hkpdkuf&ef zdwfac:aeEdkifaomfvnf; od&SdrI ydkrdkenf;yg;aom udpö&yf e,fy,frsm;onf a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk; wufrItay:ESifh omrefjynfolrsm; tusdK;cHpm;&onfh twdkif;twmtay: ydkrdkoufa&mufrI &SdEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumihf þvkyfief;pOftm; OD;aqmifaom ygwD0ifrsm;taejzifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifh EdkifiHawmfu awGUBuHKae&aom tjcm; t"duudpö&yfrsm;taMumif;udk NGO rsm;? wwfodynm&SiftzGJUrsm; (Think Tanks) ESifh EdkifiHwum b@ma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmrsm; tygt0if us,fus,fjyefYjyefY zwf½IavYvm&ef BudK;yrf;oifhygonf/

pwifaqmif&Guf&ef taumif;qHk; tqifhrSm o,HZmw ydkifqdkifrIESifh ywfoufíjzpfap? EdkifiH taejzifh jynfpHkNyD; tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifaom trsdK;om; r[mAsL[mwpfck &Sd r&Sd (þtaMumif;udk udpö&yf e,fy,f 1/ atmuf&Sd avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf) ESifhywfoufíjzpf ap ygwDwpfck\ od&Sdem;vnfrIESifh trSefwu,fawmh tpkd;&tzGJU\ od&Sdem;vnfrItm; vuf awGUusus qef;ppf&ef jzpfonf/ atmufyg taMumif;tcsufrsm;onfvnf; ta&;wBuD;tjzpfqHk; udpö&yf e,fy,frsm;tm; azmfxkwf&efESifh vkyfief;pOfwGif ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfudk owfrSwf&mwGif taxmuftul jyKEdkifygonf -

¼ tcsdefudkufrI - þudpö&yf e,fy,fESifhywfoufNyD; ta&;ygaom Oya'rsm; jy|mef;&ef BudK;

126/ oabmwlpmcsKyfESifhywfoufNyD; xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) udkMunfhyg/ Natural Resource tm; <https://resourcegovernance.org/approach/natural-resource-charter> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

80


yrf;rIrsm; &Sdaeovm;/ ¤if;ESifhywfoufNyD; rMumao;rDu trsm;jynfolqdkif&m aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk rIrsm; &SdcJYovm;/ udpö&yfonf o,HZmw wl;azmfrI oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;wGif EdkifiHu a&muf&Sdaeaom tqifhESifh oufqdkifrI &Sdovm;/ vkyfief;u@ ajymif;vJrIrsm; odkYr[kwf ukefypönf; aps;EIef;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom tajymif;tvJrsm;onf tcsdKUaom udpö&yfrsm;udk ydkí xif&Sm;ay:vGifapEdkifygonf/

¼ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&m ta&;ygrI - ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom EdkifiHawmf\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI r[mAsL[mwGif þudpö&yfu rnfonfhae&mrS yg0ifoenf;/ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf EdkifiHawmf r[mAsL[m &Sdygu þudpö&yfonf xdkr[mAsL[mtwGif; rnfonfhtykdif;ü yg0if oenf;/ þudpö&yf e,fy,fonf ygwDtm; rJay;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;rJay;olrsm;twGuf rnfrQ avmuf ta&;BuD;ygoenf;/ RGI uJhodkYaom wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m tñTef;udef;rsm;tay: tajccHvsuf þudpö&yfESifhywfoufNyD; wdk;wufEdkifrnfh tvm;tvm &Sdovm;? xdkwdk;wufrI onf vlrIa&; okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItay: rnfodkY oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifrnfenf;/ twdwfu jzpfay:cJYonfh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;onfvnf; qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif; quf\ tcsdKUaom e,fy,frsm;udk ydkí ta&;wBuD; jzpfapEdkifygonf/

¼ Oya'ESifh taumiftxnfazmfrIqdkif&m uGm[csufrsm; - þudpö&yftwGuf vTrf;rdk;aom rlabmifonf EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tjcm;Oya'rsm;? pnf;rsOf;rsm;xuf ydkí tm;enf;aeovm;/ ta&;,l aqmif&GufrIu tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;xufpmvQif ydkítm;enf;aeovm;/ RGI u wdkif;wmay;rIt& Oya'ESifh vufawGUtMum; odomxif&Sm;aom taumiftxnfazmfrIqdkif&m uGm[csuf &Sdaevm;/

¼ vuf&SdygwD &yfwnfrIrsm; - ygwDu þudpö&yfe,fy,fESifhywfoufNyD; ckdifrmaom &yfwnfrI &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ þudpö&yfe,fy,fESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtwGif; jyóemjzpfapaom y#dyu© awG &Sdaevm;/ tjcm;ygwDawGu oufqdkifaom &yfwnfrIawG &SdMuvm;/

RGI onf jyóem e,fy,frsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef rnfodkY ulnDEdkifyHk

2017 ckESpf RGI \ EdkifiHtvdkuf taMumif;t&mrsm; (Country Profiles) wGif rwlnD aom tydkif;rsm; (Components)? tydkif;cGJrsm; (Subcomponents) ESifh ñTefjycsufrsm; (Indicators) tvdkuf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ &rSwfrsm;udk tus,fjzefY &Sif;vif;azmfjycsufrsm; yg0ifygonf/ uRrf;usifolrsm;\ qef;ppfrIrsm;rS tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; Data Explorer wGif &SmazGawGU&SdEkdifNyD; jyóem e,fy,frsm;tm; azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh vuf&Sd taMumif;t&mudk ydkrkdjynfhpHkpGm em;vnfjcif;twGuf toHk;0ifEdkifygonf/127

127/ Country Profiles rsm;udk <http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/country-profiles wGif &,lEdkifNyD; Data Explorer ukd <http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents rS ul;,lEdkifygonf/

81


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1/ r[mAsL[m? Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; - EdkifiH\ o,HZmw ydkifqdkifrIudk azmfxkwf jcif;? xdko,HZmwudk rnfolu ydkifqdkifonfESifh EdkifiHwGif obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf jynfhpHkNyD; tm;vHk; yg0ifEdkifaom trsdK;om; r[mAsL[m &Sd r&Sd tygt0if taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh ydkrdk us,fjyefYaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm; udkifwG,faqmif&Gufjcif; NRC pnf;rsOf; 1

*

2/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI - w&m;0if tpdk;&tzGJUrsm; (Oyrm - vTwfawmfESifh pm&if;ppf½Hk;) ESifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ wm0efcHrIESifh BuD;MuyfrI ydkrdkaumif;rGefap&ef o,HZmw u@\ owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk trsm;jynfolxH zGifh[xkwfazmfjcif; jyKrnf rjyKrnfESifh jyKrnfqdkvQif rnfodkY zGifh[xkwfazmf rnfudk qHk;jzwfjcif;/ þwGif jynfwGif; o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m tpdk;&\ BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk yHYydk;ay;aom odkYr[kwf jznfhpGufay;aom EdkifiHwum vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (Oyrm - EITI ESifh OGP) wdkYwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif; vnf; yg0ifEdkifygonf/ NRC pnf;rsOf; 2

*

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3/ prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;? vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; vkyfief;rsm; - blrd aA'qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif;? vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf; &SdNyD; Oya' vdkufemaom ukrÜPDrsm;tm; vkdifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;? o,HZmwxkwfvkyfrI pDrHudef; oHo&mvnf yHk puf0ef;wavQmuf vkyfief;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tygt0if vdkifpifrsm; owfrSwf csxm;ay;jcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;/ NRC pnf;rsOf; 3

4/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjcm;ay;aqmifrIrsm; - tpdk;&twGuf oifhavsmfaom 0ifaiG &&SdapNyD; ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm; (Oyrm - ukefypönf;aps;EIef; tajymif;tvJrsm;) tvdkuf jyifvG,f ajymif;vG,f &Sdonfhtjyif wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif vHkavmufaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk vnf; qGJaqmifEdkifonfh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfh pepfwpf&yf (Fiscal Regime) wnf axmifjcif;/NRC pnf;rsOf; 4

5/ a'otay: oufa&mufrIrsm; - obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrIywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ukefus p&dwfrsm;udk avQmhcsvsuf a'oEå& tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk wdk;jr§ifhjcif;/NRC pnf;rsOf; 5

6/ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm; - EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcef;u@rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh roufqdkifaom tcef;u@rsm;ESifh aiGaMu;&,lrIESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ tzGJU tpnf; tkyfcsKyfrIpepfonf EdkifiHa&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIudk uefYowfay;&efESifh ¤if;wdkY\ qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;ESifh vkyfief; vnfywfrIrsm;onf yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sdjcif;? pm&if;ppfaq; xm;jcif;ESifh wm0efcHrI&Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfay:ap&ef aocsmapjcif;/NRC pnf;rsOf; 6

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8/ tpdk;& aiGoHk;pGJrI - tpdk;&\ oHk;pGJrIonf xda&mufrI&SdNyD; EdkifiHawmf tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh udkuf nDrI &Sdapjcif;ESifh a'oEå& tpkd;&tzGJUrsm;xH 0ifaiGvTJajymif;rIrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGmESifh wm 0efcHrI &SdpGm pDrHcefYcGJapjcif;/NRC pnf;rsOf; 9

9/ yk*¾vdu u@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI - tjcm;vkyfief;u@rsm;ESifh ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;wGif wdk;wufrI jzpfay:vmatmif vIHUaqmfay;&ef o,HZmw u@rsm;udk tm;xm;jcif;/NRC pnf;rsOf; 10

* yxrudpö&yf e,fy,fESpfckonf tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfNyD; EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;rSwyg; tenf;qHk; tajccH tqifhtxd jyefvnfoHk;oyfoifhygonf/

** EdkifiHwdkif;wGif EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm; r&SdMuojzifh þudpö&yf e,fy,fonf tvdktavsmuf oufqdkifrI r&Sd jzpfEdkifygonf/

82


vkyfykdifcGifhESifh t&if;tjrpftrsm; &,lygaemufwqifhtaejzifh vkyfief;pOftm; armif;ESif aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf vkdtyfaom vkyfydkifcGifh? tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;yHYydk;rIudk wwfEdkiforQ tapmqHk; &,l&ef vdktyfygonf/ &mxl;tBuD;qHk; ygwD 0ifrsm;ESifh ta&;ygaom ygwDvufatmuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;rIonf vkyf ief;pOftwGuf w&m;0if jzpfrI (Legitimacy) ESifh yHYydk;rI ay;avY&Sdygonf/ tqdkyg ygwD0ifrsm; taejzifh a&;qGJrIwGif xda&mufpGm yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef tcsdef&SdEkdifzG,f r&Sdaomfvnf; obm0 o,HZmw u@&Sd t"duusaom udpö&yfrsm;tm; ydkrdkodrfarGY eufeJpGm em;vnf&eftwGuf taxmuftul jzpfaprnfh tquftoG,frsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm; ay;Edkifygonf odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifonfh tcsdefumvtwGif; ta&;ygaom ynm&yfqdkif&m uRrf;usifrI ay;Edkifyg onf/

rl0g'&yfwnfrI csrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf vkyfydkifcGifh&,lonfh vkyfief;pOfonf rl0g'&yfwnfrI topftm; ydkíus,fjyefYaom rl0g'aMunmcsufay:wGif tajccHNyD; ygwD\ tjcm;aom OD;pm;ay; udpö&yfrsm;ESifhvnf; nDnGwfapygonf/ *gemEdkifiH\ 2015 - 2016 ygwDpHk &yfwnfrI a&;qGJa&; vkyfief;pOfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD av;ck yg0ifcJYaomfvnf; (tuGuf 3 .4 ukd Munfhyg) ygwD oHk;ck uomvQif yl;wGJ xkwfjyefrItwGuf ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS tNyD;owf cGifhjyKcsufudk &,lcJYyg onf/ xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm &yfwnfrItaMumif;t&mESifh ¤if;tm; rnfodkY jzefYjzL;oifhonfESifhywfoufí rnfolYwGif aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonfh vkyfydkifcGifhrSm &Sif;vif;rI r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

'DZdkif;tqifhtm; rpwifrD rl0g' &yfwnfrI csrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOftm; aqmif&Gufoltaejzifh rnfonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&SdEdkifonfESifh xkdtajctaersm;wGif rnfonfwkYdukd vufawGUwGif atmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifonfudk wdwdusus od&Sdxm;&efvnf; ta&;BuD;ygonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh ynm&yfqdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm; ac:,ljcif;? jzpfajrmufatmif yHYydk;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? rl0g' &yfwnfrItaMumif; aqG;aEG;&ef ygwD0ifrsm;twGuf rl0g'qdkif&m awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; pDpOfusif;yjcif;? tjcm;aom pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYESifh pyfvsOf;aom ukefusrIrsm;udk umrdap&ef vHkavmufaom aiGaMu;yHYydk;rI &Sdoifhygonf/ ygwD taejzifh &yfwnfrItm; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyxm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh trsm; jynfolqdkif&m yGJrsm;rSwqifh xkwfazmfaMunm&ef &nf&G,fygu xdkodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf; aom ukefusrIrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; rMumcP owd rxm;rdavY&Sdonfh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ukefusrI aemufwpfckrSm aiGaMu;ukefusrI r[kwfbJ ygwD0ifrsm;ESifh yHYydk;olrsm;taejzifh þvkyfief;pOftwGuf toHk;jyKonfh ¤if;wdkY\ tcsdefjzpfygonf/


vkyfief;pOf\ tkyfcsKyfrItay: oabmwlnDygrl0g'&yfwnfrI owfrSwf&ef txl;udpö&yftwGuf zGJUpnf;xm;aom tzGJUjzpfap? ,cif&SdESifhNyD;om; aumfrwDwpfckjzpfap vkyfief;tzGJUwpfck wnfaxmifjcif;onf t"du ygwD0if tenf;i,ftMum; vkyfief;pOfESifhywfoufNyD; rnfolu wm0ef&Sdonfudk aocsmpGm owfrSwfay;Edkif&ef taxmuf tul jzpfapyg onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;aumfrwD (Economic Transformation Committee) onf tmz&duef trsdK;om;uGef*&uftwGuf "mwfowÅKqdkif&m rl0g' a&;qGJay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf/128 *gemEdkifiH\ trsdK;om; 'Drdku&ufwpf uGef*&ufygwDrS om"uwpfcktm; tuGuf 3 .4 wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/


83


vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;wGif ygwDatmuf&Sd t"du tzGJUrsm;ESifh n§dEdIif; aqmif&GufEdkifonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;? obm0 o,HZmw u@taMumif; A[kokw &Sdolrsm;ESifh &yfwnfrItay: vufawGU taumif txnfazmf&ef wm0ef&Sdvmrnfholrsm; yg0ifygu txda&mufqHk; jzpfygonf/ o,HZmw tkyf csKyfrIonf tpdk;&tzGJUESifh pD;yGm;a&;wpfckvHk;\ tpdwftydkif;aygif; rsm;pGmESifh oufqdkifavY&Sdaom aMumifh 0efBuD;Xme aygif;pHkESifh 0efBuD;Xme tcef;u@ aygif;pHk (Oyrm - o,HZmw? b@ma&; ESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usif 0efBuD;Xme) rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;tjyif oufqdkif&m vTwfawmf aumfrwDrsm; (Oyrm - pGrf;tif? obm0ywf0ef;usif odkYr[kwf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m b@ma&;ESifhywfoufaom aumfrwDrsm;)rS tzGJU0ifrsm; yg0if&ef vkdtyfEdkifygonf/ ta&;BuD;aom tcsufrSm ygwDtwGif; &mxl;jrifhrm;rIESifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItaMumif; ynm&yfqdkif&m A[kokwudk rSefuefpGm [ef csufnDatmif csdefq&ef jzpfygonf/

tuGuf 3 .1vkyfief;tzGJU tzGJU0ifrsm; - *gemEkdifiH\ trsKd;om; 'Drdku&ufwpf uGef*&ufygwDrS om"uwpfck129

¼ Dr. Kwame Ampofo, South Dayi rJqEé,f\ ,cif vTwfawmftrwfESifh pGrf;tif aumfr&Sif\ Ouú|

¼ Hon. S.P. Adamu, for Bibiani/Anhwiaso/Berkwai a'orsm;\ ,cif vTwfawmftrwf ESifh ausmif;tauR;tarG; tpDtpOf (School Feeing Programme)\ n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufol

¼ Dr. William Ahadzie ? ñTefMum;a&;rSL;? okawoe? NDC ½Hk;csKyf

¼ Hon. Adam Mutawakilu ? vTwfawmftrwf (Damongo)? owÅKwGif;ESifh pGrf;tifqdkif&m a&G;cs,fa&; aumfrwD

¼ Hon. Benjamin Komla Kpodo? vTwfawmftrwf (HO Central) ESifh b@ma&;? a'oEå& tpkd;&tzGJUESifh aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&; aumfrwDrsm;\ tzGJU0if

¼ Hon. K. Abaka-Quansah, rl0g' aMunmcsuf aumfrwD\ tzGJU0if

ygwDtaejzifh vkyfief;tzGJU tpnf;ta0;rsm;tm; usif;yay;jcif;? aqG;aEG;rIrsm;tay: vrf;ñTefrI ay;jcif;? rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJjcif;ESifh jyifqifjcif;udk BuD;Muyfjcif;? ygwDwpfckESifhwpfcktMum; aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;udk OD;aqmifjcif;ESifh tNyD;owf rl0g' pmwrf;twGuf acgif;aqmifrsm;\ twnfjyKcsufESifh vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;rI &,ljcif;wdkY aqmif&Gufrnfh n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufol (Coordinator) wpfOD; cefYtyf wm0efay;tyfoifhygonf/ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufNyD; cdkifrmaom tawGUtBuHK&SdolwpfOD; jzpfvQif toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfonfh vGwfvyfaom yHYydk;ulnD ol (Facilitator) wpfOD;udkvnf; &yfwnfrIa&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOfudk txda&mufqHk; 'DZdkif;a&;qGJ &efESifh xdcdkufvG,faom e,fy,frsm;wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udk n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf xm; &SdEdkifygonf/ avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (c) wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsuftcsdKUESifh vkyfief;tzGJUrsm; \ tzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifrIESifh tpDtpOfrsm;udk twnfjyKjcif; rjyKrD ar;jref;oifhaom vrf;ñTefar; cGef;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

129/ NDC \ 2016 ckESpf a&eHESifh "mwfaiGUtaMumif; &yfwnfrIpmwrf; (Position Paper on Oil and Gas) \ aus;Zl;wifvTm tydkif;rS ul;,lxm;ygonf/

84


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (c) - vkyfief;tzGJUqdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;

rl0g'&yfwnfrI owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf t"duusaom tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;&ef þavYusifhcef;pm&Gufudk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0ef

]tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;} aumfvHwGif oufqdkif&m vrf;ñTefar; cGef;rsm;twGuf tusOf;csKyf tajzrsm; ajzqdkyg/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;

tzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifrI

¼ n§dEIdif;aqmif&GufolESifh OD;aqmifa&;qGJolwdkYonf vkyfief;pOfudk aumif;rGefpGm OD;aqmif&ef obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywf oufNyD; vHkavmufaom em;vnfoabmaygufrI &SdMuovm;/

¼ ygwDwGif; vkyfief;tzGJUrSm wm0efay;tyfEdkifaom obm0 o,H ZmwESifhywfoufNyD; uRrf;usifolawG &Sdovm;/

¼ yl;aygif;yg0if aqmif&Guf&ef ac:,lEdkifaom oufqdkif&m u@taMumif; A[kokw &Sdonfh ygwD0ifrsm; odkYr[kwf ygwD0if ta[mif;rsm; &Sdovm;/

¼ t"du rJqEé,frsm;udk vkyfief;tzGJUtwGif;rSm rnfodkY udk,fpm; jyKrnfenf;/ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom a'oawGudk udk,fpm;jyKxm; vm;/ trsdK;orD;awGudk udk,fpm;jyKxm;vm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh vl i,ftzGJUrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;vm;/

¼ ygwDrS vTwfawmftrwfrsm; yg0ifoifhovm;/ tu,fí rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;tm; Oya'jyKa&; vkyfief;pOfwGif aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkMu rnfqdkygu vkyfief;tzGJUwGif oufqdkif&m vTwfawmfaumfrwDrsm; (Oyrm - obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m? trsm;jynfol aiGpm&if;rsm; qdkif&m? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pojzifh)\ acgif;aqmifydkif; yg0if oifhovm;/

¼ rl0g' &yfwnfrIudk tvG,fwul twnfjyKEdkif&ef vkyfief;pOf wavQmufvHk;wGif tBuD;wef; ygwD0ifrsm; udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifrI vdktyfovm;/ vkdtyfonfqdkygu tpuwnf;u tenf;qHk; tBuD;wrf; ygwD0ifwpfa,muf txl;ojzifh oufqdkif&mu@ESifhywfoufNyD; uRrf;usifrI &Sdoludk yg0ifap&ef jzpfEkdifvm;/

¼ ygwDvufatmuf&Sd oufqdkif&m tzGJUrsm;\ tzGJU0ifrsm; yg0ifoifh ovm;/

¼ rnfonfhvkyfief; tzGJU0ifonf jyify yHYydk;aqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh qufoG,f aqmif&Guf ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdoifhoenf;/

85


vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;

¼ rnfonfhvkyfief; tzGJU0if(rsm;)onf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;udk n§d EdIif;aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sdoifhoenf;/

yHYydk;aqmif&Gufjcif;

¼ þtcef;u@udk aqmif&Guf&ef tmPm&SdNyD; tjcm;ygwDrsm;u vnf; av;pm;&onfhtjyif yHYydk;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrI odkYr[kwf obm0 o,HZmwqkdif&m uRrf;usifrIwdkYudk ydkifqdkifxm;aomol wpfOD;OD; ygwDtwGif;rSm &Sdygovm;/

¼ tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh vkyfief;pOfudk yHYydk;aqmif&Gufay;&ef zdwfac: Edkifonfh ygwD ESifhôkdYr[kwf obm0 o,HZmwtaMumif; A[k okw &Sdol jzpfygu taumif;qHk;jzpfonfh jyify yHYydk;aqmif&Gufol rsm; &Sdygovm;/

wm0efcHrI

¼ ygwD\ acgif;aqmiftzGJUwGif vkyfief;pOftm; BuD;MuyfuGyfuJ&ef rnfolu wm0ef&Sdrnfenf;/ ¤if;wkdYonf þBuD;MuyfuGyfuJrI tcef;u@udk jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf&ef o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vHkavmufaom em;vnfoabmayguf rI &SdMuvm;/

¼ rnfonfhtzGJUrsm;u rl0g' &yfwnfrIudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh twnfjyKjcif;udk aqmif&Guf&rnfenf;/ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkokdY jyef vnfoHk;oyf&ef o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vHkavmufaom em;vnfoabmaygufrI &SdMuvm;/ r&Sdygu twnfjyKjcif; rwdkifrDESifh twnfjyKpOftwGif; rnfonfh owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh yHYydk;rIrsm; ay;tyfoifhoenf;/

¼ vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;u aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm; ESifhôdkYr[kwf tqdkjyK xm;aom &yfwnfrItm; twnfjyK&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEdkifrnfh ygwDtwGif; rnfonfhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; wnf&Sdoenf; (Oyrm trsdK; om;ygwD uGef*&uf? trsdK;om; trIaqmifaumfrwD? trsdK;orD; rsm;ESifh vli,ftzGJUcsKyfrsm;\ ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;rsm;)/

86


yg0ifaprnfh vkyfief;u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;udk azmfxkwfygtpkd;&rsm;taejzifh obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif &ifqdkif&onfh t"du pdefac:rIrsm;xJrS wpfckrSm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rnDrQrIjzpfygonf/ o,HZmwwl;azmfrIvkyfief; u@rS ukrÜPDrsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; pDrHudef;wpfcktwGuf enf;AsL[mrsm; n§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;jcif;? tcsdKUaom tajccH taqmufttHkqdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;\ jzpf ajrmufEdkifpGrf;ESifh Oya'qdkif&m ESifh pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;rIqdkif&m wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ csOf;uyfrIESifhywfoufNyD; tBuHay;&ef a&SUaersm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;pGm cefYtyfxm;avY &Sd ygonf/ xkdukrÜPDrsm;onf ra&&mrIrsm;ESifh qHk;½HI;Edkifajc rsm;pGm&Sdonfh o,HZmw wl;azmfrIu@ \ ½IyfaxG;aom oabm obm0aMumifh tqdkyg uRrf;usifolrsm;udk xm;&SdMuygonf/ tpdk;& rsm;taejzifh vlYpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpft& ,SOfNydKifEdkifavYr&SdMubJ tpdk;&rsm;onf ynm&yfqdkif&m cdkifrmaom em;vnfoabmaygufrI uif;rJYygu ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfaom tcgESifh ukrÜPDrsm;\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;&mü tm;enf;Edkifygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tpdk;&tzGJUtwGif; yk*¾dKvf tcsdKUuom vkyfief;u@taMumif;udk em;vnfygu ¤if;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ &mxl;rsm;udk toHk;jyKí udk,fusdK;&Sm tjrwfxkwfEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 1998 ckESpfwGif Edkif*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiH\ xdkpOfu a&eH0efBuD;jzpfcJYaom Dan Etete onf EdkifiH\tMuG,f0qHk; a&eHwl;azmfvkyfudkifcGifhrsm;udk ¤if;yl;wGJydkifqdkifcJYaom ukrÜPDwpfckxH csxm;ay;cJYyg onf/ urÇmYwdkufBuD;rsm;pGmwGif q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnf&SdcJYaom ,cktcgwGif a':vm bD vD,HESifhcsDí wefonfh þodu©muszG,f jzpf&yftm; ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg/ xdkjzpf&yfaMumifh Edkif*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiH\ jynfolrsm;onf 0ifaiG tar&duefa':vm oef;aygif; &mESifhcsDí qHk;½HI;cJYEdkif zG,f &Sdygonf/130

rl0g' &yfwnfrIqdkif&m vkyfief;pOfonf ygwD\ ygwDwGif; uRrf;usifrI wnfaqmuf&efESifh ynm &yfqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;pGmESifhywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;aom &yfwnfrIrsm; owfrSwf&eftwGuf ta&; ygaom tcGifhtvrf;wpfck jzpfygonf/ tMurf;zsOf; rl0g'&yfwnfrIavmuf &SdvQifyif obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI uRrf;usifolrsm; xnfhoGif;jcif;jzifh &yfwnfrI a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOftay: tusdK;&Sdaprnf jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg uRrf;usifolrsm;onf ygwDtm; rwlnDaom rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEkdifaom enf;vrf;rsm;\ jzpfajrmufEkdifpGrf;? qHk;½HI;EdkifajcESifh &&SdaomtusdK;twGuf ay; qyf&rIrsm;tm; vHkavmufpGm qef;ppf tuJjzwf&ef ulnDay;ygrnf/ tqdkyg uRrf;usifolrsm;onf EdkifiHtwGuf b,ft&mu toifhavsmfqHk;ESifh vufawGUtusqHk; jzpfrnfESifh ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom ygwD\ &yfwnfrI? t,l0g'wdkYESifh udkufnDrIt&SdqHk; jzpfrnfukd qHk;jzwf&ef jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiH wum vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tm; pdppf oHk;oyf&mwGifvnf; ulnDEdkifygonf/ uRrf;usifolrsm;onf ygwDrS t&m&Sdrsm;tm; oufqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ¤if;wdkY\ tajccH A[kokwtay: vHkavmufpGm ,HkMunfrI &SdvmatmifESifh aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&tzGJUtm; wHkYjyefaqmif&GufEdkif&ef rnfodkY &SmazGavYvm&rnfudk od&Sdvmatmifvnf; avYusifhoifMum;ay;Edkifygonf/ Oyrmtm; jzifh awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ OD;aqmifygwDjzpfaom tmz&duef trsKd;om;uGef*&ufonf &yfwnf rI topfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk&mwGif tcsuftvufrsm; yHYydk;ay;Edkifonfh rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm;taMumif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; zefwD;&ef rl0g'qdkif&m tBuHay; yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh jyify okawoDrsm;udk toHk;jyKcJYygonf/131

vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifolrsm;taejzifh uRrf;usifolrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;t& Mum;aeNyD; "r®"d|mefus onf[k xifjrif,lq&ef vdktyfNyD; uRrf;usifolrsm;tm; ygwD\ tajctaersm;ESifh xdcdkufvG,f

130/ Toyin Akinniyi, Nigeria Watchdog Journalism Plays Essential Role in Malabu Oil Scandal Probe, NRGI 6 April 2017. <https://resourcegovernance.org/blog/nigeria-watchdog-journalism-plays-essential-role-malabu-oil-scandal-probe>.


87


aom udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí aumif;pGm &Sif;jyxm;&ygrnf/ tqdkyg uRrf;usifolrsm;taejzifh vufawGU tawGUtBuHKESifh uGif;qif; aqmif&GufrIESifhywfoufí aumif;rGefaom *kPfowif; &Sdygu taumif;qHk;jzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYESifh tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©jzpfrIrsm; r&Sd&yg/ tvm;tvm &Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&mu@ü vltrsm; av;pm;aom a&SUaersm;? pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sif rsm;ESifh bmom&yf ynm&Sifrsm;tjyif tjcm; o,HZmw MuG,f0aom EkdifiHrsm;rS ,ciftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm; yg0ifygonf/ tcsdKUaom ygwDrsm;taejzifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rS uRrf;usifrI tay: rSDckdjcif;jzifh tusdK;tjrwf rsm;pGm &&SdEdkifygonf/ vTwfawmftrwfwpfOD;vnf;jzpf aemfa0 EdkifiH\ tpdrf;a&mif ygwDtwGuf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonfh Rasmus Hansson &Sif;jyouJhodkY ]]ygwD tBuD;wpfckESifh ,SOfvQif «rl0g'qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf wpf&yf\» b@ma&; oufa&mufrIrsm;udk twdtus wGufcsuf&ef uREfkyfwdkYwGif okawoe jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf; tenf;i,f om &Sdygw,f/ uREfkyfwkdY\ uRrf;usifrI trsm;pkukd NGO rsm;rS &&Sdygw,f}} «uREfkyfwdkY\» &yf wnfrIudk tjcm;ygwDawGuyg ydkí tav;teuf xm;vmMuygw,f/132

aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&rnfh pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;udk azmfxkwfygt&nftaoG;jrifhrm;aom rl0g'&yfwnfrIwpf&yf owfrSwf&ef ygwDtaejzifh a&;qGJa&; vkyfief; pOftwGif; yGifhvif;jrifomrI &SdNyD; cdkifrmaom wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfygonf/ xdk odkY jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh rl0g'&yfwnfrI topftwGuf ygwDwGif;rS twnfjyKcsuf &,lEdkif½HkomrubJ tjcm;pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;\ yg0ifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udkvnf; xif[yfaprnf jzpfygonf/ aemfa0EdkifiHwGif rJqE´&Sifrsm;? oufqdkif&m vkyfief;u@ESifh tjcm;jyifyyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh us,fus,f jyefYjyefY rMumcP wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk rl0g'&yfwnfrI owfrSwf&ef BudK;yrf;aomtcgwGif vkyfavYvkyfx &SdMuNyD; ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ¤if;wdkYonf xdkaqmif&GufrIrsm;rS tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;pGm &&Sdonf[k oabmxm;Muygonf/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif twdkuftcH nGefYaygif;tzGJUu nGefYaygif;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; rwdkifrDwGif ygwDwGif; tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESifh NGO rsm;? vkyf ief;u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh okawoDrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;aMumifh a'oEå&tqifh cdkif aMu; (Royalty) ay;aqmifrIrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGqdkif&m yGifhvif;jrifomrI tygt0if ta&;BuD;aom udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí ydkrdk tao;pdwfusNyD; &Sif;vif;wdusaom ygwD&yfwnfrIudk owfrSwf EdkifcJYygonf/ tuGuf 3 .2 wGif ygwDtaejzifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfol tkyfpkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ rnfolYwdkYESifh rnfuJYodkY aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrnfudk tpDtpOf cs&ef avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (*) udk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/

ygwDwGif; pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm; ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&mwGif u@taMumif; uRrf;usifrI&Sdaom odkYr[kwf oufqdkif&m tpdk;& ½Hk;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeaom MoZm&Sdonfh ygwD0ifrsm;uJhodkYaom vkyfief;pOfudk taxmuftuljyK axmufcHay;EdkifpGrf; &SdNyD; vkyfief;tzGJUwGif yg0ifEkdifjcif;r&Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh tzGJUrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;oifhygonf/ pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfonfh jyifyyk*¾dKvf̂ tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ESifhpyfvsOf;í vkyfief;tzGJUonf rnfolwdkYu a&;qGJaeaom rl0g'tay: owif;tcsuftvuf ay;EdkifrnfESifh &yfwnfrIonf rnfolwdkYtay: tjyKoabm odkYr[kwf tysufoabm ouf a&mufrI&Sdrnfudk tajccHí rnfolwdkYESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&rnfudk qHk;jzwfoifhygonf/ twdtus rnfolESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifoifhonfrSm vuf&Sdudpö&yftay: rlwnfí uGJjym;Edkifygonf/ Oyrm o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tzGJUESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tMum; cGJa0oifh ra0oifhudk pOf;pm;&mwGif o,HZmw MuG,f0aom a'orsm;ESifh o,HZmw rMuG,f0 aom a'orsm; ESpfckvHk;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifoifhygonf/ a'otusdK; aqmif&Gufjcif; (Local Content) udk pOf;pm;&mwGif ygwDrsm;taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyf ief;tzGJUrsm;? trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhjr§ifhwifa&; tzGJUrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;

132/ tcef; 2 wGif aemfa0EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

88


tuGuf 3 .2

jzpfEdkifaom pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;

ygwDtaejzifh ygwDwGif;ESifh jyifyrS pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyf ol aygif;pHkESifh aqG;aEG;wdkif yif oifhygonf/ &yfwnfrI\taMumif;t&mESifhywfouf NyD; owif;tcsuftvuf ay;jcif; ESifhôdkYr[kwf ydkrdk us,fjyefYaom em;vnfrIESifh twnfjyKrI &,ljcif;wdkYudk vkyfaqmifay;EdkifaomaMumifh ygwDtaejzifh vkyfief;pOf twGif; xnfhoGif;oifhonfh tkyfpk tcsdKUudk azmfjyxm;yg onf/ vlwdkif;ESifh aqG;aEG; wdkifyif&ef rjzpfEdkifaom aMumifh xdkpm&if;udk avQmhcs &mwGif ygwDtaejzifh udk,f pm;jyKrI enf;yg;aom toH rsm;? rl0g' &yfwnfrI\ oufa&mufrIudk trsm;qHk; cHpm;&olrsm;ESifh z,fMuOf xm;ygu &yfwnfrI taumiftxnf azmfjcif; tay: xdckdufrnfholrsm; tm; OD;pm;ay;&ef ta&;BuD; ygonf/

ygwDwGif; pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;

ygwD\ tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJUESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme

ygwD\ a'oEå& XmecGJrsm; txl;ojzifh o,HZmw MuG,f0 aom a'orsm;wGif &Sdonfh XmecGJrsm;

ygwDtwGif; trsdK;orD;tzGJUrsm; ygwD\ vli,ftzGJUrsm;

ygwDrl0g' aMunmcsufqdkif&m odkYr[kwf pnf;½Hk;a&; aumfrwDrsm;

obm0 o,HZmw? trsm;jynf olqdkif&m aiGpm&if;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; tygt0ifwdkY ESifhywfoufonfh vTwfawmf aumfrwDrsm;ESifh ygwD\ qHk;jzwf ydkifcGifh&Sdonfh aumfrwDrsm;

,cif odkYr[kwf vuf&Sd0efBuD; rsm;ESifh Xmqdkif&mrsm;rS acgif; aqmifrsm; txl;ojzifh obm0 o,HZmw? b@ma&;? pD;yGm; a&; pDrHudef;? t*wdvkdufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&; odkYr[kwf trsm; jynfolqdkif&m pm&if;ppfaq;jcif; wdkYESifhywfoufaom ygwD0ifrsm;

ygwDtwGif; EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pk rsm; odkYr[kwf tkyfpkrsm;

qef;opfwDxGifrItay: aiGaMu;yHYydk;olrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;oifhygonf/

pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfol tkyfpkESpfpkonf txl;ojzifh ta&;BuD;NyD; a&&Snf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf cdkifrmaom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI rl0g' a&;qGJ&ef aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&mwGif vspfvsL½Ijcif; cH&avY&dS ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh vli,frsm; jzpfygonf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;onf o,HZmw wl; azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;\ vlrIa&;qdkif&m? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mESifh pD;yGm;a&; oufa&mufrIrsm;udk rsm;pGm ydkí cHpm;&ygonf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef; teD;w0dkufwGif aexkdifaom trsdK; orD;rsm;taejzifh wpfcgwpf&HwGif tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufrIESifh HIV jzpfyGm;rI tEå&m,frsm;udk &if qdkif&NyD; wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf wpfckvHk;tay: xdckdufrIrsm;aMumifh tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; qHk;½HI;&Edkifygonf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIESifh a&&Snf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf txl; ta&;ygaom armif;ESifolrsm; jzpfEdkifaMumif;udkvnf;

89


avYvmawGU&SdrI rsm;pGmu azmfjyaeygonf/133 trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: qdk;½Gm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm; ydkrkdjzpfay:vmjcif;\ tusdK;quftjzpf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;\ pdk;&drfylyefrIrsm; udk ajz&Sif;ay;&efESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cdkifrmaom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; twGuf tm;ay;axmufcHolrsm; jzpfvmEkdifap&ef rl0g'rsm; a&;qGJonfhtcgwGif trsdK;orD;tzGJU rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifygu txl;yif wefzdk;&Sdygonf/

o,HZmwrsm;\ tuefYtowfjzifhom &Sdaom oabm obm0aMumifh vli,frsm;onfvnf; o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGif txl; ta&;ygygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ouf

133/ Oyrm World Bank \ World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (2012), <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4391> udk Munfhyg/

pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfonfh jyifyyk*¾dKvf^tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI vkyfuGufrsm; teD; aexdkifaom vlYtodkuf t0ef;rsm;

obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifh pyfvsOf;í okawoejyKaom ESifhôdkYr[kwf rl0g'qdkif&m tm; ay;axmufcHrI aqmif&Gufonfh vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif tBuH ay;tzGJUrsm;? t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf;rS tkyfpkrsm;ESifh bom&yf qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm;

a&SUaersm;? pm&if;udkifrsm;? blrd aA' ynm&Sifrsm;? owÅKwGif; tif*sifeD,mrsm; pojzifh vkyf ief;u@wGif uRrf;usifrI odkYr [kwf tusdK;pD;yGm;&Sdaom ynm &Sifrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh tzGJU rsm; (Oyrm - todtrSwfjyK vufrSwf& pm&if;udkifrsm;toif; pojzifh)

o,HZmw xkwfvkyfaom ukrÜPDrsm;? ¤if;wdkY\ ydkif&Sifrsm; odkYr[kwf &S,f,m&Sifrsm;

þu@wGif tvkyfcefYtyfxm; onfh tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh tvkyf orm; or*¾rsm;

trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh vli,ftzGJUrsm;

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfief; rsm;twGuf qyfuefx½dkuf aqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI ay;olrsm;? ¤if;wdkYudk udk,fpm;jyK onfh tzGJUrsm; tygt0if (Oyrm - ukefonfBuD;rsm; toif;rsm;)

þu@wGif vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonfh tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (Oyrm - blrdaA' ppfwrf;aumuf,lrI 0efaqmifrIrsm;? pGrf;tifOD;pD; Xme? tvkyftudkifqdkif&mESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m ab;uif;vHkNcHKrI ½Hk;rsm;pojzifh)

þu@taMumif; tao;pdwf A[kokw&Sdonfh vGwfvyfaom uRrf;usifolrsm; odkYr[kwf owif;axmufuJhodkY tjcm; yk*¾dKvfrsm;

o,HZmw wl;azmfrIu@wGif vkyfudkifaeMuaom tvkyf&Sif rsm;ESifh vTrf;rdk;rI&Sdaom tzGJUrsm; (Oyrm - owÅKwGif;toif; odkYr[kwf a&eHxkwfvkyfolrsm; toif;)

tvSL&Sifrsm;? oH½Hk;rsm; odkY r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifh^ odkYr[kwf o,HZmw wl;azmfrI udpö&yfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tul tnDay;jcif;udk txl;jyKaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tp&Sdonfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf a&; rdwfzufrsm;

90


wrf;twGif; o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS vufiif;&&Sdaom aiGaMu; tusdK;tjrwfonf avsmhus odkY r[kwf aysmufuG,foGm;EdkifaomaMumifh vlxk\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGifESifh 0ifaiG pkaqmif;rIrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyfief;rsdK;pHk jzefYusuf vkyfudkifjcif;tay: &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;wdkYESifh ywfoufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm; rsm;pGm yg0ifaeygonf/

pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;Edkifjcif; r&Sdygu pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm; taMumif; tjynfhtpHk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfrI jyKvkyfjcif;onf tenf;qHk;awmh rl0g' owfrSwf jcif; vkyfief;pOfNyD;aemuf Oyrm rl0g'a&;qGJjcif; odkYr[kwf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif ygwDtwGuf udpö&yftvdkuf tBuHÓmPf awmif;cHEdkifonfh wefzdk;&Sdaom tquftoG,frsm; ay;Edkifygonf/

91


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (*) - pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;

pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;tm; OD;pm;ay;&efESifh ¤if;wdkY\ yg0ifrIudk pDpOf&ef þavYusifhcef; pm&Gufudk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ ]]pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;}} aumfvHrsm;wGif rl0g'owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOfü yg0ifrnfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh tkyfpkrsm;udk azmfjyyg/ tBuHjyKxm;onfh pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;udk rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/ taMumif;t&m tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;xm;onfh o,HZmwqkdif&m &yfwnfrI owfrSwf&eftwGuf txl;ojzifh taxmuf tul jzpfEdkifzG,f&SdaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYudk a&G;cs,fxm;ygonf/

2/ pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfol yg0ifrI wpfckcsif;pD\ &nf&G,fcsufudk ]]tcef;u@rsm;}} aumfvH wGif azmfjyyg (Oyrm - udpö&yfe,fy,f wpfckckESifhywfoufNyD; uRrf;usifol tBuHÓmPf ay;&ef) ESifh pDpOfaqmif&Guf&rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk ]]rnfonfhtcsdef^rnfodkY}} aumf vHwGif azmfjyyg (Oyrm - a&;qGJonfhtqifh - pmjzifh a&;om;aqG;aEG;rI)/ erlempmudk rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/

tuGuf 3 .2 wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifaom pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm; pm&if;udk ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm azmfjyxm;ygonf/ pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;xH qufoG,faqmif&GufrIudk trSefwu,f pwif aomtcgwGif þavYusifhcef;pm&Gufonf toHk;0ifaom tudk;tum;wpfck jzpfap&ef wdwdus us jznfhpGufyg/

ygwDwGif; pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;

pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm; tcef;u@rsm; rnfonfhtcsdef^rnfodkY

ygwD\ tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme^tkyfcsKyfa&; bkwftzGJU

¼ rl0g'&yfwnfrI owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOf \ tajccHtaMumif;? tkyfcsKyfrIESifh taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOfudk avYvmoHk;oyf&ef

¼ vkyfief;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk oHk;oyf&ef ESifhôdkYr[kwf cefYtyf&ef

'DZdkif;a&;qGJonfhtqifh? omreftpnf;ta0;

¼ rl0g'&yfwnfrI tNyD;owf rlMurf;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&efESifh twnfjyK&ef twnfjyKrItqifh? w&m;0if tpnf;ta0;

ygwD\ tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme^tkyfcsKyfa&; bkwftzGJU

o,HZmw MuG,f0aom a'orsm;wGif &Sdonfh ygwD\ XmecGJrsm;

obm0 o,HZmw? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m aiGpm&if;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;ESifh tjcm;oufqdkifaom udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywf oufNyD; aqmif&Gufonfh vTwfawmf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifaom ygwD0ifrsm;

92



obm0 o,HZmw? b@ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; odkYr[kwf tjcm;0efBuD; Xmersm;wGif acgif;aqmifydkif;rS yg0ifaom odkYr[kwf ta&;ygonfh ynm&yfqdkif&m tcef;u@rsm;rS yg0ifaom ygwD0ifrsm;

trsm;jynfolqdkif&m pm&if;ppfaq;jcif;? t*wdvdkufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&; odkYr[kwf u@\ pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&; tzGJUrsm; wGif acgif;aqmifydkif;rS yg0ifaom odkYr[kwf ta&;ygonfh ynm&yfqdkif&m tcef;u@rS yg0ifaom ygwD0ifrsm;

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfuGufrsm;teD; aexdkifaom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh ygwD0ifrsm;

ygwDwGif trsdK;orD;tzGJUrsm;\ acgif;aqmifydkif;

ygwD\ vli,fXmecGJ\ acgif;aqmifydkif;

pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfonfh jyifyyk*¾dKvf^tzGJUtpnf;rsm;


vGwfvyfaom uRrf;usifolrsm;? NGO rsm;ESifh bmom&yf uRrf;usifolrsm; tyg t0if tcGefrl0g'ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí rsm;pGm uRrf;usif rI&Sdonfh uRrf;usifolrsm;

¼ rl0g'udpö&yf\ cdkifvHkaom NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsufrsm;ay;&ef

pGrf;aqmif&nf zGHUNzdK;rI? aqG;aEG;rIESifh a&;qGJ rItqifh? &Sif;vif;pmwrf;rsm;? wifjycsuf rsm;ESifh oD;jcm; udpö&yfrsm;twGufay;aom yHYydk;rI

¼ rl0g'&yfwnfrI rlMurf;rsm;onf tcsuf tvuf taMumif;t&m tpHktviftay: tajccHxm;NyD; vkyfief;u@\ aumif; rGefaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ukd xif[yfap &ef a&S;½Ií rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;tm; aqG; aEG;rIrsm;ESifh oHk;oyfrIrsm;jzifh vkyfief;tzGJU tm; ulnD&ef

aygif;pnf;jcif;tqifh? oD;jcm;udpö&yftwGuf ay;aom yHYydk;rI

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfuGufrsm;teD; aexdkifaom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;

ukrÜPD ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;

vkyfief;u@rS toif;tzGJUrsm;? toif;rsm;ESifh or*¾rsm;

u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;

þu@wGif vkyfudkifaeaom t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tzGJUrsm;

93



þu@wGif okawoe jyKvkyfaom bmom&yf uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh ynm&Sif tBuHay;tzGJUrsm;

trsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;

vli,ftzGJUrsm;

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfuGufrsm;teD; wGif aexdkifjcif;r&Sdaom vlYtodkuft0ef; rsm;

vkyfief;pOftwGuf taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOf a&;qGJowfrSwfygt"dutqifhrsm;ESifh rSwfwdkifrsm;udk tqifhqifh azmfjyonfh taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOfonf n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufoltm; vkyfief;pOfudk rSefuefaom vrf;aMumif;ay:rSm xdef;xm;&ef tultnD ay;Edkifygonf/ avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (C) onf xdkodkYaom tpDtpOftwGuf yHkpHjzpfygonf/

rwlnDaom tqifhrsm;udk NyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf tcsdefZ,m; wpfckvHk;onf taMumif;tcsuf aygif;pHktay: rlwnfygvdrfhrnf/ *gemEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh &&SdcJYaom International IDEA ESifh NRGI wdkY\ tawGUtBuHKt& t"du udpö&yfe,fy,f av;ckudk xJxJ0if0if ajz&Sif;udkifwG,fonfh rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwf&ef tenf;qHk; av;vrS ajcmufvtxd MumaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ ygwD\ vufiif;OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfonf a&G; aumufyGJtwGuf rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&;yGJrsm;? ESpfywfvnf ygwDnDvmcHrsm; odkYr[kwf ESpfpOf bwf *suf twnfjyKjcif; vkyfief;pOf tygt0if ta&;ygaom vTwfawmfü jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; tp&Sd aom tNydKiftqdkifjzpfaeonfh tjcm;ta&;ygaom yGJrsm; odkYr[kwf uwdu0wfjyKrIrsm; r&Sdygu vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;onf atmifjrif&ef tcGifhtvrf; trsm;qHk; &Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ rl0g'&yfwnfrItm; pnf;½Hk;a&;twGuf rl0g' aMunmcsufrsm;wGif yHkrSef xnfhoGif;&ef &nfrSef;xm;ygu þvkyfief;pOf udk a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;rI rpwifrD rsm;pGm BudKwifí pwifaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/

o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrsm;onf ynm&yfqef½Hkomru trSefwu,fjzpfap? xifjrifcsuft& jzpfap t*wdvdkufpm;rI txl;ojzifh tvG,fwul jzpfay:Edkifygonf/ tenf;qHk;awmh vuf&Sd taetxm;rS tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdaeaom MoZm&Sdonfh ygwD0ifrsm; &SdaeEdkifNyD; ¤if;wdkYonf ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh BuD;MuyfrIwdkYudk uwdu0wfjyKonfh &yfwnfrIrsm;udk tm; enf;vmap&ef vkdvm;Edkifygonf/ tjcm; tNydKiftqdkifjzpfaeaom yGJrsm;uvnf; t"du ygwD 0ifrsm;tm; vkyfief;pOftay: tm½HkpdkufrI avsmhusapum a&;qGJrIwGif aESmifhaES;rIrsm; odkYr[kwf tm;enf;csufrsm; jzpfvmapEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ&m wGif vkyfief;tzGJUtaejzifh ygwD\ ta&GUrsm;ESifh tNydKiftqdkifjzpfaeaom OD;pm;ay; udpö&yfrsm; tjyif jyifyjzpf&yfrsm; (Oyrm - vdkifpifrsm; topf xyfrHcsay;jcif; odkYr[kwf oufa&mufrI cH pm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;ESifh y#dyu©jzpfjcif;) tp&Sdaom qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm;ESifh jzpfEdkifaom avsmhyg; oufomaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk vrf;aMumif;azmfxm;oifhygonf/ xdkodkY vrf;aMumif; azmfjcif;twGuf rlabmifudk avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (i) wGif ay;xm;ygonf/

94


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (C) - vkyfief;pOf taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOf

a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOf owfrSwf&ef þavYusifhcef; pm&Gufudk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ pDpOfxm;aom tqifhwpfqifhcsif;pDtwGuf tcsdefumvudk ]]b,ftcsdef}} aumfvHwGif azmfjyNyD; ]]bmvkyf&rnf}} aumfvHwGif vkyf&ef arQmfvifhxm;aom udpöESifhywfoufonfh tao;pdwfudk azmfjyyg/ erlem pmom;tm; rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/

2/ ]]wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;}} aumfvHwGif tcef;u@ wpfckcsif;pD\ wm0ef,l&rnfhtydkif;udk azmfjyyg/ jzpfEdkifygu b,fvdk&v'fawG ay:xGuf&rnfudk twdtus xnfhoGif;azmfjyyg/

3/ ]]t&if;tjrpfrsm;}} tydkif;wGif rl0g'&yfwnfrI owfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOftm; yHYydk;&ef vdk tyfrnfh b@ma&;? axmufyHYydkYaqmifa&;ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd azmfjyyg/ erlem pmom;udk rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/

tqifhrsm; b,ftcsdef bmvkyf&rnf

vdktyfcsufrsm; tuJjzwf qef;ppfrI 1-2 ywf

a&G;cs,fxm;aom ynm&yfqdkif&m udpö&yf rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vuf&Sd ygwDwGif; uRrf; usifrItm; jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg? todynm A[kokw uGm[csufrsm;udk azmfxkwfyg? jyify uRrf;usifrIudk vdktyfovdk &,lyg/

pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh a&;qGJjcif;

3-10 ywf

udpö&yfrsm;udk okawoe jyKvkyfyg? uRrf; usifolrsm;\ &Sif;vif;wifjyrIrsm;ESifh avY usifhoifMum;ay;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifyg? jzpfEdkif aom &yfwnfrIrsm;\ tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh tm;omcsufrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;NyD; &yfwnfrI \ tajccHpmom; toHk;tEIef;udk qHk;jzwf yg/ (þwGif tpnf;ta0;rsm;^ awGUqHkaqG; aEG;yGJrsm;)

wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rI 11-14 ywft"du pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm; usif;yjcif;/

aygif;pnf;jcif; 15-16 ywf&yfwnfrI rlMurf;wGif pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfol rsm;\ wHkYjyefrIudk aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;yg/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh twnfjyKjcif; 17-22 ywfygwDacgif;aqmifydkif;rS tNyD;owf twnfjyK rI &,lyg/

jzefYjcif; 23-26 ywf&yfwnfrIudk ygwD0ifrsm;? rD'D,mESifh trsm; jynfolxH wifjyyg/

tcef;u@rsm; wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;

vkyfief;tzGJU n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufol

95


tcef;u@rsm; wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;

vkyfief;tzGJU Ouú|

vkyfief;tzGJU txl;udk,fpm;vS,f

tjcm; vkyfief;tzGJU0ifrsm;

yHYydk;aqmif&Gufol

OD;aqmifa&;qGJol

OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;wdkifyifol

twnfjyKrItwGuf ygwD\ acgif;aqmifydkif;

ynm&yfqdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm;

ygwDwGif; pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;

pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfonfh jyify yk*¾dKvf^ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

t&if;tjrpfrsm;

tpnf;ta0;rsm;? jyifyuRrf;usifrIESifh jzefYcsdrIqdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;twGuf tar&duefa':vm 10000

96


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (i) - t&JpGefY&rIrsm;

t&JpGefY&rIrsm; ESifh avsmhyg;oufomaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef þavYusifhcef; pm&Gufudk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ ]]t&JpGefY&rIrsm;}} aumfvHwGif vkyfief;pOf taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh ywfoufonfh t"du qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm;udk azmfjyyg/

2/ t&JpGefY&rI wpfckcsif;pDtwGuf qHk;½HI;Edkifajc tqifhtwef;udk ]]ta&;BuD;rI}} aumfvHwGif azmfjyyg (Oyrm - edrfh? tv,f? jrifh)/ xdkt&JpGefY&rIudk ajz&Sif;rnfh tpDtpOftm; ]]avsmhyg;oufomapjcif;}} aumfvHwGif azmfjyyg/ erlempmom;udk rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjy xm;ygonf/

qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm; ta&;BuD;rI avsmhyg;oufomapjcif;

rl0g'&yfwnfrI wpfckvHk; tqifoifh rjzpfao;rDwGif tpdk;&u vdkifpiftopfrsm; xyfrH pwifcsxm;ay;jcif;

jrifh

vkyfief;tzGJUonf prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;? vdkifpifxkwfay; jcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; vkyfief;rsm; (avYusifhcef; pm&Guf (q)3) ESifhywfoufonfh aqG;aEG;rIudk OD;pm;ay;NyD; BudKwifaqG;aEG;&rnfh tcsufrsm; toifh&Sdaeap&ef vdktyf ovdk owfrSwfxm;yg/

97


vkyfief;pOf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;þtydkif;wGif obm0 o,HZmw rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJjcif;? twnfjyKjcif;ESifh jzefYcsdjcif;wdkYESifh ywfoufonfh xdyfydkif; NcHKiHkwifjycsufESifh *gemEdkifiHwGif ygwDpHk vkyfief;pOf rnfodkY tvkyfjzpfcJY aMumif; tusOf;csKyf (tuGuf 3 .4 udkMunfhyg) udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

&yfwnfrIudk aqG;aEG;NyD; a&;qGJygvkyfief;tzGJUu OD;aqmifa&;qGJolwpfOD; cefYtyfxm;ygu a&;qGJrIonf tacsmarGUqHk; jzpfavY&SdNyD; xdkOD;aqmifa&;qGJolonf yHYydk;aqmif&GufolESifhwuG vuf&Sd o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrsm;udk vHkavmufpGm azmfxkwfajz&Sif;&ef aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk vrf;aMumif;wnfhay;ygonf/ &Sif;vif;NyD; jynfhpHkaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIwpf&yf a&;qGJowfrSwf&ef vkyfief;tzGJUtaejzifh uRrf;usifolrsm;\ wifjyrIrsm;? obm0 o,HZmw rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESifh a&;qGJjcif;wdkYtwGuf tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufawGUqHk&ef vdktyfygonf/ ½IyfaxG;aom udpö&yfrsm;udk tm½HkaxGjym;rI r&SdbJ tm½Hkpdkuf&ef vHkavmufaom tcsdefESifhae&m &Sd&ygrnf/134 aqmif&GufEkdifonfh enf;vrf;wpfckrSm *gemEdkifiH\ ygwDpHk vkyfief;pOfwGif vkyfaqmifcJYonfhtwdkif; ygwD½Hk;csKyf ESifh vTwfawmfwdkY\ ta0;wpfae&mü rl0g'qdkif&m awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;y&ef jzpfygonf/

xda&mufrI&Sdaom tcsdef pDrHcefYcGJrIonf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf azmfEdkif&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;NyD; yg0ifolrsm;taejzifh vkyfief;u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;\ aqG;aEG; wifjyrIrsm;udk pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&a&m todÓmPfydkif;t&yg oif,lem;vnf&efESifh a&G;cs,fxm; aom udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; aumif;pGm awG;ac:pOf;pm;xm;aom rl0g'&yfwnfrI wpf&yfudk aqG;aEG;a&;qGJ&ef vHkavmufaom tcsdef &&Sdonfh pdwfzdpD;rIuif;rJhaom vkyfief;pOfwpf&yf jzpf ay:vm&ef &nfrSef; vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh t"du udpö&yf e,fy,fwpfckonf tenf;qHk; aeYwpf0uf tcsdef,loifhygonf/

*gemEdkifiHwGif rl0g'&yfwnfrIqdkif&m awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJ ESpfckxJrS yxrwpfckonf rl0g'&yfwnfrI rsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&mwGif ygwDrsm; &ifqdkif&onfh a,bk,s pdefac:rItcsdKUudk azmfxkwfjcif; twGuf ta&;ygcJYygonf/ jynfolYtrsdK;om;nDvmcH (People’s National Convention – PNC) \ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol Bernard Mornah u ygwDwGif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;üyif taMumif;t&m e,fy,fwpfckESifhywfoufNyD; rl0g'qdkif&maqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&eftwGuf pkpnf; awGUqHk&efrSm rnfonfhtcgrQ rvG,fulcJYaMumif; &Sif;jycJYygonf -

þpDrHudef;onf tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk yHYydk;ay;jcif;jzifh rsm;pGm tusdK;&SdapcJYyg onf . . . . ygwDtrsm;pku a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufí A[k okw tenf;i,fom &SdMuNyD; uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh pdefac:rIrsm; &ifqdkif&aomfvnf; þ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif ygwD xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifrIonf þrl0g' a&; qGJowfrSwf jcif; vkyfief;pOfESifhywfoufí uREfkyfwdkY tm;vHk;u pdwfyg0ifpm;MuaMumif;udk azmfjyaeygonf/135

134/ *gemEdkifiHwGif 2015-2016 ckESpf ygwDpHk vkyfief;pOfü rl0g'qdkif&m yxrawGUqHkrItwGuf tpDtpOfudk aemufqufwGJ 2 wGif Munfhyg/

135/ Brouwer, F., Kayitare, F. and Perdomo, C., ‘Natural resources, representative democracy and development: What role for political parties’, 18 November 2015, <https://resourcegovernance.org/blog/natural-resources-representative-democracy-and-development-what-role-political-parties>.

98


tuGuf 3 .3 tNyD;owf rl0g'&yfwnfrI\ jzpfEdkifaom wnfaqmufyHkwpfck

ed'gef;

obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf ygwD\ a,bk,s &nfrSef;csuf? o,HZmwrsm;udk wm0ef,lrI &SdpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&efESifh EdkifiHom;rsm; tm;vHk;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk taumif;qHk; a&S;½Ií pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef ygwDtm; tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh rwlaom taetxm;odkY a&muf&Sdaeaponfh ygwD\ wefzdk;rsm;ESifh vu©Pmrsm;udk &Sif;jyyg (avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (p))/

&yfwnfrItopf a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOf (avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (C)) ESifh rnfolwdkYESifh rnfodkY aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcJYonf (avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (*))udk &Sif;jyyg/

ed*Hk;

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&yfwnfrItopftm; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom ygwD\ tpDtpOfwGif rnfodkY xnfhoGif;rnfESifh rnfodkY taumiftxnf azmf rnfudk wdusaom uwdu0wf jyKrIrsm;ESifh &nfrSef;csufrSwfwdkifrsm; tygt0ifjzifh &Sif;jyyg (avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (ps))/

udpö&yftvdkuf &yfwnfrIrsm;

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r[mAsL[m? Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

a'oEå&tay:oufa&mufrIrsm;

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prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;? vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;

vkyfief;rsm;

99


yHk 3 .3 onf tNyD;owf rl0g'&yfwnfrItwGuf a&;qGJEdkifonfh yHkpHwpfck jzpfygonf/ &yfwnfrI onf jzpfEdkiforQ &Sif;vif;jynfhpHkNyD; ygwD0ifrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\ pnf;½Hk;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;wGif xnfhoGif; toHk;jyKEdkifrnfh t&mwpfckck &&Sdap½Hkomru ¤if;wdkY\ tvkyfonf ygwD\ w&m;0if &yfwnfrIudk xif[yfap&eftwGufvnf; jyefvnfoHk;oyfEdkif&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/

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avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) &Sd Z,m;rsm;wGifvnf; rwlnDaom rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm;? pm &Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;NyD; ukefusrIrsm;ESifh &&Sdaom tusdK; twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;í rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;t& jzpfajrmufEdkifpGrf;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf/ tcsdKUar;cGefrsm;onf tvGef ynm&yfqefNyD; uRrf;usifolrsm;yifvQif tvsiftjref ajzqdk&ef cufcJEdkifojzifh vkyfief;tzGJUtm; toHk;0ifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;xH ñTefjyEdkif&ef atmufajcü &Snfvsm;aom Footnote rsm;jzifh &Sif;jyxm;ygonf/ vkyfief;u@ uRrf;usifolrsm;taejzifh aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk OD;aqmif&efESifh a&; qGJjcif;ESifh jyifqifjcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGif; rnfonfhar;cGef;rsm;udkrqdk ajzqdk&ef tqifoifh jzpfaeap&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;ygonf/ avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (Z) onf ygwDtm; rl0g'&yfwnfrI wpfckvHk;\ a&SUaemuf qufpyfrI? udkufnDrIESifh tvm;tvm aumif;jcif;tay: oHk;oyf&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfapNyD; avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (ps) u taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOftwGuf yHkpHwpfck owfrSwfay;ygonf/

136/ tcef; 2 wGif *gemEdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

100


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (p) - ygwD &nfrSef;csuf

rl0g' &yfwnfrItwGuf a,bk,s &nfrSef;csufwpfck a&;qGJ&ef þavYusifhcef;pm&Gufudk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ oufqdkif&m vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdí ta&;BuD;aom aemufcHtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ]]aemufcHtaMumif;t&m}} aumfvHwGif azmfjyyg/

2/ ]]&nfrSef;csuf azmfjycsuf}} tydkif;wGif obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhywfoufaom ygwD\ a,bk,s &nfrSef;csufudk pmaMumif;wpfaMumif; odkYr[kwf ESpfaMumif;jzifh azmf jyyg/ erlem pmom;udk rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/

aemufcHtaMumif;t&mqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;onf &nfrSef;csuf azmfjycsuf a&;qGJjcif;twGuf t"d u xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfygrnf/ ygwDtae jzifh uGJjym;aom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; owfrSwfygu azmfjycsufonf ajymif;vJvmEdkifaomfvnf; þae&mwGif owfrSwfaom ueOD; &nfrSef;csufonf avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) wGif a&;qGJ&rnfh &yfwnfrIrsm;\ OD;pm;ay;rIESifh pum;toHk;tEIef;twGuf vrf;ñTefpnf;rsOf;wpf&yf jzpfvmygrnf/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; aemufcHtaMumif;t&m¼ ygwDtm; tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh rwluGJjym;apaom wefzdk;rsm;ESifh vu©Pmrsm;u

bmawGvJ/ ygwD\ &nf&G,fcsufu bmvJ? b,folYtusdK;twGufvJ/

¼ ygwDtaejzifh wdkif;jynf\ obm0 o,HZmwrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&eftwGuf tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh rwlaom taetxm;rSm &Sdaeapaom wefzdk;rsm;ESifh vu©PmawGu bmawGvJ/

¼ obm0 o,HZmw u@u pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItay: t"du tusdK;jyKyHkESifhywfoufNyD; ygwD\ a,bk,s &yfwnfrIu bmvJ (Oyrm tpdk;&\ bwf*sufudk yHYydk;&ef? pD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufykH ajymif;vJrIukd jr§ifhwif&ef? vkyfief;u@wpfcktwGuf pGrf;tifaxmufyHY&ef ESifhôdkYr[kwf tjcm;wpfckck)/

¼ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rItay: tpdk;&\ 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIESifh ywfoufNyD; ygwD\ a,bk,s &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum vkyfief;rsm;\ tcef;u@ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwD\ a,bk,s &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ obm0 o,HZmw u@wGif tpdk;&\ tcef;u@ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwD\ a,bk,s &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ obm0 o,HZmw ydkifqdkifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrI? A[dku csKyfudkifjcif;? A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsxm;jcif;wdkYESifh ywfoufNyD; ygwD\ a,bk,s &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ obm0 o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mESifh vlrIywf0ef; usifqdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwD\ a,bk,s &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

&nfrSef;csuf azmfjycsuf

erlem &nfrSef;csuf - obm0 o,HZmwrsm;udk xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&efrSm yGifhvif;jrifomNyD; wkHYjyef aqmif&Gufwwfaom tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tjyif owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tjynfht0 &&SdNyD; vufawGU vkyfudkifaeonfh vGwfvyfaom pDrHBuD;Muyfol rsm; &SSd&ef vdktyfonf[k ygwDtaejzifh ,HkMunfygonf/

101


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) - udpö&yftvdkuf &yfwnfrIrsm;

udpö&yfe,fy,f wpfckcsif;pDudk ydkí xJxJ0if0if qef;ppfrI jyKvkyf&efESifh rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&ef þavYusifhcef;pm&GufwGif ay;xm;aom udpö&yftvdkuf Z,m;rsm;udk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ oufqdkif&m vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm;twGuf t"du aemufcHtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ]]vuf&Sd taetxm;}} ESifh ]]vuf&Sdrlabmif}} aumfvHrsm;wGif azmfjyyg/

2/ oufqdkif&m rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm;twGuf jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYjzifh uefYowf rxm;bJ azmfjycsufrsm;ESifh uwdu0wf jyKrIrsm;udk ]]&yfwnfrIrsm;}} aumfvHrsm;wGif a&;om;azmfjyyg/ tqdkyg &yfwnfrIrsm;onf vHk;0 topf jzpfEdkifovdk vuf&SdygwD\ &yfwnfrIrsm;tm; jyifqifjcif; odkYr[kwf ydkrkdtm;aumif;apjcif; jzpfEdkifygonf/ erlem pmom;udk rD;cdk;a&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/

&yfwnfrIqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udk Natural Resource Charter Benchmarking Framework tay: trsm;tjym; tajccHxm;NyD; vkyfief;tzGJUtm; o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrI qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf ESifh ygwDESifhEdkifiHtwGuf toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;tMum; vrf; ñTefay;Edkif&ef a&;qGJxm;ygonf/

þae&mwGif a&;om;xm;aom &yfwnfrIrsm;udk tNyD;owf rl0g' &yfwnfrI (tBuHjyKxm;aom &yfwnfcsufwpfck wnfaqmufyHk yHk 3 .3 udk Munfhyg)\ tajccH jzpfvmap&ef aemufydkif;wGif &nfrSef;csuf azmfjycsuf (avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (p))ESifh taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOf (avYusifh cef;pm&Guf (ps)) wdkYESifh aygif;pyfoGm;ygrnf/

&&SdEdkifonfh tcsdKUaom toHk;0ifonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;

o,HZmwusifhxHk; (Natural Resource Charter) qdkonfrSm zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf wl;azmfEkdifaom o,HZmwrsm;u zefwD;ay;onfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk rnfodkY taumif;qHk; toHk;cs&rnfESifhywfoufonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm; jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHrsm; taejzifh rjzpfrae wnfaqmuf&rnfh rl0g'rsm;ESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf yHkaoenf;r[kwfbJ atmifjrifaom EdkifiHrsm;u toHk;jyKcJYonfh t"du tpdwftydkif; rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

Natural Resource Charter Benchmarking Framework qdkonfrSm EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ a&eH? obm0"mwfaiGUESifh wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;udk NRC ESifh EdIif;,SOfí qef;ppf&mwGif tpdk;&rsm;ESifh pDrHBuD;Muyfolrsm; toHk;jyK&ef twGuf NRGI u zefwD;xm;aom rlabmifwpfck jzpfygonf/137 ¤if;wGif vrf;ñTef ar;cGef;rsm; yg0ifNyD; jzpfEdkifaom uGJjym;onfh rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm;ESifhywfouf

137/ Natural Resource Benchmarking Framework udk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/tools/natural-resource-charter-benchmarking-framework> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

>>>

102


í tao;pdwf yg0ifygonf/138

wefzkd; trSefwu,f &&Sdjcif; (Value Realization)? 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJjcif; (Revenue Management) ESifh jzpfajrmufapaom ywf0ef;usif (Enabling Enviroment) [laom taMumif;t&m oHk;ckESifhywfoufNyD; EdkifiHaygif; 81 EdkifiHwGif obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItm; EdIif;,SOf wdkif;wmay;aom 2017 ckESpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyf csKyfrI tñTef;udef; (2017 Resource Governance Index - RGI) tm; udk;um; azmfjycsufrsm;vnf; txufazmfjyyg rlabmifwpfckvHk;wGif yg0ifygonf/ xkdtñTef; udef; qef;ppfcJYaom EdkifiHwkdif;twGuf RGI ESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyfaom tcsuftvuf rsm;onf vuf&Sd Oya'qdkif&mESifh Xmeqdkif&m rlabmifESifhywfoufNyD; Oya't&a&m vufawGUt&yg tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ygonf/ vkyfief;tzGJUtaejzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf\ t"du e,fy,frsm;wGif EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pGrf;aqmif&nftm; tvsiftjref NcHKiHkoHk;oyf&ef EkdifiHrsm;\ taMumif;t&m (Country Profiles) udk udk;um;Edkifygonf/ qef;ppfrIrsm;tm; ydkí xJxJ0if0ifavYvm&ef vkyfief;tzGJUtaejzifh Data Explorer udk a'gif;vkyfqGJ,lEdkifygonf/ þ Data Explorer onf qef;ppf rI wpfckcsif;ESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; ydkrdk tao;pdwfaom tcsuf tvufrsm; ay;onfhtjyif EdkifiHrsm;tMum; EdIif;,SOfNyD; qufpyfrIudk avYvmppfaq; &ef tcsuftvufrsm;udk yHkazmfMunfh½IEdkifatmif tvG,fwul vdktyfovdk ajymif;vJ Edkifonfh Z,m;rsm;vnf; ay;xm;ygonf/ RGI ESifhoufqdkifonfh Oya'qdkif&mESifh tjcm; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk Source Library wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/139

RGI ESifh Benchmarking Framework ESpfckpvHk;onf þavYusifhcef;twGuf toHk;0ifEkdifNyD; tcsdKUowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfonfhae&mwGif &SmazGEdkifonf ESifhywfoufonfh rSwfcsufrsm;udk atmufajc&Sd Footnote rsm;wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ vkyfief;tzGJUtaejzifh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&Sd vuf&Sd rlabmifqdkif&m tao;pdwf tcsuf tvuf tcsdKUudk &,l&ef RGI Data Exploroer udk toHk;jyKEdkifNyD; Benchmarking Framework onf jzpfEdkifaom &yfwnfrIrsm;tm; qef;ppfjcif;twGuf xyfaqmif; vrf;ñTefrI ay;ygonf/

138/ avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) yg ar;cGefrsm;onf NRC Benchmarking Framework yg ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGm qifwlygonf/

139/ RGI Country Profiles udk <http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/country-profiles> wGif &,lEdkifyg onf? RGI Data Explorer udk <http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents> wGif &,lEdkifNyD; RGI Source Library udk <https://www.resourcedata.org/organization/rgi> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

>>>

103


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)1/ r[mAsL[m? Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

aemufcHtaMumif; - aumif;rGefaom trsm;jynfolqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;uJhodkYyif obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIonf owif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHktay: tajccHNyD; jynfhpHkaom trsKd;om; r[m AsL[m wpfckwGif tjrpfwG,faeygu atmifjrif&ef tcGifhtvrf;trsm;qHk; &Sdygonf/

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf vkyfief;u@twGuf cdkifrmaom trsdK;om; r[mAsL[m &Sdap&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifMuygonf/ r[mAsL[mqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;&ef &nf&G,fonfh rl0g'&yfwnfrI wpf&yfonf vkyfief;u@ wpfckvHk;ESifh oufqdkifonfh &nfrSef; csufrsm;udkomru vdktyfaom Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tygt0if xdk &nfrSef;csufrsm;tm; rnfodkY taumiftxnfazmfrnfESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;azmfjyay;Edkifygu taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh *gemEdkifiH\ trsdK;om; 'Drdku&ufwpf uGef*&ufwGif «t"du Oya'rsm;\» jy|mef;csufrsm;udk tusdK;oufa&mufvmap&ef oifhavsmfaom Xmeqdkif&m ESifh Oya'qdkif&m pDrHaqmif&GufrIrsm;tm; rdwfquf&efESifh ]vkyfief;u@&Sd enf;Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; xyfrHwdk;jr§ifhrIESifh ydkrdkwif;usyfpGm ta&;,l aqmif&GufrIwdkYudk jr§ifhwif&ef} uwdu0wfrsm; xnfhoGif;cJYygonf/

ukefusrIrsm;ESifh &&Sdaom tusdK;twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm;

trsdK;om; r[mAsL[m? Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf; pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ trsdK;om; r[mAsL[mtopf a&;qGJjcif; odkYr[kwf vuf&Sd r[mAsL[mtm; jyif qifjcif;\ b@ma&;? tcsdef? EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ukefusrIrsm;

¼ Oya'rlabmif\ rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf owfrSwfxm;&Sd&efESifh xda&muf pGm tvkyfvkyf&ef ta&;BuD;qHk; jzpfoenf;

¼ rnfonfh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf owfrSwfxm;&Sd&efESifh xda&mufpGm tvkyfvkyf&ef ta&;BuD;qHk; jzpfoenf;

tqdkyg rl0g'udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; xyfrHod&Sdvdkyg Charter Benchmarking Framework ESifh o,HZmw usdefpmtaMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;? obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m y#dnmOfpmcsKyf (Natural Resource Charter) qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;qufESifh Oya'rlabmifrsm;udk udk;um;yg/140

140/ o,HZmw usdefpmtaMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-resource-curse> wGif &,lEdkifonf? The Natural Resource Charter Decision Chain taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-natural-resource-charter-decision-chain> wGif &,lEdkifNyD; Oya'rlabmif taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-legal-framework> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

104


vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; vuf&Sdtajctaeobm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf trsdK;om; r[mAsL[monf rnfodkY jzpfoifhonf ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;od&Sdaom odkY r[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om; qdkvQif xkd&yfwnfrI u bmvJ/

obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyf&ef vdktyfaom Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf; rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;od&Sdaom odkY r[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om; qdkvQif xkd&yfwnfrI u bmvJ/

ygwD\ tmrmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf r[mAsL[m? Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhywfouf NyD; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; vuf&Sdrlabmifobm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if) vuf&Sd trsdK; om; r[mAsL[mu bmvJ/ wnf&SdaeESifhNyD; jzpfygu a,bk,stm;jzifh ¤if;udk vkduf emMuygovm;/

qkH;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf wpfckvHk;wGif obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItm; tkyfcsKyfaom t"du rl0g'rsm;? Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;u bmawGvJ/

rnfonfh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Oya'rlabmif taumiftxnfazmfrItm; ta&;,l aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;twGuf wdkuf½dkuf wm0ef&Sdoenf;/ ¤if;wdkY\ tcef;u@rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;u bmawGvJ/

rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm; &yfwnfrIrsm;

EkdifiH\ o,HZmw ydkfifqdkifrI? xdko,HZmwudk rnfolu ydkifqdkifonfESifh o,H Zmw wl;azmfrI\ aumif;aom? qdk;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk ydkrdk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfxkwf owfrSwf&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh wl;azmfxkwf,lEdkifaom o,HZmwrsm;udk rnfolu ykdifqdkifonfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm rnfodkY owfrSwfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh wdkif;jynf\ o,HZmw MuG,f0rIudk ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm enf;vnfatmif rnfodkY aqmif&GufEdkifoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHonf obm0 o,HZmwrsm;tay: rnfrQ rSDcdkrI&Sdonfukd yuwdtwdkif; cdkifrmpGm em;vnf&ef rnfodkY aqmif&GufEdkifoenf;/

¼ wl;azmfoifh rwl;azmfoifh qHk;jzwfcsuf jyKvkyf&mwGif o,HZmwrsm;tm; toHk;jyKrI \ aumif;aom? qdk;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh ydkrdk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;Edkifrnfenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS tjynfh t0 tusdK;tjrwf &&SdEdkif&ef EkdifiHtaejzifh ¤if;\ o,HZmw ydkifqdkifrIESifhywfoufNyD; jynfhpHkpGm em; vnf&ef rjzpfrae vkdtyfonf[k ygwDu ,Hk Munfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh o,H Zmwodkufrsm;? xkwfvkyfrIyrmP? jzpfay:Edkifaom aps;EIef; tajctaersm;? ukefusrIrsm;ESifh qef;ppf rI jyKvkyf&ef tcsdefumv owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhywf oufNyD; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&ef uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf trsm; yg0ifEdkifNyD; jynfhpHkaom trsdK;om; r[m AsL[m xm;&Sd&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw MuG,f0rI\ tajccH tcsufrsm;udk o,HZmw r[mAsL[mwGif rnfodkY xif[yfoifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw r[mAsL[monf rnfuJhodkY a&&SnftwGuf a&S;½Ioifhoenf;/ ¼ o,HZmw MuG,f0rI pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wGif yg0ifaom udpö&yf tm;vHk;tm; xnfhoGif;

pOf;pm;xm;aMumif;udk o,HZmw r[mAsL[mwGif rnfodkY xif[yfaprnfenf;/¼ tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmw r[mAsL[m a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif;

ESifh pDrHBuD;Muyfjcif;wGif oufqdkif&m aqmif&Gufolrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh rnfuJhodkY quf oG,f aqmif&Gufrnfenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmw r[mAsL[monf oufqdkif&m Oya'rlabmiftay: aocsmayguf vrf;ñTefrI ay;Edkifap&ef rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmw r[mAsL[monf oufqdkif&m Xmeqdkif&m rlabmiftay: aocsmayguf vrf;ñTefrI ay;Edkifap&ef rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - ygwDtaejzifh wdkif;jynfonf obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m a&&Snf r[mAsL[m rjzpfrae &Sd&rnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh yGifhvif;jrifomNyD; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rI yg0ifaom vkyfief;pOfjzifh jynfhpHkonfh trsdK;om; r[mAsL[m wpf&yf azmfaqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

105


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)2/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;? vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;? ukrÜPDqdkif&m tcsuf tvufrsm;ESifh b@ma&; pD;qif;rIrsm;tm; trsm;jynfolxH zGifh[xkwfazmfjcif;onf trsm; jynfolqdkif&m aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrItwGuf tcsuftvuf ydkrdkjynfpHkpGm od&SdapEdkifNyD; EdkifiHom;rsm;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfaponfhtjyif t*wdvkdufpm;rIudkvnf; usqif;apygonf/ cdkifrmonfh w&m;0if pDrHBuD;MuyfrI ,Eå&m;rsm; wnf&SdNyD; t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf;ESifh rD'D,maygif;pHktwGuf jzpfajrmufapaom ywf0ef;usifaumif; &Sdygu yGifhvif;jrifomrI onf tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh pDrHBuD;Muyfolrsm;\ pDrHcefYcGJrI rSm;,Gif;jcif;ESifh t*wdvdkufpm;rIwdkYudk azmfxkwf&efESifh tpdk;&ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;udk wm0efcHap&efvnf; taxmuftul jzpfapygonf/

o,HZmw &yfwnfrIwpfck a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg ygwDrsm;onf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom yGifhvif; jrifomrIESifh ydkrdkcdkifrmaom pDrHBuD;MuyfrI ,Eå&m;rsm;tm; awmif;qdk&eftwGuf aumif;rGefaom taetxm;rSm &Sdaeygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh *gemEdkifiH&Sd vlxknDvmcH ygwD\ rl0g'&yfwnfrIwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrIonf aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf[k ygwDu twdtvif; todtrSwfjyKxm;ygonf/ xdkxkwfjyefcsufudk yHYydk;&ef uwdu0wf rsm;pGm udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJYNyD; tcGef tmPmydkifrsm;\ aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; jr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrI (Beneficial Ownership)ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyf tcsuftvuf zGifh[xkwfazmfjcif;qdkif&m enf;Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif;wdkYrSm t"duusygonf/

ygwD &yfwnfrIrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpf wl;azmfa&;ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmf aqmifa&; (Extractive Industries Transperancy Initiative – EITI) odkYr[kwf yGifhvif; rdwfzufEdkifiHrsm;tzGJU (Open Government Partnership - OGP) uJhodkYaom jynfwGif; o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk yHYydk;aom odkYr[kwf jznfhpGufaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m aqmif&GufvkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif yg0ifvmatmif wdkif;jynftm; wdkufwGef;&ef twGuf tcGifhtvrf;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/

ukefusrIrsm;ESifh &&Sdaom tusdK;twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm;

yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI ESifhywfoufaom rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwf&mwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrIaMumifh rnfolawGu tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdrnfenf;? yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh rnfolawGu tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdrnfenf;

¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh qufEG,faeonfh t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh tEå&m,frsm;

¼ vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; vlod&SifMum; xkwfjyefrI &Sdjcif;aMumifh EdkifiHom;rsm; taejzifh tpdk;&ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; wm0efcHrI &Sdr&Sd ppfaq;EdkifpGrf;tay: ouf a&mufrIrsm;

¼ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm; zGifh[xkwfazmfjcif;\ b@ma&;? tcsdef? EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; ukefusrIrsm;ESifh rwlnDaom zGifh[xkwfazmfrI yHkpHrsm;tMum; ukefusrI uGmjcm;csufrsm;

>>>

106


¼ wm0efcHrI &Sdap&efESifh arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;tay: taxmuftul jzpf ap&ef rnfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsm;jynfol ppfaq;Edkif&ef ta&;tBuD;qHk; jzpfoenf;

¼ o,HZmw u@ yGifhvif;jrifomrItwGuf OD;wnfaom y&dowfu b,folawGvJ? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh jzefYjzL;ygu olwdkY tvG,fulqHk; & ,lEdkifrnfenf;

tqdkyg rl0g'udpö&yfESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Framework yg pnf;rsOf; 2? yGifhvif;jrifomrI ,Eå&m;rsm;? vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? EITI ? PWYP ESifh vkyfief;oabm wlpmcsKyf yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifhywfoufonfh NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udk;umyg/141

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; vuf&Sdtajctae

¼ rnfonfh obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsm;jynfolxH xkwfazmfoifhonfESifh rnfodkY xkwfazmfoifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrI &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD; qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ aumif;rGefaom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIudk jr§ifhwif&mwGif w&m;0if BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrI ,Eå&m;rsm; (Oyrm - pm&if;ppfXmecsKyf? t*wdvdkufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&; aumfrwD ESifh txl;udk,fpm;vS,f) \ tcef;u@ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkY r[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrI &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh rD'D,mwdkY\ BuD;MuyfrIudk jzpfajrmufap&ef ywf0ef; usiftm; rnfodkY umuG,f&rnfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrI &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD; qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ wdkif;jynftaejzifh yg0ifoifhonfh wpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m odkYr[kwf a'owGif; o,H Zmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm; (Oyrm - EITI ESifh OGP) ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrI &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD; qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI vdktyfcsufESifhywfoufNyD; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/

141/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIqdkif&m enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-transparency-mechanisms-and-movements> wGif &,lEdkifonf? obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpf wl;azmfa&;ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifa&; (EITI) taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-extractive-industries-transparency-initiative-eiti> wGif &,lEdkifonf? Publish What you Pay vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-publish-what-you-pay-pwyp> wGif &,lEdkifonf? vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyfqkdif&m yGifhvif;jrifomrI (Contract Transparency) vufurf;pmapmiftm; <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-contract-transparency> wGif &,lEkdifygonf/

>>>

107


vrf;ñTefar;cGefrsm; vuf&Sdrlabmif

¼ obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrItwGuf vuf&Sd Oya'qdkif&mESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm; zGifh[xkwfazmfrIESifhywfoufNyD; vuf&Sd owfrSwfcsufawGu bmvJ/ tqdkyg owf rSwfcsufrsm;tm; vHkavmufpGm ta&;,laqmif&GufrI &Sdygovm;/ owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;tm; rnfodkY zGifh[xkwfazmfoenf; (Oyrm - tcsdeftcg? tBudrfa&? xkwfazmfrIyHkpH/142

¼ vuf&Sd Oya'rlabmifatmufwGif rnfonfh w&m;0if BuD;MuyfrI,Eå&m;rsm; wnf&Sd oenf;/ tqdkyg ,Eå&m;rsm;tm; t&if;tjrpf vHkavmufpGm yHYydk;rI &Sdygovm;? vGwfvyfrI &Sdygovm;? ¤if;wdkY xda&mufpGm vnfywf&ef vdktyfaom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufEdkifrI ay;xm;ygovm;/ r&Sdygu? ray;xm;ygu bm aMumifhenf;/143

¼ t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh rD'D,mtwGuf jzpfajrmufapaom ywf0ef;usifESifhywf oufonfh vuf&Sd Oya'qkdif&mESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/ t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh rD'D,mrsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm vnfywfvkyfudkifEdkifMuyg ovm;/ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;\ ]]jzpfajrmufapaom ywf0ef;usif}} tykdif;wGif wdkif;jynfu rnfodkY tajctae&Sdoenf;/

¼ wdkif;jynfonf EITI tzGJU0ifjzpfygu aemufqHk; EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif t"du awGU &SdrIrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;u bmawGvJ/144

142/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef; 1.1.7a-b, 1.1.8a-b, 1.1.9a, 1.1.10a-d, 1.2.1a-1.2.2c, 1.2.3a, 1.2.4a-c, 1.3.2a, 1.3.3b, 1.3.4a, 1.4.2a-1.4.3a, 1.4.4b, 1.4.5b-1.4.6b, 1.4.7d, 1.4.8a-1.4.9e, 2.1.1a-d, 2.1.4a-2.1.5b, 2.2.3a-c, 2.3.2a-b, 2.3.4a-c, ESifh 2.3.5b atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

143/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef; 1.1.10c-d, 1.2.6c, 1.2.7a, 1.4.3b-c, 1.4.5a, 2.1.2b, 2.1.3b, 2.2.4a, 2.2.5a, 2.3.5c-d, ESifh 2.3.6b-c atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

144/ EdkifiH\ wdk;wufrIESifhywfoufNyD; rMum;ao;rDu xGuf&Sdxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh tjcm;tcsuftvuf rsm;twGuf EITI tifwmeufpmrsufESmudk <https://eiti.org/countries> wGifMunfhyg/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; 1.2.8a-b ar;cGef;rsm;atmuf&Sd RGI tcsuftvufwGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

108


rl0g'qkdif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm; &yfwnfrIrsm;

aqmif&Gufolrsm; tm;vHk;taejzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;ESifh ¤if;\ ouf a&mufrIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm em;vnf&efESifh ppfaq;Edkif&eftwGuf o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIonf vHkavmufatmif yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bm vkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItay: vTrf;rdk;aom Oya'rlabmif wpfckvHk;tm; trsm;jynfol u &&SdEkdifap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfay;oifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; &,lEdkifap aom enf;Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif; odkYr[kwf ydkrdktm;aumif;atmif jyKvkyfjcif;wdkY vkyfaqmifoifhovm;/

¼ owif;tcsuftvuf &,lEdkifrIudk yHYydk;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfonfh owif;tcsuf tvuf pDrHcefYcGJrI pepfrsm; &Sdoifhoenf;/

¼ rnfonfh o,HZmw wl;azmfrIqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tm; trsm;jynfolxH xkwfazmfjyooifhoenf;? rnfodkY xkwfazmfjyooifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh tcsuftvufrsm;tm; yGifhvif; tcsuftvuf pHEIef;rsm;ESifhtnD tcsuftvufrsm;ukd xkwfjyefoifhygovm;/145

¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm; tjynfhtpHkESifhywfoufNyD; tcsuf tvufrsm; xkwfjyefEdkif&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrI qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm; jynfol tm;vHk;u &,lEdkifoihfonf[k ygwDtaejzifh ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh o,HZmwu@qdkif&m owif; tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tvdk tavsmuf BudKwif zGifh[xkwfazmfrIESifh awmif; qdkrI vkyfief;pOfwpf&yf enf;vrf;ESpfrsdK;vHk;rSwqifh ESifh tNrJwrf; tcsuftvufrsm;tm; yGifhvif; tcsuftvuf yHkpHjzifh &,lEdkifatmif tmrcHay;Edkif onfh enf;Oya'rsm; owfrSwf&ef uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

w&m;0ifBuD;Muyfa&; tzGJUrsm;onf tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;tm; wm0efcHap&ef tpdk; &taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifhqufpyfaom udpö&yfrsm;wGif Oya'jyKa&;tzGJUonf tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;tm; rnfodkY wm0efcHaprnfenf;/

¼ pm&if;ppfXmecsKyftaejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrIu@ESifhywfoufonfh b@ma&; pD;qif;rItm; tpdk;&\ pDrHcefYcGJrItay: BuD;Muyfoifhoenf;? tpdk;&taejzifh ¤if;\ awGU&Sd&rIrsm;tay: rnfodkY wkHYjyefaqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ t*wdvdkufpm;rIudk wm;qD;&ef? azmfxkwf&efESifh w&m;pGJqdk ta&;,l&ef tpdk;& taejzifh rnfonfh tpDtrHrsm;udk vkyfaqmifoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - ygwDtaejzifh Oya'jyKa&; tzGJUonf tpdk;&tm; o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf wm0efcHap&ef vkyfEdkifpGrf;? vkyfydkifcGifh ESifh vGwf vyfrI rjzpfrae &Sd&rnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkY aMumifh ynm&yfqdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh uRrf;usif olrsm;\ yHYydk;rI &&Sda&;twGuf vHkavmufaom aiGaMu;axmufyHYrI &Sdonfh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI qdkif&m txl;vTwfawmf aumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf; wnfaxmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

145/ Open Data Charter u yGifhvif; tcsuftvuftm; ]]rnfolrqdk rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rqdk vGwfvyfpGm oHk;pGJEdkif&ef? jyefvnfoHk;pGJEkdif&efESifh jyefvnfjzefYa0Edkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaom enf;ynm ESifh Oya'qdkif&m vu©Pmrsm;jzifh &,lEdkifonfh 'D*spfw,f tcsuftvuftjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ yGifhvif; tcsuftvuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh xyfaqmif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk <https://opendatacharter.net/principles/> wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

109


rl0g'qkdif&m a&G;cs,fEdkifrIrsm; &yfwnfrIrsm;

tpdk;&tm; wm0efcHrI &Sdap&ef wGef;tm;ay;Edkifatmif owif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHk &&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm; tvHktavmuf &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ tem*wf tusdK;tjrwfrsm;? ukefusrIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; trsm;jynfoltaejzifh vufawGUusaom arQmfrSef;csufrsm; &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh qufoG,fa&; r[mAsL[mwpf&yf taumiftxnf azmfoifhygovm;/

¼ EkdifiHom;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk wowfrwfwnf; xdef;odrf;xm;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ rD'D,mESifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf; taejzifh obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif vlxktay: wm0efcHrI ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif tusdK;jyKEdkifap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bm vkyfay;oifhoenf;/

¼ okawoe tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufí vGwfvyf NyD; t&nftaoG;jrifh okawoe avYvmrIrsm; aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ ynm&Sif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh or*¾rsm;taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfief;u@rsm;wGif vkyfudkifaeaom ¤if;wdkY\ tzGJU0ifrsm;tMum; usifh0wfESifh xdawGUqufqHrI qdkif&m ynm&Sif pHEIef;rsm;tm; jr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh ta&;,l aqmif&Gufjcif;udk tm;ay; &ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrI udk xda&mufpGm BuD;Muyf&mwGif owif;tcsuf tvuf tjynfhtpkH &&Sdaom t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf;rsm; ESifh rD'D,monf t"du usaMumif; ygwDtaejzifh ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o,HZm w tkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; xdktzGJU tpnf; ESpfrsdK;vHk;ESifh yGifhvif;aom qufoG,fa&; jzpfay:ap&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

jynfwGif; o,HZmwtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m BudK;yrf;rIrsm; (Oyrm - EITI ESifh OGP) wdkYudk yHYydk;aom odkYr[kwf jznfhpGufaom EdkifiHwum aqmif&GufrIrsm;wGif tpdk; &taejzifh yg0ifoifhygovm;/

¼ tu,fí wdkif;jynfonf EITI ESifhôdkYr[kwf OGP tzGJU0if jzpfaeygu odkYr[kwf jzpf&efBudK;yrf;aeygu xkdtzGJU0ifrIESifh qufpyfaeaom uwdu0wfrsm;udk t"dyÜm,f &Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh vdkufemaqmif&GufEdkif&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tu,fí wdkif;jynfonf tqdkyg tzGJUtpnf;wpfck odkYr[kwf ESpfckvHk;wGif tzGJU0if jzpfygu xdktzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ yHYydk;rI odkYr[kwf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:ydkifcGifhrsm; (Convening Powers) udk ydkrdkxda&mufatmif rnfuJYodkY toHk;csoifhoenf;/

¼ tu,fí wdkif;jynfonf tqdkyg tzGJUtpnf;wpfck odkYr[kwf ESpfckvHk;wGif tzGJU0if r[kwfygu tzGJU0if&ef BudK;yrf;oifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - ygwDtaejzifh yGifhvif;rdwfzuf EdkifiHrsm;tzGJUwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifjcif;\wefzkd; ukd todtrSwfjyKygonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkodkY tzGJU 0if&efESifh cdkifrmaom o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m uwdu0wfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef uwd u0wf jyKygonf/146

146/ þvkyfief;tzGJU taMumif;ESifhywfoufNyD; xyfrHod&Sdvkdygu <https://www.opengovpartnership.org/about/working-groups/openness-natural-resources> udk Munfhyg/

110


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)3/ prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;? vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf ajratmuf o,HZmw t&if; tjrpfrsm; tm;vHk;\ ydkif&Sifjzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; o,HZmw prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;ESifh wl; azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;onf aiGa&;aMu;a&; t&a&m enf;ynmt&yg cufcJonfhtvkyf jzpfaom aMumifh tpdk;&trsm;pkonf xkdvkyfief;rsm;udk udk,fwdkif rvkyfudkifMuyg/ udk,fwdkif vkyfudkifrnhf tpm; vkyf&nfudkif&nf &SdNyD; tcGefaumufcHjcif;? xkwfvkyfrI rQa0jcif;ESifh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;rS wqifh tpdk;&tm; tusdK;tjrwfrsm; ay;Edkifaom yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqdkvkyfudkifavY &SdMuygonf/

wdkif;jynftaejzifh ¤if;\ o,HZmwrsm;rS taumif;qHk; tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdap&ef tpdk;&onf ¤if;wdkY\ prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;ESifh vkdifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;\ wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf atmufygwdkYudk rjzpfrae vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/

1/ o,HZmw wnf&SdrI tajctaeudk em;vnfyg? &&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDrH cefYcGJyg? rnfonfha'orsm;udk vdkifpifrsm; xkwfay;oifh ray;oifhESifh rnfonfhEIef;jzifh xkwfay;rnfudk qHk;jzwfyg/

2/ o,HZmw vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk t*wdvdkufpm;rI odkYr[kwf tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu© jzpfrI tEå&m,frsm; r&SdbJ o,HZmwrsm;udk prf;oyf&SmazG&ef odkYr[kwf toHk;jyK&ef aiGa&; aMu;a&;ESifh ynm&yft& vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom ukrÜPDrsm;xH csay;aprnfh vkyfief;pOf wpf&yf a&G;cs,fyg/

3/ ukrÜPDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ uwdu0wfrsm;udk Oya'? pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh taumif;qHk; vkyf xHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD jznfhqnf; aqmif&GufrI&Sdap&ef vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;udk apmifh Munfhppfaq;yg/

ygwD\ &yfwnfrIwGif txufyg tcsufoHk;csufvHk;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;oifhNyD; tmPm &&Sd xm;onfjzpfap? twdkuftcHjzpfaeonfjzpfap oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifygonf/ aemfa0EdkifiHu a&eH prf;oyf&SmazGjcif;twGuf e,fajrtopfrsm; zGifhay;&ef pOf;pm;cJYaomaMumifh tpdrf;a&mifygwD (Green Party) onf &moDOwk ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ a&&SnfwnfwHYrIESifh ywfoufaom pdk;&drfylyefrIrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;cJYNyD; ESpfaygif; 20 twGif; vkyfief;rsm; tm;vHk;udk &yfpJ&ef tqdkjyKcJYygonf/ tvGefao;i,faom ygwDi,fav;wpfckrS tpjyKcJYaomfvnf; ¤if;\ &yfwnfrIonf þudpö&yftm; EdkifiHawmftqifhtxd qGJwifay;EdkifcJYygonf/ xdkYaemuf xdkrl0g' udk ygwDwpfckuvnf; vufcHusifhoHk;cJYNyD; tjcm;ygwDrsm;\ azmfjycsufrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl tqdkjyKcsuftm; wdk;í jyKvkyfvmMuygonf/147

vdkifpifcsay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf &yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;onf ygwDwpfcktwGuf wdkif;jynf\ blrdaA't&if;tjrpfrsm;? ajr,mydkifqdkifrIjyKvkyfjcif; vkyfief;pOfESifh xkdu@\ vkyf ief;vnfywfrIqdkif&m ywf0ef;usiftaMumif; ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm em;vnfvmap&efESifh t"dyÜm,f &Sdaom vufawGU vkyfaqmifrItwGuf tajccHtvkyfrsm;udk pDpOfay;&ef tcGifhtvrf;wpfck jzpf ygonf/

147/ tcef; 2 wGif aemfa0EkdifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

111


ukefusrIrsm;ESifh &&SdaomtusdK;twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm;

wl;azmfxkwfvkyf&ef e,fajrtopfrsm; zGifhay;jcif; ESifhywfoufNyD; rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;yg onf -

¼ a'owGif; ydkifqkdifrI tcGifhta&;rsm;? blrdaA'ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m qHk;½HI;Edkifajc rsm;ESifhywfoufí tpdk;&taejzifh &SdESifhNyD;aom todynm A[kokw

¼ vdkifpifrcsay;rD aumuf,laom ppfwrf;rsm;ESifh r[mAsL[mu ywf0ef;usifouf a&mufrI qef;ppfjcif;rsm;rSwqifh ydkrdk&Sif;vif;rI &,l&mwGif yg0ifaom tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;ESifh xdkukefusrIrsm;onf t&nftaoG;raumif;aom owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh qufEG,fjzpfay:vmonfh qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfvQif rnfodkY&SdaMumif; (Oyrm - tpdk;&ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tMum; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pGm uGm[csufrsm; &Sdaejcif;ESifh ta&;ygaom ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;)

¼ ajrESifh o,HZmw vdkifpif rSwfyHkwifXmersm; wnfaxmifjcif;^pDrHcefYcGJjcif;\ aiG aMu;ukefusrIrsm;? y#dyu©jzpfaeaom awmif;qdkrIrsm;ESifh qufEG,faeonfh qHk; ½IH;Edkifajcrsm;

¼ vdkifpifrsm;tm; tvGef tvsiftjref csay;jcif; (Oyrm - qHk;½HI;EdkifajcESifh wefzdk; tajymif;tvJrsm;? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf; BuD;MuyfrIqdkif&m aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;) ESifh vdkifpifyg e,fajrt&G,ftpm; owfrSwfjcif; (Oyrm - aps;NydKifwifoGif;olrsm;tm; qGJaqmifjcif;ESifh ukrÜPD tenf;i,ftm; BuD;rm;aom ajr tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;apjcif;)ESifhqufpyfaom pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh qHk;½IH;Edkifajcrsm;

vdkifpifvTJajymif;rIrsm; tygt0if vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOf ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcgwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; &ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ vdktyfaom uRrf;usifrIESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; r&Sdonfh ukrÜPDrsm;xH odkYr[kwf nHh zsif;aom vkyfief;vnfywfrI odkYr[kwf udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh rnDnGwfonfh tjyK trlESifhywfoufNyD; emrnfysuf&Sdonfh ukrÜPDrsm;xH vkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifh oabm wlpmcsKyfrsm; csay;jcif;ESifh qufEG,faeonfh EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m qHk;½HI; Edkifajcrsm;

¼ (taumif;qHk; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; jzpfaom) avvHpepfjzifh vdkifpifcsay;&ef vHk avmufaom NydKifqdkifrI &Sd r&Sd ESifh tpdk;&taejzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m aqmif&Guf EdkifpGrf; &Sd r&Sd? odkYr[kwf xdkodkY tajctaer&Sdygu trnf*kPfowif;aumif;aom ukrÜPDrsm;tm; azmfxkwfa&G;cs,f&ef? tpdk;&ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tMum; owif;tcsuf tvuf uGm[rIrsm;udk ausmfvTm;&efESifh n§dEdIif;Edkifaomâps;NydKifwifoGif;Edkifaom owfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; usifhoHk;rIudk uefYowf&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfEdkifrnf

¼ vkdifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfESifh qufEG,faeonfh t*wdvkdufpm;rIESifh tusdK; pD;yGm; y#dyu© jzpfrIqdkif&m tEå&m,frsm;ESifh tm;vHk;xH zGifhay;xm;aom aps;NydKif wifoGif;jcif;? EdkifiHa&;t& xkwfazmfrI pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm; cGifh&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m yGifhvif;jrifomrIwdkYonf tqkdyg tEå&m,frsm;udk rnf onfhtwdkif;twmtxd avsmhyg;oufomaprnf

>>>

112


¼ aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; aumuf,l pkaqmif;jcif;? rSef rrSef ppfaq;jcif;ESifh xkwfjyefjcif;wdkYESifhqufpyfae aom aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;ESifh xdkukefusrIrsm;onf zHk;uG,fxm;aom ydkifqdkifrIESifh qufpyfonfh qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm; (EdkifiHa&;t& xkwfazmfrI? tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©jzpfrI ESifh udk,fusifhw&m; raumif;aom ESifhôdkYr[kwf t&nftcsif; rjynfhrDaom ukrÜPDrsm;xH vkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifh oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; csay;jcif;)ESifh,SOfvQif rnfodkY&SdaMumif;

¼ vdkifpifvTJajymif;rIESifh qufEG,faeonfh tcsdKUtEå&m,frsm; (Oyrm - t*wdvdkuf pm;rIESifh ar;cGef;xkwfzG,faumif;aom ukrÜPDtopfrsm;)

¼ vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vkdifpifrsm;udk rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rnfodkY zGifh[xkwfazmfvQif taumif;qHk;jzpf aMumif;ESifh vGwfvyfaom BuD;MuyfrItay: oufa&mufrIrsm;

vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; ESifhqufpyfonfh rl0g' &yfwnfrI rsm;udk a&;qGJ owfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ vdkifpifcsay;onfh vkyfief;pOftwGif; aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrIaMumifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI tay: t[efYtwm;jzpfaponfh oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfvsuf vkyfief;wnf aqmuf vkyfudkifrI tajctaersm;udk tpdk;&u vHkavmufpGm ppfaq;jcif; rjyK& ao;rD ukrÜPDu vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;udk BudKwifvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh qufEG,f aom tEå&m,frsm;

¼ oabmwlnDxm;aom vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;twdkif; aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufaom ukrÜPD\ vkyfief;rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh oifhavsmfrI t&SdqHk; ta&;,lrI (Oyrm - pGefYvTwfrI odkYr[kwf aiGay;acsrI)

¼ blrdaA'ESifh vkyfief;vnfywfrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,ljcif;? pDrHcefYcGJ jcif;ESifh zGifh[xkwfazmfjcif;wGif yg0ifonfh tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;

tqdkyg rl0g'qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Framework yg pnf;rsOf; 3 ESifh obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m vkyfykdifcGifh csay;jcif; taMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifudk udk;um;yg/148


¼ rnfonfhe,fajrtopfrsm;udk prf;oyfwdkif;wm&ef odkYr[kwf wl;azmf&eftwGuf zGifhvSpfay;oifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifh NyD;om; qdkvQif xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

148/ obm0 o,HZmwqkdif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; csay;jcif; (Granting Rights to Natural Resources) vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-granting-rights-natural-resources> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

>>>

113


¼ vkdifpifrsm;tm; rnfodkY csxm;ay;oifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkvQif xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ vkdifpifrsm;tm; rnfodkY apmifhMunfhppfaq;oifhonfESifh ywfoufí ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yf wnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkvQif xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh prf;oyf wdkif;wmjcif;? vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;ESifh wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq; jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif ,lqoenf;/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; vuf&Sdrlabmif

¼ wl;azmfrIESifh prf;oyf&SmazGrI vkdifpifrsm; xkwfay;jcif;twGuf vuf&SdOya'ESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/ ¤if;tm; wpfowfrwfwnf; taumif txnf azmfovm;/149

¼ wl;azmfcGifhjyK&ef e,fajrwpfcktm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif; rjyKrD rnfonfh qef;ppfrIrsm; jyKvkyfoenf;/ vdkifpifxkwfay;rI tokwfwpfokwf rwdkifrD tpdk;&u rnfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyifqifoenf;/ tpdk;&ESifh o,HZmw ukrÜPDrsm; tMum; jzpfay:Edkifaom owif;tcsuftvuf uGmjcm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef tpdk;&u bmvkyfoenf;/150

¼ vdkifpifrsm; csay;&mwGif tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©jzpfrIudk tpdk;&u vuf&Sd rnfodkY um uG,foenf;/151

¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;\ a,bk,s ]]vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;}}tydkif;cGJwGif wdkif;jynfonf tajctaeb,fvkd &Sdoenf;/ wdkif;jynfu rnfonfh tajccH pnf; rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ñTefjyrIrsm;rSm tm;enf;aewmvJ? bmaMumifhvJ/152

¼ wdkif;jynfonf EITI tzGJU0if jzpfygu aemufqHk; EITI tpD&ifcHpmyg ]]vkyfief; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; ESifh vdkifpifrsm; xkwfay;jcif; tygt0if Oya'ESifh Xmeqdkif&m rlabmif}} ESifh ]]prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfrI}}qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhywf oufNyD; awGU&SdrIrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;u bmawGvJ/153

149/ vuf&Sd rlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 1.1a-c, 1.1.1a-1.1.6c, ESifh 1.1.10c-d atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

150/ vuf&Sd rlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef; 1.1c. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

151/ vuf&Sd rlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 1.14a-1.18b. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

152/ tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf tajzrsm;udk <http://www.resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents> (tydkif;cGJ 1 .1) rS a'gif;vkwfqGJ,lEdkifaom RGI Data Explorer wGif Munfh½Iyg/ tydkif;cGJESifh tñTef;udef;&rSwfrsm;udk tjrefMunfhvkdygu <http://www.resourcegover nanceindex.org/country-profiles> wGif Country Profile udk Munfhyg (rdrdMunfhvdkaom EdkifiHudk a&G;cs,fyg? Full Scores tydkif;odkY qif;yg? + udkESdyfí oufqdkif&m trSwfrsm;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg)

153/ EdkifiHtvdkuf wdk;wufrItajctaetaMumif; aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmESifh tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk EITI ESifh tifwmeufpmrsufESm <https://eiti.org/countries> wGif Munfhyg/

114



vdkifpifcsay;jcif;rwdkifrD ydkrdkjyifqifrI&Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ vdkifpifcsay;jcif; rwdkifrD jyKvkyfaom ppfwrf;rsm;tm; ulnDay;jcif; odkYr[kwf aiG aMu;yHYydk;jcif;ESifh blrdaA' tcsuftvufrsm;udk ukrÜPDrsm; &&SdEdkifatmif jyKvkyfay; jcif;wdkYudk tpdk;&u vkyfaqmifay;oifhygovm;/

¼ r[mAsL[mus oufa&mufrI qef;ppfjcif;tm; vdkifpifrcsay;rD jyKvkyfí xkwfjyef oifhygovm;/

¼ vkdifpOfrsm; csxm;ay;jcif;rjyKrD tpdk;&taejzifh ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; rnfodkY owfrSwfoifhoenf;? xdktcGifhta&;rsm;tm; cdkifrmatmif rnfodkY axmufyHY ay;oifhoenf;/

¼ vuf&Sd o,HZmw prf;oyfwdkif;wmcGifhrsm;ESifh wl;azmfcGifhrsm; ay;xm;onfh e,fajr rsm; xyfroGm;ap&ef odkYr[kwf qefYusifrI rjzpfap&ef vdkifpifrsm;tm; rnfokdY pDpOf xm;&Sdoifhoenf;/

¼ vdkifpifxkwfay;onfhEIef;ESifh vdkifpife,fajrrsm;\ t&G,ftpm;ESifhywfoufNyD; rl0g' wpf&yf &Sdoifhovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - tpdk;&taejzifh obm0 o,H Zmwqkdif&m vkdifpOfrsm; csay;jcif; rjyKrD tusdK; tjrwfrsm;ESifh ukefusrIrsm;udk rjzpfrae aoao csmcsm pOf;pm;oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh r[mAsL[mus oufa&mufrI qef;ppf jcif;rsm;udk BudKwifNyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&GufrI &Sdap&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHtwGuf tusdK;tjrwf trsm;qHk; &Sdap&ef o,HZmw vkyf ydkifcGifhrsm;tm; vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&SdNyD; Oya'vdkufemaom ukrÜPDrsm;xH csxm;ap &ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ vdkifpif avQmufxm;olrsm;tm; vdkifpifxkwfay;rnfh tokwfxJ 0ifcGifhrjyKrD odkYr [kwf aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rI jyKvkyf&ef cGifhrjyKrD rnfodkY ppfaq;oifhoenf;/

¼ vdkifpifcsay;jcif; enf;vrf;wGif tNydKiftqkdif pdwf0ifpm;rI tqifhESifh tpdk;&\ pDrH tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;wdkYudk rnfodkY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhoenf;/

¼ n§dEdIif;Edkifaomâps;NydKifwifoGif;Edkifaom owfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; rnfodkY uefYowf oifhoenf;? aps;NydKifwifoGif;rI vkyfief;pOf NyD;aemuf xyfrHn§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;tm; rnfodkY wm;qD;rnfenf;/

¼ tpdk&onf vdkifpifvTJajymif;rIrsm;tm; ueOD; vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh wlnDaom ppf aq;rI tqifhrsm; aqmif&Gufoifhygovm;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh vdkifpifrcsay;rDESifh vdkifpifcsay;NyD;aemuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm; udk zGifh[xkwfazmfoifhygovm;/

¼ vkdifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOftm; BuD;MuyfrIonf xda&mufrI&SdNyD; tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©jzpfrIudk a&SmifMuOfEdkif&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw vdkifpif csay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfonf EdkifiHtm; jzpfEdkiforQ tusdK;tjrwf trsm;qHk; &&Sdapoifhonf[k ygwD taejzifh ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vdkifpifudkif aqmifol tm;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifonfh pHowfrSwf csufrsm;ESifhwuG avvHyGJwGif ukrÜPDrsm;u aps; NydKifwifoGif;Edkifaom odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rI rsm; jyKvkyfpOf urf;vSrf;Edkifaom uefYowfxm; onfh owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyay;aom pHerl em ,l&rnfh vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf wpf&yf zef wD;&ef uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

pDrHudef; oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;rsm;wavQmuf&Sd vkyfief; vkyfudkifrIrsm;tm; ydk rdkaumif;rGefpGm apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&onf ravsmfuefaom aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrI r&SdbJ pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm; tm;vHk;tm; oifhavsmfpGm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;xm;onfh zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;tm; rnfodkY qef;ppfí twnfjyKoifhoenf;/ rnfonfh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yg 0ifoifhoenf;? ¤if;wdkYtm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; aumif;rGefpGm yHYydk;xm;jcif; &Sdygovm;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh pDrHudef;oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;\ tqifhwpfqifhcsif;pDwGif ukrÜPD rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;EdkifpGrf; &Sdap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&onf blrdaA'qdkif&mESifh vkyfief;vnfywfrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rnfodkY aumuf,lpkaqmif;NyD; pDrHcefYcGJoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - tpdk;&onf obm0 o,H Zmw wl;azmfrIudk apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef wm0ef ESifh aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; rjzpfrae &Sd&rnf[k ygwD u ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyf jcif; rjyKrDESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfaepOf ukrÜPDrsm;\ vkyfief; tpDtpOfrsm; tm;vHk;tm; owÅKwGif; 0efBuD;Xmeu pepfwus ppfaq; avYvmap&ef uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

115


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)4/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjcm;ay;aqmifrIrsm;

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - o,HZmw wl;azmfrIonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ta&;ygaom 0ifaiG&&SdrI enf;vrf; jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh ,HkMunf&aom ukrÜPDrsm;tm; armif;rxkwfbJ 0ifaiGudk trsm;qHk; wdk;yGm;atmif rnfodkY aqmif&Guf&rnfudk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;oifhyg onf/ þodkYaom [efcsufnDrI &Sd&ef cufcJNyD; tpdk;&taejzifh atmufygwdkYudk aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf -

1/ t&rf; rjrifhvGef;? redrfhvGef;bJ wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;\ qHk;½HI;EdkifajcESifh tusdK;tjrwf jyefvnf&&SdrI wckvHk;twGuf oifhavsmfaom tcsdK; owfrSwfay;Edkifonfh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; owfrSwfyg/

2/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom tmrcHrI ay;Edkifaomfvnf; BuD;rm;aom pD; yGm;a&; tajymif;tvJrsm; &Sdygu tpdk;&\ wkHYjyefaqmif&GufEdkifrItay: t[efYtwm; jzpfapavmufatmuf jyifqif&cufcJrI r&Sdaom Oya'rlabmifwpf&yf zefwD;yg/

3/ tPmydkifrsm;onf tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;twdkif; 0ifaiGudk tjynfht0 aumufcH&&Sd&ef aocsmatmif vkyfyg/ aumufcH&ef ½dk;&Sif;vG,fulaom tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m rlabmif (Fiscal Framework) owfrSwfjcif;jzifh 0if aiGaumufcH&&SdrIudk wdk;wufapEdkifygonf/

4/ tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;onf txufygtcsuf tm;vHk;ESifhywfoufí wm0efcHrI&Sd&ef aocsm atmif vkyfyg/

EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;pGmonf tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m rlabmifrsm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh tqdkyg rlabmifrsm;tm; wpfowfrwfxJ usifhoHk;jcif; &Sd r&Sd udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;wGif yg0ifcJYMuyg onf/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfrItwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; (Economic Freedom Fighters) ygwDtm; wnfaxmifcJY&onfh taMumif;t&if;rSm o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS &&Sdaom tpdk;&\ 0ifaiGudk wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;wGif yg0ifonfh ukrÜPD trsdK;tpm;xuf rnfonfh twdkif;twmtxd ydkí OD;pm;ay;oifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; tmPm& tmz&duef trsdK; om;uGef*&uf (African National Congress) ygwDtwGif; jiif;cHkrIaMumifhvnf; wpfpdwf wpfydkif; jzpfygonf/154 yD½l;EdkifiHwGif o,HZmw wl;azmfrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf EdkifiH twGuf tusdK;&Sd r&Sd [laom ar;cGef;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmfor®w a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rJqG,f pnf;½Hk;rIwGif t"duxm; aqG;aEG;vmcJYMuygonf/155

EdkifiHa&;ygwD\ &yfwnfrIrsm; ay:aygufvm&jcif;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh tcsdKUaom tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m vkyfudkifcGifh csxm;ay;jcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfavY&Sdaomfvnf; o,HZmw wl;azmfrI pDrHudef;tm;vHk; twGuf tokH;jyKEdkifatmifvnf; a&;qGJEdkifygonf/ 0ifaiGrsm; trSefwu,f aumufcH&&SdrIESifhywf oufonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk rMumcP owdrlrdaomfvnf; xkdar;cGef;rsm;onf EdkifiHtm; tvm; tvm&Sdaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk tjynfht0 &&Sdap&eftwGuf tvGefyif wefzdk;&Sdygonf/ xdk odkY tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk tjynfht0 &&Sd&ef yHkrSeftm;jzifh pm&if;ppfXmecsKyf? tcGeftmPmydkif\ jynfwGif;pm&if;ppf½Hk;rsm;? tcGefxrf; cHk½Hk;rsm;ESifh vTwfawmf paom BuD;Muyfa&;Xmeqdkif&m tzGJU tpnf;rsm;\ yg0ifrI vdktyfygonf/


155/ tcef; 2 wGif yD½l;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

116



tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m a,bk,s rlabmifESifhywfoufaom rl0g'&yfwnfrI rsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&; BuD;ygonf -

¼ t&nftaoG;jrifhNyD; vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qGJaqmifjcif;ESifh EdkifiHtaejzifh pDrHudef;rsm;\ oufwrf;wpfavQmuf o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS tusdK; tjrwf trsm;qHk; &&Sdapjcif;tMum; [efcsufnDatmif csdefqjcif;

¼ a&wdkwGif 0ifaiGrsm; &SmazGjcif;ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;\ oufwrf;wpfavQmuf nDrQpGm 0ifaiG&SmazGjcif;tMum; [efcsufnDatmif csdefqjcif;

¼ aps;EIef;rsm;jrifhrm;csdefwGif tusdK;tjrwfrsm;pGm &&Sdjcif;ESifh rwlnDaom aps;EIef;rsm; ESifh tusdK;tjrwf wpfowfrwfwnf; &&Sdjcif;tMum; [efcsufnDatmifcsdefqjcif;

¼ o,HZmw ukrÜPDrsm;wGif &S,f,mydkifqdkifaom ukrÜPDrsm;\ tusdK;tjrwfESifh ukefusrIrsm;? Oyrm &S,f,myg0ifrIonf ukrÜPDu tjrwfa0pk xkwfay;aomtcg EdkifiHawmftm; tusdK;tjrwf &&SdapNyD; bkwftzGJUwGifvnf; ae&m&Edkifaomfvnf; tjrwfa0pkrsm;udk yHkrSeftm;jzifh (ay;cJYvQifawmifrS) tjrwfcGef ay;aqmifrIrsm;xuf aemufusí xkwfay;avY&SdNyD; &S,f,myg0ifrIaMumifh jrifhrm;aom aiGaMu;t& ukefusrIrsm; &SdvmEdkifygonf

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh t&nftaoG;jrifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qGJaqmifjcif;r&Sdonfh tajctaersm;wGif tpdk;&twGuf oifhavsmfaom tusdK;tjrwf qufvuf&&Sdap vsuf rlabmif\ rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm; (Oyrm - cdkifaMu;rsm;? ukefusrItay: tuefYtowfrsm;? ajymif;vJEdkifonfh EIef;xm;&Sdaom tcGef? ukrÜPD 0ifaiGcGefESifh rufvHk;rsm;)tm; ajymif;vJEdkifrnf

tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;twGuf Oya'rlabmifESifhywfouf aom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm; &ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk oufomap&ef vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif; tydk'frsm; xnfhoGif;&ef cdkifvHkaom taMumif;t&if; &Sd r&Sd odkYr[kwf vdktyfaom udkufn§drIrsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifEdkifvsuf cdkifrmrIay;jcif;twGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m ,Eå&m;rsm; &Sd r&Sd (Oyrm - wjznf;jznf; wdk;jrifhvmaom tcGefpepf)

¼ tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif; tydk'frsm;u tpdk;&\ vkyfaqmifrItm; ukefypönf;aps;EIef;rsm;ESifh tjrwftpGef; &&SdrIwdkYtay: oufwrf; ta&twGuftm;jzifha&m tcsdefumv tm;jzifhyg rnfonfh twdkif;twmtxd pnf;aESmifrI &SdEdkifrnf

tcGefqdkif&m pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIESifh BuD;MuyfrIESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJ owfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf - >>>

117


¼ tcGefa&Smifjcif;ESifh tcGefqdkif&m pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIESifh aumufcHrIwGif t*wdvdkufpm;rI aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom qHk;½HI;rIrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfvsuf tcGefqdkif&m pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIESifh tjcm; w&m;0if BuD;MuyfrIXme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; ydkrdktm;aumif;atmif aqmif &Gufjcif; (Oyrm - ¤if;wdkYtm; ukrÜPDrsm;\ ukefusrIrsm;ESifh ay;acsrI tm;vHk;udk vHkavmufpGm ajc&mcHEdkifapjcif;)\ tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;

tqdkyg rl0g' udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Benchmarking Framework \ pnf;rsOf; 4 ESifh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepf 'DZdkif;ESifh tcGefa&Smifvdkí vufatmufukrÜPD wpfcktm; aps;avQmhjyí vTJajymif;jcif; (Transfer Pricing) taMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmif rsm;udk udk;um;yg/156


¼ o,HZmw u@twGuf tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfh pepfonf rnfodkY &Sdoifh onfESifhywfoufí ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfol qdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkvQif xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh o,HZmw u@ tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjcm; ay;aqmifrIrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/


¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrItwGuf vuf&Sd tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepfu bmvJ/ ¤if;tm; vHkavmufpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif; &Sdygovm;/157

¼ vuf&Sd tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf wm0efcHrI? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf cdkifrmrI ESifh ajymif;vJaom tajctaersm; twGuf jyifvG,fajymif;vG,frI ay;ygovm;/

¼ tpdk;& tmPmydkifrsm;onf tcGefrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfodkY tjcm; ay;aqmifrIrsm;udk tjynhft0 aumufcHEdkifMuygovm;/ ukrÜPDrsm;\ ay;aqmifrIrsm;udk owfrSwf aumufcH&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI &SdMuygovm;/158

>>>

156/ tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfh pepf'DZdkif; (Fiscal Regime Design) vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-fiscal-regime-design> &&SdEdkifNyD; tcGefa&Smifvdkí vufatmufukrÜPDwpfcktm; aps;avQmhjyí vTJajymif;jcif; (Transfer Pricing) vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-transfer-pricing-0> wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

157/ vuf&SdrlabmiftaMumif; owif;tcsuftvufukd ar;cGef;rsm; 1.2a ESifh 1.2.5f. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

158/ vuf&SdrlabmiftaMumif; owif;tcsuftvufukd ar;cGef;rsm; 1.2.5a-e. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

118


¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;\ ]]tcGefaumufcHjcif;}} tydkif;cGJwGif wdkif;jynf onf tajctae b,fvdk&Sdoenf;/ wdkif;jynfu rnfonfh tajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ñTefjyrIrsm;rSm tm;enf;aewmvJ? bmaMumifhvJ/159

¼ wdkif;jynfonf EITI tzGJU0if jzpfygu aemufqHk; EITI tpD&ifcHpmyg ]]Oya' rl abmifESifh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfpepf}} ESifh ]]0ifaiGaumufcH&&Sdjcif;}}qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; awGU&SdrIrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;u bmawGvJ/160


tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIpepfonf tpdk;&twGuf oifhavsmfaom tusdK;tjrwf &&SdapNyD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif vHkavmufaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI qGJaqmifEdkif&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;taejzifh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfh pepfrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm qef;ppfNyD; 'DZdkif;a&;qGJ&ef uRrf;usifrIESifh owif;tcsuftvuf &Sdap&ef bmvkyf oifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh ukefusrIrsm;aom odkYr[kwf rjzpfrae vdktyfjcif; r&Sdaom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m rufvHk;rsm; toHk;jyKjcif;udk rnfodkY a&SmifMuOfoifhoenf;/

¼ wdkif;jynftaejzifh tjrwftpGef; &&SdrI tajymif;tvJrsm; rnfodkY &Sdapumrl tcsdKU aom ay;aqmifrIrsm; &Sdap&ef tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepfwGif pkpkaygif; a&mif;&wefzdk; (Gross Sales)tay: tcGefaumufcHjcif; qdkvdkonfrSm cdkifaMu; odkYr[kwf tvm;wl tcGef wpf&yf&yf xnfhoGif;oifhovm;/

¼ tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepfwGif tjrwftpGef;rsm;tay: twdtvif; ypfrSwf xm;onfh ajymif;vJEdkifaom EIef;xm;&Sdonfh tcGeftm; xnfhoGif;oifhovm;/

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrI u@rsm;twGuf tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepfwGif wdkif; jynfü a,bk,stm;jzifh tusKH;0ifonfh ukrÜPD0ifaiGcGef yg0ifoifhovm;/

¼ EdkifiHawmfu o,HZmw ukrÜPDrsm;wGif &S,f,mydkifqdkifoifhovm;/ ydkifqdkifoifhygu tqdkyg &S,f,mrS &&Sdrnf[k arQmfrSef;xm;aom tcGeftcrsm;rS &&Sdaom? tcGeftc rsm;rS &&Sdjcif;r[kwfaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf xdk&S,f,m yg0if&jcif;\ ukefusrI xuf rsm;ap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY aocsmatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrIrsm; - EdkifiHawmfonf oifhavsmf aom tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdjcif;ESifh aumif;rGefaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qGJaqmifjcif;tMum; [ef csufnDaponfh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepf wpf&yf owfrSwf&ef rjzpfrae vdktyfonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vuf&Sd tcGef tcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepftm; jyefvnfoHk;oyf &efESifh o,HZmw u@ tjrwftpGef;rsm;tay: ajymif;vJEdkifonfh EIef;xm;rsm;&Sdaom tcGef owf rSwfjcif;\ oifhavsmfrIudk pOf;pm;&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

159/ tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf tajzrsm;udk <http://www.resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents> (tydkif;cGJ 1 .2) rS a'gif;vkwfqGJ,lEdkifaom RGI Data Explorer wGif Munfh½Iyg/ tydkif;cGJESifh tñTef;udef; &rSwfrsm;udk tjrefMunfhvkdygu <http://www.resourcegover nanceindex.org/country-profiles> wGif Country Profile udkMunfhyg (rdrdMunfhvdkaom EdkifiHudk a&G;cs,fyg? Full Scores tydkif;odkY qif;yg? + udkESdyfí oufqdkif&m trSwfrsm;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg)/

160/ EdkifiHtvdkuf wdk;wufrItajctaetaMumif; aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmESifh tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk EITI ESifh tifwmeufpmrsufESm <https://eiti.org/countries> wGifMunfhyg/

119


tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;\ Oya'rlabmifwGif EdkifiH om;rsm;tay: vHkavmufaom wm0efcHrI? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf cdkifrmrIESifh ajymif;vJaom tajctaersm;twGuf jyifvG,f ajymif;vG,frI ay;Edkifap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhygoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh aps;NydKifwifoGif;jcif; odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;jcif;qdkif&m owfrSwf csufrsm;twGuf tenf;qHk; t&nftwGufESifh owfrSwfe,fy,fjzifh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; tm;vHk;udk Oya' odkYr[kwf pHerlem ,l&rnfh vkyfief;oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;wGif owfrSwfoifhygovm;/

¼ o,HZmwwl;azmfrI pDrHudef;tay: vTrf;rdk;aom Oya'qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; cdkifrmapaom Oya'tydk'frsm;tm; cGifhjyKay;oifhovm;/ cGifhjyKay;oifhygu tqdkyg tydk'frsm;onf tcsdKUaom tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifNyD; cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsuf ay;jcif;udk tcsdefumvtm;jzifhvnf; uefY owfxm;&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw u@ twGuf tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfh pepftm; Oya'wGif xnfhoGif; jy|mef;oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh Oya'wGif tcGeftc rsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; rsm;Edkif orQ rsm;atmif xnfhoGif;owfrSwf&efESifh Oya' wGif vlxktay: wm0efcHrItwGuf vdktyfaom tmrcHcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifap&ef uREfkyfwdkYuuwd u0wfjyKygonf/

tpdk;& tmPmydkifrsm;onf tcGefrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfodkY tjcm; ay;aqmifrIrsm;udk tjynfht0 aumufcHEdkifap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tcGefpDrHtkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf t&nftcsif;jynfh0NyD; t&if;tjrpf aumif;pGm &Sdap&ef bmvkyf&ef vdktyfoenf;/

¼ tcGef pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk ½dk;&Sif;ap&efESifh o[Zmw jzpfap&ef bmvkyf&ef vdktyfoenf;/

¼ tcGefaumufcHonfh tzGJUtpnf; ta&twGuf ydkíenf;NyD; tcGefpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI ydkí aumif;oifhovm;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh tcGefpepftm; ydkrdk½dk;&Sif;atmif jyKvkyfoifhovm; (Oyrm - tcGef trsdK;tpm;rsm; ta&twGufudk avQmhcsjcif;)/

¼ tcGefa&Smifjcif; tavYtxudk uefYowf&ef jy|mef;csuf topfrsm;udk tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfh pepfwGif xnfhoGif;oifhovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwu@wGif tcGefa&Smifjcif;tm; wdkufzsufjcif;onf wkdif;jynf twGuf OD;pm;ay;udpö&yf jzpfoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tcGefaumufcHrI tajc cHtm; ½dk;&Sif;ap&efESifh ckdifrmaom tvGJoHk;pm; wdkufzsufrI Oya' jy|mef;&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwd u0wf jyKygonf/

tcGefrsm;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjcm;ay;aqmifrIrsm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh aumufcHjcif; wGif wm0efcHrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepftm; ykdrdkxda&muf pGm BuD;Muyfap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ BuD;MuyfrItwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvuf &&Sdap&ef tpkd;&taejzifh rnfonfh tcGeftcrsm; aummufcHrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh ukrÜPD tcsuf tvufrsm;udk zGifh[xkwfazmfoifhoenf;/

¼ tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepftm; jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKrD tpdk;&taejzifh pD; yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;? t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh rnfodkY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;oifh oenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw qdkif&m tcGefb@maiG tkyfcsKyfrI (Fiscal Governance) wGif tpdk;&onf yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI &Sdoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tcGef rl0g'twGuf owif;tcsuftvuf ay;Edkif rnfh ydkrdkeufeJaom todtjrif A[kokw &&Sdap &ef ukefonf toif;rsm;ESifh t&yfbuf vlYtzGJU tpnf;rsm; tygt0if rwlnDaom pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;y&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

120


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)5/ a'oEå&tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - o,HZmw xkwfvkyfaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;\ ukefusrIrsm;ESifh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk jynfoltm;vHk;u wef;wlnDrQ rcHpm;&yg/ t"dutm;jzifh o,HZmw 0ifaiGrsm;? tvkyftukdif zefwD;ay;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&; tcsdwftqufrsm;rS &&Sdonfh o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk wpfEdkifiHvHk;u cHpm;Mu&aomfvnf; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vlrIywf0ef;usifqdkif&mESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ukefusrIrsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh pDrHudef;vkyfuGuf teD;tem;wGif wnf&Sdaom oufa&mufrI cH pm;&onfh vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;Mum;wGif t"du jzpfay:avY&Sdygonf/

vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJjcif; r&Sdygu o,HZmwwl;azmfrIonf jyefajymif; jyifqifí r&aom ywf0ef;usifxdckdufrIESifh arQmfrSef;csufrsm; rjynfhrDrS jzpfay:vmEdkifNyD; a'o wGif; rauseyfcsufrsm;ESifh y#dyu©rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmapEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpdk;& rl0g'wGif oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlxkrsm;tm; o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ qdk;½Gm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;rS tumtuG,fay;&efESifh wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ¤if;wdkYtm; tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&Sd cHpm;Edkifatmif tultnDay;&efvnf; a&S;½Ioifhygonf/ urÇmwpf0Srf;wGif rl0g'ESifh taumiftxnfazmfrItMum; tBuD;rm;qHk; uGm[csufrSm a'oEå& oufa&mufrIESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tm; 0ifaiGcGJa0 jcif; e,fy,frsm;wGif jzpfaMumif; RGI u jyocJYygonf/

a'oEå&tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmf tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh rnfodkY taumif;qHk; csdef qoifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; aumif;rGefaom trsm;jynfolqdkif&m jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rI &Sdatmif ao csmap&mwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifEdkifygonf/ EdkifiHa&; jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;rI uefYowfxm;onf[k trsm;u odxm;Muaom rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif o,HZmw MuG,f 0aom jynfe,frsm;rS twdkuftcHESifh tmPm&ygwDwdkYonf a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH 0ifaiGcGJ a0jcif; udpö&yfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftqifh tm½HkpdkufcH&ap&ef BudK;yrf;cJYMuygonf/ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom qm&m0uf (Sarawak) jynfe,f&Sd t"du ygwDtm;vHk;onf ¤if;wdkY\ &yfwnfrIrsm; wGif aumufcH&&Sdaom cdkifaMu;rsm;\ a0pk ydkrdkwdk;jrifh&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkrIrsm; xnfhoGif;cJY MuNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf &yfwnfrItay: vTrf;rdk;&eftvdkYiSm xdkawmif;qdkrIudk tokH;jyK&ef BudK; yrf;cJYMuygonf/161 a&eHMuG,f0aom a'orsm;wGif cdkifrmaom udk,fpm;jyKrI&Sdonfh aemfa0EdkifiH&Sd zGHUNzdK;a&;ygwD (Progress Party) onf tajccH taqmufttHkqdkif&m &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh tvkyf tudkif qHk;½IH;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom a'oEå&tqifh awmif;qdkrIrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftqifh aqG; aEG;rIwGif xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;vmatmif BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJYygonf/162

ygwD&yfwnfrI\ tNyD;owf tESpfom&tjyif ygwD&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;ESifh xdk&yfwnfrI tm; pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif; vkyfief;pOfonf a'oEå&tay: oufa&mufrIqdkif &m pdk;&drfylyefrIrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkifrnfh tvm;tvmudk wdk;wufapEdkifygonf/ygwD taejzifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESifh jzpfEdkifvQif vkyfief;tzGJUüyif o,HZmwMuG,f0aom a'orsm; rS trsdK;orD;rsm;? vli,frsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tygt0if pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfol aygif;pHk aocsmayguf yg0ifap&ygrnf/ wdkuf½dkufoufa&mufrI&Sdaom pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;\ pdk;&drf rIrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;&mwGif yHkrSeftm;jzifh trsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh csdefqavY&SdaomaMumifh ygwDrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\ &yfwnfrIudk o,HZmw rMuG,f0aom a'orsm;rS pDrHudef;ESifh quf pyfolrsm;ESifh ppfaq;jcif;uvnf; tusdK;&Sdygonf/

161/ tcef; 2 wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/


121



vlxk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIESifh pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;tMum; qufoG,fajymqdkrI ESifh ywfoufonfh rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&mwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ tcsdKUaom t"du pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;tm; xdefcsefxm;jcif;ESifh qufpyfae onfh qHk;½IH;Edkifajcrsm; (Oyrm - a'ocHvlxku pDrHudef; aESmifhaES;atmif aESmifh ,SufrIrsm;? EdkifiHa&;t& oabmxm;uGJvGJjcif;? y#dyu©jzpfjcif;)ESifh EdIif;,SOfvsuf ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfonfh a'ocHrsm;tMum; qufoG,fajymqkdrIudk pDpOf yHYydk;ay;&mwGif tcsdefESifh aiGaMu; ukefusrIrsm;

a'oEå&tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowf rSwf&mwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrI pDrHudef;rsm;rS ay:aygufvmaom obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrI ywf0ef;usifESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;\ tvm;tvmESifh jzpfEdkif aom jyif;xefrIESifh BuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh Oya'qdkif&m qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm;

¼ obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrIywf0ef;usif xdckdufrI tao;pdwf qef;ppfcsufrsm; jyKvkyf&ef ESifh qdk;½Gm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk avsmhyg; oufomap&ef vdktyf aom tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;rsm;

avsmfaMu; ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;rIESifhywfoufonfh rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJ owfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwkdYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;tm; jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;\aiGa&;aMu;a&;? EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;

¼ EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;\ tjcm;u@rsm;wGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;rIrsm;udk rnfodkYpDrHcefYcGJyHk

a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tm; 0ifaiGcGJa0rIESifhywfoufonfh rl0g'rsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf aomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom a'oEå& tpkd;&tzGJUrsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tMum; vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qufqHrI tajctaeESifh a'oEå& ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m odkYr[kwf tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m vGwfvyfrI (Fiscal Independence) ESifhywf oufí arQmfrSef;csufrsm; &Sd r&Sd

¼ a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;\ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIESifhywfoufonfh tcGefb@maiG qdkif&m wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm; (Fiscal Responsibilities)

¼ a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;\ aiGaMu;udk xda&mufpGmESifh tusdK;&SdpGm tokH;csEdkifpGrf;ESifh o,HZmw MuG,f0rI\ 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;udk wkHYjyefaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;

>>>

122


jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;*ESifhywfoufonfh rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf aomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ pDrHudef;rsm;\ oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;wavQmufwGif o,HZmw wl;azmfrIu@twGuf wdkuf½dkufESifh oG,f0dkuf tvkyftudkifrsm; rnfrQ vufawGUwGif &&Sdrnf enf;

¼ tqdkyg tvkyftudkifrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom twwfynmESifh xdktwwfynmrsm; wwfajrmufvmap&ef vdktyfaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI (vuf&SdwGif &SdaeNyD;om; r[kwf ygu)

¼ o,HZmw u@wGif 0efaqmifrIqdkif&mESifh vkyfief;jyefvnfcGJa0 tyfESHrI (Sub- contract)qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jynfwGif;ukrÜPDrsm;u jynfhrDEdkifpGrf;ESifh jynf wGif;ukrÜPDrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm yg0ifvkyfudkifEdkifatmif tultnD jzpfap&ef vdktyfonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI (vuf&SdwGif &SdaeNyD;om; r[kwfygu)

* þxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;aom yk*¾vdu u@zGHUNzdK;a&; tydkif;wGifvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;NyD; xdkudpö&yf e,fy,fudk aqG;aEG;&ef a&G;cs,frxm;ygu þae&mwGifom azmfjyxm;ygonf/

tqdkyg rl0g' udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Frame- work \ pnf;rsOf; 5 ESifh jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;? o,HZmw wl;azmfrIESifhqufpyfonfh tajccH taqmufttHk? a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUtm; 0ifaiG cGJa0jzefYjzL;jcif;ESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJU \ 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIwdkYtaMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udk;um;yg/163


¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ tcGefb@maiGt& r[kwfaom ukefusrIrsm;ESifh tusdK; tjrwfrsm;udk rnfodkY [efcsufnDatmif aqmif&GufrnfESifhywfoufí ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if okdYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yf wnfrI &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ 0ifaiG cGJa0rIESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif &yfwnfrI wpf&yf&SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD; om; qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ a'oEå& oufa&mufrIrsm;udk rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ vlxku rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/

>>>

163/ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-local-content> wGif &&SdEdkifonf? o,HZmw wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm; ESifhqufpyfaom tajccH taqmufttHkrsm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernan ce.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-extractives-linked-infrastructure> wGif &&SdEkdifonf? a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tm; 0ifaiG cGJa0ay;jcif;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resource governance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-subnational-revenue-distribution> wGif &&SdEdkifonf? a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJU\ 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrItaMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resource governance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-subnational-revenue-management> wGif &&SdEdkifonf/

123



¼ oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm; twGif;&Sd pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI ukrÜPDrsm;tMum; qufqHa&;tay: vTrf;rdk;aom vuf&Sd Oya'ESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifaom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk qef;ppfjcif; tay: vTrf;rdk;aom vuf&Sd Oya'ESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/ xdk rlabmifu obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh usef;rma&;qkdif&m ukefusrI rsm; avQmhcsjcif;udk rnfodkY aqmif&Gufay;oenf;/ xdkrlabmifudk xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif; &Sdygovm;/164

¼ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u tusdK;tjrwfrsm; odkYr[kwf 0ifaiGrsm;tm; a'oEå& tpdk;& tzGJUrsm; odkYr[kwf a'ocHvlxkxH cGJa0ay;ygovm;/ cGJa0ay;onfqdkygu 0ifaiG cJGa0jcif;tay: vTrf;rdk;aom Oya'rlabmifu bmvJ/ xdkOya'rlabmiftm; wpf owfrwfwnf;ESifh xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfrI &Sdygovm;/165

¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;\ ]]a'oEå&tay: oufa&mufrI}} tydkif;cGJwGif wdkif;jynfonf rnfodkY tajctae&Sdoenf;/ RGI \ ]]a'oEå& tpdk;&tm; o,H Zmwqdkif&m 0ifaiGcGJa0jcif;}} tykdif;wGif wdkif;jynfonf rnfokdY tajctae&Sdoenf;/ wdkif;jynfu rnfonfh tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm; ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ñTefjyrIrsm;rSm tm;enf;aewmvJ? bmaMumifhvJ/166

¼ wdkif;jynfonf EITI tzGJU0ifEdkifiH jzpfygu aemufqHk; EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif ]]vlrI a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrI}}ESifhywfoufNyD; awGU&SdrIrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsuf rsm;u bmawGvJ/167

164/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 1.3.1.a, 1.3.2a, 1.3.4a, 1.3.5a-1.3.5b, ESifh 1.3.6a-1.3.7b. atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

165/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 2.2a-2.2.2b, 2.2.3a-c, 2.2.4a, ESifh 2.2.5a. atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

166/ tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf tajzrsm;udk <http://www.resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents> (tydkif;cGJ 1 .3 ESifh 2 .2) rS a'gif;vkwfqGJ,lEdkifaom RGI Data Explorer wGif Munfh½Iyg/ tydkif;cGJESifh tñTef;udef;&rSwfrsm;udk tjrefMunfhvkdygu <http://www.resource governanceindex.org/country-profiles> wGif Country Profile udkMunfhyg (rdrdMunfhvdkaom EdkifiHudk a&G;cs,fyg? Full Scores tydkif;odkY qif;yg? + udkESdyfí oufqdkif&m trSwfrsm;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg)/


124



oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;rS pDrHudef;ESifh qufpyfolrsm; tm;vHk;tMum; tvkyfESifhywfoufí aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&; &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/168

¼ oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;taejzifh o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGif t"dyÜm,f&SdpGm yg0ifrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;& taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;taejzifh o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;\ oufa&mufrIESifhywfoufí vufawGUusaom arQmfrSef;csufrsm; &Sdap&ef tpdk;& taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;twGuf ,HkMunf&NyD; xda&mufaom tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;ESifhqufpyfonfh tpdk;&ESifh yk*¾vdu vHkNcHKa&; 0efxrf;rsm; taejzifh tiftm; tvGeftuRH roHk;ap&ef tpkd;&taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifh oenf;/

¼ Xmae wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;rI &Sdap&ef tpdk;& taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlY todkuft0ef;rsm;taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI ESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGif yg 0if aqmif&Gufxdkufonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfyg onf/ xdkYaMumifh cdkifrmaom yg0ifaqmif&GufrIESifh tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;a&;pepfrsm; owfrSwfxm;&Sd&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;\ oufa&mufrIrsm;udk qef;ppf&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnf onfhpepfrsm; owfrSwfoifhoenf; odkYr[kwf ydkrdktm;aumif;atmif vkyfaqmif oifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh e,fajrwpfckwGif prf;oyfwdkif;wmrIESifh xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm; vkyf udkifcGifhjyK&ef rqHk;jzwfrD r[mAsL[musaom xdckdufrI qef;ppfjcif;rsm; toHk;jyKoifh ygovm;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;\ tqifhtm;vHk;ü qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&m wGif vdktyfom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&ef obm0 ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrI ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufrI qef;ppfjcif;rsm; toHk;jyKoifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ vlY todkuft0ef;rsm;tay: qdk;&Gm;aom oufa&muf rIrsm;tm; obm0 o,HZmwwl;azmfrI rjyKrD BudK wifí tav;xm; qef;ppfoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o,HZmw pDrHudef; rsm;\ tqifh tm;vHk;wGif tao;pdwfusaom obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrIywf0ef;usif xdcdkufrI qef;ppfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwd u0wf jyKygonf/

168/ vGwfvyfaom? BudKwifjzpfaom? tcsuftvufjynfhpHkpGm od&SdNyD;rS jyKvkyfaom oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf (Prior and Informed Consent - FPIC) onf oufa&mufrI&Sdaom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtm; tultnDay;jcif;twGuf EdkifiHwumpHEIef; jzpfygonf? xdkpHEIef;tm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;twGuf vrf;ñTefvufpGJudk <https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/publications/2016/10/free-prior-and-informed-consent-an-indigenous-peoples-right-and-a-good-practice-for-local-commun ities-fao/> wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

125


o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm;\ obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh usef;rma&; qdkif&m ukefusrIrsm;tm; ykdrdkxda&mufpGm apmifhMunfhppfaq; avQmhcsEdkif&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh tenf;qHk; avQmhcsjcif;xuf BuKdwifumuG,fjcif;udk rnfodkY ydkrkd tm;ay;oifhoenf;? avsmfaMu;ESifh jyefvnf ae&mcsxm;ay;jcif; vdktyfaom tavYtxm;rsm;udk rnfodkY a&SmifMuOfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh xda&mufrI&Sdaom obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh usef; rma&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; rnfodkY owfrSwfí ta&;,l aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ywf0ef;usifxdckdufrI avQmhcsa&; pDrHcefYcGJrI tpD tpOfrsm; a&;qGJxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf[k owfrSwfoifhygovm;? owfrSwfoifhygu tqdkyg tpDtpOfrsm;tm; vdkufemrI &Sdap&ef rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; obm0 ab;tEå&m,f wkHYjyefrI tpDtpOfrsm; a&; qGJxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf[k owfrSwfoifhygovm;?/

¼ pDrHudef; ydwfodrf;jcif;ESifh ajrjyefvnfxlaxmifjcif; taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh aiG aMu; pdkufxkwfrItwGuf wm0ef 0wÅ&m;udk tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY cGJa0 owfrSwf oifhoenf;/

¼ vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ukefusrIrsm;udk a&SmifvTJEdkifjcif; r&Sd ygu vHkavmufaom avsmfaMu;ay;rI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY vkyfaqmif oifhoenf;/

¼ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;&jcif;udk ra&SmifvTJEdkifygu jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;&mwGif vHkavmufaom jyefvnfukpm;ay;rI ay;ap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Guf oifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ o bm0 ywf0ef;usif? vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh usef;rm a&;qdkif&m ukefusrIrsm;udk jzpfEdkiforQ tenf;qHk; avQmhcsoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkY aMumifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufrI pDrH cefYcGJa&; tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJxm;&Sdí vdkufem aqmif&Guf&rnf[k owfrSwf&ef uwdu0wf jyK ygonf/

oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;taejzifh o,HZmw pDrHudef;rsm; rS tusdK;aus;Zl; &&Sdatmif ulnD&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh &yf&GmvlxktwGuf tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; rnfodkY ay;rnfESifhywf oufNyD; oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;ESifh oabmwlnDrI &&Sdap &ef tpdk;&u bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh wdkuf½dkuf tvkyfcefYxm;rIESifh ukefypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; axmufyHYrIqdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlYtodkuft0ef; rsm;xH ay;atmif tm;ay;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - oufa&mufrI cHpm;&aom vlY todkuft0ef;rsm;taejzifh obm0 o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS tusdK;aus;Zl; &&Sdoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ukrÜPDrsm;onf &yf &Gm zGHUNzdK;a&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm; owfrSwfNyD; taumiftxnfazmfay;ap&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwd u0wf jyKygonf/

0ifaiGrsm;udk a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH cGJa0 csxm;ay;oifhygovm;/

¼ cGJa0ay;oifhygu rnfonfh 0ifaiGtrsdK;tpm;rsm;udk rnfonfha'oEå& tmPmykdif rsm;xH cGJa0csxm;ay;rnfenf;/ xdk0ifaiGrsm;udk rnfodkY cGJa0ay;oifhNyD; xdkodkY vTJ ajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm;onf &Sif;vif;pGm a&;qGJ owfrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm; tay: tajccHí aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfap&efESifh rSefuefpGmESifh tcsdefrD aqmif&GufrI &Sdap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS &&Sdaom cdkifaMu;rsm;\ ao;i,faom tpdwf tydkif;wpfcktm; wl;azmfonhfa'orS jynfe,f tpkd;&tzGJUxH cGJa0ay;oifhonf[k ygwDu ,Hk Munfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh jynfe,ftpdk;&xH vTJ ajymif;ayjcif;twGuf yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0ef cHrI&Sdaom enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm; owfrSwf&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

126


jynfwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ESifh tvkyform;rsm; taejzifh o,HZmw wl; azmfrI u@wGif tcGifhtvrf;ESifh aqmif&GufEdkifrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bm vkyfoifhoenf;/*

¼ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;tay: twm;tqD; jzpfapaom t&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;&ef bmvkyfzdkY vkdtyfoenf;/

¼ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; &Sdoifhygovm;/ &Sdoifhonf qdkyg u xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf a'ocH pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh nDnGwfrI &SdNyD; tvGeftuRH tumtuG,fay;rIudk a&SmifMuOfum t*wdvkdufpm;rIudk wm;qD;ay;ap&ef bm vkyfoifhoenf;/ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemrI &Sd r&Sd ESifh tpdk;&\ yHYydk;rI tpDtrHrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY apmifhMunfhppfaq;NyD; ta&;,l aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmw u@wGif jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf; rsm;tm; atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf azmf&ef txl;jyK aqmif&Gufrnfh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;? 0efxrf;ESifh aiGaMu;rsm; vdktyfonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfwGif;yg0ifrItcsdK; tpm;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; taumiftxnf azmfjcif;? apmifhMunfh ppfaq;jcif;ESifh ta&;,l aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYudk ESpfjr§Kyf aqmif&Gufonfh Xm eqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;wpfck wnfaxmif&ef uREfkyf wdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

* þar;cGef;rsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;aom yk*¾vdu u@ zGHUNzdK;a&;tydkif;wGifvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;NyD; xdkudpö&yf e,fy,fudk aqG;aEG;&ef a&G;cs,frxm;ygu þae&mwGifom azmfjyxm;ygonf/

127


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)6/ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;

rSwfcsuf - EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm; r&SdMuyg odkYr[kwf wnfaxmif&ef rpOf; pm;xm;yg/ xdkYaMumifh þudpö&yf e,fy,fonf þvkyfief;pOftwGuf oufqdkifrI r&Sd jzpf Edkifygonf/

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfonf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; &,l&mwGif toHk;jyKonfh wdkif;jynf r[mAsL[m\ ta&;BuD;aom tpdwftydkif; wpfck jzpfEdkifygonf/ aumif;rGefpGm vnfywfaom EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf o,HZmw xGuf&Sd aom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;pGmjzifh taxmuftuljyKEdkifygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tcGefrsm; tjyif o,HZmw r&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm; &SmazGay;Edkifonf/ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;udk ysdK; axmifay;EdkifNyD; EdkifiH\ xdef;odrf; BuD;MuyfEdkifpGrf;udk jr§ifhwifay;ygonf/ odkYaomf xda&mufrI&Sd aom EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;onf vG,fulaom tvkyfr[kwfyg/ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief; rsm;onf yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfvmjcif;? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m b@maiGrsm;udk pkyf,ljcif;? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m o,HZmwrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkifrI r&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh obm0 o,HZmwrS tusdK;tjrwf trsm;qHk; &&SdEdkifjcif; tay: t[efYtwm;jzpfapaom t*wdvdkufpm;rIESifh vkyfykdifcGifh tvGJoHk;pm;jyKrI jzpfay:jcif;wdkY rMumcPqdkovdk jzpfay:apavY&Sdygonf/ b&mZD;EdkifiH\ trsdK;om; a&eHukrÜPD Petrobras yg0ifonfh t*wdvdkufpm;rIwGif tmPm&ygwD tpdk;&tzGJU\ oHk;yHkwpfyHkavmufonf pGyfpGJcHcJY&NyD; ygwD\ *kPfowif;tay: tBuD;tus,f xdckdufcJYygonf/169

EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;onf vltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;rIudkvnf; trsm;tjym; &&Sdojzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; taejzifh EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm; &Sdoifh r&SdoifhESifh ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfokdY tkyfcsKyfrnfESifhywfoufNyD; jynfpHkaom owif;tcsuftvuftay: tajccHonfh &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&ef ta&; BuD;ygonf/ okawoe avYvmrI tus,fw0ifh jyKvkyfNyD; 2010 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&duEdkifiHrS ANC onf ukefusrIrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; ay;aom rufvHk;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; pdk;&drfrI rsm;aMumifh owÅKwGif;u@tm; tpdk;&u qufvufydkifqdkifjcif;udk uefYowfonfh &yfwnfrIudk owfrSwf&ef qHk;jzwfcJYygonf/ xdkygwDtaejzifh ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;csuf rsm; atmifjrifaprnfh enf;vrf;tjzpf a&;qGJazmfjyjcif;jzifh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m &yfwnfrIudk axmuf cHajymqdkEdkifcJYygonf/170


EdkifiHydkifvkyfief; &Sd&rnf r&Sd&rnfESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowf rSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ (EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHjyify) EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;wpf&yf wnfaxmifjcif;ESifhqufpyfaom EdkifiHawmf\ ydkifqdkifrI? tvm;tvm&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh qHk;½HI;

169/ ydkrkdod&Sdvdkygu <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39574355> ukd Munfhyg/

170/ tcef; 2 wGif awmiftmz&duEkdifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/

>>>

128


Edkifajcrsm;ESifh tpdk;&\ t&if;tESD; &&SdEdkifrIESifhywfoufí wdkif;jynf\ arQmfrSef;csuf rsm;

¼ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;twGuf tvm;tvm&Sdaom vkyfom;tiftm;\ twwfynm tqifhtwef;ESifh ukrÜPD\ avYvmoif,lrItwGuf ukefusrI

¼ tusdK;tjrwf &,lEdkifrI okdYr[kwf t*wdvdkufpm;rIqdkif&m qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm;

EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;wpfck\ tkyfcsKyfrIzGJUpnf;yHkESifhywfoufaom rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; a&; qGJowfrSwfaomtcgwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;yg onf -

¼ trsm;jynfolqdkif&m &S,f,m&Sifrsm;taejzifh t&if;tESD; &&SdEdkifrIESifh wm0efcHrI ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif rnfodkY aqmif&GufEdkifrnf

¼ 'g½dkufwm bkwftzGJUwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifvdkpdwf &SdNyD; wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sdaom t&nftcsif;&Sdonfh ynm&Sifrsm; &Sd r&SdESifh ¤if;wkdYtm; a&G;cs,fjcif;twGuf taumif;qHk; vkyfief;pOf

EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;\ (pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh roufqdkifaom) tcef;u@ ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJ owfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ vkyfief;u@udk rnfonfh tjcm;Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u tkyfcsKyfaeonfESifh tcef;u@rsm;ESifh vdktyfaom vkyfom;tiftm; twwfynmrsm; rnfodkY xyf aernf (qdkvkdonfrSm 0efBuD;Xmersm; odkYr[kwf xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; tzGJUrsm; wGif twwfynm t&nftcsif;rsm; pkpnf;xm;&Sdjcif;u ydkrdkxda&mufrnfvm;)

¼ EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESifhroufqdkifaom tcef;u@rsm;udk aqmif&Gufyg u tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©jzpfrI &Sd r&Sd odkYr[kwf t*wdvdkufpm;rI tvm;tvm; ydkrdkjrifhrm;Edkifjcif; &Sd r&Sd

EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;u xdef;odrf;xm;aom 0ifaiGyrmPESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnf rIrsm; a&;qGJ owfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef ta&;BuD;yg onf -

¼ EdkifiHykdif vkyfief;wpfckwGif tcGefb@maiGqdkif&mESifh tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m vGwfvyfrI&Sd jcif;\ ukefusrIrsm;? tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh ukrÜPD\ trSefwu,f 0ifaiG vdktyf csufrsm;

¼ EdkifiHawmf bwf*sufESifh,SOfvQif EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;u b,favmuf BuD;rm;ovJ? vuf&SdwGif cefYrSef; EdkifiHawmfbwf*swf vTJajymif;rIrsm;u b,favmuftxd BudK wifcefYrSef;EdkifovJ

¼ bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrIrsm; ESifh tpdk;&udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifrIrsm; (Quasi-Fiscal Activities)ESifhqufpyfonfh qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm;

þrl0g' udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Framework

>>>

129


\ pnf;rsOf; 6? EdkifiHawmf\ yg0ifvkyfudkifrI? EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ukefypönf; a&mif;0,frI taMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udk;um;yg/171


¼ o,HZmwu@wGif EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;\ tcef;u@ESifh xdktcef;u@tm; rnf odkY tkyfcsKyfoifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifh NyD;om;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ o,HZmwu@ jyifywGif EdkifiHawmf\ yg0ifvkyfukdifrIESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDtaejzifh (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yf wnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh a,bk,s tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf\ yg0ifvkyfudkifrI odkYr[kwf twdtus tm;jzifh vuf&Sd EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;(rsm;)tm; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif,l qoenf;/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef; vuf&Sdrlabmif

¼ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;tm; vTrf;rdk;aom Oya'ESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/ xdkrlabmiftm; vHkavmufpGm ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; &Sdygovm;/172

¼ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;tm; rnfonfhenf;vrf;jzifh aiGaMu;yHYydk;xm;oenf;/ aiGa&; aMu;a&;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; vlod&SifMum; zGifh[xkwfazmfjcif; &Sd ygovm;/ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;onf ¤if;\ tcef;u@udk jznfhqnf;&ef aiGaMu;t& ESifh ynm&yft& vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sdygovm;/173

¼ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;wGif EdkifiHa&;t& pGufzufrIESifh tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;tm; uefYowfay;NyD; aumif;rGefaom BuD;MuyfrI &Sdaponfh cdkifrmaom ukrÜPDtkyfcsKyfrI zGJUpnf;yHkrsm; &Sdygovm;/ ¤if;\ qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfrIESifh vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;onf yGifhvif;jrifomNyD; wm0efcHrI &Sdygvm;/174

¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;\ ]]EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;}} tykdif;cGJwGif wdkif;jynf u rnfokdY tajctae &Sdoenf;/ wdkif;jynfu rnfonfh tajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ñTefjyrIrsm;rSm tm;enf;aewmvJ? bmaMumifhvJ/175

171/ EdkifiHawmf\ yg0ifvkyfudkifrIESifh EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resource governance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-state-participation-and-state-owned-enterprises> wGif &&SdEdkifNyD; ukefypönf;a&mif;0,frI (Commodity Trading) taMumif; vufurf; pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-commodity-trading> wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

172/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 1.4a-1.4b. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

173/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 1.4.1a ESifh 1.4.2a-b. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

174/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 1.4.31-c, 1.4.5a-e, 1.4.9a-e, ESifh 1.4.10a-b. atmuf&Sd RGI data wGif &&SdEdkifygonf/

175/ tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf tajzrsm;udk <http://www.resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents> (tydkif; 1 .4) rS a'gif;vkwfqGJ,lEdkifaom RGI Data Explorer wGif Munfh½Iyg/ tydkif;cGJESifh tñTef;udef;&rSwfrsm;udk tjrefMunfhvkdygu <http://www.resourcegover nanceindex.org/country-profiles> wGif Country Profile udkMunfhyg (rdrdMunfhvdkaom EdkifiHudk a&G;cs,fyg? Full Scores tydkif;odkY qif;yg? + udkESdyfí oufqdkif&m trSwfrsm;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg)/

130


¼ wdkif;jynfonf EITI tzGJU0ifEdkifiH jzpfygu aemufqHk; EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif ]]EdkifiH awmfu yg0ifvkyfudkifrI}} qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; awGU&SdrIrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;u bmawGvJ/176

rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,fEkdifrIrsm; &yfwnfrIrsm;

EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;\ tcef;u@udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfNyD; ukrÜPDtwGuf vkyfief;vnfywfrItwGuf aiGaMu;yHYydk;rI &,ljcif; enf;vrf;wpf&yf owfrSwf&ef tpdk;&u bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ ukrÜPD\ aiGaMu;t&ESifh ynm&yft& trSefwu,f aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;udk xif[yf ap&ef EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcef;u@tm; ykdrdk&Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwf oifhygovm;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh rywfoufaom tcef;u@rsm;tm; ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfoifhygovm;/ tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu© jzpfrIrsm;udk avQmhcs uefYowf&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;wGif vufawGU tvkyfjzpfaom aiGaMu;yHYydk;rI &,laom enf;vrf; &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;wpfckonf xda&mufrI &Sdap&ef ¤if;wGif &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfxm;aom tcef; u@rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm; &Sd&rnf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh rywfoufaom tcef;u@rsm;? tjcm;vkyfief;u@rsm;ESifh quf pyfyHkudk &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwf&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;\ ukrÜPDtkyfcsKyfrI pepfrsm;onf ukrÜPD\ ynm&yfqdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t& pGufzufrIudk uefYowfay;NyDd; wpfzufwGif vnf; xda&mufaom BuD;MuyfrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;wGif EdkifiHawmfrS &S,f,m&Siftjzpf yg0ifolrsm;u rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfESifh ¤if;wdkY\ tcef;u@udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfoifhyg ovm;/

¼ EdkifiHvkyfief;\ bkwftzGJUonf ydkrdktm;aumif;um? ynm&SifqefNyD; vGwfvyfrIvnf; &Sdap&ef jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vdktyfygovm;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;taejzifh 0efxrf;rsm;\ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;wdkYwGif ydkrdk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHoifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - ygwDtaejzifh obm0 o,H Zmwqdkif&m EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf ukrÜPD tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m tjrifhrm;qHk; pHEIef;rsm;udk vdkuf emoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkY aMumifh EdkifiHawmfrS &S,f,m&Siftjzpf yg0ifolrsm; \ tcef;u@ESifh ¤if;wkdY rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwf&efESifh EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;wGif tm;aumif;NyD; vGwfvyfaom bkwftzGJU &Sdap&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;\ qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;ESifh vkyfief;vnfywfrIrsm;onf yGifh vif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;onf vkyfief;vnfywfrIqdkif&mESifh aiGay;acsrIqdkif&m tcsuftvuf rsm;udk ydkrdkzGifh[ xkwfazmfoifhygovm;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;onf vGwfvyfaom aiGaMu;t& pm&if;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk ydkrdk rMum cP cH,lí xGufay:vmaom &v'frsm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmoifhygovm;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;\ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrItay: xdkufavsmufaom uefYowf pGufzuf rI rjyKbJ EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;tm; BuD;Muyf&ef Oya'jyKa&;tzGJU ydkrdkBudK;yrf;oifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf yGif;vif;jrifompGmESifh wm0efcHrI &SdpGm vnfywf vkyfudkifoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHydkif vkyf ief;onf vkyfief;vnfywfrIqdkif&m? aiGay;acsrI qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk vlod&SifMum; xkwf jyef&efESifh yHkrSefppfaq;rIrsm; cH,lrI &Sdap&ef uREfkyf wdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/


131


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)7/ 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrI

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm; cdkifrmpGm pDrHcefYcGJrIonf BudKwifrarQmf rSef;Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tEå&m,frsm;taMumif; A[kokwtm; a&wdk tusdK;tjrwfrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESifh aygif;pyfxm;ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf cdkif rmaom tkyfcsKyfrI jzpfay:vmatmif EdI;aqmf tm;ay;&mwGif vTrf;rdk;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ *gemEdkifiHü a&eHawGU&SdNyD;cgprSmyif t"duygwD ESpfcku rdrdwdkYygwDonf a&eH tjrefqHk; xGuf&Sdvmatmif vkyfEdkifNyD; a&eHrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk tjrefqHk; oHk;pGJrnfhygwDtjzpf tNydKiftqdkif MuGm;vHk;xkwfcJY Muygonf/ uHraumif;pGmyif xdkodkY 0ifaiGudk tjrefqHk; oHk;pGJ&ef NydKifqdkifrI pwifNyD;aemufydkif;wGif a&eHaps;rsm; tBuD;tus,f usqif;cJYojzifh trsm;jynfolqkdif&m aMuG;NrD tajrmuftjrm; wif oGm;cJYygonf/177 awmfao;onfrSm rMumao;rDu ygwDrsm;onf 0ifaiG twuftusjrefrIudk ajz&Sif;&ef &yfwnfrItopfrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfcJYNyD; tqdkyg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufaom trsm;jynfolqdkif&m aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIrsm;tm; owif;tcsuftvuf ay;Edkif&ef tqdkyg &yfwnfrI rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJYMuygonf/

rl0g'&yfwnfrIwGif obm0 o,HZmwrsm;ESifhywfoufí 0ifaiGpkaqmif;jcif;ESifh acs;,ljcif;wdkY twGuf &Sif;vif;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm; rjzpfrae owfrSwfxm;oifhygonf/ o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk aumufcHjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESifh cGJa0ay;jcif; jyK&mwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI &Sd&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ a&&Snf tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&S;½Ioifhygonf/ ygwDtaejzihf BuD;Muyfa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ESifh rD'D,m tygt0if þu@twGuf tpdk;&\ tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m rlabmiftay: xda&mufaom BuD;MuyfrIvnf; &Sdapoifhygonf/


ukefcrf;oGm;EdkifrI ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ obm0 o,HZmwrsm;onf aemufxyfrnfrQ MumMum&SdaeOD;rnf[k arQmfrSef;xm; onfESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfEHSrItwGuf vuf&Sd jynfolrsm;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh aemifvm aemifom;rsm;\ arQmfrSef; vdktyfcsufrsm;

¼ aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf &efyHkaiG xdef;odrf;jcif;\ aiGaMu;t&ESifh EdkifiHa&; t& oufa&mufrIrsm;tjyif t*wdvdkufpm;rI jzpfyGm;Edkifaom tEå&m,f

toHk;p&dwfrsm;tm; 0ifaiGrsm;rS cGJxkwfjcif; ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;yg onf -

¼ 0ifaiGrsm; (odkYr[kwf aps;EIef;rsm;)onf vGefcJYaom ig;ESpfwavQmuf BudKwifcefY rSef;EdkifrI b,favmuf&SdvJ


>>>

132


¼ bwf*sufonf ½kwfw&uf aps;EIef; tajymif;tvJrsm;tay: b,favmufxd wkHY jyefvJ

¼ aps;EIef;jrifhonfhESpfwGif 0ifaiGtm;vHk; toHk;rjyKjcif;\ EdkifiHa&;t& oufa&mufrI rsm; tygt0if cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;? &efyHkaiG owfrSwfjcif;\ ukef usrIrsm;ESifh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;

0ifaiGrsm;tm; wdkif;jynf pD;yGm;a&;xJodkY pkyf,ljcif;ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrI rsm; a&;qGJowfrSwf&mwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD; ygonf -

¼ yk*¾vdu u@\ pkyf,lEdkifpGrf; (Absorptive Capacity)

¼ tpdk;& u@\ pkyf,lEdkifpGrf; (Absorptive Capacity) ESifh xda&mufrI&Sdaom aiGaMu;okH;pGJrI\ tjrifhqHk; EIef;

¼ pkyf,lEdkifpGrf; (Absorptive Capacity) xuf ausmfvGefoHk;pGJaomtcg &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH rItay: tjrwftpGef; jyefvnf&&SdrIESifh tcsdKUaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;ciftxd apmifhqdkif;&efyHkaiG (Parking Fund)tjzpf oD;jcm; z,fxkwfxm;jcif;\ aiGaMu;t& ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& oufa&mufrIrsm;

o,HZmw tmrcHxm;aom acs;aiGrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJ owfrSwf&mwGif atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS&&Sdaom pkpkaygif; arQmfrSef;0ifaiGrsm;ESifh tqkdyg arQmfrSef;csuf rsm;\ aocsmEIef;

¼ aemufydkif;rSoHk;pGJ&ef 0ifaiGrsm; r&Sdjcif;\ oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfvsuf ,ck tcsdefwGif 0ifaiG oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;\ EdkifiHa&;t&ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIt& tm;omcsuf rsm;

¼ tqdkyg acs;aiGrsm;\ jzpfEdkifaom twdk; EIef;xm;rsm; ESifh aMuG;NrD EIef;xm;onf bwf*sufwpfckvHk;ESifh o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;\ yrmPESifh ,SOfvQif rnf odkY&SdaMumif;

tqdkyg rl0g' udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Frame- work \ pnf;rsOf; 7 ESifh 8? 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh cGJa0ay;rI? tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh obm0 o,HZmw &efyHkaiGrsm;? a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;tm; 0ifaiG cJGa0jzefYjzL;jcif;ESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;\ 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrIwdkYtaMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udk;um;yg/178

>>>

178/ 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh jzefYjzL;rItaMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analy sis-tools/publications/primer-revenue-management-and-distribution> wGif &,lEdkifonf? tcGef b@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m &efyHkaiGrsm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-fiscal-rules-and-natural-resource-funds> wGif &,lEdkifonf? a'oEå& tpdk;&tm; 0ifaiG cGJa0ay;jcif;taMumif; vufurf; pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-subnational-revenue-distribution> wGif &,lEdkifonf? a'oEå& tpdk;& 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrItaMumif; vufurf;pmapmif udk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/ publications/primer-subnational-revenue-management> wGif &,lEdkifonf/

133



¼ 0ifaiG twuftusjrefrI? o,HZmw ukefcrf;oGm;EdkifrIESifh obm0 o,HZmwrsm;ESifh ywfoufí pD;yGm;a&; yHkpHysufjcif;qdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef xm;&Sdoifhonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm; (qkdvdkonfrSm o,HZmw &efyHkaiGESifh aiGaMu;rl0g')ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yf wnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ 0ifaiGvTJajymif;rIrsm;udk a'oEå& tmPmydkifrsm;u rnfodkY pDrHcefYcGJoifhonfESifhywf oufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwD wGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh o,HZmw rS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; rnfodkY pDrHcefYcGJoifhonf (qdkvdkonfrSm o,HZmw &efyHk aiGrsm;? aiGaMu;rl0g'rsm;ESifh a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;)ESifhywf oufNyD; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/


¼ obm0 o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;twGuf vuf&Sd tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrI qdkif&m rlabmifu bmvJ/ tpdk;&onf owfrSwfxm;aom rnfonfh tcGefb@m aiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;rqdk tygt0if þtcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m rlabmif tm; vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif; &Sdygovm;/ rnfonfh tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; udkrqkd vdkufemrI &Sdr&Sdtay: pdppfrIESifh ta&;,laqmif&GufrI tpDtpOfrsm; &Sdvm;? tpdk;&onf ¤if;wdkYtm; vdkufemrI &Sdygovm;/179

¼ jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpdk;&onf aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrIEIef;udk vHkavmufpGm pDrHcefYcGJrI &Sd ygovm;/ tpdk;& aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrIonf a&wdk 0ifaiGtajymif;tvJrsm;tay: rSDcdkrI uif;rJhovm; (qdkvdkonfrSm vGefcJYaom q,fESpfwavQmuf 0ifaiGokH;pGJrIonf 0if aiGrsm;ESifh,SOfvQif wnfNidrfrI &Sdygovm;/

¼ tpkd;&onf aiGaMu;tm; tusdK;&Sdaom ydkifqkdifrI odkYr[kwf vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm;tjzpfodkY toGif;ajymif;&mwGif b,favmuf xda&mufrI/

¼ EkdifiHydkif Opöm"e &efyHkaiGwpf&yf &Sdygovm;/ &SdvQif ¤if;\ &nf&G,fcsufu bmvJ? ¤if;tm; rnfodkY pDrHcefYcGJoenf;/180

¼ 0ifaiGrsm;udk a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH vTJajymif;ay;ygovm;/ vTJajymif;ay;onf qdkygu xdkvTJajymif;rIrsm;ukd rnfodkY pDrHcefYcGJoenf;? rnfodkY wm0efcHoenf;? rnf odkY tpD&ifcHoenf;/181

179/ vuf&Sd rlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 2.1.2a-2.1.2b ESifh 2.1.3a-2.1.3b. atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

180/ vuf&Sd rlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 2.3a, 2.3.1 a-c, 2.3.2a-2.3.2d, 2.3.3a-b, 2.3.4a-e, 2.3.5a-d, ESifh 2.3.6a-c (law). atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

181/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 2.2.a-2.2.5a. atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

134


¼ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI tñTef;udef;\ ]]0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrI}} tydkif;wGif wdkif;jynfonf rnfodkY tajctae &Sdoenf;/ wdkif;jynfu rnfonfhtajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyf xHk;vkyfenf; ñTefjyrIrsm;rSm tm;enf;aewmvJ? bmaMumifhvJ/182

¼ wdkif;jynfonf EITI tzGJU0ifEdkifiH jzpfygu aemufqHk; EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif ]]0ifaiG cGJa0csxm;jcif;rsm;}}ESifhywfoufNyD; awGU&SdrIrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;u bm awGvJ/183


jyefvnfrjynfhNzdK;aom obm0 o,HZmwrsm;onf tuefYtowfESifhom &Sd aomaMumifh tpdk;&taejzifh ¤if;\ aiGoHk;pGJrIESifh acs;,lrIwdkYonf tcGefb@m aiGqkdif&m a&&SnfwnfwHYrI &Sdap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh ¤if;\ o,HZmw tokH;jyKrIESifh aiGoHk;pGJrI rl0g'wdkYonf a&&Snfwnf wHhrI &Sdap&ef ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfodkY qef;ppfoifhoenf;/ (Oyrm - a&&SnfwnfwHYrIqdkif&m rnfonfh tñTef;udef;rsm;udk udk;um;oifhoenf;/)

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m a&&SnfwnfwHYrI jr§ifhwif&efESifh udef;*Pef; wdwdusus &Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm; yg0ifap&ef tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m rl abmiftm; jyifqifoifhygovm;/

¼ tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; tygt0if tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m rlabmiftm; vdkufemrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/ vdkufemrIudk jr§ifhwif&ef rnfonfh rSefrrSef ppfaq;jcif; tpDtrHrsm; xm;&Sdoifh odkYr[kwf ydkrdkav;eufpGm ta&;,l aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh tpdk;& ykdifqdkifrIrsm;tm; taygifxm;jcif;? acs;,lrI umvrsm;ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrIqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom jy|mef;csufrsm; tyg t0if aMuG;NrD pDrHcefYcGJrI rl0g' owfrSwfoifh^toufoGif;oifhygovm;/

¼ o,HZmw r[kwfaom tcGefaumufcHrI tajccHukd wdk;csJU&mwGif taxmuftul jzpf&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - tpdk;&\ obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIonf tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m a&&Snfwnf wHYrI &Sdoifhonf[k ygwDu ,kHMunfygonf/ xdkY aMumifh acs;,lrItm; uefYowf&ef? o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk wm0ef,lrI&SdpGm &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH &ef? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsdK;tpm; pHkvifpGm jzefY usufvkyfudkifjcif;udk yHYydk;ay;&efESifh tcGefaumufcH rI tajccH (Tax Base) udk csJUxGif&ef pnf;rsOf;rsm; owfrSwf&ef uREfkyfwkdYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;wGif aiGokH;pGJrIEIef;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJ&ef tpdk;&tae jzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ aiGaMu;tm; tusdK;&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrIrsm; odkYr[kwf vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; tjzpfodkY toGif;ajymif;&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ (tpdk;&oHk;pGJrI tygt0if) pkpkaygif;oHk;pGJrI wdk;wufrIonf pkyf,lEdkifpGrf; (Absorptive Capacity)tuefYtowfrsm;xuf ausmfvGefjcif; &Sd r&Sd qef;ppf&ef tpdk;&taejzifh rnfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyKoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh pkyf,lEdkifpGrf; (Absorptive Capacity)tuefYtowfrsm;udk rnfodkY a&SmifMuOfoifhoenf;/ (Oyrm - ydkvQHaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk jynfyaMuG;NrD jyefvnfay; qyfrItwGuf oHk;oifhovm; odkYr[kwf jynfyydkifqdkifrIrsm;wGif pkaqmif;oifhovm;/)

¼ aiGvJEIef; wdk;wufrI (Real Exchange Rate Appreciation) odkYr[kwf aiGvJEIef; ESifh 0ifaiG twuftusjrefrI tygt0if o,HZmwtay: rSDcdkrIESifh qufpyfaom tysufoabm aqmifEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh oufa&mufrIrsm;udk avsmhyg;oufomap&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef A[dkbPftaejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk oHk;pGJrnfhEIef;onf wdkif;jynf\ pkyf ,lEdkifpGrf; (Absorptive Capacity)ESifh nDnGwf oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;onf jynfwGif;pD; yGm;a&;wGif xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJEdkifonfxuf ausmf vGefaomtcg ydkvQHaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; jynfy aMuG;NrDay;qyfjcif; odkYr[kwf jynfyydkifqdkifrIrsm; wGif pkaqmif;jcif;wdkY jyKvkyf&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwd u0wf jyKygonf/

182/ tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf tajzrsm;udk <http://www.resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/data-and-source-documents> (tydkif; 2 .2) rS a'gif;vkwfqGJ,lEdkifaom RGI Data Explorer wGif Munfh½Iyg/ tydkif;cGJESifh tñTef;udef;&rSwfrsm;udk tjrefMunfhvkdygu <http://www.resourcegover nanceindex.org/country-profiles> wGif Country Profile udkMunfhyg (rdrdMunfhvdkaom EdkifiHudk a&G;cs,fyg? Full Scores tydkif;odkY qif;yg? + udkESdyfí oufqdkif&m trSwfrsm;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg)/


135


aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrIonf a&wdk 0ifaiGajymif;vJrIrsm;tay: rSDcdkrI r&Sdap&ef tpdk;& taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ a&wdk toHk;p&dwf acsmarGYrI&Sdapjcif;tay: vTrf;rdk;aom tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrI qdkif&m rlabmiftm; tpdk;&u jyifqifoifhygovm;/ vdkufemaqmif&GufrIudk rnf odkY apmifhMunfhppfaq;oifhoenf;/

¼ tu,fí tpdk;&onf EdkifiHydkif Opöm"e &efyHkaiG &Sdygu tqdkyg &efyHkaiGtm; yGifhvif; jrifomaom? wm0efcHrI&Sdaom? xda&mufrI&Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI r[mAsL[monf &efyHkaiG\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk atmifjrifap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - tpdk;& aiGoHk;pGJrItm; obm0 o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;\ a&wdk twuf tusrS cJGjcm;xm;oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfyg onf/ xdkYaMumifh vuf&Sd tcGeftcrsm; aumufcH rIqdkif&m rlabmiftm; jyefvnfoHk;oyf&efESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm; acsmarGYrI &Sdapjcif;ESifhywfoufí tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ay;&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

136


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)8/ tpdk;& aiGoHk;pGJrI

aemufcHtaMumif;t&m - o,HZmw aygMuG,f0rIonf tajccH taqmufttHkESifh trsm;jynfol qdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;wGif ta&;ygaom wdk;wufrIrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;axmufyHYay;rnfh tcGifh tvrf; ay;ygonf/ uHraumif;pGmyif wdkif;jynfrsm;onf þtcGifhtvrf;tm; rMumcPqdkovdk jzKef;wD;rdavY&SdMuygonf/ tpdk;&taejzifh pkaqmif;aiGrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI EIef;rsm;udk aumif;pGm pDrHcefYcGJonfhwdkif trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI jzpfay:aprnfh enf;vrf;jzifh toHk;jyK&ef ½kef;uefae&qJ jzpfygonf/

tpdk;& aiGoHk;pGJrI\ oufa&mufrIonf ¤if;\ xda&mufrItay: t"du rlwnfaeNyD; xda&mufrI jr§ifhwifjcif;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;uvnf; xif&Sm;ygonf/ txda&mufqHk; trsm;jynfolqdkif&m &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI&Sdaom wdkif;jynfrsm;onf xda&mufrItenf;qHk; wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh ,SOfygu &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrI wpfa':vmvQif pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufrI ododomom ydkírsm;ygonf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf tpdk;& aiGoHk;pGJrItay: vrf;ñTefrIay;jcif;ESifh ¤if;tm; wwfEdkiforQ xda&mufrI&Sdatmif pDrHcefYcGJ apjcif;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifygonf/ aiGoHk;pGJrI vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh ckdifrmaom ygwD &yfwnfrIrsm;onf xifomjrifom &Sdaomfvnf; xdckdufrIenf;yg;aom pDrHudef; rsm;twGuf aiGaMu;oHk;pGJ&ef vlBudKufrsm; 0g' jzpfvmEdkifonfh tvm;tvmrsm;rS umuG,fay;Edkif ygonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh *gemEdkifiH\ vlxknDvmcH ygwDwGif ]]o,HZmw wl;azmfrIu@rS &&Sdaom 0ifaiG tm; *gem jynfolrsm;\ zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI tpDtpOfESifh rl0g' &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh nDñGwfaom enf;vrf;jzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef}} uwdu0wf rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tay: tvGeftuRH rSDcdkrI avQmhcs&ef? a'oEå& tmPmydkifrsm;xH ay;acsaom cdkifaMu;rsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq; oHk;oyf&efESifh 0ifaiGrsm;\ wpf0ufudk pkaqmifjcif;jzifh aemif vmaemifom;rsm; wef;wlnDrQpGm tusdK;cHpm;cGifh &&Sdap&ef uwdu0wfjyKrIrsm; yg0ifcJYygonf/

þe,fy,fESifhywfoufaom rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg ygwDwpfckonf cGJa0 owfrSwfjcif;qdkif&m xda&mufrI (trsm;jynfolqdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm; cGJa0owfrSwfjcif;ESifh oHk;pGJjcif;wGif tpdk;&\ OD;pm;ay; udpö&yfrsm;udk xif[yfapjcif;)? (bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrI tEå&m,frsm;udk txl;ojzifh tav;xm;í) 0ifaiGrsm; jzefYa0ay;jcif;? bwf*suf taumiftxnf azmfjcif;ESifh vkyfief;vnfywfrIqkdif&m xda&mufrI (trsm;jynfolqdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; ay;&m wGifESifh oHk;pGJonfhaiGtay: tusdK;trsm;qHk; &&Sdap&mwGif bwf*swf owfrSwfxm;onfh trsm; jynfolqdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkifpGrf;)ESifh tqdkyg vkyfief;pOfrsm; tm; vHk;wGif wm0efcHrI rnfodkY &SdaprnfwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf/184


trsdK;om; pDrHudefrsm;ESifhtnD aiGaMu;oHk;pGJjcif; ESifhywfoufaom rl0g'&yfwnfrIrsm; udk a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&; BuD;ygonf -

>>>

184/ þZ,m;yg ar;cGef;rsm;onf ydkí ta&;BuD;onfh o,HZmwtay: rSDcdkaom wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh qDavsmfaom udpö&yfrsm;jzifh tpdk;&\ toHk;p&dwfESifh wm0efcHrI (Public Expenditure and Accountability – PEFA) rlabmifESifhtnD a&;qGJxm;ygonf/

137


¼ a&&Snf r[mAsL[mESifhtnD oHk;pGJjcif;ESifh vuf&Sd vdktyfcsufrsm;twdkif; jyifvG,f ajymif;vG,f&Sd&ef vdktyfcsuftMum; oifhavsmfaom [efcsufnDrI

¼ tm;enf;aom vkyfief;pOf\ qHk;½HI;Edkifajcrsm; (Oyrm - tvGeftuRH oHk;pGJjcif;? oHk;pGJrI enf;yg;vGef;jcif;ESifh tavtvGifh)ESifhEdIif;,SOfvsuf vuf&Sd bwf*sufa&;qGJ jcif; vkyfief;pOftm; ydkrdktm;aumif;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhqufpyfonfh aiG aMu;ESifh tcsdefukefusrIrsm; (Oyrm - tjcm; 0efBuD;Xmersm;\ ykdrkdyg0ifaqmif&GufrI)

bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrIESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowfrSwfaom tcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrIrsm;\ aiGaMu;t&? pD;yGm;a&;t&ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& ukefusrI rsm;ESifh rnfonfh bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrItwGufrqdk taMumif;jycsufrsm;\ cdkif vHk rSefuefrI

a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;tm; 0ifaiG cGJa0ay;jcif;*ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ o,HZmw MuG,f0aom a'orsm;rS a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tMum; vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& qufqHa&;ESifh a'o\ ydkifqdkifrI odkYr[kwf tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhESifhywfoufí arQmfrSef;csufrsm;&Sd r&Sd

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIESifhywfoufNyD; a'oEå& tpdk;tzGJUrsm;\ tcGefb@maiGqdkif &m wm0ef 0wÅ&m;rsm;

¼ a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;taejzifh aiGaMu;tm; xda&mufjrefqefpGm oHk;pGJEdkifpGrf;ESifh o,HZmw MuG,f0rIESifhywfoufNyD; xl;jcm;aom 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m pdefac:rI rsm;tay: wkHYjyefaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;

* þar;cGef;rsm;udk txufyg a'oEå& oufa&mufrIrsm; tydkif;wGifvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjy xm;NyD; xdkudpö&yf e,fy,fwpfckudk aqG;aEG;&ef a&G;cs,frxm;ygu þae&mwGifom azmfjyxm;ygonf/

tqdkyg rl0g' udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Frame- work \ pnf;rsOf; 9 ESifh o,HZmw usdefpm? tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m &efyHkaiGrsm;? 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh jzefYa0rI ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrIqdkif&m enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udk;um;yg/185

>>>

185/ o,HZmw usdefpm vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-resource-curse> wGif &,lEdkifonf? tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m &efyHkaiGrsm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-fiscal-rules-and-natural-resource-funds> wGif &,lEdkif onf? 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh jzefYjzL;rItaMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-revenue-management-and-distribution> wGif &,lEdkifonf? yGifhvif;jrifomrIqdkif&m enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-transparency-mechanisms-and-movements> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

138



¼ 0ifaiGrsm;tm; rnfodkY taMumif;jycsufjzifh oHk;pGJoifhonf? rnfodkY tpD&ifcHoifhonf ESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif; &yfwnfcsufwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ rnfonfhtajctaersm;wGif tcsdKUaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJcGifh jyK oifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif; &yfwnfcsufwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om; qdkygu xdk &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;u o,HZmwrS &&Sd aom 0ifaiGtm; rnfodkY toHk;jyKoifhonfESihfywfoufí rnfodkY xifjrif,lqMu oenf;/ trsm;jynfolu rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/


¼ tpdk;&\ aiGoHk;pGJrIonf trsdK;om; pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDygovm;/ 0ifaiGrsm;tm; &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwdkif; toHk;jyKygovm;/

¼ 0ifaiGrsm;udk yGifhvifjrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh toHk;jyKygovm;/ oHk;pGJrItay: vGwfvyfaom pm&if;ppfaq;rI jyKvkyfygovm;/186

¼ bwf*sufjyify vTJajymif;rIrsm; (Oyrm - EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;? pkaqmif;aiGrsm;qdkif&m &efyHkaiGrsm; odkYr[kwf zGHUNzdK;a&;bPfrsm;u vTJajymif;jcif;)udk tpdk;&u cGifhjyKyg ovm;/ cGifjyKygu rnfonfhtajctaersm;ESifh rnfonfhtaMumif;jycsufrsm;twGuf cGifhjyKoenf;/

rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,frIrsm; &yfwnfrIrsm;

tpdk;&\ aiGoHk;pGJrIonf trsdK;om;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDap&ef tpdk;&u bm vkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ trsdK;om;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh u@tvdkuf pDrHudef;rsm;tm; bwf*sufa&;qGJrIrsm;wGif w&m;0if aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;oifhygovm;/

¼ tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pDrHudef;rsm;tm; trsdKom;pDrHudef;rsm;? u@tvdkuf pDrH udef;rsm;tay: tajccHí 'DZdkif;a&;qGJNyD; qef;ppfoifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; trsdK;om; pDrHudef;rsm;ESifhtnD toHk;jyKoifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkY aMumifh o,HZmw u@\ r[mAsL[mtm; trsdK;om; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; tpDtpOfwGif aygif; pyfxnfhoGif;&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

0ifaiGrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh jzefYa0NyD; bwf*sufjyify vTJajymif;rIrsm;ESifh oHk;pGJrIrsm;udk a&SmifMuOf&ef tpdk;&u bmvkyf oifhoenf;/

¼ o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; tpdk;&u tokH;jyK&mwGif trsdK;om; bwf*sufrS wqifh owfrSwfay;oifhygovm;/

¼ EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;? pkaqmif;aiGrsm;qdkif&m &efyHkaiGrsm; odkYr[kwf zGHUNzdK;a&;bPfrsm; tm; bwf*sufjyify 0ifaiGrsm;udk vufcH&ef cGifhjyKay;oifhygovm;/ cGifhjyKay;oifhyg u bmtaMumif;jycsufaMumifhenf;/ tqdkyg0ifaiGrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifomrI? wm0ef cHrIESifh xda&mufrI&Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGtm; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh jzefYa0oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunf ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG tm;vHk;udk trsdK;om; bwf*sufodkY wdkuf½dkuf xnfhoGGif;í A[dktpdk;&\ pm&if;rSwqifh oHk;pGJ&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

186/ vuf&SdrlabmifESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;rsm; 2.1.4a-2.1.4d. atmuf&Sd RGI Data wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

139


trsm;jynfolqdkif&m 0ifaiGrsm;tm; &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwdkif; oHk;pGJrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&u bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ rnfonfh aiGoHk;pGJrItay: xdef;csKyfrIrsm;ESifh wpdkufrwfrwf aqmif&Gufa&; tpD tpOfrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;&Sdoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pDrHudef;rsm;tm; pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; taumiftxnfazmfrI &Sdap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&\ 0,f,lrIonf BudKwifrSef;qEdkifum yGifhvif;NyD; tNydKiftqdkif&Sdaom wif'g vkyfief;pOfjzifh aqmif&Gufap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGjzifh aiGaMu;yHYydk;xm;onfh rnfonfhpDrHudef; rsm;udkrqdk yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI &SdpGm taumiftxnf azmfoifhonf[k ygwDu ,Hk Munfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tqdkyg pDrHudef;rsm; twGuf aiGoHk;pGJrItay: xdef;csKyfrIrsm;ESifh wpdkuf rwfrwf aqmif&Gufa&; tpDtpOfrsm; owfrSwf xm;&Sd&ef uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

0ifaiGrsm;ESifh tpdk;&\ oHk;pGJrItay: taMumif;jycsuf ydkrdkcdkifvHkpGm ay;EdkifNyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm tpD&ifcH&efESifh tpdk;&\ toHk;p&dwftay: ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm BuD;MuyfrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&u bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ (o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiG\ bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrIrsm; tygt0if) tpdk;&\ aiG oHk;pGJrItay: rnfodkY taMumif;jycsuf tjynfht0 ay;NyD; tjynfht0 tpD&ifcHoifh oenf;/

¼ bwf*sufESifh bwf*sufjyify xyfwvJvJ oHk;pGJrItay: vGwfvyfaom pm&if;ppf aq;rIESifh BuD;MuyfrI &Sdap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pDrHudef;rsm;udk rnfodkY taMumif;jycsufay;í tpD&ifcHoifh oenf;/

¼ tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;tay: vGwfvyfaom pm&if;ppfaq;rIESifh qef;ppfrIrsm; jyKvkyfoifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwrS&&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;ESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyfaom oHk;pGJrItm; pm&if;udkifqdkif&mESifh tpD&ifcH wifjyrIqdkif&m tjrifhrm;qHk; pHEIef;rsm;ESifhtnD pDrHcefYcGJoifhonf [k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh oHk;pGJrI tm;vHk;tay: yHkrSef? tao;pdwf vGwfvyfaom pm&if;ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyfoifhonf[k uREfkyfwdkY u ,HkMunfygonf/

0ifaiGrsm;udk a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH cGJa0ay;oifhygovm;/*

¼ cGJa0ay;oifhygu rnfonfh 0ifaiGtrsdK;tpm;rsm;ukd rnfonfh a'oEå& tpkd;&tzGJU rsm;xH cGJa0ay;rnfenf;/ 0ifaiGrsm;tm; rnfodkY cGJa0oifhNyD; vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;onf &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfxm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;tay: tajccHum rSefuefrIESifh tcsdefudkufrI &Sdap&ef bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - obm0 o,HZmwwl;azmfrIrS &&Sdaom cdkifaMu;rsm;\ ao;i,faom tpdwf tydkif;tm; wl;azmfrI aqmif&Gufonfh a'orS a' oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;xH cGJa0ay;oifhonf[k yg wDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a'oEå& tpdk;& tzGJUrsm;xH vTJajymif;rItwGuf yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm; owfrSwf xm;&Sd&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

* þar;cGef;rsm;udk txufyg a'oEå& oufa&mufrIrsm; tydkif;wGifvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;NyD; xdkudpö&yf e,fy,fwpfckudk aqG;aEG;&ef a&G;cs,f rxm;ygu þae&mwGifom azmfjyxm;ygonf/

140


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q)9/ yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI

o,HZmw wl;azmfrI\ oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;xuf ausmfvGefNyD; aemufydkif;wGifvnf; zGHUNzdK;wdk; wufrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&rsm;taejzihf ukrÜPDrsm;onf yGifvif;jrifomrI? wm0efcHrI ESifh usifh0wf aumif;rGefrI &SdpGmjzifh vkyfukdifap&efomru o,HZmw u@onf tjcm;u@rsm; wdk;wufrIudk wGef;tm;ay;ap&efESifh EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wpfckvHk;tay: tusdK;&Sdap&ef rjzpfrae aqmif&Guf&yg rnf/

trsm;jynfol\ tm½HkpdkufrIESifh awmif;qdkrIwdkYonf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rS &&Sdaom tvkyftudkif tenf;i,f tay:om usa&mufaeavY &Sdaomfvnf; xdk tvkyftudkifrsm;onf yk*¾vdu u@\ aiGaMu;t& r[kwfaom tusdK;jyKrIrsm;\ ao;i,faom tpdwftydkif;wpfckom jzpfNyD; ygwDrsm;onf xdktjrifudk csJUxGifay;&ef? arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&efESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyfief;rsdK;pHk jzefYusuf vkyfudkifjcif;tay: ydkrdktm½Hkpdkufap&ef tultnDay;Edkifonfh cdkifrmaom taetxm;wpf&yfwGif &Sdygonf/ wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkifrItwGuf aumif;rGefonfh jzpfajrmufapaom ywf0ef;usifwpf&yf zefwD;jcif;twGuf tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm; owfrSwfay;jcif; jzifh rl0g'&yfwnfrIonf txufygBudK;yrf;rIudk yHYydk;ay;Edkifygonf/ t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom pDrHcefYcGJ&efESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyfief;rsdK;pHk jzefYusufvkyfudkifjcif;ukd jzpfay:vmapvsuf yk*¾vdu u@wpfckvHk; udk ydkrdktm;aumif;ap&ef rl0g' &yfwnfrIonf o,HZmw ukrÜPDrsm;\ uRrf;usifrIESifh xnfh0if aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk &,ljcif;twGuf rl0g'rsm;ESifh enf;vrf; ,Eå&m;rsm;udkvnf; azmfxkwfay;Edkif ygonf/ þtcsufonf tvkyftudkif zefwD;ay;rIESifh a'o teD;wpf0dkufrS ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; 0,f,lrI? tjcm;aom toHk;jyKolrsm;vnf; rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifonfh o,HZmw u@ESifhqufpyfaom tajccH taqmufttHk wnfaqmufrIESifh pufrIvkyfief;u@twGuf ukefus p&dwf ydkíenf;yg;aom pGrf;tif? a&eH"mwkypönf;rsm; odkYr[kwf wGif;xGufypönf;rsm; axmufyHYay; Edkifonfh ukefypönf;rsm;tm; qifhwufjyKjyifrIwdkYrSwqifh jzpfay:ygonf/


jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowfrSwf aomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ pDrHudef;rsm;\ oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;wavQmuf o,HZmw wl;azmfrI u@wGif wdkuf½dkufESifh oG,f0dkuf tvkyftudkifrsm; trSefwu,f rnfrQ zefwD;ay;Edkifrnf

¼ tqdkyg tvkyftudkifrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom twwfynm tqifhtwef;rsm;ESifh (vuf&Sd xdktwwfynmrsm;tm; wwfajrmufaeNyD;om; r[kwfygu) a'owGif; ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ydkrdkxda&mufpGm yg0ifvkyfukdifEdkifatmif ulnDay;&ef vdktyfaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

¼ u@\ 0efaqmifrIESifh qyfuefx½kdufqdkif&m &SdvmEdkifaom vdktyfrIrsm;udk jynf wGif; ukrÜPDrsm;u jznfhqnf; aqmif&Gufay;EdkifpGrf;ESifh (xdkodkY jznfhqnf;Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;ygu) jynfwGif; ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ydkrdkxda&mufpGm yg0ifvkyfudkifEdkifatmif ulnDay;&ef vdktyfonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

o,HZmw wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh tajccH taqmufttHkESifhywfouf aom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm; a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;

>>>

141


&ef txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf -

¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfuGufrsm;ESifh teD;ywf0ef;usifrS vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm;\ vuf&SdESifh tem*wf tajccHtaqmufttHk vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh xdkvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqD;&ef vuf&Sd tajccHtaqmufttHktm; wnfaqmufjcif; odkYr[kwf vdkuf avsmnDaxGjzpfatmif jyKjyifjcif;\ tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;

¼ teD;w0dkufrS vlxktwGuf xyfaqmif; tajccH taqmufttHk\ tvm;tvm&Sd aom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;

¼ tajccH taqmufttHktm; a&&Snf xdef;odrf;jyKjyif p&dwfrsm;

¼ tajccH taqmufttHktm; rQa0oHk;pGJ&ef cGifhjyKay;jcif;\ aiGaMu;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;

ukefacsmxkwfvkyfrI tqifhrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; (Downstream Investments)ESifhywfoufaom rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowfrSwfaomtcg atmufygwdkYukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef txl;yifta&; BuD;ygonf -

¼ ydkrdkqifhwuf jyKjyifrI jyKvkyfxm;jcif;aMumifh ydkrdk&&Sdonfh ukefypönf;\ a&mif;csrI wefzkd;ESifhEdIif;,SOfvsuf jynfwGif;qifhwufjyKjyifrI puf½Hkwnfaxmifjcif;\ tcsdef ESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;

¼ qifhwufjyKjyifxm;aom o,HZmwtwGuf EdkifiHawmf\ jzpfEdkifaom oHk;pGJrIEIef;? oHk;pGJrIEIef;twGuf wpf,lepf ukefusp&dwfrsm;onf jynfyaps;uGuf&Sd ukefusp&dwf ESifh,SOfvQif rnfodkY&SdaMumif;ESifh xdkukefypönf;\ jynfy0,fvdktm;

þrl0g' udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu Charter Benchmarking Framework &Sd pnf;rsOf; 10 ESifh 11? o,HZmw wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaom tajccH taqmufttHk ESifh jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;taMumif; NRGI vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk udk;um;yg/187


¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIonf wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;tay: rnfodkY tusdK;jyKoifhonfESifhywf oufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwD wGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om;qdkygu xdk&yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

¼ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;onf a'oEå& pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItay: rnfodkY tusdK; jyKoifhonfESifhywfoufNyD; ygwDwGif (w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0if? vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf ygwDwGif;) &yfwnfrIwpf&yf &SdESifhNyD;om;vm;/ &SdESifhNyD;om; qdkygu xdk &yfwnfrIu bmvJ/

>>>

187/ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh tajccH taqmufttHktaMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-extractives-linked-infra structure> wGif &,lEdkifygonf? jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;taMumif; vufurf;pmapmifudk <http://www.resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/primer-local-content> wGif &,lEdkifyg onf/

142


¼ ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrIonf wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;tay: rnfodkY tusKd;jyKoifhonf? yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;onf a'oEå& pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItay: rnfodkY tusdK;jyKoifhonf ESifhywfoufNyD; rnfodkY xifjrif,lqMuoenf;/ vlxku rnfodkY xifjrif,lqoenf;/


¼ o,HZmw wl;azmfjcif;ESifh rqdkifaom yk*¾vdu u@ zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf vuf&SdOya' ESifh xdef;odrf;BuD;Muyfa&; rlabmifu bmvJ/ ¤if;tm; vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l aqmif&GufrI &Sdygovm;/

¼ EdkifiHtwGif; o,HZmw u@ESifh o,HZmw r[kwfaom u@rsm;wGif vkyfudkifae aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf t"du pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh twm;tqD;rsm;u bm awGvJ/

¼ wdkif;jynf\ ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&; tqifhtwef;rsm;wGif t"du tm;enf;csufawG u bmvJ? trsdK;orD;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;wGif rnfodkY yg0ifEdkifMuoenf;/

¼ o,HZmw u@onf wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;tay: tusdK;jyKap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh vuf&Sd bmvkyfoifhoenf;/ jynfwGif;vkyfom;rsm;onf jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK; tpm; odkYr[kwf tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh þu@wGif yg0ifvkyfudkifEdkifonfh tcGifh tvrf; &SdMuygovm;/

¼ Oya't& odkYr[kwf vufawGUwGif jzpfEdkifygu u@\ tajccH taqmufttHktm; jyify yk*¾dKvfrsm;u toHk;jyKEdkifygovm;/

¼ obm0 o,HZmwrsm;udk jynfwGif;wGif qifhwuf jyKjyifjcif;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif; &Sdyg ovm;/

rl0g'qdkif&m a&G;cs,frIrsm; &yfwnfrIrsm;

a,bk,s &nf&G,fcsufqdkif&m &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; jyKvkyf&efESifh o,HZmwESifh roufqdkifaom u@rsm;wGif twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh bmvkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tpdk;&taejzifh vkyfydkifcGifh? tcGifhta&;rsm;xuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m taMumif;w&m; rsm;tay: tajccHí wdkif;jynfwpfckvHk;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fay;onfh enf; vrf;jzifh yk*¾vdu u@ESifh rnfodkY xdawGUaqmif&Gufoifhoenf;/

¼ wdkif;jynf\ vuf&Sd ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m tajccH taqmufttHkESifh yk*¾vdu u@\ vdk tyfcsufrsm;tMum; uGm[csufrsm;udk azmfxkwf ajz&Sif;&ef xyfrH aqmif&Gufoifh ovm;/

¼ jynfwGif; aqmufvkyfa&; 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;ESifh uGm[csuf rsm;ukd azmfxkwfajz&Sif;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh xyfrHaqmif&Gufoifhovm;/

¼ b@ma&;pepf&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk azmfxkwfajz&Sif;&ef xyfrHaqmif&Gufoifhovm;/¼ wdkif;jynf\ usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&; tqifhtwef;rsm;&Sd tm;enf;csufrsm;udk azmf

xkwfajz&Sif;&ef bmvkyfzdkY vdktyfoenf; ¼ trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;tay: rnfodkY tjynfht0 tusdK;jyKEdkifonfESifhywf

oufaom tm;enf;csufrsm;udk azmfxkwfajz&Sif;&ef bmvkyf&ef vdktyfoenf;/¼ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m xdef;odrf;BuD;MuyfrI&Sd tm;enf;csufrsm;udk azmfxkwfajz&Sif;&ef

xyfrHaqmif&Gufoifhovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmwESifh roufqdkifaom u@ wdk;wufrItwGuf twm; tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&ef OD;pm;ay;oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o,HZmw u@u zefwD;vdkufonfh odkYr[kwf ydkrdkqdk;½Gm; aponfh aqmufvkyfa&;ESifh b@ma&; pepfrsm;&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk azmfxkwfjcif;twGuf pDrHudef; wpf&yf azmfaqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKyg onf/

143


jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; u@wGif vkyfudkifEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;ESifh vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf; &Sdap&ef tpdk;& taejzifh rnfodkY aqmif&Gufay;oifhoenf;/

¼ jynfwGif; yg0ifaqmif&GufrItay: twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&eftwGuf bmvkyf &ef vdktyfoenf;/

¼ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; &Sdoifhygovm;/ &Sdoifhygu xdk pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf jynfwGif; aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;ESifh udkufnDNyD; tvGeftuRH tum tuG,fay;jcif;udk a&SmifMuOfum t*wdvdkufpm;rIudk wm;qD;ay;&ef bmvkyfoifh oenf;/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; ukrÜPDrsm;u vdkufemrI &Sd r&SdESifh tpdk;&\ yHYykd;rI tpDtrHrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkY apmifhMunfhppfaq;NyD; ta&;,l aqmif&Guf oifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - jynfwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; u@wGif vkyfukdifEdkifrI &Sdap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfyg onf/ xdkYaMumifh þu@twGuf rQwNyD; oifh avsmfaom jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; owfrSwfusifhoHk;&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wf jyKygonf/

tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI vkyfief;u@qdkif&m tajccH taqmuf ttHkudk pD;yGm;a&;t& jzpfEdkiforQ jyifyyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; toHk;jyKcGifh ay;oifhyg ovm;/

¼ o,HZmwu@ wl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh tvm;tvm&Sdaom tjcm;tajccH taqmufttHk oHk;pGJEdkifolrsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk tultnDay;&ef bm vkyfoifhoenf;/

¼ tajccHtaqmufttHk rQa0oHk;pGJjcif;udk tqifajyatmif yHYydk;ay;jcif;\ ukefusrI rsm;ESifh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk rnfodkY qef;ppfoifhoenf;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - rQa0oHk;pGJonfh obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m tajccH taqmufttHkonf wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;tay: tusdK;jyKonf[k ygwDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o,HZmw u@rS ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh tvm;tvm&Sdaom tjcm; tajccH taqmufttHk oHk;pGJEdkifolrsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk tultnDay;&ef uREfkyf wdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

a&eH? "mwfaiGUESifh "mwfowÅK o,HZmwrsm;udk jynfwGif;wGif toHk;jyKjcif;\ tcGifhtvrf; ukefusrIrsm; (Opportunity Costs)onf tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;xuf ydkírsm;ygu tpdk;&taejzifh jynfwGif;wGif toHk;jyKoifhygovm;/

¼ toHk;jyKoifhygu aps;uGufus½HI;rIrsm;? jynfwGif; qifhwufjyKjyifrI\ ukefusrIrsm;? tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh aps;uGuf &SmazGjcif;ESifhywfoufí vGwfvyfNyD; pepfwus aqmif&Gufxm;aom qef;ppfrItm; xkwfjyefaMunmoifhygovm;/

erlem &yfwnfrI - wdkif;jynf\ tcsdKUaom o,H Zmwrsm;tm; jynfwGif;wGif oHk;pGJoifhonf[k yg wDu ,HkMunfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ukefusrIrsm;ESifh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk em;vnf&ef tvdkYiSm tao; pdwf aps;uGufqef;ppfrI jyKvkyfí þudpö&yftay: rl0g'wpf&yf a&;qGJowfrSwf&ef uREfkyfwdkYu uwdu0wfjyKygonf/

144


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (Z) - ed*Hk;csKyf ar;cGef;rsm;

avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (p) wGif a&;qGJxm;aom &nfrSef;csuf azmfjycsufESifh avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (q) wGif a&;qGJxm;aom udpö&yftvdkuf &yfwnfrIrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef þavYusifh cef;pm&Gufudk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm;tm; udk;um;í qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;qufwavQmuf &nfrSef;csuf azmf jycsufESifh udpö&yftvdkuf &yfwnfrIrsm;\ tquftpyf &SdrI? cdkifrmaom yGifhvif;jrifomrI ESifh wm0efcHrI tavYtxrsm;ESifh nDnGwfrIudk qef;ppfNyD; ]]vdkufzufnDrI}} aumfvHrsm; wGif rSefuefonf? rrSefuefyg odkYr[kwf r&Sif;vif;yg [k azmfjyyg/

2/ &nfrSef;csuf azmfjycsufESifh udpö&yftvdkuf &yfwnfrIrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;t& jzpfajrmufEdkifrI tvm;tvmudk ]]jzpfajrmufEdkifrI tvm;tvm}} aumfvHwGif azmfjyyg/

tquftpyf&SdrIqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;\ tajzonf ]]rrSefuefyg}} odkYr[kwf ]]r&Sif;vif;yg}} jzpf aeygu xdk&yfwnfrIrsm;ukd jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef vdktyfEdkifygonf/ (ygwDtwGuf ta&;BuD;Edkifaom tjcm;ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh wGJzuf toHk;jyKoifhonfh) jzpfajrmufEkdifrI tvm;tvmqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm; tm; &yfwnfrI twnfjyK&eftwGuf ygwD\ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonfh tzGJUxH rwifjyrD &yfwnf rItm; prf;oyfEdkif&eftwGuf 'DZdkif;a&;qGJxm;ygonf/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm;tquftpyf&SdrI

rSefuefonf rrSefuefyg r&Sif;vif;yg

¼ rl0g'&yfwnfrIonf EdkifiH\ o,HZmw MuG,f0rI? xdko,HZmwtm; rnfolu ydkif qdkifonfESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;\ aumif;aom? qdk;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnf oabmaygufrItay: tajccHovm; odkYr[kwf xdkodkY em;vnf oabmaygufrIukd azmfjyovm;/

¼ &yfwnfrIonf o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;NyD; trsm;yg0ifEdkifaom trsdK;om; r[mAsL[m wpf&yftwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf csrSwfay;ygovm;/

¼ ygwD &yfwnfrIonf o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItm; oufqdkifol tm;vHk;twGuf qHk;jzwf csuf csrSwfjcif;ESifh oufa&mufrIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm em;vnfNyD; ppfaq;Edkif&ef vHk avmufatmif yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sdapygovm;/

¼ &yfwnfrIonf BuD;Muyfa&;tzGJUrsm;ESifh tjcm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm; udk wm0efcHapEdkifygovm;/

¼ &yfwnfrIudk axmufcHaom EdkifiHom;rsm; tvHktavmuf &Sdygovm;? xdkodkY &Sdjcif; aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;tm; wm0efcHapygovm;/

¼ tu,fí &yfwnfrIonf udpö&yfe,fy,f tenf;i,fESifhom oufqdkifygu wdkif;jynf twGuf ta&;BuD;Edkifonfh tjcm;e,fy,frsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;jcif; &Sdygovm;/

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; jzpfajrmufEdkifrI tvm;tvm

¼ tqdkjyKaom OD;wnfcsufonf vuf&SdygwD\ &yfwnfrIrsm;ESifh rnfodkY uGmjcm;oenf;/

¼ &yfwnfrItopfESifh ygwD\ a,bk,s t,l0g'tMum; csdwfqufrIrsm;u b,favmuf &Sif;vif;rI &SdovJ/

¼ þudpö&yfESifhywfoufNyD; tjcm;ygwDrsm;\ &yfwnfrIESifh rnfodkY uGmjcm;oenf;/

145


vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; jzpfajrmufEdkifrI tvm;tvm

¼ &yfwnfrIonf ygwD\ trmcH axmufcHolrsm;ESifh tjcm; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom rJqE´&Sif rsm;tm; rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd qGJaqmifEdkifzG,f &Sdoenf;/

¼ &yfwnfrI wpfckvHk;udk NcHKiHkMunfhvQif vufawGU vkyfaqmifrIudk OD;wnfNyD; twdtus &Sdaom? wdkif;wmEdkifaom? wm0efay;tyfEdkifaom? vufawGUusaomESifh tcsdefudkuf aom (Specific, Measurable, Realistic and Timely – SMART) enf;vrf;jzifh rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd a&;qGJxm;oenf;/

¼ &yfwnfrItm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh qufpyfonfh BuD;rm;aom ukefusrIrsm; odkYr[kwf &&Sdaom tusdK;twGuf ay;qyf&rIrsm; &Sdygu ygwDtaejzifh ukefusrI-tusdK;aus;Zl; tcsdK;tm; rnfodkY umuG,f axmufjyrnfenf;/

146


avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (ps) - taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOf

obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m rl0g'&yfwnfrI topftwGuf taumiftxnfazmfrI tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ&ef atmufygZ,m;udk toHk;jyKyg/

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; -

1/ udpö&yfe,fy,f wpfckcsif;pDtwGuf udpö&yftvdkuf &yfwnfrIrsm;wGif yg0ifaom t"du uwdu0wfrsm;udk ]]uwdu0wfrsm;}}aumfvHwGif azmfjyyg/ erlempmom;tm; rD;cdk;a&mif tuGufjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/

2/ ]]wdusaom aqmif&GufrIrsm;}} aumfvHwGif jzpfEdkifygu tcsdefumv owfrSwfcsufrsm; tygt0if ygwDu bmudkvkyf&ef &nf&G,fonfudk azmfjyyg/

3/ ]]csOf;uyfrI}} aumfvHwGif &yfwnfrI taumiftxnfazmfjcif;twGuf ydkrdk a,bk,sus aom tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJ&ef oufqdkif&m vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkyg/

udpö&yf e,fy,frsm; uwdu0wfrsm; wdusaom aqmif&GufrIrsm;

2/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI ESifh wm0efcHrI

obm0 o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0if aiGrsm;? pkaqmif;aiGrsm;ESifh vkyfief; oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; tjynfht0 yGifhvif;jrifomrI

¼ 0ifaiGrsm;ESifh pm&if;rsm;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; tm;vHk;udk yHkrSef? tcsdefudkufESifh pkpnf;rI r&Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh yGifhvif; tcsuftvufyHkpH (Open Data Format) jzifh xkwfjyefaMunmyg

¼ vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf tm;vHk;udk ESpfukefwGif yGifh vif; tcsuftvufyHkpHjzifh xkwfjyefMunmyg

obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItay: vGwfvyfpGm pm&if;ppfaq;jcif;

¼ pm&if;ppfXmecsKyfonf tpdk;&\ obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItm; pm&if;ppfaq;Ekdifap&efESifh jynfhpHkNyD; tcsdefudkuf aqmif&Gufaom pm&if;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmap&efESifh pm&if;ppfaq;rIrS &SmazG awGU&SdrIrsm;udk tpdk;&u wHkYjyef aqmif&Gufap&ef aocsmatmifvkyfyg

1/ r[mAsL[m? Oya'rlabmifESifh Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

2/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI ESifh wm0efcHrI

3/ prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;? vdkifpifxkwfay; jcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;

4/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjcm; ay;aqmifrIrsm;

5/ a'oEå& oufa&mufrIrsm;

147


6/ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;

7/ 0ifaiG pDrHcefYcGJrI

8/ tpdk;& aiGoHk;pGJrI

9/ yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI

vrf;ñTefar;cGef;rsm; csOf;uyfrI

¼ &yfwnfrItm; ygwD\ vuf&Sdrl0g' aMunmcsufwGif rnfodkY aygif;pyfxnfhoGif; rnfenf;/

¼ &yfwnfrItay: OD;aqmif aqmif&Guf&ef ygwDrS rnfolYwGif wm0ef&Sdoenf;/

¼ ygwDtaejzifh &yfwnfrItwGuf rnfodkY wm0efcHrnfenf;/

¼ &yfwnfrIonf ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;ESifh ukdufnDap&ef rnfonfh tcsdefwGif rnfodkY jyefvnfoHk;oyfrnfenf;/

¼ &yfwnfrItm; vufawGU taumiftxnf azmfEkdif&ef rnfonfh vmrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdoenf;/ (a&G;aumufyGJrsm;? Oya'qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI pojzifh)

¼ &yfwnfrItm; vufawGU taumiftxnfazmf&ef ygwDbufu vkyfaqmifrI xuf ausmfvGefí rnfodkYaom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESifh oabmwlnDrI wnf aqmufjcif;wdkY vkdtyfoenf;/

148


aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm; usif;yí &yfwnfrIudk tNyD;owfyga&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf owif;tcsuftvuf &&Sdap&efESifh taumiftxnfazmfrItwGuf vufcHrIudk jr§ifhwif&eftvdkYiSm vkyfief;tzGJUonf ygwDtzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfaom jyify tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh uRrf;usifolrsm;xHrS rl0g' rlMurf;tay: xifjrifoHk;oyfcsuf aumuf,loifhygonf/ þtqifhwGif avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (*) tm; jyefvnfavYvmjcif;u ta&;ygrnfjzpfNyD; rnfonfh pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfaom ygwDwGif;ESifh jyifytzGJUtpnf;rsm;? yk*¾dKvf rsm;ESifh rnfodkY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&rnfudk a&G;cs,fazmfxkwf&ef taxmuftul jyKEdkifygonf/

yD½l;EdkifiHonf ygwDrsm;u rwlnDaom csOf;uyfrIrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufonfh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif; aom om"uwpfck jzpfygonf/ ygwDESpfckonf pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfol rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh &nf &G,fcsuf&Sdaom vkyfief;pOfwpf&yf r&SdbJ &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJowfrSwfcJYojzifh &yfwnfrIrsm; onf axmufcHrI r&&SdcJYbJ tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;Edkifjcif; vnf; r&SdcJYyg/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif aemuf ygwDwpfck ESifh nGefYaygif;tzGJU wpfcku ygwDwGif; t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIrSwqifh odrfarGUaom uGJjym;csufrsm; yg0ifaom ydkrdk tao;pdwfusonfh &yfwnfrIrsm;udk a&;qGJ owfrSwfcJYMuygonf/188 awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ tmPm& tmz&duef trsdK;om;uGef*&ufygwD (African National Congress)onf r[mrdwf rdwfzufrsm;ESifh jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcJYaom ygwDnDvmcH wpfckwGif rl0g' &yfwnfrIrsm;taMumif; tjyeftvSef tacstwif aqG;aEG;cJYygonf/

trsm;jynfolqkdif&m aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;onf yg0ifaqG;aEG;rI &,l&ef? ,lqcsufrsm;udk prf; oyf&efESifh axmufcHrI pwif&,l&eftwGufvnf; tvGefaumif;aom enf;vrf;wpf&yf jzpfEdkifyg onf/ *gemEkdifiHwGif a&eH &SmazGawGU&SdNyD;aemuf us,fjyefYaom trsm;jynfolqdkif&m aqG;aEG;wdkif yifrIrsm; aqmif&GufcJYjcif;aMumifh t"duusaom Oya'rsm; a&;qGJ&mwGif taxmuftul jzpf ap½HkomrubJ a&eH MuG,f0rI\ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh pdefac:rIrsm;taMumif; jynfolvlxkudk todynm ay;EdkifcJYonfh xyfaqmif; tusdK;aus;Zl;vnf; &&SdcJYygonf/189

aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf OD;aqmifa&;qGJolonf vkyfief;tzGJUESifh n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufí wkHYjyefrItm; aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;oifhNyD; ay:aygufvmEdkifonfh uGJjym;aom xifjrifcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;oifhygonf/ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;\ rMumcPqdkovdk tvGeftrif; tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfwwfaom oabm obm0twdkif;yif tvGeftrif; tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m udpö &yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; r&Sdygu vkyfief;tzGJUonf xdkudpö&yfrsm;udk ygwDacgif;aqmifydkif;xH wifjyEdkifygonf/ rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifonfh u@uRrf;usifolrsm;u þtNyD;owf aqmuf&GufrI wavQmufvHk;wGif ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;ay;&ef tcsdefra&G; quf oG,fEkdifygu taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf/

ygwDwpfckvHk;\ twnfjyKcsuf &,lygrl0g'&yfwnfrItm; tNyD;owfNyD;ygu vkyfief;tzGJUonf ygwD\ twnfjyKcsuftwGuf rlMurf; tm; wifjy&ef vdktyfygonf/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif tmPm& tmz&duef trsdK;om;uGef*&uf ygwD (African National Congress) onf ig;ESpfwpfBudrf usif;yonfh trsdK;om; vTwfawmfü pD;yGm;a&; toGifajymif;a&;aumfrwD (Economic Transformation Committee) u tqdkjyK aom rl0g'rsm;tay: rJay;cJYygonf/190 aemfa0EdkifiHwGifvnf; ygwD&yfwnfrIrsm;tm; taxGaxG

188/ tcef; 2 wGif yD½l;EdkifiHtaMumif; avYvmrIudk Munfhyg/



149


a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD wpfESpf odkYr[kwf ESpfESpf BudKwifí usif;yaom ygwD\ nDvmcH tpnf; ta0;rsm;wGif tNyD;owf qHk;jzwfMuygonf/191

*gemEdkifiH\ ygwDpHk vkyfief;pOfu azmfjycJYonfhtwdkif; (tuGuf 3 .4 udkMunfhyg) xdyfykdif; acgif; aqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;oufqdkifaom pDrHudef;ESifhqufpyfolrsm;u pDpOfjcif;ESifh a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief; pOfwGif yg0ifjcif;onf twnfjyKcsuf &,l&mwGif ydkrdktm;aumif;aom oabmwlnDrI ESifh axmufcHrI &&Sdap&ef taxmuftul jyKEdkifygonf/ a&G;cs,faqmif&GufEdkifonfh aemufxyf tpDtrHwpf&yfrSm vkyfief;tzGJUudk,fpm; MoZm&Sdaom ygwD0iftm; tNyD;owf &yfwnfrIudk ygwD acgif;aqmifydkif;odkY wifjyapjcif; jzpfNyD; xdkokdY wifjyrnfh ygwD0ifonf obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m uRrf;usifrI&dSaom ESifhôdkYr[kwf ,cifu tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif ajymifajrmufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJYaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfoifhygonf/

o,HZmwqdkif&m tNyD;owf rl0g'&yfwnfrIudk ygwD\ acgif;aqmifydkifu aumif;rGefpGm em;vnf oabmaygufNyD; vufcH&ef rjzpfrae vdktyfygonf/ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI\ ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;tm; yHkrSeftm;jzifh aumif;rGefpGm em;vnfoabmaygufavY r&Sdaomfvnf; rl0g' taumiftxnf azmfjcif;\ e,fy,frsm;pGmESifh oufqdkifaeonfhtcsufaMumifh rl0g'&yfwnfrItm; jzpfEdkifoa&GU ygwD0ifaygif;rsm;pGm txl;ojzifh taumiftxnfazmfrIwGif yg0ifolrsm;\ axmufcHcsuf &&Sd&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh &yfwnfrIonf ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufrIrsm;ESifh rsm;pGm oufqdkifae ygu obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m 0efBuD;Xme? obm0 o,HZmwqdkif&m 0efBuD;XmeESifh vTwf awmfrS oufqdkif&m aumfrwDrsm;rS tzGJU0ifrsm;onf pHEIef;ESifh &yfwnfrI\ ta&;ygrIESifhywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;rI&Sd&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/

þvrf;ñTefwGif yg0ifaom avYusifhcef;pm&Gufrsm;onf vkyfief;pOfwavQmuf vdkufygvkyfaqmif jcif;twGuf toHk;0if½HkomrubJ aemufqHk;twnfjyKcsuf &,lpOfwGif toifh&Sdaeygu toHk; 0ifrnfh pOf;pm;rI tm;vHk;ukdvnf; yg0ifatmif xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/ þtcsufonf txl; ojzifh avYusifhcef;pm&Guf (u) ESifh (Z) wdkYtwGuf rSefuefNyD; xdkavYusifhcef;pm&Gufrsm;onf rnfonfhtaMumif;t&if;aMumifh tcsdKUaome,fy,frsm;tm; ueOD;wGif tjcm;e,fy,frsm;xuf ydkí OD;pm;ay;&onfESifh &yfwnfrIonf rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd qufpyfrIESifh jzpfajrmuf atmif aqmif&GufEdkifrI &Sdonfudk ulnD&Sif;jyEdkifygonf/

&yfwnfrItm; jzefYjzL;jcif;tvm;tvm&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;ESifh wl;azmfrI EIef;xm;rsm;ESifhywfoufí BuD;rm;aom udef;*Pef; rsm;onf jynfolvlxk\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk azmif;yGapavY&SdNyD; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;twGuf vufawGUuspGm a&;qGJowfrSwfxm;aom rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfEdkifap&eftwGuf cufcJapEdkifygonf/ o,HZmw u@\ tvGef½IyfaxG;aom oabmobm0ESifh aygif;pyfvdkuf aomtcg þtcsufonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;twGuf ¤if;\ t"du rJqEé,frsm;ESifh omrefjynfol vlxktaejzifh &yfwnfrItay: tjynfht0 em;vnfrI&Sdap&ef tvGefta&;BuD;apygonf/ xdkodkY em;vnfrIonf ygwDtaejzihf ¤if;\ OD;pm;ay;udpö&yfrsm;? uwdu0wfrsm;ESifh uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD &Sif;jy&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfapNyD; a&G;aumufyGJNyD;aemuf taumif txnfazmfrItay: twm;tqD; jzpfapEkdifaom vlBudKufrsm;0g' jzpfvmEdkifonfh tvm;tvm rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;ap&ef tultnDay;ygrnf/

&yfwnfrItopfudk wifjyjcif;ESifh jzefYjzL;jcif;twGuf a&G;cs,fEdkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;onf vkyfief;pOfwpfckvHk;\ &nf&G,fcsuf? &yfwnfrI\ yHkpHESifh taumif


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194/ xkwfjyefaMunmxm;aom &yfwnfrI oHk;ckudk <http://oilmatters.info/knowledge-hub/> wGif &,lEdkifygonf/

195/ tifwmeufpmrsufESmodkY <http://oilmatters.info/> rS oGm;a&mufEdkifygonf/

196/ Brouwer, Kayitare and Perdomo (note 56).

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usrf;udk;

Africa Report (The), ‘Uganda: We are rebranding the party - FDC president, Mugisha Muntu,’ 18 July 2013, http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/uganda-we-are-rebranding-the-party-fdc-president-mugisha-muntu.html

Akinniyi, Toyin, Nigeria Watchdog Journalism Plays Essential Role in Malabu Oil Scandal Probe (NRGI:6 April 2017) https://resourcegovernance.org/blog/nigeria-watchdog-journalism-plays-essential-role-malabu-oil-scandal-probe

Bauer, Andrew, Rebecca Iwerks, Matteo Pellegrini and Varsha Venugopal, Subnational Governance of Extractives: Fostering National Prosperity by Addressing Local Challenges (Natural Resource Governance Institute:August 2016), https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/documents/subnational-governance-extractives-fostering.pdf

Boynton, Rachel (Director), Big Men, Documentary Film, (2013; Boynton Films), 35:30.

Brouwer, Femke, Frank Kayitare and Catalina Perdomo, Natural Resources, Representative Democracy and Development: What Role for Political Parties? (18 November 2015) https://resourcegovernance.org/blog/naturalresources-representative-democracy-and-development-what-role-politicalparties

Bryan, Shari and Barrie Hofmann (eds. ) Transparency and Accountability in Africa’s Extractive Industries: The Role of the Legislature (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 2007).

Cheeseman, Nic et al., Politics Meets Policies: The Emergence of Programmatic Political Parties (International IDEA 2014), XIV available at: https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/politics-meets-policies.pdf (compiling research).

Collier, Paul, Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa (The Beacon: November 2009), http://the-beacon.info/countries/africa/natural-resources-andconflict-in-africa/

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Guardian (The), Operation Car Wash: Is this the biggest corruption scandal in history? 1 June 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/01/brazil-operation-car-wash-is-this-the-biggest-corruption-scandal-in-history

Hinfelaar, Marja and Jessica Achberger, The politics of natural resource extraction in Zambia (Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre:2017).

International IDEA, Global State of Democracy Indices, available here: https://www.idea.int/gsod-indices/#/indices/world-map

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Natural Resource Governance Institute, Natural Resource Charter, Second Edition, available here: https://resourcegovernance.org/approach/naturalresource-charter

Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index, available here: http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/

Reuters, ‘Barrick Gold’s Tanzania deal may set expensive precedent -shareholders,’25 October 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/barrickgold-a c a c i a - s h a r e h o l d e r s / b a r r i c k - g o l d s - t a n z a n i a - d e a l - m a y - s e t -expensiveprecedent-shareholders-idUSL2N1MZ1F4

Ross, Michael, The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations (Princeton University Press 2012), 63.

Transparency International Malaysia, Malaysia Corruption Barometer 2014, available at: http://transparency.org.my/media-and-publications/pressrelease/ti-m-2014-malaysia-corruption-barometer-mcb-results/

Triwibowo, Darmawan and Nelson A. Seixas Miranda, Investing for the Future: Timor-Leste’s Petroleum Fund (Natural Resource Governance Institute: 2016), https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/documents/investing-forthe-future-timor-lestes-petroleum-fund.pdf

Van der Berg, Caspar F., Kati Piri, Sam van der Staak and Levan Tsutskiridze, Strategic Planning for Political Parties: a Practical Tool (International IDEA: 2013).

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155

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toHk;tEIef;rsm; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;

pkyf,lEdkifpGrf;(Absorptive Capacity)

tpdk;&\ odkYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;\ tydkaiGaMu;rsm; (Oyrm - 0ifaiGrsm;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;)tm; xd awGUEdkifaom ypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;tjzpfodkY aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI odkYr[kwf tavtvGifhjzpf aom oHk;pGJrI rjzpfapbJ ajymif;vJ (qdkvdkonfrSm]]pkyf,l}})EdkifpGrf;/ ¤if;onf uRrf;usifvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ukefypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrI axmufyHYolrsm; &Sdjcif;ESifh tpdk;&\ uRrf;usifrItay: rlwnfygonf/

aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom ydkifqdkifrI

aemufuG,frS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdol ydkif&Sif qdkonfrSm wdkuf½dkufaomfvnf;aumif;? oG,f0dkufíaomf vnf;aumif; w&m;0if tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktay: ta&;ygaom xdef;csKyfrI usifhoHk;aom odkYr[kwf tqdkyg tzGJUtpnf;wGif ta&;ygaom pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;pD;yGm;&Sdaom odkYr[kwf tqdkyg tzGJU tpnf;xHrS ta&;ygaom pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdaom vlyk*¾dKvfudk qdkvdkonf/

ukefypönf;aps;uGufwGif 0,f,l odkYr[kwf a&mif;csaom a&eH? "mwfaiGU odkYr[kwf "mwfowÅKrsm; paom ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm; odkYr[kwf tajccH pdkufysdK;a&;xkwfukefrsm;/

&yf&GmzGHUNzdK;a&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;pDrHudef;vkyfuGuf teD;em;&Sd vlYtodkuft0ef;\ zlvHka&;udk jr§ifhwifay;jcif;twGuf ukrÜPDrsm;? tpdk;&rsm;ESifh vltodkuft0ef;rsm;tMum; csKyfqdkonfh oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;/

tNydKiftqdkif&Sdaom wif'go,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;wpfcktwGuf tcGifhtvrf;tm; ukrÜPDwpfckxufydkí ay;vsuf ukrÜPDrsm;tm; tpdk;&u zdwfac:onfh vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf/ avvHpepfrsm;onf a&eHu@wGif tNydKiftqdkif&Sdaom wif'g\ tawGU&rsm;aom yHkpH jzpfygonf/

ukrÜPD 0ifaiGcGefcGifhjyKxm;aom toHk;p&dwfrsm;tm; EIwf,lNyD;aemuf ukrÜPDwpfck\ tom;wif tjrwfaiGrsm; tay: pnf;Muyfonfh tcGef/

qHk;jzwfcsuf uGif;quf

prf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;ESifh vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;rS 0ifaiGrsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;txd o,HZmw wl;azmf rIudk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif tpdk;&u jyKvkyfonfh tjyeftvSef qufpyfaeaom rl0g'rsm; pkzGJUrI/ xdkrl0g' rsm; pkzGJUrIudk Natural Resource Charter, Extractive Industries (EI) Source Book ESifh obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrIudk em;vnfjcif;twGuf tjcm; tudk;tum;rsm;wGif t,ltqtay: tajcwnfaom rlabmiftjzpf toHk;jyKygonf/

jynfwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaiGacs;pmcsKyfrsm;? &S,f,mrsm;? vlom;t&if;tESD; (Oyrm - ynma&;)ESifh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m t&if; tESD; (Oyrm - puf,Eå&m;)paom ydkifqdkifrIrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&u ¤if;wdkY\ EdkifiHtwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI/

pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyfief;rsdK;pHk jzefYusufvkyfudkifjcif;

u@wpfckwnf;u pD;yGm;a&;tay: vTrf;rdk;jcif; r&Sdap&ef rwlnDaom u@rsm; (Oyrm - pdkuf ysdK;a&;? ukefxkwfvkyfa&;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;? obm0 o,HZmw)wGif ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;pOf/

pD;yGm;a&;t& xda&mufrItavtvGifhrsm; avQmhcsNyD; tvm;tvm&Sdaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk wdk;jr§ifhvsuf wdkif;jynfpD;yGm; a&;wGif o,HZmwrsm;tm; taumif;qHk; toHkjyK jzefYjzL;Edkifaomtcg a&muf&Sdonfh tajctae wpfck/

obm0 ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrI ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufrI qef;ppfjcif;

pDrHudef;\ wl;azmfrIvkyfief;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;tm; qef;ppfjcif;/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh xdkodkY qef;ppfrIudk pDrHudef; rpwifrD aqmif&Guf &efESifh tpdk;&u twnfjyK&ef vdktyfygonf/

ukefcrf;oGm;EdkifrIo,HZmwwpfck\ tuefYtowfjzifhom&SdNyD; jyefvnfjynfhNzdK;jcif; r&Sdaom oabm obm0/ ¤if;\ ukefcrf;oGm;EdkifpGrf; odkYr[kwf tukef toHk;jyKEdkifpGrf;/

wl;azmfxkwf,lEdkifaom o,HZmwajray: odkYr[kwf ajratmufwGif awGU&Sd&onfh jyefvnfjynfhNzdK;jcif; r&Sdaom obm0 o,HZmw? txl;ojzifh a&eH? "mwfaiGU odkYr[kwf "mwfowÅKrsm;/

156


tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHonfhpepf (Fiscal Regime)

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;rS 0ifaiGrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tMum; rnfodkY cGJa0 rnfudk owfrSwfay;aom owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; (Oyrm - tcGefrsm;? cdkifaMu; rsm;? tjrwfa0pkrsm;)/

tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m pnf;rsOf; (Fiscal Rule)

udef;*Pef;t& &nfrSef;csufwpf&yfjzifh owfrSwfxm;aom tpdk;&\ b@ma&; udpö&yfrsm;tay: ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm xdef;odrf;rI jzpfonf? Oyrm - tpdk;&\ toHk;p&dwf wdk;wufrItm; wpfESpfvQif oHk;&mcdkifEIef;xuf rydk&ef uefYowfxm;jcif;/

tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m cdkifrmrI^ cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif; (Fiscal Stability / Stabilization)

twuftusjrefaom o,HZmwrS &&Sdonfh 0ifaiGrsm;aMumifh tpdk;& bwf*suftay: oufa&muf rIudk avsmhyg;oufomaponfh rl0g'jzpfNyD; Oyrm - tajrmuftrsm; &&Sdonfh ,if;aiGrsm;udk &efyHkaiGwpf&yfjzifh pkaqmif;jcif; 0ifaiGrsm; jrifhrm;aomtcg tpdk;&\ aMuG;NrDudk ay;acsjcif;? 0ifaiGrsm; usqif;aomtcg tpdk;&\ pkaqmif;aiGrsm; odkYr[kwf acs;aiGrsm; xkwf,ljcif;jzifh wpfESpfrS wpfESpfodkY aiGoHk;pGJrIudk acsmarGUapjcif;/

tcGefb@maiGqdkif&m a&&Snf wnfwHYrI (Fiscal Sustainability)

tpdk;&taejzifh aiGaMu;vnfywfrItay: Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;r&SdbJ odkYr[kwf taMuG;rqyfEdkifjcif; jzpfay:rnfh tEå&m,fr&SdbJ vuf&Sd oHk;pGJrIESifh tcGefqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;udk a&&Snf xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifpGrf;/ tuefYtowfjzifhom &Sdaom o,HZmwrS &&Sdonfh 0ifaiGrsm;tay: rSDcdkaom a'orsm;twGuf þtcsufonf txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf/

vGwfvyfaom? BudKwifjzpfaom? tcsuftvuf jynfhpHkpGm od&SdNyD;rS jyKvkyfaom oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf (Prior and Informed Consent - FPIC)

vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm; (yHkrSeftm;jzifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om; vlYtokduft0ef;rsm;)onf ¤if;wdkY ydkifqdkif aom? aexdkifaom odkYr[kwf tjcm;enf;jzifh toHk;jyKaom ajrrsm;tay: oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifonfh tqdkjyK pDrHudef;rsm;tay: ¤if;wdkY\ oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf ay;cGifh odkYr[kwf ray;cGifh &Sdonf [l aom tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ xdkpnf;rsOf;wGif ckdifvHkaom oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf &,ljcif;twGuf vdktyf aom aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif; vkyfief;pOfvnf; yg0ifavY&Sdygonf/

tkyfcsKyfrI

EdkifiHa&;pepfyHkpH odkYr[kwf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ vlrIa&; odkYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk trsm; jynfol tusdK;twGuf pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif tmPmydkifrsm;u usifhoHk;onfh enf;vrf;/ rl0g'rsm; 'DZdkif; qGJjcif;? a&;qGJjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm; cGJa0jcif;tm; tpdk;&rsm;\ aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;udkvnf; &nfñTef;ygonf/

tajccH taqmufttHkum;vrf;? &xm;vrf;? qufoG,fa&;ESifh a&axmufyHYa&;qdkif&m yHYydk;rIrsm; tp&Sdaom ½kyfydkif;qdkif &m okdYr[kwf tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkrsm;/

vdkifpif

EdkifiHawmf odkYr[kwf a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUu a,bk,s oufqdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD pDrHudef;wpfckESifh wpfckMum; uGmjcm;rI tenf;i,fjzifh prf;oyfwdkif;wmcGifh odkYr[kwf wl;azmfcGifhrsm; csay;&mwGif toHk;jyKonfh pHyHkpHjzifh xkwfay;onfh Oya'qdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;wpfck/ tcsdKUEdkifiH rsm;wGif ygrpf[kvnf; ac:Muonf/

vdkifpifyg e,fajro,HZmw prf;oyfwdkif;wmcGihf ESifhôdkYr[kwf wl;azmfcGifhrsm; ay;xm;aom owfrSwfe,fajrrsm;/ vkyfuGufrsm; odkYr[kwf vkyfief;vkyfudkifcGifh e,fajrrsm;[kvnf; ac:Muonf/

vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;ukrÜPDrsm;xH wl;azmfcGifh csay;aom vkyfief;pOfESifh enf;vrf;/ vkyfudkifcGifhrsm; csay;&mwGif yGifh vif;jrifomrIESifh tNydKiftqdkif &SdrIonf &v'f\ t&nftaoG;tay: aumif;rGefaom oufa&muf rI &SdEdkifygonf/

jynfwGif;yg0ifrI tcsdK;tpm;

jynfwGif;vkyfom;? ukefypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrI axmufyHYolrsm;? ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;? &if;ESD;aiGESifh tajccH taqmufttHkwdkYtm; o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;u@rS vkyfief;vkyfukdifolrsm;u toHk;jyKjcif; odkYr[kwf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapjcif;rSwqifh wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlYtodkuft0ef;rsm; tay: tcGefr[kwfaom tusdK;jyKrIrsm;

157


pHerlem ,l&rnfh vkyfief; oabmwlpmcsKyf

EdkifiHwGif jzpfEdkifaom o,HZmw wl;azmfrIqdkif&m vkyfief; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;twGuf a,bk,s owfrSwfcsufrsm; yg0ifonfh pmcsKyf/ pHerlem ,l&rnfh vkyfief; oabmwlpmcsKyf wpfck\ tao; pdwfrI tqifhtwef;ESifh xdkpmcsKyftay: tav;xm;rIonf wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH uGJjym;Muygonf/

obm0 o,HZmw &efyHkaiGrsm;a&eH? "mwfaiGU odkYr[kwf "mwfowÅKrsm;rS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;jzifh t"du aiGaMu;yHYykd;xm;onfh EdkifiHydkif Opöm"e &efyHkaiGrsm;/

aiGaMu;r[kwfaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;

tpdk;& odkYr[kwf vlxku o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;wpfckrS &&Sdonfh aiGaMu; aumufcH&&SdrI ESifh roufqdkifaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;/ þwGif tvkyftudkifrsm;? tajccH taqmufttHkESifh jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tjcm;tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; yg0ifEdkifygonf/

bwf*sufjyify oHk;pGJrIomref bwf*sufvkyfief;pOfjzifh pDrHcefYcGJjcif; r&SdaomaMumifh vTwfawmf\ BuD;MuyfrI odkYr[kwf 0,f,lrIESifh pm&if;ppfaq;jcif;qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; tp&Sdaom jrifhrm;onfh pHEIef;rsm;tm; vdkufemp&m rvdkonfh tpdk;&\ aiGoHk;pGJrI/

pDrHudef; oHo&mvnfyHk puf0ef;o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;wpfck\ qufwdkuftqifhrsm;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh prf;oyfwdkif;wm jcif;? wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif;rS ydwfodrf;jcif;odkY oGm;ygonf/ pDrHudef;\ t&G,ftpm;ESifh blrdaA' taetxm;tay: rlwnfí 5 ESpfrS ESpfaygif; 200 txd MumEdkifygonf/

tpdk;&ukd,fpm; toHk;p&dwfrsm; (Quasi-Fiscal Expenditures)

0efBuD;Xme odkYr[kwf tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsuf jyify toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ Oyrm trsdK;om; a&eHukrÜPDwpfcku ¤if;wdkY\ t"du pD;yGm;a&;tpm; ausmif;rsm;twGuf rsm;aomtm; jzifh tpdk;&udk,fpm; aiGoHk;pGJjcif;/

o,HZmw odkufrsm; pkpkaygif; o,HZmwrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;t& wl;azmfxkwfvkyfEdkifonfh tpdwftydkif;/

o,HZmw usdefpm

obm0 o,HZmwrsm; txl;ojzifh "mwfowÅKrsm;ESifh avmifpmrsm; tp&Sdonfh jyefvnfjynfhNzdK; jcif; r&Sdonfh o,HZmwrsm; aygMuG,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;onf obm0 o,HZmw ydkí enf;yg;aom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfvQif ydkrdkedrfhusaom pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIESifh ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI &v'f rsm;udk &&SdavY&Sdonfh 0da&m"d/

o,HZmwrS &&Sdaomt&if;rpdkuf wpfcgoHk; &aiG

pkpkaygif; ukefusrIrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwfrsm;xuf ausmfvGefonfh obm0 o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;wpfckrS pkaqmif;&&Sdonfh 0ifaiGrsm;/

o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom0ifaiG vTJajymif;rIrsm;

EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u aumufcHNyD; a'oEå& tmPmydkifrsm;tm; cGJa0ay;aom o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;rS &&Sdonfh 0ifaiGrsm;/

0ifaiG cGJa0jzefYjzL;jcif;obm0 o,HZmwrS &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh rwlnDaom tqifhrsm;&Sd tpdk;& tzGJU rsm;xH? Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xH odkYr[kwf EdkifiHom;rsm;xH wdkuf½dkuf cGJa0csxm; owfrSwfyHk/

cdkifaMu;rsm;wl;azmfaom o,HZmw wefzkd;\ &mcdkifEIef;wpfck (Oyrm - wl;azmf&&Sdaom a&T\ ta&mif;wefzdk; tay: 4 &mckdifEIef;)tay: odkYr[kwf wl;azmfrI\ wpf,lepf (Oyrm - xkwfvkyfaom a&T\ 1 atmifpwkdif;tay: 4 &mckdifEIef;)tay: tajccHí o,HZmw ykdif&Sifu ay;aqmif&rIrsm;

EdkifiHydkif Opöm"e &efyHkaiGjynfy aiGa&;aMu;a&;qdkif&m ydkifqdkifrIrsm;wGif tenf;qHk; wpfpdwfwpfydkif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHNyD; us,f jyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm; &Sdonfh EdkifiHydkif tzGJUtpnf;

cdkifrmrItwGuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif; tydk'frsm;

y#dnmOfwpfckonf EdkifiHwGif;&Sd tjcm;Oya'rsm;ESifh rnfodkY tjyeftvSef oufa&mufrI&Sdonfudk qHk;jzwfay;aom y#dnmOfrsm;yg owfrSwfcsufrsm;/ xdkowfrSwfcsufrsm;onf Oya' tajymif;tvJ rsm;u tcsdefumvwpfck odkYr[kwf e,fy,fwpfck (Oyrm - tcGeftcrsm; aumufcHrIqdkif&m pepf tajymif;tvJrsm;)twGif; y#dnmOfyg owfrSwfcsufrsm;tay: vTrf;rdk;Edkifonfh tvm;tvmudk uefYowfay;avY &Sdygonf/

EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;tpdk;&u tjynfht0 odkYr[kwf wpfpdwfwpfydkif; ydkifqdkifNyD; tpdk;&ukd,fpm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&ef wnfaxmifxm;aom ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfonf/ EdkifiHydkifukrÜPD odkYr[kwf a&eHu@wGif trsdK;om; a&eHukrÜPD[kvnf; ac:qdkMuonf/

158


EdkifiHawmf\ &S,f,m yg0ifrI

"mwfowÅKESifh "mwfaiGUqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wpfOD;wnf; pD;yGm;a&; tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf odkYr[kwf yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í EdkifiHawmf\ ydkifqdkifrI tcsdK;/ tpdk;&\ tcsdK;onf (EdkifiHawmfu ¤if;\ &S,f,mrsm;twGuf aps;uGuf aygufaps;ay;í xnfh0ifNyD; pDrHudef; wnf aqmufrI ukefusp&dwfrsm;twGuf aiGxnfh0if&ef ac:qdkrIrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&Edkifonfh) Paid Equity ? (yk*¾vdu u@rS yl;wGJvkyfukdifolu pDrHudef; ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk vufiif; ay;acsNyD; tpkd;&u ¤if;\ &S,f,mtwGuf rvGJraoG &&Sdrnfh 0ifaiGrsm;jzifh ay;acsaom) Carried Equity odkYr[kwf (tpdk;&u ¤if;\ &S,f,mtwGuf wpfpHkwpf&m ay;acsjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; tcGeftc aumufcHrIpepfwGif tpm;jyefay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfaom) Free Equity yHkpH jzpfEdkifygonf/

r[mAsL[mus oufa&mufrI qef;ppfjcif;

vdkifpifxkwfay;xm;aom e,fajrrsm;rS EdkifiHtay: ay;aom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh ukefusrIrsm;tm; tpdk;&u qef;ppfonfh enf;vrf;/ wpfcgwpf&H r[mAsL[mus ywf0ef;usif qef;ppfjcif;[kvnf; ac:qdkMuonf/

a'oEå& tmPmydkifEdkifiHawmftqifhxufedrfhaom w&m;0if tmPmydkif odkYr[kwf tpdk;&\ udk,fpm;vS,f (Oyrm - jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf c½dkif)/

tcGefaumufcHrI tajccH (Tax Base) pm&if;udkif vkyfief;pOfwGif tcGefrsm; usoifhonfh 0ifaiGtrsdK;tpm;ESifh wGufcsufrI enf;vrf;

twuftus jrefrIo,HZmw wl;azmfrI udpö&yfwGif twuftus jrefrIonf a&eH? "mwfaiGUESifh "mwfowÅK aps;EIef; rsm; rarQmfrSef;EdkifbJ tBuD;tus,f ajymif;vJavY&Sdonfh rMumcP jzpfavYjzpfx&Sdaom tvm; tvmudk qdkvdkonf/

toHk;tEIef;rsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu <https://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/tools/natural-resource-governance-glossary> wGif &&SdEdkifonfh NRGI \ o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; pm&if; udk Munfhyg/

159

aemufqufwGJ (2)*gemEdkifiH\ 2015-2016 ckESpf ygwDpHk vkyfief;pOfrS yxrawGUqHkrI\ tpDtpOf

a&eHESifh "mwfaiGUqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;ygwD rl0g'&yfwnfrI a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif; awGUqHkrI

Mumoyaw;aeY? atmufwdkbmv?

15 &ufaeY

aomMumaeY? atmufwdkbmv?

16 &ufaeY

paeaeY? atmufwdkbmv?

17 &ufaeY

we*FaEGaeY? atmufwdkbmv?

18 &ufaeY

wevFmaeY? atmufwdkbmv?

19 &ufaeY

9;00-10;00

yGJwufa&mufolrsm; a&muf&Sdvmjcif;

EIwfcGef;qufpum; Adams Fusheini

a&eHESifh"mwfaiGUtay: rl0g' a&;qGJowfrSwf &jcif;\ taMumif; t&if;ESifh enf;vrf; Frank Kayitare & Famke Brouwer

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*gemEdkifiHtwGuf r[mAsL[mus uGm[csufrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;Dr. Mohammed Amin Adam

10;00-11;00

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14;00-15;00

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PRMA oHk;oyfrI tvGef - vuf&Sd 0ifaiGpDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;Mark Evans


tydwf trSmpum;ESifh a&SUqufaqmif&GufrI Frank Kayitare & Famke Brouwer

160

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18 &ufaeY

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19 &ufaeY

15;30-17;00



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161

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The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) and the Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) tzGJUtpnf;wdkkY jyKvkkyfcJhaom okkawoe avhvmrIwGif EdkkifiHa&;jzpfpOfü vGwfvyfpGm wef;wlyg0ifcGihf &Sdygu o,HZmw u@wGifvnf; cdkkifrmtm;aumif;aom Oya'rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf usihfxHkk;rsm; &SdMuNyD; EdkkifiHom;tusdK;twGuf &&Sdvmonhf tcGefb@aiGrsm;udkk oHkk;pGJrI&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

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þvrf;nTefcsufpmtkkyfudk International IDEA ESihf NRGI tzGJUwdkkY yl;aygif;xkkwfa0jcif; jzpfygonf/ tzGJUESpfzGJUpvHkk;onf EdkkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; tcsuftvuf tajcjyK o,H Zmw pDrHtkkyfcsKyfrIqdkkif&m rl0g'rsm; a&;qGJ taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tultnDay; Edkkifygonf/

International IDEA

StrömsborgSE-103 34 StockholmSwedenT +46 (0) 8 698 37 [email protected]

Natural Resource Governance Institute

80 Broad Street, Suite 1801New York, NY 10004USAT +1 646 929 [email protected]

Documents

EdkifiHa&ygwDrsm;ESifh obm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI · 2018. 10. 16. · EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh obm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfrI rl0g'azmfaqmifa&;twGuf vufawGUvrf;nTef Zefe0g&D 2018