Giaxaydung.com Phuong Phap Do Boc Khoi Luong V3

5/28/2018 Giaxaydung.com Phuong Phap Do Boc Khoi Luong V3

1/96

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d tonti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Xin lin h Ms Thu An 0975.381.900 hoc Ms Huyn Thanh 0985.099.938, [email protected]

www.DutoanGXD.vn Page 1/ 96

CNG TY CP GI XY DNG

T SCH K S NH GI XY DNG

H NI, 11/2013

Tc gi: Ths. Nguyn Th Anh

S DNG PHN MM D TON GXD

Xut bn ln th 3


2/96




LINI U

Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc nhiu lp bi dng nghip v c bnv, o bc khi lng, lp d ton, lp gi d thu, nh gi xy dng ti HNi, Tp.H Ch Minhv mt s a phng khc. Cc kho hc lun ccchc vinnh gi c ni dung rt hay, thc t, b chv c cht lng cao. CcPhn mm D tonGXD v D thu GXDc pht cho hc vin thc hnhnhanh, mnh, tin liv thng minh. Phng php v phong cch ging dy caging vin sng to v lun i mi, gip cho cc bui hc rtth v, hc vinthu hoch c nhiu kin thc chuyn mn v cc k nng phc v cng vic.

Do nhiu yu tm chng ti cha th t chc cc kho hc rng ri cca phng. V vy, thng qua h thng Giaxaydung.vn, Giaxaydung.com

DutoanGXD.vn chng ti ph bin mt s ti liu (dng cho hc vin) ti ccng nghip quan tm dng tham kho b sung kin thc v nh gi xydng; o bcv kim sotkhi lng cng trnh.

Do trnh cn hn ch, li vit ti liu trong iu thi gian eo hp. V vy,c th cn thiu st, ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc ng nghip, ccon vit b sung, cc hnh nh, bi tp minh ha ln ra mt sau ti liu nys hon thin hn na. Mi kin xin gi [email protected].

Ti liu ny c ti min ph ti Giaxaydung.vn, Giaxaydung.com hoc

DutoanGXD.vn. Bncngc thlin h vn phng Cng ty Gi Xy Dngcopy file. Xin chn thnh cm n bn c ng h.

Xin chn thnh cm n.

Tc gi
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/96




CCH S DNG TI LIU

Nu bn khng hc chuyn ngnh xy dng, thm ch bn c hc nhngcha hiu su v vn c bn v, bc tch khi lng. Th ng lo, mc chca gio trnh ny nhm phng s bn tt nht.

Hy bin ti liuny thnh cng chu ch cho cng vic ca bn, phn nhcuc sng ca bn. Hy in ra v mang theo bn, in mt mt giy thi bn nh,mt cn trng l ca bn. Hy in du tay bn ln . Hy nh du, hy gchchn nhng tng m bn ng tnh. Hy ghi ra cc cu hi cn c giip. Hy thm vo nhng suy ngh, v d ca ring bn, nhng tnh hungthc t m bn gp phi. Hy tra ngun cho nhng on trch dn, nhng ti liutham kho, vn bn c nu tn. Bin ti liu thnh s tay tra cu, hng dn

o bc v kim sot khi lng ca bn. Hy bin nhng ni dung trong gio trnh ny thnh kin thc trong u

bn, thc s l ca bn. ng ch l c gi, hy bn thn bn tr thnh ngtc gi ca cunsch bng cch vit thm vo nhng pht hin ca bn.

Ti liu ph hp :

- Cc bn hc vin nghin cu trc khi tham gia kha hc chnh thc doCng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc;

- Cc bn hc vin kt thc kha hc nghin cu b sung, cng c choccbi hc trn lp;

- Cc bn t hc, cc bn tham gia kha hc t xa, hc online quagiaxaydung.vn.

- Cc ng nghip lm cng tc kim sot khi lng ti cc Ban qun l dn, n v t vn u t xy dng cng trnh, c quan kim ton, kho bc, thanh tra... c th tham kho trang b kin thc phc v cng vic.

Ti liu cng c th s dng cc t chc, c nhn c quan tm s dngtham kho trong cng vic o bc, kim sot khi lng cc cng trnh xydng, lp v thm tra d ton, kim sot chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh

Ti liu ny c bin son v chia s min ph, bn c th in n, lu tr s dng cho mc ch c nhn hoc chia s vi cc bn b ng nghip. Mitrch dn xin ghi r ngungc.

Tc gi


4/96




M U1. Mc tiu

Kin thc:Hc vin c trang b c s l lun, cch lm v p dng cvo cng vic c th.

K nng:Gii quyt c cc vn c th trong qu trnh hc v lm vic,rn luyn c tnh cn trng, t m v chnh xc trong cng vic.

Thi :C quan im thngnht trong tnh ton khi lng xy dng cngtrnh ti Vit Nam, tnh chnh xc m bo yu cu k thut v cng ngh.

2. Phng php hc

- Da vo thc t v nguyn l xc nh phng php o bc khi lng.

-Nm bt cc kin thc c bn thng qua l thuyt v cc v d c th. o

bc khi lng cng trnh dn dng i hi s t m, chi tit, nhiu u vicnht so vi cc loi cng trnh khc. V vy, cc v d phc v bi ging chyu l ca cng trnh dn dng, mt s l cng trnh cng nghip v g iao thng.Sau khi nm c cc nguyn l, k nng hc vin trin khai ng dng kinthc hc c p dng cho cc loi cng trnh khc.

- Tch cc lm bi tp, gii quyt tnh hung, tho lun t c mctiu.

3. Mt s yu cu v kin thc v k nng o bc khi lng

- Cc kin thc v cng ngh xy dng, k thut thi cng. - Cc kin thc v cc phng php, quy trnh thi cng xy dng . Nu ckinh nghim tch lu c trong qu trnh thc t thi cng xy dng th cng tt.

- Kh nng c hiu cc thng tin trong thit k.

- K nng v k thut o bc khi lng.

- Hiu bit v cc phng php o bc cc kt cu ,b phn ca cng trnh .

- Hiu bit cc vn bn php lut quy nh cc v vn lin quan o bckhi lng.

- Hiu bit v nh mc d ton xy dng cng trnh, nm vng ni dungcc tp nh mc.

- Lun c gng t c s chnh xc cao trong cng vic o bc.

- Lun c gng t tc lm vic nhanh, t hiu sut cao.

- Thnh tho cc phn mm nh Excel, D ton GXD, D thu GXD,Thanh Quyt ton GXD.


5/96




BN V TRONG XY DNG

I. KHI NIM V THIT K V BN V XY DNG

1. Khi nim v thit k

Thit k cng trnh xy dng l qu trnh lp ra h thng cc bn v v ccch tiu tnh ton thuyt minh s hp l v mt k thut cngnh v mt kinht ca cc hng mc v cng trnh xy dng.

2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k)

Bn v thit k (thit k k thut, thit k k thut thi cng) l bn v biudin hnh dng, cu to, m hnh ca cng trnh phc v cho vic thi cn g xydng v lp t thit b cho cng trnh. Bn v th hin hnh dng, kch thc,tnh nng, k thut, chng loi vt liu cu to nn b phn cng trnh v cng

trnh; th hin hnh dng tng th ca cng trnh.

3. Vai tr ca bn v thit k

Tu tng i tng m bn v thit k c cc vai tr nh sau:

+ Ngi lp d ton s dng bn v xc nh khi lng ca cc cngvic thi cng xy dng cng trnh, t p n gi xc nh gi tr d tonxy dng cng trnh.

+ Ngi lm cng tc k hoch c th da vo bn v thit k tnh ton

v d tr cc ngun lc phc v k hoch thi cng xy dng cng trnh. + Ngi thi cng (nh thu xy dng) nhn vo bn v thit k v s dngcc phng tin k thut, cng ngh v nhn lc, vt lc bin thit k trnbn v thnh cng trnh trong thc t.

+ Ngi lm cng tc kim sot khi lng, chi ph (k ton, kim ton,thanh tra, nhn vin ngn hng, kho bc) da vo bn v kim tra, kim sotkhi lng trong h s thanh quyt ton.

II. PHN LOI BN V XY DNG

1. Bn vquy hochBn v quy hoch l bn v th hin quy hoch ca mt khu vc a l hnh

chnh v xy dng. Tnh trng v v tr s dng t, cch b tr cc cng trnhdn dng trong mt tng th...


6/96




Bn v quy hoch cm cng nghip i Xuyn (Ph Xuyn, H Ni)

2. Bn v kin trc

Bn v kin trc l bn v biu din cu to v mt kin trc ca cng trnh.Th hin m hnh, ng nt, hnh dng, cch thc b tr (cc kt cu, b phn,hng mc cng trnh), ng giao thng... m bo cng nng v thm m chocng trnh.

V d: Vi cng trnh dn dng, bn v kin trc th hin m hnh, ngnt, hnh dng, cch thc b tr cc phng, ng giao thng i li trong cngtrnh...

Bn v kin trc ca cng trnh c k hiu l KT. V d: KT 01; KT 02...

thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng tng 1, Mt bng tng 2,.... Mtng, Mt ct.


7/96




3. Bn v kt cu

Bn v kt cu l bn v biu din cu to v mt kt cu ca mt cngtrnh. Th hin cch b tr ca ct thp... nhm m bo kh nng chu ti (chulc) ca cng trnh.

Bn v kt cu ca cng trnh c k hiu l KC. V d KC 01; KC 02thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng kt cu mng, Mt bng i mng,Chi tit dm, s b tr gi cu, chi tit mng m cu...


8/96




4. Bn v b tr thit b

Bn v b tr thit b l bn v biu din v tr t cc thit b trong cngtrnh. Bn v b tr thit b thng da trn tn, loi thit b lp t vo cngtrnh.

i vi cng trnh dn dng: bn v b tr thit b thng l cc bn v thhin v tr lp t cc thit b nh: in, nc, h thng PCCC, iu ho thnggi, h thng k thut cng trnh (camera an ninh, iu khin to nh)...

V d:

+ Bn v thit k in c: 01, 02...

+ Bn v thit k cp nc, thot nc: N 01, N 02...


9/96




III. CCH THC TH HIN BN V

1. Cc hnh thc biu din ca mt vt th Hnh chiu ng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng

ng pha sau vt th.

Hnh chiu bng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng nmngang pha bn di vt th.

Hnh chiu cnh: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thngng nm bn cnh vt th.

Hnh chiu ng Hnh chiu cnh

Hnh chiu bng


10/96




Hnh ct - mt ct: Nu tng tng c mt mt phng ct ngang qua vtth th hnh ct l phn giao ca vt th vi mt phng c chiu vo mt mtphng ng sau n. Hnh ca mt ct c gi l hnh ct.

Hnh chiu trc o: l loi hnh biu din ni c xy dng bng phpchiu song song. Hnh chiu trc o ca vt th thng c v km vi cchnh chiu thng gc ca n nhm gip cho ngi c bn v d dng hnh dungra vt th cn biu din.Khng ng, phi thay bng vt th

Hnh chiu phi cnh: gi tt l phi cnh, l loi hnh biu din ni cxy dng bng php chiu xuyn tm. N c dng trn cc bn v kin trc,xy dng biu din cc cng trnh xy dng nh: nh ca, cu, ng, thyli tc l nhng i tng c kch thc kh ln.

Mt ct Hnh ct


11/96




Phi cnh ni tht Phi cnh cu

Phi cnh ng Phi cnh cng trnh nh cao tng

Bi tp: Hy ghi tn cc hnh chiu tng ng cho ngi nh sau:

...................... ...................... ......................

..................... ..................... .....................


12/96




Ti lp hc: Hc vin s phn tch v gii thch cn k hiu r cchnh v, t trang b kin thc c bn v, bc tch khi lng.

2. Cc hnh thc biu din bn v ca cng trnh xy dng

Bn v phi cnh: d dng hnh dung cng trnh (c bit i vi nhngngi khng hc chuyn ngnh xy dng, k thut), chng ta c th xem bn vny. y l bn v kiu chp hnh cng trnh, th hin c cnh vt, khng gianxung quanh nh tht.

Phi cnh cng trnh thu in Sn La

Bn v mt bng: trn ta chiu vt th ln mt mtphng nm ngang pha bn di vt th, th y ta em in cng trnh ln mt phng nm ngang

pha di cng trnh (hoc nhn cng trnh t trn my bay v tr thng gc vimt t) khi ta c bn v mt bng.

Thng lu


13/96




Mt bng pthu in Sn La

nh chp: Thng lu cng trnh thu in Sn La

nh chp: H lu cng trnh thu in Sn La

Thng lu

Hlu

H lu

Thng lu


14/96




Bn v mt bng ca cng trnh th hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phnchia cc khu vc trong cng trnh.

i vi cng trnh dn dng, mt bng thng dng th hin v tr catng, ct, ca, cu thang... trong mt tng. Tng tng ct cng trnh bng

mt mt phng song song vi mt sn cao hn 1m th hnh chiu ca mtct ln mt sn th hin mt bng ca cng trnh.

Ct cng trnh bng 1mt phng song song.

Hnh chiu ln mt snth hin mt bng


15/96




Bn v mt ng: Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sauvo mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c hnh chiu ng ca cngtrnh. Bn v mt ng th hin kin trc ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh.Thng qua c th bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V d i

vi cng trnh dn dng, mt ng th hin v tr ca, v tr mi ht, lan can,...

Bn v mt ct: Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng ccmt phng tng ng ta s c bn v mt ct ngang v mt ct dc ca cngtrnh. Thng qua bn v mt ct th hin c b dy v chiu cao ca cc bphn m mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn trn cng trnh.

Ct dc tuyn nng lng (pthu in Sn La)

Bn v chi tit: Nu trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh t mt bng,

mt ng v mt ct ta s thy c chi tit c th ca phn trch v . Trongh thng bn v thit k xy dng th thng c rt nhiu cc bn v chi tit.

Ch : Trong h thng bn v xy dng trnh by trn ngi tnh khilng cn nghin cu c th tng bn v mt. Cc bn v thng c s lin ktvi nhau th hin cu to ca mt b phn hoc kt cu xy dng hoc v trlp t thit b, chi tit ch to thit b cng ngh... Thng qua bn v mt bngth hin chiu di v chiu rng. Thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct thhin chiu su v chiu cao.


16/96




Bi tp: Hy in tn gi cho cc loi bn v nh sau:


17/96




IV. H THNG QUY TC V K HIU TRONG BN V XY DNG

1. K hiu trc trong bn v xy dng

Trc trong bn v xy dng th hin l cc ng ni cc v tr tim kt cu

chnh (ct, tim tng, tr, m, tim ng, tim p). C hai loi chnh l trcdc v trc ngang. Thit lp li trc cho cng trnh chnh l thit lp ta vtr kt cu chnh cho cng trnh (tng, ct, tr, m, tim ng, tim p).

V nguyn tc t tn trc cho cng trnh xy dng c thc hin nh sau:

- i vi trc ngang c k hiu bng cc ch ci, kiu ch in hoa.

- i vi trc dc c k hiu l cc con s. Ngoi tr hai ch l I v O v d dn ti ln ch vi s. Trong trng hp

khi dng cc ch s m ht th c th k hiu ti hai ch hoc 2 s ghp li. Tt

c cc ch ci v con s c ghi trong mt vng trn n.V d:

Bi tp: Hy in k hiu trc cho bn v sau:

D W

D 2

D 1

TU

LAN

H

850

850

1500

1400

37004100

1000 1400 3600

1600

3600

2. K hiucao (ct) trong bn v

K hiu ct trong bn v l vic ghi cao ( cao, chiu cao) ca cc bphn, chi tit ca cng trnh.

- Cao ca cng trnh, cao ca cc kt cu, chi tit cn th hin cao c ghi theo n v mt (m) vi chnh xc3 s l sau du , hoc du .

1

a YX


18/96




v ghi trn mi tn k hiu. K hiu cao l mi tn hnh tam gic u, t naen na trng, cao ca tam gic bng cao ca ch s ghi cao .

- Cao 0.000 (cn gi l ct 0) c quy c l ct mt nn ca cngtrnh sau khi hon thin.

V d:

- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr thp hn 0.000 (nm di mtnn) c gi l cao m v k hiu du (-)

V d:-0.050

(su xung di mt nn 0,05m)

- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr cao hn 0.000 (nm trn mtnn) c gi l cao dng v k hiu du (+)

V d: +3.900(cao ln trn 3,9m)

- Quy nh l phi ghi du (-) trc cao m, i vi cao dng th cth ghi du (+) hoc khng ghi.

- Cao trn mt ct v mt ng ghi theo ng dng t cc kt cu v bphn. C th ghi cao ngay ti mt bng ti v tr cn th hin hoc trch rangoi hnh v.

Bi tp: Hy tm v ghi cc tr s cao cho bn v sau:

0.000


19/96




3. Quy tc ghi kch thc

Ghi kch thc l vic th hin cc knh thc chiu di, chiu rng, chiucao (hoc su) ca chi tit trn bn v.

ng kch thc gm c:

- Con s ghi kch thc ch kch thc tht ca vt th.

- n v ch di l mm, trn bn v khng cn ghi n v.

Khi ghi kch thc phi s dng:

- ng kch thc l ng phi cch mp vt th t nht l 10mm v ump phi ko di qu cc ng dng bin t 1 - 3 mm. Ti im giao nhau giang dng kch thc v ng ghi kch thc phi dng nt gch ngt cchiu di 2 - 4 mm nghing 450v pha bn phi ng dng gii hn phnghi kch thc.

- ng ghi kch thc vt th trong bn v xy dng c 3 lp:

Lp 1 (lp trong cng tip gip vi vt th) ghi cc kch thc ca ca i,ca s, cc mng tng, vch;

Lp 2 (gia) ghi kch thc t trc n n trc kia (khong cch gia cctrc);

Lp 3 (ngoi cng) ghi kch thc tng t trc u tin n trc cui cng.

Trong bn v xy dng cng dng cch ghi kch thc m thay cho ng

gch ngt l mi tn trong cc trng hp sau: - Kch thc ng knh, bn knh v gc;

- Kch thc bn knh gc ln;

- Kch thc t mt im no n mt im gc quy c.

Mch bn: C th ni phn ln thi gi v cng vicca ngi o bc khilng dnh cho victm kch thc trn bn v, y l cng vic kh kh khn .

Trn lp hc do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc, hc vin s c hngdn lm bi tp ghi kch thc trn bn v, tip cn vn theo hng ngc

li ca vic tm kch thc trn bn v. Hc vin c trang b kin thc t bncht ca vn lm c vic.

4. K hiu cc b phn trong cng trnh

Cc b phn trong cng trnh c k hiu thng nht. Ngi lm cng tco bc khi lng xem bn v (c bn v) v da vo cc k hiu bit cti v tr no ca cng trnh th hin ci g.

Mt s k hiu th hin trong bn v (trch TCVN 4614 88 ti liu thit k)

K hiu ca i, ca s:


20/96




TT Tn gi K hiu

1 Ca i mt cnh

2 Ca i hai cnh

3 Ca i hai cnh c nh

4 Ca i cnh xp

5 Ca i mt cnh t ng (haipha)

6Ca i hai cnh ng t ng(hai pha)

7 Ca i quay quanh trc ng

8 Ca la mt cnh

9 Ca la hai cnh

10 Ca xp ko ngang

11 Ca nng hay cun

12 Ca s

V d: Hy xem hnh sau c 4ca iD1, 1 ca i D2, 1 ca s S1 v 1 ca s S2:


21/96




K hiu cc ph kin v sinh

TT Tn gi K hiu

12 Chu x kiu ngi xm

13 Chu tiu st tng

14 Mng tiu

15 ng phun nc

16 Phu thu nc bn

a) Hnh ch nht

b) Hnh trn

17 Chu ra (k hiu chung)


22/96




TT Tn gi K hiu

18 Mng ra

19 Bn tm

20 Bn tm ngi

21 Khay tm ng c hng sen

22 Vi nc cng cng

23 Hp cha chy

24Phng tm trn mt bngt l 18 mm.

1.3. Cng tc ng cc b tng ct thp

a/ n v: 100m

b/ Quy cch:

Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:

- S dng ba my c trng lng u ba: < 1,8 tn , > 1,8tn

- Quy cch, kch thc: chiu di cc, tit din cc .- Cp t v iu kin thi cng: cp t 1, 2 v trn cn, di nc.


38/96




- Bin php thi cng: ng cc, p cc

c/ Phng php tnh:

Tng chiu di cc = su 1 l cc x ton b s l cc

.v.v.

d/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- ng cc BTCT, tit din 20x20, trng lng u ba < 1,2T .

- ng cc BTCT, tit din 30x30, trng lng u ba > 1,8T .

- p trc cc BTCT, tit din 10x10

- p sau cc BTCT, tit din 40 x 40

- .v.v.

1.4. ng cc tre, g...

a/ n v: 100 mb/ Quy cch:


- n v tnh: 100 m .

- Loi vt liu: cc tre, cc g, cc trm, c g

-Nhm t: bn, t C2, C3.

- Kch thc vt liu: cc < 2,5m ; cc > 2,5m.

- Bin php thi cng: Th cng hoc bng my.c/ Phng php tnh:

Chiu di = DT gia c x chiu di cc x mt cc.

d/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- ng cc tre.

- ng cc trm.

- vv

1.5. Cng tc t

a/ n v: 100 m3i vi cng tc o bng my v m3i vi cng tc obng th cng.

b/ Quy cch:


-Nhm t: c th xem phn thuyt minh bn v bit c t o mngca cng trnh thuc loi cp t no. Kh hay d thi cng.

- Kch thc: i vi cng tc o mng tng, mng, rnh th:

+ Chiu rng quy nh hai cp < 3m v > 3m.+ Chiu su quy nh mi cp bng 1 m: < 1 m, < 2m, < 3m, > 3m.


39/96




+ Mng h c lp phn theo b rng.

+ t cn phn bit nhm t.

c/ Phng php tnh:

Kch thc h o c xc nh da trn kch thc mt bng v mt ctchi tit mng.

Cng thc tnh khi lng khi hnh chp ct :

V = H/6*[a*b+d*c+(c+a)*(d+b)]

Tnh khi lng mng bng c taluy cn chia ct thnh cc hnh n gin tnh.

Tnh khi lng lp mng: Tnh chnh xc V lp= Vo- Vcng trnh b chn lp

Tnh gn ng theo kinh nghim: Vlp= 1/3 Vo

d/ Tn cng vic thng c:- o mng ct, o mng bng cc loi.

- o nnng.

- Lp t mng cng trnh.

- p t nn nh.

- p ct ph u c.

1.6. Cng tc b tng

a/ n v: m3


40/96




b/ Quy cch:

Trong cng tc b tng cn c phn bit:

- Loi b tng: b tng gch v, b tng lt mng, b tng c ct thp hayb tng khng c ct thp;

- S hiu b tng (b tng gch v, mc va);

- Loi cu kin;

- V tr cu kin;

- Phng thc .

c/ Phng php tnh

Cng tc b tng c tnh nh trnh by trn vi ct, dm sn, lanh t, vng, cu thang.

d/ Cng tc b tng nm rirc trong cng trnh. Cn tnh ton cn k, tm i vi tng b phn trnh sai st.

1.7. Cng tc ct thp

a/ n v: tn

b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit

- Loi thp

- Kch thc i vi thp hnh

- ng knh i vi thp trn

- Loi cu kin v v tr cu kin

- Phng php thi cng

c/ Phng php tnh

Tnh nh trnh by trc.

Ch :

i vi thp hnh lm lan can, cu thang cn c bng tra tit din v trnglng ca 1 md t tnh ton khi lng hoc tnh bng: chiu di cu kin *

din tch cu kin * s lng cu kin * trng lng ring (Trng lng ringca thp = 7850kg/m3).

Tnh khi lng 1m thp trn theo cng thc:

M = 0,6165 x 2D .

Trong : M: Khi lng 1m thp trn, n v l Kg .

D: ng knh ct thp, n v l cm .

1.8. Cng tc sn xut, lp dng kt cu st thp

a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:

- n v tnh: 1 tn .- Chng loi thp: thp hnh, thp tm, thp trn


41/96




- Loi cng tc: Sn xut v ko, lp dng v ko, sn xut x g, lp dngx g, sn xut ging thp, lp dng ging thp, sn xut thp lan can cu ngst

- Quy cch, kch thc cu kin: vn khun khu < 36m , < 9m

- Cc kiu lin kt: hn, bu lng- Bin php gia cng: c gii, th cng

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo bng thng k thp ca thit k.

- Hoc tnh trc tip t thit k cu kin: Trc khi tnh cn phn bit ccthng s c bn nh:

+ Kch thc: di x rng x dy (i vi thp hnh, tm).

+ Kch thc: di x K (i vi thp trn)Tnh chiu di cu kin x din tch cu kin x s lng cu kin x trng

lng ring.

V d: Tnh khi lng ging mi, gm 12 cu kin, di 5,5 m, tn dp, kchthc C200x 50x 15x 2,5.

Tnh M = 5,5x ( 0,2+ 0,05x2+ 0,015x2) x 0,0025 x 12 x 7850 = 297,9 kg 0,3 tn .

(Trng lng ring ca thp: 7.850kg/m3).

c/ Tn cng vic thng c:- Sn xut kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).

- Lp dng kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).

- .v.v .

1.9. Cng tc vn khun

a/ n v tnh: 100 m2

b/ Quy cch: cnch phn loi:

-Vn khun bng g

- Vn khun bng kim loi...

c/ Phng php tnh: trnh by trc trong phn b tng ct, dm ging,sn, mi..

1.10. Cng tc xy


- n v tnh: m3.

- Loi cng tc: xy mng, xy tng, xy cc kt cu phc tp

- Loi vt liu: , gch ng, gch th, gch chu la - Kch thc vt liu: gch ng 8x8x19, 9x9x19


42/96




- Chiu dy khi xy: Chiu dy < 10cm, < 30cm, > 30cm

- Chiu cao khi xy: Chiu cao < 4m, < 16m, < 50m, > 50m

- Mc va: M50, M75, M100

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Ly chiu di tng nh x chiu cao = Din tch ton b.

- Tr i l ca v trng c din tch mt tng.

- Tr i cc khi lng cc kt cu khc (ging tng, lanh t) ta ckhi lng xy cn tnh.

c/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- Xy tng dy 100, h < 4m.

- Xy tng dy 100, h < 16m.

- Xy tng dy 200, h < 16m.- Xy tam cp, xy b nn.

- .v.v .

2. Cng tc hon thin

2.1. Cng tc trt


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng tc: Trt va XM, trt ra, trt Granito - Loi cu kin: Trt tng, trt cu kin BT

- Quy cch lp trt: Lp trt dy 1cm, 1,5cm, 2cm,

- iu kin thi cng: Trt trong, trt ngoi

- Mc va: M25, M50, M75

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo din tch mt cu kin, b phn c trt .

- Tnh din tch mt ton b, ri tr din tch ca, trng, din tch p

- Ch : Khi tnh trt g ch, pho tnh theo mtc/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- Trt tng gch bn trong v bn ngoi

- Trt dm, ging, thnh sn cc loi

- Trt lanh t, vng

- Trt Granito

- Trt ra

- .v.v .


43/96




2.2. Cng tc qut chng thm


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng tc: Lng nn, lng seno, b nc

- Loi cu kin: Lngnn c nh mu, khng nh mu, lng cu kin btng...

- Quy cch lp lng: Lp lng dy 2cm, 3cm,

- Mc va: M25, M50, M75

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh tng t nh cng tc trt

- Ch : Din tch qut chng thm cn c vo yu cu thit k... (c th

qut ln tng v sn hoc ch qut sn)c/ Tn cng vic thng c:

- Lng nn sn khng nh mu.

- Lng nn sn c nh mu.

- Lng Granito.

- Qut chng thm ln b mt kt cu.

- .v.v.

2.3. Cng tc p, lt


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng tc p: p tng, tr, ct, p chn tng, p granit t nhin,p cm thch

- Loi cng tc lt: Lt gch sn, lt gch nn ng

- Loi vt liu: p gch, p , lt gch xi mng, lt t nung.

- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: Gch 200x200, 300x300, 600x600

- Mc va: M25, M50, M75...b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo Din tch c p, lt


- p gch vo tng

- p gch chn tng

- Lt gch cc sn tng

- Lt gch khu v sinh

- .v.v.


44/96




2.4. Cng tc lm trn


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi vt liu: trn ct p, trn g dn c tm cch m, lm trn bng tmthch cao

- Quy cch, kch thc tm trn: Tm trn 50x50cm

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Tnh theo din tch lm trn.


- Lm trn g dn

- Lm trn vn p chia nh

- Lm trn thch cao- .v.v.

2.5. Cng tc lp mi


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi vt liu: lp mi ngi, lp mi Fibro xi mng, tn trng km

- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: ngi 22v/m2, ngi m dng 80v/m2

- Chiu cao thi cng: < 4m, < 16m.

b/ Phng php tnh:

- Din tch lp mi tnh theo gc nghing ca mi.

- X g, cu phong, v ko tnh ring vi n v m3.

- Lati tnh ring theo n v m2mi.


- Lp mi ngi 22v/m2

- Lp mi bng Fibro xi mng

- .v.v.2.6. Cng tc qut vi hoc sn, b


- n v tnh: m2.

- Loi cng vic: B vo tng, b vo cu kin, sn g, sn knh, sn dm,tng.

- Loi vt liu: loi bt b, loi sn

b/ Phng php tnh:- Din tch b matt tnh theo din tch trt va xi mng


45/96




- Din tch sn nc ly theo din tch b matt

- Din tch sn du tnh din tch theo b mt cu kin

- Sn ca tnh theo din tch m2b mt ca

- Qut vi tnh bng din tch trt va XM


- B matt vo tng

- B matt vo ct, dm, trn

- Sn nc vo tng b

- .v.v.

2.7. Cng tc lm ca

a/ n v tnh: m2cho cnh ca v m cho khun ca

b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit:- Loi ca: ca i, ca s, ca n, ca kp, c khun, khng khun...

- Loi g: g lim, g ch ch...

- iu kin k thut: mng, , cu to ca, hunh, pano...

c/ Phng php tnh da vo kch thc mt bng v mt ct hay bng thngk ca tnh c khi lng ca tng loi theo quy cch ca chng. Chi ph chosn xut ca tnh theo thng bo gi hng thng ca a phng ni xy dngcng trnh.

3. Cng tc phc v lm cu ng, h tng k thut

3.1. Cng tc khoan

Thc racng tc khoan khng ch phc v lm cu ng, m chng ta cngp hu ht cc cng trnh nh dn dng, cng nghip, thy li, thy in

- Khi lng cng tc khoan phi c o bc, phn loi theo ng knhl khoan, chiu su khoan, iu kin khoan (khoan trn cn hay khoan dinc, mi trng nc ngt, nc l, nc mn), cp t, ; phng php

khoan (khoan thng, khoan xin) v thit b khoan (khoan xoay, khoan gungxon, khoan lc), k thut s dng bo v thnh l khoan (ng vch,bentonit...).

- Cc thng tin v cng tc khoan nh s lng, chiu su khoan v cc yucu cn thit khi tin hnh khoan... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bckhi lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.

3.2. Cng tc lm ng

- Khi lng cng tc lm ng phi c o bc, phn loi theo loi

ng (b tng xi mng, b tng t phan, lng nha, cp phi...), theo trnh t


46/96




ca kt cu (nn, mng, mt ng), chiu dy ca tng lp, theo bin php thicng.

- Khi lng lm ng khi o bc phi tr cc khi lng l trng trn mtng (h ga, h thm) v cc ch giao nhau.

- Cc thng tin v cng tc lm ng nh cp k thut ca ng, mt ctngang ng, l ng, va h, di phn cch, lan can phng h, sn k, dintch trng c, bin bo hiu... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khilng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.

- Cc cng tc xy, b tng, ct thp thuc cng tc lm ng, khi obc nh hng dn v o bc khi lng cng tc xy (mc 3.2), cng tc btng (mc 3.3) v cng tc ct thp (mc 3.5) ni trn.

4. PHN LP T H THNG K THUT

4.1. Lp t h thng k thut cng trnh

Khi lng lp t h thng k thut cng trnh nh cp in, nc, thnggi, cp nhit, in nh... c o bc, phn loi theo tng loi vt t, ph kinca h thng k thut cng trnh theo thit k s ca h thng, c tnh ncc im cong, gp khc theo chi tit b phn kt cu...

Cng tc lp t thit b cng trnh:

- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh c o bc, phn loi theo loi thit

b, t hp, h thng thit b cn lp t, bin php thi cng v iu kin thi cng(chiu cao, su lp t).

- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin hon thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.

4.2. Lp t thit b v sinh, cp thot nc

Trong cng trnh xy dng, h thng cp thot nc v thit b v sinh ct hp t cc linh kin khc nhau

- i vi thit b v sinh bao gm: Chu ra, lavab, vi sen, gng soi...

nhng thit b ny phi cn c vo bn v b tr thit b sau tng hp v avo bng khi lng. n v l ci hoc b....

- i vi thit b cp thot nc gm c: Bn cha nc, ng ng cpnc - h thng ng dn, van, cn ct... i vi ng ng thot nc - t kimtra, chch, cn thu... n v l mhoc ci

(Cn phn bit y l cp nc th ng dn nc thng l ng thp trngkm hoc ng nha mm cht lng cao cn ng thot nc thng l ng nhacng PVC)


47/96




Cch o bc: ngi o bc cn c vo s khng gian cp thot nc, cnc vo chiucao tng v chiu di tng t thit b v sinh... xc nh slng, chiu di tng ng..

Cn phn bit bin php thi cng trong vic ni ng ng c th l ni

bng phng php mng sng hoc bng phng php hn..

4.3. Lp t thit b in

H thng in trong cng trnh xy dng bao gm cp, dy dn; thit bng ngt bo v, thit b kt ni phn phi in.. Vic o bc c xc nhda trn s phn pha v i dy

i vi dy cp in phi cn c vo v tr ngun in bn ngoi cng trnhn t in tng ca cng trnh, hnh thc i ni hoc i chm xc nh chiudi dy cp (m). ng thi phi cn c vo chng loi cp thng thng cp sl 4 dy: VD 3x16 + 1x10

i vi dy dn in trong cng trnh phi cn c vo s phn pha v idy, xc nh chiu di dy dn v chiu di dy gen bo v

i vi thit b ng ngt bo v bao gm: ttmt 1 pha, 3 pha, cu dao, cuch...

i vi thit b kt ni bao gm cm n , cm i.. Thit b chiu sngtrong cng trnh - n n, n i, n hunh quang, n si t...

Tm li i vi dy cp in o bc tnh theo n v l (m) cn cc thit bkhc tnh theo n v l b hoc ci..

4.4. Lp t thit b chng st

Thit b chng st ca cng trnh bao gm: kim dn st, dy thu st, dy dnst, cc tip a, dy ni tip a... i vi cng vic ny th kim thu st, ccc xc nh theo n v l ci khi thi cng. Cn li c xc nh hon tonda trn trng lng ca thp cu to nn n. Khi thi cng ngoi vic gia cnglp dng cn c cng vic l sn bo v.

5. H thng iu ha khng kh, thang myTrong cng trnh xy dng c th c tnh ra mt hng mc thit b ring,

trong trng hp ny cn r sot kim tra khi lng tnh ton ca nh thit k ng, hp l cha.

6. Mt s lu khc

obc khi lng xy dng cng trnh l mt cng vic phc tp, tng hpnhiu loi cng tc, quy cch, hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng tnh ton rtnhiu. tnh ton y , trnh nhm ln sai st, gim c thi gian v khi

lng tnh ton, ngi lm cng vic ny phi ch : Nghin cu bn v t tonth n b phn chi tit hiu bit v cu to cng trnh. S lin quan ca cc


48/96




b phn vi nhau xc nh c khi lng cn tnh ton cho mi cng tcca cng trnh. Sau thc hin tnh ton khi lng cho tng cng tc nh hng dn trn. Ngi lm cng vic ny cng cn phi linh hot t ctnh hp l v nhanh chng, hiu sut cao trong cng vic.

VII. C BN V, O BC KHI LNG CNG TRNH NG BV SAN LP MT BNG

1. Cng trnh giao thng ng b

1.1. Cc khi nim chung v bn v k thut cng trnh ng b

* Phn loi h s bn v thit k giao thng theo bc thit k.

Theo cc bc lp d n u t xy dng cng trnh, h s thit k cng trnhgiao thng gm cc loi h s:

- H s thit k c s trong bc lp d n u t.

- H s thit k k thut trong bc thit k k thut.

- H s thit k bn v thi cng trong bc thc hin d n.

H s thit k cng trnh giao thng trong cc loi h s trn khc nhau c bnv mc chitit trong thit k ca cc hng mc cng trnh.

* Cc loi bn v cng trnh giao thng trong h s k thut.

Bn v cng trnh giao thng ng b gm cc bn v c bn sau:

- H s kho st: Bn v bnh kho st a hnh, a cht, trc dc v trcngang tuyn ng; cc bn v hin trng cng trnh trn tuyn, bn v ng kcu c, cng c.

- H s thit k:

+ Bnh thit k tuyn.

+ Trc dc thit k tuyn ng.

+ Trc ngang chi tit cc cc trn tuyn.

+ Bn v thit k cng trnh trn tuyn: cng thot nc ngang, tng chn,rnh, thot nc dc tuyn, an ton giao thng, nt giao thng, v.v..

+ Cc bn v in hnh v : mt ct ngang thit k tuyn ng, in hnh ngcng, rnh, tng chn, an ton giao thng, v.v..

1.2. Bn v m t hin trng

* Khi nim i tng, phm vi o v s liu.

Tuyn ng l trc thit k ca cng trnh ng c nh du ngoi thca, trn bn bnh , cho trc bi to cc im c bn trn m hnh sca b mt thc a.


49/96




Tuyn ng nhn chung l mt ng cong khng gian phc tp. Trong mtphng, tuyn gm cc on thng c hng khc nhau v chm gia chng lcc ng cong c bn knh c nh hoc thay i. Trong mt ct dc tuyn baogm cc on thng c dc khc nhau v ni gia chng l nhng ng

cong ng c bn knh khng i.i tng c a vo trong bn v hin trng bao gm: a hnh, a vt, hthng li khng ch, cao v ta hin ti ca cc i tng a hnh, avt.

Phm vi o v bn v hin trng : thc hin theo quy nh ca tiu chun hoctheo cng kho st c duyt, v phi bao qut c ton b khu vctuyn i qua.

* Gii thiu chi tit v cc i tng trong bn v thc t (a hnh, a vt, s

liu cao , ta ). a vt: Cc im c trng cho a vt: nhng im nm trn bin ca

a vt ti nhng v tr c trng cho hnh th ca a vt . Thng l ccim khng ch trc a, cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng, cng nghip, kintrc, phn l ra ca cc cng trnh ngm... Cc cng trnh in lc, buchnhvin thng nh trm, tr in, ng dy...Cc cng trnh giao thng ng b,ng st, ng thu, ng bng, nh ga, sn , cu cng ... H thng thuvn sng nh sui, h ao, b nc. Din tch gp nc, b bin, knh mng.

H thng phn phi nc, cung cp nc nh ging, thp nc, b lc, bcha...

a hnh: gm cc im nm trn ranh gii ca cc min a hnh c dc khc nhau, im cao nht, im thp nht, lng cho. Cc im nm trnng phn thu, t thu, yn nga. cao mc nc trong h, ao, sng ngi.

ng ng mc: l giao tuyn gia mt t t nhin vi cc mt songsong vi mt thy chun gc tri t nhng cao khc nhau. Hiu caogia hai ng ng mc k nhau gi l khong cao u .

2. Tnh cht ng mc+ Cc im trn cng mt ng ng mc u c cao bng nhau.


50/96




+ ng ng mc l nhng ng cong, trn, lin tc, khp kn v hu nhkhng ct nhau.

+ Ch no ng ng mc tha th a hnh thoi, ch no ng ngmc mau(dy) th a hnh dc. Ch no cc ng ng mc trng nhau

a hnh l vch ng. Li khng ch: l h thng cc im c nh du chc chn trn mt

t, gia chng lin kt vi nhau bi cc hnh hnh hc v cc iu kin tonhc cht ch, c xc nh trong cng mt h thng ta thng nht vi chnh xc cn thit, lm c s phn b chnh xc cc yu t ni dung bn vhn ch sai s tch ly.

* Phng php kim tra, ly s liu t bn v hin trng.

Vic ly s liu t bn v hin trng thng thng nhp liu qua phnmm my tnh. Cc bn v cng trnh trn tuyn da trn bn v a hnh hintrng c th hin qua tnh ton ni suy.

T bn v hin trng, c th tin hnh kim tra s liu thit k tuyn vcng trnh trn tuyn thng qua h ta , cao , v tr tng i ca a hnha vt.

Cc k hiu a vt thng dng trong bn o v hin trng:

- Cch xc nh cao mt im trn bn a hnh:

Trn bn , cao cc im cxc da vo ng ng mc. Gi s cnphi xc inh cao ba im A, B, Ctrn bn ; v im A nm trn ngng mc 10m, im C nm trn ngng mc 5m nn chng c cao bngchnh cao ng ng mc , tc l: HA= 10m, HC= 5m; cn cao im Bth phi ni suy.

ni suy cao im B ta dngthc o on n v m v p dng cngthc ni suy:

HB= 5m + hCB= 10m - hBAVi : hBC= m/(m+n) * (10-5)


51/96




hCA= n/(m+n) * (10-5)

- Xc nh dc mt t: Dng compa oon thng ni gia hai im nm trn hai ngng mc lin nhau. t khu compa o trn

trc ng thc o dc ri dng ra ng congtng ng, chiu im dng xung trc ngang ta sc dc a hnh.

- Lp mt ct a hnh theo mt hng chotrc trn bnh kho st:

Gi s cn thnh lp mt ct a hnh theo hng ng thng AB chotrc trn bn . t t giy can ln ng thng AB. Dng bt nh du vghi ch cao cc giao im gia AB vi cc ng ng mc. T cc giao

im nh du dng ng vung gc, trn t cao cc giao im theot lng ca mt ct. ni u mt cc on thng vung gc li ta s c mtct a hnh theo ng AB cho trc.

3. Bn v trc dc, trc ngang

3.1. Khi nim chung v trc dc, trc ngang

Trc dc: l giao tuyn gia mt t vi mt thng ng theo trc cng trnh.

Trc ngang: l mt ct thng ng vung gc vi trc cng trnh.

* Gii thiu v cc i tng trn bn v trc dc, trc ngang.

+ Mc so snh: L ngng cao c dng lm mc v cc im trn trcdc.

+ ng en: l ng th hin cao t nhin ca cc im tim tuyn, cto thnh khi ni cao ca cc im cc li vi nhau.

+ ng : L ng th hin cao thit k ca tuyn ng, to thnh khini cao thit k ca cc cc vi nhau.

+ dc dc thit k: L dc tnh bng % trn mt on tuyn sau khi thit

k. dc ny c khng ch theo cp ng, dc thit k ti a l 11%,v ti thiu l 0%, trong mt s trng hp dc dc phi c thit k m bo thot nc dc.


52/96




+ ng dng: l ng ni t im cao trn ng en xung ng mcso snh. Dng xc nh im cao , t xc nh khong cch cc imcc.

+ Bng s liu: Th hin cc s liu v cao t nhin, khong cch t nhin

gia cc cc, l trnh cc cc, cc yu t v ng thng v ng cong catuyn, c th c cc dng sau:

dc dc thit k.

Cao thit k, cao t nhin.

Khong cch l: l khong cch gia 2 cc trn tuyn, tnh bng m.

Khong cch cng dn: l khong cch tnh t im cc u tin catuyn n cc ang xt.

ng thng, ng cong: th hin chiu di ca cc on thng, vcc yu t trong ng cong khi i qua on cong nh: gc r, bnknh ng cong, chiu di ng cong...

3.2. Cch c bn v trc dc, trc ngang

Ta n phn ng en v ng , c th hin cao t nhin vcao thit k. Cao t nhin ca cc trn trc dc cng chnh l cao tnhin ti tim mt ct ngang ca cc . Trn mt ct ngang ca mi cc th cao

im gia tim ng chnh l cao ca cc trn trc dc. Ngoi ra, trn mtct ngang cn th hin cc cc khc, y l cc cc nm trn ng thng vunggc vi tim tuyn, v c s dng lm c s tnh khi lng.

- Mt s v d v bn v bnh , trc dc v trc ngang v cng trnh trntuyn:


53/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 53

+ Bnh :


54/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 54

+ Trc dc:


55/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 55

+ Trc ngang:


56/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 56

+ Cng thot nc ngang:


57/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 57

+ Mt ct cng thot nc ngang:


58/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 58

4. Phng php tnh khi lng

4.1. Khi nim chung v cc hng mc khi lng trn tuyn.

Hng mc khi lng ca tuyn ng giao thng l cc hng mc pht sinh

khi xy dng tuyn ng, thng thng c mt s hng mc sau: mt ng, nnng, o nn ng, o khun ng, p nn ng, o v p taluy, v.v..Trong mt s trng hp c x l c bit, s c thm mt s hng mc khc nh:vt bn, ng cc tre, p bao ti st, v.v...

4.2. Phng php tnh khi lng chi tit cc hng mc trn bn v

Khi lng chi tit c tnh cho mi mt ct ngang, nguyn l tnh ton khilng c tnh theo nguyn tc tnh ton hnh hc thng thng, vi mt s hngmc c bit ta cn bit r kch thc in hnh tnh ton cho ng nh: r hc,

kt cu o ng, v.v..4.2.1.Phng php tng hp khi lng

Theo phng php tnh trung bnh khi lng cc mt ct:

Vi= [(Si+ Si+1)/2] * Li

Trong : Vi: Khi lng ca hng mc trong ongia mt ct (i) v (i+1).

Si, Si+1: Din tch ca hng mc ti mt ct (i) v (i+1).

Li: Khong cch gia 2 mt ct, tnh theo l trnh.

T khi lng ca mt on, khi lng ton b tuyn c tnh theo cngthc:

V = Vi

V d bng tng hp khi lng:

Tncc

K/Cl

in tch Khi l- ngB

tngnhaht

trung

TinhaDB

1.0Kg

/m2

Cpphi

dm

loi I

Cpphi

dm

loi II

pnntK98

okhun

Btngnhaht

trung

TinhaDB

1.0Kg/

m2

Cpphi

dm

loi I

Cpphi

dm

loi II

pnntK98

okhun

m m m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m3 m3 m3 m3DNG 7,9 7,9 1,19 1,19 3,95 5,09

9,93 76,7 76,71 11,52 11,52 38,33 48,46TD 7,55 7,55 1,13 1,13 3,77 4,67

3,61 29,3 29,31 4,39 4,39 14,64 18,521 8,69 8,69 1,3 1,3 4,34 5,59

2,96 29,8 29,82 4,47 4,47 14,90 19,362 11,46 11,46 1,72 1,72 5,73 7,49

0,77 9,27 9,27 1,39 1,39 4,64 6,033 12,62 12,62 1,89 1,89 6,31 8,16

1,33 14,7 14,74 2,21 2,21 7,37 9,17P 9,55 9,55 1,43 1,43 4,77 5,632,11 17,0 17,06 2,55 2,55 8,52 10,63


59/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 59

Tncc

K/Cl

in tch Khi l- ngB

tngnhaht

trung

TinhaDB

1.0Kg

/m2

Cpphi

dm

loi I

Cpphi

dm

loi II

pnnt

K98

okhun

Btngnhaht

trung

TinhaDB

1.0Kg/

m2

Cpphi

dm

loi I

Cpphi

dm

loi II

pnnt

K98

okhun

m m m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m3 m3 m3 m34 6,62 6,62 0,99 0,99 3,31 4,45

3,37 18,4 18,48 2,76 2,76 9,23 12,035 4,35 4,35 0,65 0,65 2,17 2,69

3,2 12,6 12,67 1,90 1,90 6,32 7,82TC 3,57 3,57 0,54 0,54 1,78 2,2

8,57 23,6 23,65 3,56 3,56 11,78 13,15CNG 1,95 1,95 0,29 0,29 0,97 0,87

Tng: 231 231,7 34,8 34,8 115,7 145,2


60/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 60

* Bi tp: Kim tra khi lng cc hng mc trn mt s mt ct ngang v tng hp

khi lng.


61/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 61

5. Cng trnh san lp mt bng

5.1. Kim tra cc mc cao hin trng

* c cao hin trng t bn v thit k san nn.

* Hiu bitv nhn bit tng qut mt bng da trn s liu cao hin trng

Trng hp a hnh khu vc mt bng san n gin nht l trng hp trn

bn a hnh ca vng, cc ng ng mc gn nh thng v ng thi song

song vi nhau. Trong trng hp ny, dng mt mt ct duy nht ct vung gc qua

tt c cc ng ng mc c th th hin ton b cao ca tt c cc im mt t

t nhin trn khu vc mt bng c xt. Do vic xc nh khi lng t trong

trng hp ny n gin l vic tnh ton khi tch ca tng thi t chy di v c

tit din gn nh khng i. y c gi l phng php xc nh khi lng t

theo mt ct.

Trng hp mt bng phc tp hn l trng hp cc ng ng mc c

hi un ln nhng vn tng i song song. Khi dng mt mt ct khng th i

din ht c tt c cc cao ca ton b mt bng a hnh t nhin. Trng hp

ny phi chia vng mt bng nh quy hoch thnh li vung, dc theo phng

ca ng ng mc, vi khong cch cc mt li nh c th chia nh cc

ng ng mc thnh tng on tng i thng lin tc v c di bng nhau.

Khi coi gn ng mt t trong mi li l mt mt phng to bi cc cao

mt li. Khi tch ca tng t c tnh bng tch s gia cao trung bnh ca

cc mt li 4 gc vi din tch hnh chiu bng ca li. y c gi l

phng php xc nh khi lng t theoli vung.


62/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 62

Trng hp mt bng phc tp nht l khi cc ng ng mc cong un ln

m khng song song vi nhau, khong cch gia chng thay i lin tc ti mi v

tr. Trong trng hp ny mng li vung khng th m phng c ng hnh

dng a hnh thc t, v trong mi mt t t nhin phc tp nu quy v mt mtphng th sai s rt ln (4 im mt li nm trn mt t gic ghnh, ch khng ng

phng). Khi ny, m phng chnh xc vi a hnh thc t hn, th trong mi

vung mt t t nhin c quy gn ng v hai mt phng nghing, (mi mt to 3

trong 4 cao mt li ca vung), c hnh chiu bng l hai na vung, hnh

tam gic vung c chung cnh huyn l ng cho vung. Chia li vung theo

cc ng cho ca , sao cho cc ng cho ny song song nht vi phng ca

ng ng mc gn nht, th m bo m phng thc t chnh xc hn. Khi tchca tng t tam gic c tnh bng tch s gia cao trung bnh ca cc mt

li 3 gc vi din tch hnh chiu bng ca li tam gic. y c gi l

phng php xc nh khi lng t theoli tam gic.

2.Xc nh mt bng thitk san nn

Dng san theo iu kin khng ch trcct cao mt bng sau san: th

thng khng ch trc cao trung bnh ca mt bng san, nnkhng cn phi tnh

ton cao ny. Dng cng tc san t theo yu cu v khi lng t khi san:

San theo iu kincn bng o p(khi lng t ngoi V0=0): Khi

lng t o phi cn bng vi khi lng t p. Cng c ngha l tng khi

lng t trn vng mt bng quy hoch, tnh t mt thy chun tr ln, c phn

b li trn cng mt din tch hnh chiu bng, vi cao trung bnh H0so vi mt

thy chun.

Nu dng phng phpmt ctth cao trung bnh: H0=Si/B

Vi Sil tng din tch tit din pha trn mt thy chun, ca mi thi t

chy dc theo ng ng mc trong vng mt bng quy hoch. Cn B l b ngang

ca vng quy hoch (b vung gc vi cc ng ng mc).

Nu dng phng phpli vunghay li tam gic, th cao trung

bnh c tnh bng t s gia tng khi tch ca mi li, tnh t mt thy chun

tr ln, vi tngdin tch hnh chiu bng ca vng quy hoch. Tng khi tch ca

mi li li c tnh qua cc cao mt li, tnh t mt thy chun.


63/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 63

Trng hp li vung:

H0=(H(1)

j+2H(2)

j+4H(4)

j)/4m

Trng hp li tam gic:

H0=(H(1)

j+2H(2)

j+3H(3)

j+...+6H(6)

j+...+8H(8)

j)/3n.

Vi H(1)j, H(2)

j, H(3)

j, H(4)

j,..., H(6)

j,..., H(8)

j, l cc cao t nhin ti mt li

vung m c 1, 2, 4 vung quy t xung quanh, hay cc cao t nhin ti mt li

tam gic m c 1, 2, 3,...,6,...,8 tam gic quy t xung quanh. Vi m l tng s cc

vung c trong vng mt bng quy hoch. Cn n l tng s cc tam gic c trong

vng mt bng quy hoch.

San vi iu kin cha t ra sau san, hay thm t t ngoi khi san (khilng t ngoi V00): cao trung bnhca mt bng san c tnh bng cao

trung bnh khi san cn bng o p c thm hay bt chnh lch cao do lng t

thm vo hay bt i em li. Nu khi lng t ngoi V00 c xc nh trc,

th khi cao trung bnh H0c tnh theo cccng thc sau:

Trng hp li vung:

H0=((H(1)

j+2H(2)

j+4H(4)

j)/4m)(V0/(ma))

Trng hp li tam gic:

H0=((H(1)

j+2H(2)

j+3H(3)

j+...+6H(6)

j+...+8H(8)

j)/3n)(2V0/(na)).

Vi a l khong cch cc mt li (cnh hnh chiu bng ca li).

Tuy nhin, nu ch san ton b mt bng theo cng mt ct cao trung bnh

H0, th khng th m bo vic thot nc chy trn b mt khu quy hoch (nh nc

ma,...). Cn phi to cho khu vc quy hoch thnh nhng mt dc thot nc, vi

dc c quy nh trc. tng quan khi lng t thi cng khng i, thvic chnh mt bng san theo dc thit k quanh cao trung bnh H0phi m

bo cn bng o p trong khi chnh dc. Ti cc im trng tm ca mi mt

dc thit k ta ly cao thit k ng bng cao trung bnh H0, sau chnh thm

v bt cc cao thit k hai pha ca mi im trng tm trn, nhng lng chnh

cao tnh theo t l dc, sao cho m bo iu kin cn bng o p. Cao thit

k ca cc im hai bn im trng tm mt dc thit k l:

htk

j= H0itkl0.


64/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 64

Vi itkl dc thit k cho trc theo trong nhim v thit k (%), v l 0l khong

cc t im cn xc nh cao thit k ti trng tm mt dc thit k.

Nh vy, n y xc nh c chnh xc mt thit k sau san. Lc ny ti

mi v tr ca mt bng quy hoch u c hai cao : cao t nhin (ca mt t t

nhin htnj) v cao thit k (ca mt san thit k htk

j).

Ngoi ra, m bo s n nh ca cc mi t sau khi san c phn o ln

phn p, trnh st l cng trnh t sau san, th khi thit k mt bng san, cn phi

thit k cc mi taluy vin quanh mt thit k sau san, theo dc cho php ti hn.

dc cho php ti hn l dc ti a m mi taluy t o hay p c th c, m

khng gy ra s trt ca mi t.

Trong vng mt bng san s xut hin nhng ng ranh gii gia cc khu vc

o t vi cc khu vc p t, c gi l ranh gii o p O-O. Ranh gii O-O

ny l giao tuyn ca mt a hnh t nhin vi mt san thit k.

3.Phng php tnh khi lng.

* Phng php tnh khi lng san nn.

cao cng tc hctjca mi im

trn mt bng quy hoch l hiu s giacao t nhin ca im vi cao

thit k ca im : hctj= htn

j- htk

j. Khu

vc no ca mt bng quy hoch l

khu vc o t nu nh tt c mi

cao cng tc ca cc im trong khu

vc u c gi tr dng hctj> 0 (trong

khu vc , mt t t nhin cao hnmt san thit k), v ngc li, cc khu

vc p c cao cng tc m: hctj< 0

(trong khu vc, mt t t nhin thp

hn mt san thit k). Nhng ch c

hctj= 0 th nm trn ranh gii o p.

Nh vy, ty phng php m phng

m ta c th xc nh c khi lng

t cng tc, theo c trng ca hnh m phng.


65/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 65

Vi phng php mt ct, vic xc nh khi lng t o v t p n

gin l vic nhn tng phn din tch tit din t cng tc, chnh l cc phn kp

gia hai ng: ng cao mt t t nhin v ng cao mt t thit k sau

san, vi li chiu di cc thi t (chiu di dc theo ng ng mc ca tha tcn san). Nu phn din tch tit din cng tc nm di ng cao mt t t

nhin th phn khi lng t l t o, cn ngc li, phn din tch ny nm

trn ng cao t nhin th l khi lng t p. Ranh gii o p O -O, trong

phng php ny, ch l nhng giao im, trn mt ct in hnh, ca hai ng:

ng cao mt t t nhin v ng cao mt t thit k sau san.

Cc phng php chia mng vung v mng tam gic, khi lng t cng

tc c tnh qua cao cng tc v tr cc mt li. Khi tnh khi lng cng tctrn tng li, k c mng vung hay mng tam gic, th u s thy rng c 3

loi li:

loi c tt c cc cao cng tc ti mt li dng h ctj> 0, l loi nm

hon ton trong vng o;

loi c tt c cc cao cng tc ti mt li m h ctj< 0, l loi nm hon

ton trong vng p;

loi cha c mt li c cao cng tc va m va dng, c c mt li

c hctj> 0 ln mt li c hctj< 0, l loi nm ln ranh gii o p O -O

(ranh gii o p ct qua nhng ny).

Vi hai loi nm hon ton trong vng o hay vng p, th khi lng cng

tc, (c tnh nh nhau nhng tri du: o th dng cn p th m), bng tch

s gia caotrung bnh ca 3 (trng hp tam gic) hay 4 (trng hp vung)

cao cng tc ti cc mt li gc nhn vi din tch hnh chiu bng ca

li.

Mng vung: Vi= (hct

1+hct

2+hct

3+hct

4)a/4

Mng tam gic: Vi= (hct

1+hct

2+hct

3)a/6

Vi Vil khi lng cng tc trong tng li, hctjl cao cng tc ti mt

li th j ca li.

Vi loi nm vt ngang ranh gii o p O-O: trng hp mng li vung,

khi lng cng tc mi vung tnh ton nh t hp ca hai tam gic thngthng, nh vy ta ch cn xt ti mng li tam gic m thi. Trong trng hp


66/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 66

ny, chc chn mt trong 3 nh mt li s c cao cng tc (gi cao cng tc

nh ny l hct1) tri du vi cc cao cng tc ti hai nh cn li (hct

2, hct

3). ng

ranh gii o p O-O chia tam gic ang xt thnh hai na:

Pha cao hct1khi tch t cng tc c dng mt hnh chp tam gic (V chp)

vi chiu cao l hct1, v c tnh qua din tch hnh chiu bng SOO1. Qua bin

i lng gic SOO1tr thnh ph thuc vo cc cao cng tc ti cc mt

li:

SOO1= (hct

1)a/2(hct

1+hct

2)(hct

1+hct

3).

Do , Vchp= (hct

1)a/6(hct

1+hct

2)(hct

1+hct

3).

Pha cc cao cng tc hct

2, hct

3, c khi tch l V1c tnh thng qua victhm mt hnh trung gian V2, tora bng cch gi thit nng mt t t nhin ln

cao thm mt lng chnh cao l hct1. Hnh trung gian V2kt hp vi hnh Vchp,

to thnh mt lng tr tam gic c chiu cao l hct1. Gi th tnh ca hnh chp ln

nm pha trn mc cao ca ranh gii o p O-O l:

Vchp ln= V1+V2.

Thm Vchpvo ta c: V = Vchp ln+Vchp= V1+V2+Vchp= V1+Vlng tr.

Suy ra: V1= Vchp ln+Vchp-Vlng tr.

Vi Vlng tr=ahct

1/2.

V Vchp ln= (2hct

1+hct

2+hct

3)a/6.

Nh vy l xc nh xong tng phn khilng t o hoc p ca li

tam gic nm trn ranh gii o p, l mt trong hai th tch: Vchp, V1.

Sau khi tnh khi lng t cn cng tc bn trong mt bng quy hoch xong,

th cn phi xc nh tng phn khi lng ca t o hoc p ca cc mi taluynm xung quanh bn ra mt bng san. Cc khi lng ny cng c phn lm hai

loi: khi lng taluy o v khi lng taluy p. t cng tc ca hai loi ny

c b tr ln nhau, ly t taluy o p sang taluy p. Tuy nhin trong phn

ln cc trng hp, hai khi lng ny thng khng cn bng vi nhau, khi

lng t taluy tha hay thiu (thc ra mi ch l trong tnh ton) c gi thit l

em tn u ln trn ton b mt bng san nu tha (k c trn mt cc mi taluy)

hay bc t mt bng san i u mt lt chiu dy nht nh (k c trn cc mitaluy) b vo nu thiu. Khi mt thit k san, v khi lng o p tnh ton


67/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 67

cng vi ranh gii o p s thay i. Mt thit k san mi song song vi mt thit

k sanc. Bi ton san tr thnh san vi mt lng V0khc 0, v phi tnh lp nhiu

ln cho n khi t ti s cn bng o p. Do trong thc t thng t c bi ton

san nn cn bng o p thun ty.

San t theo iu kin khng ch trc cao trung bnh H0, mt bng thit k

san c nh trc, khi lng t cng tc cng c tnh hon ton ging nh

dng san theo yu cu v khi lng: chnh l khi lng kp gia hai mt t t

nhin v thit k sau san.

* V d bn vtnh ton san nn.

* Bi tp: Tnh khi lng o, p trong cc li c cao t nhin v cao thit k sau:

a. b.


68/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 68

c. d.


69/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 69

BI TPC BNCho bn v mng n di ct nh sau:

- Hy cho bit chiu di x chiu rng ca mng l bao nhiu?

- Nu tnh khi lng p t th chiu dy p n ct 0.00 l bao nhiu?

-

Tnh s lng thanh thp ai t t trong mng n ct -0.050.- Hy tnh khi lng o t, bit khi lng o taluy bng 20% th tch hmng.

- Hy tnh khi lng b tng lt.

- Tnh khi lng b tng mng (bao gm mng v c mng tnh n ct -0.05).

- Tnh khi lng vn khun thi cng mng, khi lng vn khun c mng.


70/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 70

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

3 4

3 4

c

d

11

12

22

23

24

Cho bit cnh thang rng bao nhiu, di bao nhiu, dy bao nhiu?

Cho bit con tin c chiu cao bao nhiu?


71/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 71

BI TP PHNNG GIAO THNGBi 1. Tnh khi lng thi cng ng sau. Bit Phn o ng gm 2 lp : Lp

di dm tiu chun dy 8cm, lp trn dm tiu chun dy 12cm, lp nha dy

3cm tiu chun nha 4,5kg/cm2

. t o l t cp III, p t bng my m cck=0,95, vn chuyn t bng t 5T phm vi


72/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 72

Km:0+00Cc:K0

Cao thit k

Khong cch l thit k

Cao thin nhin

Khong cch mia


73/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 73

Km:0+7.84Cc:P1

Cao thit k

Khong cch l thit k

Cao thin nhin

Khong cch mia


74/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 74

Km:0+15.68Cc:TC1

Cao thit k

Khong cch l thit k

Cao thin nhin

Khong cch mia


75/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 75

Bi 2: Tnh khi lng thi cng on ng sau. Lp bng d ton trn sheet DTon ca phn mm GXD. Phn t cc D0 n cc CD c tnh vo nt giao.

Gi thit khi lng o t bng my chim 95%, khi lng nh cp t vo rnh thot nc bng my chim 90%. Gu o dung tch 1,25m3, Ph cp IIIbng ba cn chiu dy lp 0,5m. p t bng m cc k=0,95 (20%), p tk=0,95 (80%) bng my m 9T v k=0,98 (100%) bng my m 16T. Vn chuynt bng t 7 T, xc bng my o dung tch 1,25m3 v vn chuyn bng t 12T, Phm vi vn chuyn 1000m. Ton b khi lng t p l t cp III.

H0

1a

1

D0

CD

TD1

P1

TC1

D2

Lp t st s n tch (dlQ), mu nu, nu , vng,vng nht, xm nu. Kt cu cht va n cht. Trng thido cng n na cng. Trong t ln khong 10 -:- 30%dm sn, si (trong t cc D0 -:- D2 ln khong 5 -:-10% hn, tng kch th c > 1,5m3, cp III). Bdy lp ch a xc nh. Phn cp t: t cp III.

Lp t cha hu c, mu xm, xm nu, nu, vngnht. Kt cu km cht n xp rng. B dy lpkhong 0,4 -:- 0,5m. Phn cp t: t cp II

Lp 1a:

Lp 1:


76/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 76

Km:0+11.67Cc:CD

Km:0+27.69Cc:P1


77/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 77

Km:0+36.52Cc:TC1

Km:0+18.86Cc:TD1


78/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 78

Km:0+43.10Cc:D2


79/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 79

mt ct ngang in hnh

3% 3% 4%4%

(tl: 1:50)


80/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 80

TNH HUNG, THO LUN

1. Tnh hung 1Khi lng cha th o bc chnh xc

i vi mt s b phn cng trnh, cng tc xy dng thuc cng trnh, hng

mc cng trnh khng th o bc khi lng chnh xc, c th th c th tm xcnh v ghi ch l khi lng tm tnh hoc khon tin tm tnh. Khi lnghoc khon tin tm tnh ny s c o bc li khi quyt ton hoc thc hin theoquy nh c th ti hp ng xy dng.

Trong qu trnh o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh theo thit k (ngay cthit k bn v thi cng) th mt s khi lngcng tc xy dng cng kh c thxc nh mt cch chnh xc v dnh: khi lng m bo giao thng, x l dngnc, huy ng v gii th

Cch x l y l tt c cc cng tc xy lp u c xc nh thnh khilng v cng vi din gii, m t yu cu thc hin xc nh chi ph v chpnhn khi lng ny l khi lng tm tnh. Khi lng tm tnh ny c s lc th trong qu trnh thc t thi cng (thc thanh, thc chi trong gii hn chi phtrn c s d ton chi tit thi cng)

VD: Hng mc chung cng trnh khu ti nh c Nam Trung yn

Khon mc M t n v K.L Chi ph01010-1-B Thi cng x l dng nc Trn gi 1 4.628.426.661

01010-2 nh thi cng Trn gi 1 105.000.0001600 Duy tr m bo giao thng Thng 21 1.542.808.8871700 Kim sot mi trng Trn gi 1 617.123.5551800 Kim tra cht lng nh

thuTrn gi 1 1.542.808.887

i vi cc loi cng trnh xy dng c tnh cht c th hoc cc cng tcxy dng cn o bc nhng cha c hng dn hoc c hng dn cha ph hp

vi c th ca cng trnh, cng tc xy dng th cc t chc c nhn khi thc hino bc cc cng tc xy dng c th t a ra phng php o bc ph hp vihng dn o bc khi lngxy dng cng trnh theo quy nh v c thuyt minhc th.

Trng hp s dng cc ti liu hng dn ca nc ngoi thc hin vico bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh cn nghin cu, thamkho hng dn ny m bo nguyn tc thng nht v qun l khi lng vchi ph u t xy dng cng trnh.


81/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 81

2. Tnh hung 2Tnh ton khi lng san nn

Tnh ton khi lng san nn, theo phng php c l phi ni suy (trn bnv CAD, t nhng im o c thc t) sau tnh "th cng" (s dng Excel

thit lp bng tnh). Lm nh vy thi gian v sai s trong lp khi lng rt ln.Liuc cch tnh nhanh hn hoc l c phn mm no tnh ton c san nn ?

kin 1: tnh san nn, bn c th dng phn mm HS hoc Landesktop. Trong

HS l phn mm ca Cng ty Hi Ha - Vit Nam.

Phn mm nc ngoi:

- SoftDesk.

- LandDesktop.

- Surfer.- Bentley MX.

- Bentley Inroad Site.

- Power Civil.

Mt sgio trnh k thut thi cng hoc t chc thi cngcngc hng dnrt r, ti xin trch dn:

Mun tnh khi lng san nn phi bt u t o c kho st. T vn thit ks lp li vung (hoc ch nht), kch thc cc cnh t 10-30m v cao c ti

cc im giao ct ca li.Cn c yu cu thit k, t vn s k ng . Khi lng tnh tng phn o

hoc p cho tng li bng cch tnh bnh qun chiu cao o p ti cc imli nhn vi din tch (hoc din tch o, p trong tng ) .

Cui cng lp bng tng hp khi lng t chi tit khi lng cc II. Nu cng tc kho stkhng th hin theo phng php trn th bn phi nisuy t bnh s trn cc phn mm Nova hoc mt vi phn mm khc, nhngsai s tng i ln ty theo cch xy dng m hnh li b mt khi lp bnh .

l mt s nguyn tc chung, khi tnh tonkhi lng bn phi cn c voyu cutnh khi lng t loi bn v no, kt qu kho st ra sao thc hin choph hp.

kin 2:

tnh san nn th cnhiuphn mm h tr ri. C tc giny vit lisp datrn AutoCAD R14. V c bn tnh san nn th trc ht bn phi c c cccao san nn theo thit k, thng l bn v giao thng, hoc bn v quy hochchiu cao(san nn). Vn ny da vo ni suy t cao do trc a cung cp.

Bn gn cao cho cc ng ng mc v chn kch thc li vung. Sau bn ch vic s dng cc tool ca phn mm h tr l c kt qu nh .


82/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 82

kin 3:

Dng Excel thit lp bng tnh s cho kt qu khng chnh xc lm. Vn v phn mm ny c mt vi ti liu ph sch xy dng Hoa L, gn L i

Hnh c bn. Bn c th ti tm hoc tra cu ti cc th vin.Vic kho st o v bnh l rt quan trng. Cn phi o c chnh xcnhng im thay i cao trn a hnh v mt im phi (khng i miady hoc tha qu khi o c). Mun gimtr c sai s trn Nova khi dng tnh ton san nn cn ch khi o c v khi xy dng m hnh li b mt (tuynhin cn ch n vic to l thng khi xy dng m hnh li b mt) c nhvy s chnh xc hn khi chy vi Nova.

kin 4:

tnh ton khi lng san lp mt bng ta c th s dng phn mmNova3.5n4.1 v Vipmap. tnh c th lm nh sau:

+ S liu mt bng bn giao do trc c cung cp .

+ S liu mt bng thi cng xong do trc c cung cp .

+ Chia mt bng thnh cc mt ct vi khong cch mt ct c th 5m or 10m

+ Vch tuyn trn mt bng nu Thit k c th ta vch theo thit k nu thitk khng c ta c th chn mt tuyn bt k. n y s c hai trng hp:

-Nu thi cng ng ng thit k th ta ch cn chy phm mmNova vi

ng thit k c cc mt ct ngang v ct dc v s tnh c khi lngsan i bng cc lnh trong Nova.

- Nu thi cng cha ng vi ng th ta phi chy ln lt vi s liuHin trng bn giao v s liu thi cng sau ghp cc mt ct vi nhau theong v tr mt ct chia. Sau tnh din tch cc mt ctth dng Excel tnh rac khi lng theo phng php trung bnh mt ct.

3. Tnh hung 3 - Bc tch v lp d ton cho phn in

Bc phn in th ch cn xem bng thng ktrang thit b in,loi trang thit

bno c trong nh mc ri th p vo, loino cha c thvn dng hoc tmtnh.

Bc tch phn in th c ln theo mch tnh. T mch chnh sang cc mchph, t ln n b. Cn c vo ch dn ca thit k tin hnh. Cng tc bc tchphn inch yu l o m. Ly thng k ca ngi thit k nhiu khi cha chnhxc, khi lp d toncnkim tra, i chiu li.


83/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 83

CU HICu 1: Khi xc nh khi lng xy dng cng trnh, cc kch thc o bc

c ghi theo th t nh th no ? Quy nh u? Ghi nh vy lm g?

Cu 2: xc nh c chi ph xy dng cng trnh th khi lng cng trnhc o bc cn th hin c cc yu cu chung no?

Cu 3: Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh c phi tr khilng ct thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng khng? V sao?

Cu 4: Khi o bc khi lng vn khun, c phi tr hay khng phi tr khilng vn khun cc ch giao nhau gia mng v dm, ct vi tng, dm vidm?

Cu 5: Ngi o bc khi lng c cn thit phi hiu r v k thut, cng

ngh, trnh t thi cng cng trnh khng? Cu 6: Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh ngi thc hin c phi kim tra cc

thng tin trong thit k khng? Trng hp cc thng tin khng hon chnh,khng r rng hoc c nhng thng tin mu thun th x l th no ?

Cu 7: Khi o bc khi lng bn c phi lp danh mc o bc khng? Danhmc o bc ny nn trnh by th no?

Cu 8: Trong trng hp khng c kch thc ghi trn bn v, mun dngcch o bng thc t l xc nh kch thc th ngi thc hin phi ch

iu g?Cu 9: Khi o bc khi lng, ngi thc hin c c t mu vo bn v,

khoanh vng, nh du vo bn v khng?

Cu 10: i khi khng th o bc cc b phn c chnh xc mc d bit l b phn g th ngi thc hin c th gii quyt th no?


84/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 84

TRC NGHIMCu 1: o bc khi lng cng trnh l g?

L vic cn c vo cc loi bn v tnh ton ra cc khi lng cc cng tc

xy dng bng phng php o, m, tnh ton, kim traL vic xc nh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng bng phng php o,

m, tnh ton, kim tra trn cc bn v thit k hoc t yu cu trin khai d n vthi cng xy dng, cc ch dn lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun xy dngVit Nam

Cu 2: o bc khi lng xy dng khi lp d ton theo loi bn v no?

Thit k c s, thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng

Thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng

Thit k bn v thi cngCu 3: Cc phng php o bc khi lng xy dng l:

Phng php tnh theo th t bn v v phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng

Phng php tnh theo th t bn v, tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theochng loi

Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo chng loi

Cu 4: Tham kho vn bn s 737/BXD-VP ngy 22/04/2008 ca B Xydng cng b hng dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh :

Thun li trong cng tc kim tra, nng cao tnh chnh xc ca khi lng obc (cng l nng cao tnh chnh xc ca vic lp v qun l chi ph).

Trnh c cc tranh chp khng cn thit gia nhng ngi lp v kim trakhi lng.

Cu 5: Khoanh trn vo cc pht biu ng v sa li li sai trong cc pht biusau:

Khi o bc khi lng xy dng cc kch thc o bc cn c ghi theo tht: chiu di x chiu rng x chiu cao.

Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh thng qua bn v mt bng c th tm cchiu di v chiu rng, thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th hin chiu suv chiu cao.

Khi o bc khi lng lp d ton cng tc b tng dm sn nn sp xptheo trnh t: cng tc ct thp, vn khun, b tng.

Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh phi tr khi lng ctthp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng.

Khi o bc b tng ct m ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnhtrc v b tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr cnhct.


85/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 85

Khi o bc khi lng vn khun phi tr i khe co gin, l rng trn b mtcu kin b tng c din tch > 1m2.

Khi lng xy khi o bc phi tnh c phn khi xy nh ra gn lin vi khi

xy, tr i khong giao nhau, cc khong trng khng phi xy. Khng phi tr iphn b tng chm trong khi xy.

Khi lng ct thp khi o bc khng bao gm khi lng ct thp v khilng dy buc, mi ni chng, ming m, con k, bu lng lin kt.

Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin honthin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.

Bn c bit ? Gio trnh pht cho hc vin ti lp o bc khi lng lp dton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc ti H Ni phn l thuyt u c bin

son thnh cc cu hi trc nghim nh trn. Gio vin s hng dn, gii p tm hc vin d dng nm bt, hiu tn gc d vn . y l phng php hctp th v, sng to bin cc vn rt kh khan tr nn d tip thu hn. Bn cngc th truy cp trang www.tracnghiem.giaxaydung.vn lm cc bi trc nghim,ngoi ch v o bc khi lng, lp d ton cn v u thu, Qun l d n,T vn gim st, ting Anh chuyn ngnh xy dng...
http://www.tracnghiem.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.tracnghiem.giaxaydung.vn/


86/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 86

BI TPBi 1: Ni tn gi v khi nim tng ng ca cc loi bn v cng trnh xy

dng trong bng:

1. Bn v mt bngA. Bn v trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh tmt bng, mt ng v mt ct. Bn v cho bit chi tit cth ca phn trch v

2. Bn v mt ngB. d dng hnh dung cng trnh, chng ta c th xem

bn v ny. y l bn v kiu chp hnh cng trnh, thhin c cnh vt xung quanh nh tht.

3. Bn v mt ct

C. Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng ccmt phng tng ng ta s c loi bn v ny. Thng qua

bn v ny thy c b dy v chiu cao ca cc bphn m mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phntrn cng trnh.

4. Bn v chi tit

D. Tng tng ct cng trnh bng mt mt phng songsong vi mt sn cao hn 1m th hnh chiu ca mtct ln mt sn s th hin trong bn v ny. Loi bn vny th hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phn chia cc khuvc trong cng trnh. V d v tr ct, ca, vch mttng..

5. Bn v phi cnh

E. Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ngsau vo mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s chnh chiu ng ca cng trnh. Loi bn v ny th hinkin trc ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh. Thng qua c th bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. Vd i vi cng trnh dn dng, mt bng th hin v trca

Bi 2: Hy nhn dng v ghi vo bn di tn: Mt bng mi, Mt ng (mttin, cnh nh), hnh chiu trc o cho cc bn v cng trnh sau:


87/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 87

Bi 3: Hon thin bn v mt ct sau bng cch:

Ghi cao cn thiu trn mt ct; Hon thin cc ch dn v lp vt liu chosn nh S, N v mt bng mi M (theo ng th t) bit rng cc lp vt liu chotng phn nh sau:

S: t t nhin, b tng 1x2 mc 200, ct en ti nc m k, lt gch

chng trn 200x200 va XM mc 75.N: Ct en ti nc m k, b tng gch v va tam hp mc 50, t t

nhin, lt gch 300x300 va XM mc 75.

M: Trt trn va XM 75 dy 1.5, tm an BTCT ti ch mc 200, lng vaxi mng dy 100, lt gch rng chng nng va tam hp mc 50.

s

n

m

e a

-0.150-0.1500.000

n

m

m m

nn s

Bi 4: Hy cho bit bn v di y c tn gi l bn v g v hon thin cc

yu cu sau:

nh ch A, B, C cho trc ngang, k hiu trc dc bng s 1, 2, 3, 4

in thm cc kch thc cho bn v bit:

Kch thc t trc 1 n 4 l 10,5m; kch thc gia trc A v C l 6,8m; kch

thc gia trc 2 v 3 l 3,7m; phng lm vic v phng bp - n c chiu rngbng nhau; trc B nm chnh gia trc A v C.


88/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 88

Tng bao dy 150mm, ring tng bao trn trc 3 nm gia trc 2 v 3 dy200; cc tng ngn dy 100mm.

Ct ngoi nh -0.500; ct nn phng lm vic, phng tip khch, bp - phng

n 0.000.Ca i 1 rng 1,2m; ca i 2 rng 0,8m; ca i 3 rng 0,8m; ca i 4rng 0,6m.

Ca s S1 rng 1,2m; ca s S2 rng 0,6m. Tnh din tch phng lm vic, phng bp n (chnh l din tch lng, lt sn).

4

2S2

VACH KNH

4'KHO

BEP - P.AN

TIEP KHACH

P. LAM VIEC1100

1000

1

1'

3

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1

4

1100

Bi 5: Tnh khi lng o t nhm IV, thnhthng v b tng gch v ltmng ca h thng mng nh trong bn v sau:


89/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 89

Bi 6: Tnh khi lng xy tng cho khi tng nh hnh v sau:


90/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 90

6300

2400

3000

900

1200

600

620

Bi 7: Tnh khilng b tng mc 200 dm (1x2 cm) cho mt dm sau:

Bi 8: in tn gi cho hnh v v kch thc cn thiu cho mng (vung) n

di ct theo cc ch dn sau: Kch thc h o l: 1900x1900x1700 (mm), lpb tng lt dy 100 (mm) v khong cch t ct p u cc n y mng l 100(mm)


91/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 91

BT m100

Hy lit k danh mc cc cng vic cn thc hin vtnh khi lng cho cc cng vic

thi cng mng n ni trn.Bi 9: Hy o bc khi lng bng cch m v cho bit trong bn vi

y c bao nhiu: iu ho, qut trn, n tup i, n tup n, n chiu hin,bn cu xm, bn ra tay.


92/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 92

Bn c bit ? Cc bi tp ni trn cng nh cc bi tp o bc khi lng gnvi mt cng trnh c th t u n cui s c cha chi tit ti lp hc do Cngty Gi Xy Dng t chc. Bn c th tm kim li gii p hoc m trao , tholun trnwww.giaxaydung.vn tm kim li gii.
http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/


93/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 93

TI LIU THAM KHO

B Xy dng, Quyt nh s 788/Q-BXD ngy 26/8/2010 cng b Hng

dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh .Cng ty Gi Xy dng, Ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v o bc khi

lng v lp d ton, H Ni, 2009.

Cng ty Gi Xy dng, Ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v nh gi xydng, H Ni, 2012.

Nguyn Th Anh, D ton xy dng cng trnh, Ti liu phc v hc vin lpo bc khi lng lp d ton, H Ni, 2012.

B Xy dng, Gio trnh tin lng xy dng. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H

Ni, 2008.Davis Landon Seah - Vin Kinh t xy dng, Ti liu o to chuyn o

bc cng tc xy dng, H Ni, 1997.

Nguyn Quang C, NguynMnh Dng, Gio trnh v k thut. Nh xut bnGio dc, H Ni, 2006,

B Xy dng, Gio trnh lp nh mc, n gi xy dng. Nh xut bn Xydng, H Ni, 2008.

B Xy dng, Gio trnh d ton xy dng c bn. Nh xut bn Xy dng,

H Ni, 2008.Ccbi vit, t liu, thng tin trn din n www.giaxaydung.vn/diendan, v

website www.DutoanGXD.vn...

Cc tiu chun TCVN, TCXD c lin quan.
http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/


94/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 94

CC TI LIU NN N C(ti liu cng 1 tc gi)

1. Gio trnh d ton xy dng cng trnh2. Ti liu hng dn xc nh chi ph t vn

3. Ti liu hng dn phng php xc nh gi ca my

4. Ti liu hng dn phng php chit tnh n gi xy dng cng trnh

5. Ti liu hng dn phng php p dng nh mc (phc v lp d ton)

6. Ti liu hng dn phng php tnh vt liu n hin trng xy dng

7. Tp hp cc tnh hung tho lun v o bc khi lng lp d ton

8. Tp hp cc bi tp c bn v o bc khi lng lp d ton

9. Hng dn s dng phn mm Excel, phn mm D ton

10. Hng dn cch xy dng c s d liu nh mc, n gi, t in vt t,gi vt t s dng cho phn mm lp d ton, lp h s thu

Cc ti liu c th ti min ph trn www.giaxaydung.vn v DutoanGXD.vn.Chng ti s b sung thm cc bi tp minh ho, cc tnh hung x l thc t,cc hnh v, s gip bn tm hiu su hn v vn lp d ton xy dng

cng trnh. Cc ti liu ny s lin tc c cp nht, sa i b sung v ng titrnwww.giaxaydung.vn v DutoanGXD.vn.

Cc bi ging chuyn su v cc ni dung trn cho cc hc vin lp o bckhi lng lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc s gip bn chuynnghip trong lp v thm tra d ton. Nu mun tr thnh mt chuyn gia giitrong cng vic o bc khi lng, lp d ton hay kim sot khi lng, thm trad ton, thanh quyt ton cng trnh th bn nn thu xp thi gian ghi danh thamgia kho hc. C hc hnh, o to bi bn bn s khc.

Trong ti liu ny c tham kho mt s t liu ca cc bn b, ng nghiptrn websitewww.giaxaydung.vn,DutoanGXD.vn v mt s ngunkhc.

H Ni, thng 11/2013
http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/http://www.giaxaydung.vn/


95/96



www.DutoanGXD.vn 95

MC LCLI NI U.................................................................................................................... 2CCH S DNG TI LIU............................................................................................. 3M U............................................................................................................................. 4BN V TRONG XY DNG......................................................................................... 5

I. KHI NIM V THIT K V BN V XY DNG .................................................... 51. Khi nim v thit k...................................................................................................... 52. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k) ................................................................... 53. Vai tr ca bn v thit k............................................................................................... 5

II. PHN LOI BN V XY DNG................................................................................. 51. Bn v quy hoch............................................................................................................ 52. Bn v kin trc..........................................................................................................

Documents

Giaxaydung.com Phuong Phap Do Boc Khoi Luong V3