THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

黃敏銓

基醫大樓6樓 0646室mchuang@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw

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MUSCLE TISSUE

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue 骨骼肌Cardiac muscle tissue 心肌Smooth muscle tissue 平滑肌

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producing body movementsstabilizing body positionsstoring and moving substances within the bodyproducing heat

Functions of Muscle Tissue

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

Electrical excitability triggered by neurotransmitter (神經傳遞物質), hormone, pH

Contractility generating force

Extensibility can be stretched

Elasticity return to the original shape4

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Fascia: superficial fascia and deep fascia

Superficial fascia

Deep fascia

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Tendon: a cord of dense regular connective tissue

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

Tendon

- Epimysium肌外膜: total muscle- Perimysium肌束膜: muscle fiber bundle (fascicle肌束)- Endomysium肌內膜: individual muscle fiber

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腓腸肌

Achilles tendon

Tendon (肌腱）: a cord of dense regular connective tissue

Gastrocnemius (腓腸肌)

Aponeurosis (腱膜) ─ a sheet-like tendon

Frontalis

Galea aponeurotica

Occipitalis

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Aponeurosis (腱膜) ─ a sheet-like tendon

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Tendon (synovial) sheath (滑液囊)─ tubes of fibrous connective tissue

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Tendon (synovial) sheath (滑液囊)

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Nucleus

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Filaments and sarcomere

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Striation of skeletal muscle: A bands and I bands

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Structure of thick and thin filaments

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Neuromuscular junction:synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

muscle fiber

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Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction

Motor unit

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Types of skeletal muscle fibersHow rapidly the ATPase in its myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP

Slow fibers:Fiber diameter : smallestMyoglobin : large amountColor : redATP generation : high capacity by aerobicRate of ATP use: slowContraction : slowLocation : postural muscles such as those of the neck

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Cardiac muscle tissue

Intercalated discs- gap junction- desmosome

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Smooth muscle tissue

Multiunit smooth muscle tissue- walls of large arteries - arrector pili muscles (豎毛肌)- iris (虹彩)- ciliary muscles (睫狀肌) 21

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SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE- striated (橫紋) muscle- voluntary (隨意) muscle

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Attachment of muscle

Origin : muscle attached to the bone that does not move proximal

Insertion : muscle attached to the move end distal

belly (肌腹) widest part of the muscle

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Lever systems and muscle actions

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Individual and group actions of musclesA. Agonist 主動肌

prime mover; is responsible for producing a movement

B. Antagonist 拮抗肌opposes the movement of a prime mover

C. Synergist 協同肌work together with a prime mover

D. Fixator固定肌: postural muscleprovides a stable base for the action of a prime mover

Arrangement of fascicles

(多羽狀)

(雙羽狀)

(環狀)

(條帶狀)

(紡綞狀)

(單羽狀) 28

Nomenclature

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1. DirectionRectus (直肌), Transverse (橫肌) , Oblique (斜肌)

2. Size Maximus (大肌); Minimus (小肌); Longus (長肌); Brevis (短肌)

3. Shape Deltoid , Rhomboid , Serratus

4. ActionExtensor (伸肌); Flexor (屈肌)

5. Number of origins Biceps brachii (肱二頭肌) 2 heads; Triceps brachii 3 heads

6. Location Supraspinatus (棘上肌); Infraspinatus (棘下肌)

7. Attachment sitesSternohyoid (胸骨舌骨肌)

Orbicularis oculi vs. Levator palperbrae superioris

閉眼

張眼

提上眼瞼肌

眼輪匝肌

Orbicularis oculi

Levator palpebraesuperioris

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皺眉頭

Corrugator supercilii─眉下壓、垂直皺紋

皺眉肌

Corrugator supercilii

Frontalis (額肌)─眉上提、水平皺紋

Frontalis(額肌)

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Orbicularis oris (口輪匝肌) ─閉口

Orbicularis oris(口輪匝肌)

Muscles open the mouth

(降下唇肌)

(提上唇肌)

笑肌顴大肌

(頦肌)

張口

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Buccinator (頰肌)-major muscular portion of the cheek

WhistlingBlowingSucking

Buccinator (頰肌)

咀嚼肌 (muscles of mastication)─ the muscles that move the mandible

• Masseter• Temporalis• Medial pterygoid• Lateral pterygoid

關閉下顎

下顎左右移動

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Masseter (嚼肌)最大力量的咀嚼肌 (muscles of mastication)

(顳肌)

(嚼肌)

Masseter

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Medial pterygoid翼內側肌Lateral pterygoid翼外側肌 下顎左右移動

翼內肌

翼外肌

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Platysma (頸闊肌) ─下頷骨下拉

頸闊肌Platysma (頸闊肌)

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Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball─快速收縮與精確控制

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Muscles that move the tongue

莖舌肌

頦舌肌

顎舌肌

舌骨舌肌

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Sternocleidomastoid (胸鎖乳突肌)

頭部轉動43

Sternocleidomastoid (胸鎖乳突肌)

Sternocleidomastoid(胸鎖乳突肌)

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Muscles of the male anterolateral abdominal wall

腹直肌

腹橫肌腹外斜肌

腹內斜肌

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Internal oblique腹內斜肌

Cremaster muscle(提睪肌）

Cremaster muscle(提睪肌）

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Muscles for breathingMuscles for breathing

Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, Inferior vena cava

橫膈

內肋間肌

外肋間肌

External anal sphinctor(肛門外括約肌)

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Triangles of perineum─ Urogenital triangle─ Anal triangle

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Pelvic diaphragm─ levator ani 提肛肌: pubococcygeus (恥尾肌）, iliococcygeus (髂尾肌）─ coccygeus 尾骨肌─ fascia covering internal and external surfaces

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尾骨肌

Superficial muscles of urogenital triangle─ ischiocavernosus (坐骨海綿體肌)─ bulbospongiosis (球海綿體肌)─ superficial transverse perineus（會陰淺橫肌）

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Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: anterior thoracic muscles

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(胸小肌)

(前鋸肌)（boxer’s muscle）

(鎖骨下肌)

肩胛骨下拉

肩胛骨外旋

鎖骨下壓

Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: posterior thoracic muscles

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肩胛骨上舉、下拉、旋轉

(斜方肌)

肩胛骨上提、內收、旋轉(大菱形肌)

(提肩胛肌)

(小菱形肌)

Axial muscles that move the humerus (Arm)

Pectoralis major (胸大肌):上臂內收、內旋Latissimus dorsi (闊背肌): 上臂後伸、內旋

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(胸大肌)

(闊背肌)

Scapular muscles that move the humerus (Arm)

(闊背肌)Swimmer’s muscle

三角肌

喙肱肌內收

上提

棘上肌

棘下肌

小圓肌

大圓肌

Subscapularis肩胛下肌

Rotator cuff

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Subscapularis肩胛下肌

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Muscles that move the radius and ulna (forearm)

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肱二頭肌 肱三頭肌

肱橈肌 (brachioradialis) 掌長肌 (palmaris longus)

橈側屈腕肌 (flexor carpi radialis)側屈腕肌 (flexor carpi ulnaris)

屈腕

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橈側伸腕長肌(extensor carpiradialis longus)

尺側伸腕肌(extensor carpiulnaris)

伸指肌(extensordigitorum)

伸腕

Muscles that move the vertebral column

豎脊肌

Erector spinae:

iliocostalis (外)

longismus (中)

spinalis (內)

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Muscles that move thigh and leg

股外側肌

股中間肌股內側肌

股直肌

股四頭肌：

內收長肌(adductor longus)

內收大肌(adductor magnus)

股薄肌 (Gracilis)

伸小腿屈大腿 內收大腿

Anterior superficial view

Anterior (extensor)compartment Medial

compartment

恥骨肌 (pectineus)

Sartorius縫匠肌─最長的肌肉

屈大腿外旋髖關節 Sartorius

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Muscles that move thigh and leg

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臀大肌

坐骨神經

股二頭肌 (biceps femoris)半腱肌 (semitendinosus)

半膜肌 (semimembranosus)

屈小腿伸大腿

Posterior superficial view

Posterior (flexor)compartment

Gluteusmaximus

伸展大腿大腿外旋

Muscles that move the foot and toes

脛骨前肌

腓長肌

腓短肌

足掌背屈

Lateral compartment

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

Tibialis anterior

足掌外翻

足掌外翻

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Muscles that move the foot and toes

Gastrocnemius (腓腸肌)

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(腓腸肌) （比目魚肌）

Soleus（比目魚肌）

Achilles tendon

足掌下壓

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM