TH Truyen Khoi

8/2/2019 TH Truyen Khoi

1/62

SVTH: inh Tun Hong GVHD :Phm Qunh Thi Sn

1

BI S 1:KHO ST CH

CT CHM (THP M)

I. Mc ch th nghim:Kho st c tnh ng lc hc lu cht v kh nng hot ng ca thp m bng

cch xc nh:

-nh hng ca vn tc kh v lng ln gim p sut ca dng kh qua ct. -S bin i ca hs ma st fcktrong ct theo chun s Reynolds Recca dng

kh v suy ra cc h thc thc nghim.

-S bin i ca tha s

lin h gia gim p ca dng kh khi ct kh vkhi ct t vi vn tc dng chy.

II. L thuyt th nghim:2.1. Cu to

Thp m l mt thp hnh tr gm nhiu gia on ni vi nhau bng mt bch hay

hn. Vt m y trong thp theo mt trong hai phng php: xp ngu nhin hay xp

th t.

Vt m s dng ph bin :Vng Rasching

Vt m hnh yn nga

Vt m vng xon

2.2. S chuyn ng ca lu cht qua thp mKhi cht lng chuyn ng t trn xung v pha kh chuyn ng t di c th

xy ra 4 ch thy lc:

Ch mng

Ch treo

Ch nh tng

Ch ko theo

2.2.1. gim p khi ct kh


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2

PC Gn( vi n = 1.8 - 2)

lgPC/Z = nlgGlgZ

y l phng trnh ng thng c h s gc n

2.2.2. gim p khi ct khTrong giai on u lng cht lng b gi li trong thp l khng i theo tc

kh. Giai on k tip lng cht lng b gi li trong thp tng nhanh theo tc kh,

cc ch trng trong thp nh dn v gim p ca pha kh tng nhanh.

2.3. Tha s ma st Fck theo Reckhi ct khTha s ma st fckl hm s theo chun s Re vi Re :

Rec = G*De/ = 4G/a

Trong : : nht ca dng kh, kg/m.s

Zhavoronkow xc nh c kh dng kh chuyn t ch chy tng sang

chy ri ng vi tr s Rec= 50. Trong vng chy ri 50 < Re < 7000 vi ct chm ngu

nhin th:

fck= 3.8/Re0.2

Trong vng chy dng Re < 50 th h s ma st c tnh: fck= 140/Re

2.4. gim p Pckhi ct tS lin h: Pc = Pck

fc = fck

2.5. im lt ca ct chm

L

G

L

Gck

G

L

g

vaf

2

2.0

3

2

1.2

....

Trong : fck= c tnht h thc lin h vi Re.

= vn tc di ca kh ngay trc khi vo ct chm.

= nht tng i ca cht lng so vi nc.

H thng hp thu lng kh DIDACTA


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3

M hnh th nghim

Cc bc tin hnhM van cho nc vo trong bnh cha (kha van 11).

M cc van 14 v 6, kha van 5.M bm lng n khi nc qua van 6 chy ngc vo bnh cha th ngng bm

v kha van 6.

Kha van 23, m van 22, sau m my nn thi ht lng nc cn ng

trong cc khe ca vt m. Sau khong 5 pht, chun b lm th nghim khi ct kh.


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o gim p khi ct kh

- Kha van 22 thay i lng kh qua ct. ng vi 6 gi tr lu lng kh ghili 6 gi tr Pcktrn p k thy ngn. iu chnh lu lng t mc cao xung thp

m bo iu kin lm vic ca my nn.

- Sau khi tin hnh xong th nghim ct kh tt my nn.o gim p ca dng kh khi ct t

- M van 13 v 6. Bt bm lng, iu chnh van 14 gi lu lng lngkhng i.

- M van 22, m my nn a khng kh vo thp.- Kha dn van 22 thay i lu lng kh G tng ng vi cc gi tr G khi o

ct kh v c Pctrn p k.

- Lp li 5 gi tr khc nhau ca L. Nu xy ra hin tng ngp lt th tt mynn.

- Sau khi lm xong th nghim ngng my tt bm, my nn m van 5 x htcht lng cn li trong thp ra ngoi.

III. Bo co th nghim:1. Kt qu th nghim

Bng 1: Kt qu th nghim trn ct kh:

STT G

(kg/m2.s)

Pck (N/m2)

1 0,097 0,98.105

2 0,194 1,96.105

3 0,293 2,94.105

4 0,39 4,9.105

5 0,487 7,84.105

6 0,584 10,79.105

Bng 2: Kt qu th nghim trn ct t:


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Llng (l/s) 0,004 0,053 0,067 0,08 0,093

STTG(

kg/s.m2)

Pc(N/m2)

1 0,097 2,02. 105

2,94. 105

2,94.105

2,94. 105

9,81. 105

2 0,194 4,9. 105

6,86. 105

9. 105

9,81. 105

23,53. 105

3 0,293 9,81. 105

11,76. 105

18,63. 105

20,6. 105

39,62. 105

4 0,39 21,33. 105

25,15. 105

39,22. 105

44,62. 105

71. 105

5 0,487 37,26. 105

48,55. 105

76,5. 105

80,95. 105

128,17. 105

6 0,584 58,82. 105

60,89. 122,39. 105

128,24. 105

205,88. 105

2. X l s liu i nv:

1N/m2

= 1Pa = 1,02.10-6

mmH2O3

22

1.10001

60 t3600 .

4

80

m l kg

Dh phs m

D mm

Z = 1.6 m

2

2

7601

1033

1 1, 33.10

cmH O mmHg

mmHg Pa

Cng thc tnh Re:a

G4Re (2)

Vi:

a: din tch b mt ring ca vt chm, m3/m2; a = 360 m3/m2

k: nht ca dng kh, kg/m.s; = 0,187 Ns/m2

VD:4.0,097

Re 0,00576360.0,187


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Cng thc tnh fck:Do Re < 50

=> fck=

140

Re (3)

VD : fck= 140/0,00576= 24305,56

Cng thc tnh fc:fc = .fck (4)

Vi =ck

cu

P

P

VD: =ck

cu

P

P

=

5

5

2,02.102,06

0,98.10 => fc = .f

ck= 2,06.24305,56 = 50068,63

3. Bng kt qu tnh ton v th minh haKt qu tnh ton ct kh

G,

kg/m2.s

Log GPck/Z,

N/m2

/ m

log(P/Z),

N/m2

/ mReck fck

0,097 -1,013 0,61.105

4,79 0,0058 24305,56

0,194 -0,712 1,23. 105

5,09 0,0115 12145,36

0,293 -0,533 1,84. 105

5,26 0,0174 8041,64

0,39 -0,409 3,06. 105

5,49 0,0232 6041,54

0,487 -0,312 4,90. 105

5,69 0,0289 4838,19

0,584 -0,234 6,74. 105

5,83 0,0347 4034,59

th log (Pck/Z) theo log G


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th fck theo Re

3.2.Kt qu tnh ton ct t:S lin h gia gim p kh Pc = .Pckvi:

STT


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1 2.06 3.00 3.00 3.00 10.01

2 2.50 3.50 4.59 5.01 12.01

3 3.34 4.00 6.34 7.01 13.48

4 4.35 5.13 8.00 9.11 14.49

5 4.75 6.19 9.76 10.33 16.35

6 5.45 5.64 11.34 11.89 19.08

Kt qu tnh ton fccho ct tLlng (l/s) 0.004 0.053 0.067 0.08 0.093

STT Rec fc

1 1.40 50068.63 72872.16 72872.16 72872.16 238291.98

2 2.81 30363.40 42508.76 55769.51 60788.77 285780.34

3 4.24 26832.81 32166.55 50957.73 56346.17 318609.71

4 5.64 26299.19 31009.12 48356.97 55014.99 428949.23

5 7.05 22993.76 29961.00 47209.41 49955.58 620111.20

6 8.45 21993.93 22767.95 45763.98 47951.41 830641.19

3.3. Kt qu tnh ton log (Pc/Z) cho ct t:

Llng (l/s) 0.004 0.053 0.067 0.08 0.093

STT log G log (Pc /Z)

1 -1,013 5,1 5,26 5,26 5,26 5,79

2 -0,712 5,49 5,63 5,75 5,79 6,17

3 -0,533 5,79 5,87 6,07 6,11 6,39

4 -0,409 6,12 6,2 6,39 6,45 6,65

5 -0,312 6,37 6,48 6,68 6,7 6,9

6 -0,234 6,57 6,58 6,88 6,9 7,11

th log (Pc/Z) theo log G


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4. Bn lunDa vo th v s liu thc nghim ta thy:

- i vi ct kh: khi G tng th gim p tng theo ng thng.

- i vi ct t: khi G tng th gim p cng tng theo nhng chia thnh tng

vng r rt nh gin trong l thuyt cp. Khi lu lng lng cng tng th ct

cng d gn n im lt hn. T th thu c ta thy vng sau im gia trng th gi

tr P tng ln rt nhanh, t ngt. on thng trong vng ny rt dc nn ta rt kh vn

hnh ct chm ch nh tng ny mc d ct chm hot ng tt nht ch .

Gin f theo Re c lp nhm biu din s ph thuc ca tr lc vo lu

lng ca dng lu cht. Nu lu lng ca dng lu cht cng ln th th h s ma st f

gia hai pha cng tng. Lp th nhm xc nhc lu lng hp l vn hnh ct, tr lc nh v thu c hiu sut truyn khi tt nht gia hai pha vi nhau m ct

vn khng b lt. Tuy nhin trong th trn th ta li thy iu ngc li tc l khi lu

lng tng ln th tr lc li gim dn, kt qu ny thu c do nh hng ca sai s


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trong qu trnh th nghim. Nu bit mt trong hai gi tr Re hoc f th c th dng th

c th dng th xc nh gi tr cn li nh sau:

T gi tr f hoc Re bit k mt ng thng theo phng ngang hoc theo

phng ng, ct th f-Re ti mt im. T giao im , k mt ng thng vung

gc vi trc cn li th s xc nh c gi tr cn tm.

S lin h gia cc i tng tng i gn vi d on. C th l cc mi lin h

sau:

- Log(Pck /Z) - logG: l ph thuc tuyn tnh vi nhau theo ng thng ging

nh l thuyt nhn nh.

- Pc/Z - G cng gn nh c chia thnh hai hng r rt: vng di im gia

trng v vng trn im gia trng. vng di im gia trng th P tng chm v u dn

nn cc im ny thu c gn nh cng nm trn mt ng thng. Vng trn im gia

trng th P tng nhanh, t ngt nn on thng rt dc; nu tng lu lng lng v kh

ln cao na th s tin n im lt ca ct.

- Log - L: hon ton ph thuc tuyn tnh vi nhau nn c th hin thnh mt

ng thng trn th. Ph hp vi l thuyt cp n.

Tuy nhin trong qu trnh lm th nghim cng c nhiu sai s. Nhng nguynnhn c th dn n sai s l do:

- Lu lng dng lng khng nnh.

- Lu lng dng kh khng n nh.

- Ct nc duy tr y ct khng m bo yu cu lm cho mc nc xm nhp

vo ng o chnh p lm nh hng n kt qu.

- Ma st gia dng kh c tc ln vi ng dn lm cho ng nng ln v lm

tng th tch kh lm tng p sut cng nh hng n chnh p.


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BI S 2:CHNG GIN ON

KHNG HON LU

I. Mc ch th nghim:Qu trnh chng ct gin on khng hon lu nhm kho st s nh hng ca cc

thng s sau:

Hiu sut thp chng khi tin hnh khnghi lu S bin i nng sn phm nh theo thi gian chng ct

II. L thuyt th nghim:1. nh ngha hon luChng l phng php dng tch cc hn hp cht lng, kh lng thnh cc cu t

ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp (cng nhit , p

sut hi ca cc cu t khc).

Chng th dung mi v cht tan u bay hi, c c th ch c dung mi bay hi cn

cht tan khng bay hi.

Khi chng trng hp 2 cu t ta s thu c sn phm nh gm cc cu t c

bay hi ln v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi b, sn phm y gm cu t c

bay hi b v mt phn rt t c bay hi ln.

2. Cn bng vt chtXt qu trnh chng gin on, thnh phn v lng sn phm lun thay i theo thi

gian.

Lng hn hp u l kg, thnh phn cu t d bay hi trong hn hp u lTi mt thi im bt k lng cht lng trong ni chng l vi nng l . Khi

bc hi mt lng v cng nh dw th nng trong ni s gim i mt lng v


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lng cht lng cn li trong ni l - . Nh vy lng cu t d bay hi trong ni

ti thi im ang xt l: ( -dW)( - )

Lng cu t d bay hi chuyn vo pha hi l: .

Phng trnh cn bng vt liu i vi cu t d bay hi thi im ang xt:

Lng rt b ta c th b qua c, n gin i ta c:

Phng trnh cho ton b qu trnh l:

3. Cn bng nng lng3.1. Cn bng nhit lng ton thp

QF +QK = QD +QW +Qm +Qng

QK = QD + QW +Qm +Qng -QF

QK: nhit lng cung cp cho ni un, W

Qm: nhit lng mt mt do mi trng xung quanh (W). c ly t 5% n 10%

nhit lng cn cung cp.

QF: nhit lng do dng nhp liu mang vo, W

QD: nhit lng do dng sn phm nh mang ra, W

QW: nhit lng do dng sn phm y mang ra, W

Qng: nhit lng trao i trong thit b ngng t, W

____

___

... DxWxFx

DWF

WF

Dng rDQ ._

WPW tCWQ R .._

DPD tCDQ D ..

FPF tCFQ F ..


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:,,WDF PPP

CCC nhit lng ring ca nhp liu, sn phm nh, sn phm y, J/kg..

WDF ttt ,, : nhit ca nhp liu, sn phm nh, sn phm y,0C.

Dr

: nhit ha hi ca sn phm nh, kJ/kg3.2. Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b ngng ti vi qu trnh ngng t khng lm lnh:

i vi qu trnh ngng t lm lnh:

Trong : rv tt , : nhit vo v ra ca nc, 0C

G: lu lng dng gii nhit, kg/s

C: nhit dung ring ca dng gii nhit, J/kg/

DSt : nhit si hn hp sn phm nh, 0C

4. Nguyn tc v s chng ginon khng hon luTrong qu trnh chng n gin hi nc c ly ra ngay v cho ngng t.

mvrDSPDng QttCGttCDrDQ DD

).(.).(.._

mvrDng QttCGrDQ ).(.._


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5. M hnh chng ctH thng chng ct 7 mm xuyn l

6. Tin hnh th nghim


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M van W tho ht sn phm y ni un v o ru bng ph k.Sau lycn 960pha vi sn phm y thnh ru 200ri y bnh cha nhp liu.o

li ru bnh nhp liu ri ghi vo bng kt qu ru nhp liu VF.

ng cu dao tng ca h thng,m cng tc in ca ngun chnh.ng khong van hon lu N1 ca bm nhp liu,m van N3,N5 ng van N2 v van N4.M

bm nhp liu bm ru vo ni un cho n khi mc lng trong ng ch mc ti

vch khong ni un.Khi hn hp di ni un di vch trng (1/3) ni un

s chy in tr ni un,lun lun phi ch mc cht lng trong ni un

M cng tc gia nhit ni un, ch ni un si.Khi hn hp si ta m van ncGNcho thit b ngng t.

Dng th k o thi gian c 3 pht ta tin hnh o nhit ni un , nhit snphm nh ,lng sn phm nh thu c qua bnh chasn phm nh v nng

sn phm nh.Xc nh nng sn phm nh bng cch m van D ly

mu sn phm vo ng ong v o nng bng ph k.

Khi sn phm thu c khong 200ml th dng th nghim.Ngng my

Tt gia nhit ni un.

Tho sn phm nh bnh cha cn. Tt van nc GNcho thit b ngng t qua sn phm nh. Ngt cng tc in vo h thng. Ngt cu dao in ca h thng.7. H thng chng ct DVI 3000 v cc bc tin hnh th nghim Ha trn 5 lt hn hp nhp liu c nng cn l 150. dung dch vo ni un qua np ni,o nng nhp liu sau mi ln vo

ly gi tr trung bnh.

ng cht np ni. M cng tc in chnh,n trng c kch hot. M h thng nc gii nhit.


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M cng tc tng bng cch m nt kha khn cp v nhn vo nt bm muxanh.

Thit lp gi tr trn b iu khin PID ca lu lng dng gii nhit. M in tr ni un. Ci t gim p ca thp chng ct gi tr thp nht 10mB trn b iu khin

PID.

Chuyn cng tc chia dng hon lu sang ch Refluxhi lu hon ton. Sau khi t trng thi n nh ( khong 30 n 45 pht ) chuyn cng tc chia

dng hon lu sang ch Draw offkhng hon lu v thu sn phm nh.

i 15 pht o th tch v nng sn phm thu c. Ci t gi tr P mc bng 12mB v i thm khong 15 pht ly mu o. Tng t tin hnh th nghim vi cc gi tr P khc nhau.

Lu :trong s trng hp mc d gi tr nhit dc theo thp chng ct khng thay

i nhng trng thi n nh c th cha t c bi v cc gi tr thnh phn ca cc

pha thay i rt chm.V vy thi gian lm vic ko di hn v d dng hn xc nh

thi gian ly mu ng vi mi 15 pht.

III.

Bo co th nghim:1. Kt qu th nghim

Bng kt qu th nghim nng v nng sut:

STT (s)vF

(%V)VF (lt)

P(mB)

vD

(%V)VD (lt)

vW

(%V)G (l/s)

1 0 15 5 10 - - - 300

2 900 15 4,17 10 82 0,1 13 300

3 1800 13 3,762 12 86 0,173 12 300

4 2700 12 3,497 14 74 0,178 11 300

5 3600 11 3,256 16 65 0,162 10 300

6 4500 10 3,053 18 58,5 0,132 8 300


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Bng kt qu th nghim nhit

STT T10C T2

0C T3

0C T4

0C T5

0C T7

0C T8

0C

1 90,7 81,7 77,09 76,7 77,5 29,1 29,4

2 91,5 89,6 81,07 78,1 78,3 29,2 29,4

3 92,8 91,5 87,9 87 85,8 29,2 29,7

4 94,3 93,3 90,5 89,5 88,8 29,1 29,8

5 95,9 94,8 91,3 91,4 90,4 29,1 29,7

6 97,2 96,4 93,6 93,4 92,2 29 29,5

T2

0

C: Nhit sn phm y.T5

0C: Nhit sn phm nh.

T70C: Nhit dng gii nhit vo.

T80C: Nhit dng gii nhit ra.

2. X l s liu Nng phn mol Etanol nhp liu

Nng phn khi lng Etanol nhp liu

Lng hn hp u


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: khi lng ring ca ru nhp liu

Ni suy theo bng I.2 S tay QTTB tp 1 trang 9

vF (%) t0C (kg/m

3)

15 30 980,71

13 89,6 950,635

12 91,5 957,28

11 93,3 958,952

10 94,8 960,76

Nng phn mol Etanol sn phm nh

Nng phn khi lng Etanol sn phm nh

Lng sn phm nh

: khi lng ring ca ru sn phm nh


vD (%) t0C (kg/m

3)


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82 78,3 788,72

86 85,8 772,408

74 88,8 800,384

65 90,4 821,935

58,5 92,2 837,1835

Lng sn phm yp dng phng trnh cn bng vt cht.Ta c:

Nng phn mol Etanol sn phm yp dng phng trnh cn bng vt cht.Ta c:

Din tch gii hn bi ng cong v

Nhit lng do dng nhp liu mang vo

:nhit dung ring ca dng nhp liu


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vF (%) t0C (J/kg)

15 30 3938,4

13 89,6 4081,713

12 91,5 4093,704

11 93,3 4104,07

10 94,8 4114,59

Nhit lng do dng sn phm nh mang ra

:nhit dung ring ca dng sn phm nh


vD (%) t0C (J/kg)

82 78,3 3403,54

86 85,8 3448,12

74 88,8 3580,2

65 90,4 3668,13

58,5 92,2 3733,455

Nhit lng do dng sn phm y mang ra

:nhit dung ring ca dng sn phm y


vW (%) t0C (J/kg)

13 89,6 4081,713


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12 91,5 4093,704

11 93,3 4104,07

10 94,8 4114,59

8 96,4 4131,096

Nhit lng cung cp cho ni unp dng phng trnh cn bng nhit ton thp.Ta c:

Trong :

Qm: nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh v thng c ly gn bngkhong 5% n 10% lng nhit cn cung cp.

Chn :

Qng: nhit lng trao i trong thit b ngng t

Trong :

G: lu lng khi lng dng gii nhit.Quy i n v t l/s sang kg/h.

: khi lng ring ca nc gii nhit (kg/m3)

Tra theo bng I.5 s tay QTTB tp 1 trang 11

C:nhit dung ring ca nc gii nhit. (J/kg)

Tra theo bng I.147 s tay QTTB tp 1 trang 165


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T (1),(2) v (3) suy ra:

Nhit lng mt mtra mi trng xung quanh

Nhit lng trao i trong thit b ngng t

Cc s liu sau x l tng t nh trn ta thu c bng kt qu

3. Bng kt qu tnh tonv th minh haBngthnh phn cn bng lng hi v nhit si ca hai cu t EtanolH2O

760mmHg

x 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

y 0 33.2 44.2 53.1 57.6 61.4 65.4 69.9 75.3 81.8 89.8 100

t0C 100 90.5 86.5 83.2 81.7 80.8 80 79.4 79 78.6 78.4 78.4


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Kt qu tnh ton cn bng vt cht

STTxF

kg/kg kg

xD

kg/kg kg kg/kg kg

kg

1 0.052 0.122 4.904 0.585 0.782 0.079 0.111 4.825 0.0162

2 0.044 0.106 3.964 0.655 0.829 0.134 0.080 3.831 0.0343

3 0.040 0.097 3.601 0.468 0.692 0.143 0.073 3.459 0.0404

4 0.037 0.089 3.354 0.364 0.594 0.133 0.068 3.220 0.0405

5 0.033 0.081 3.128 0.303 0.527 0.111 0.064 3.018 0.0360


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Kt qu tnh ton cn bng nng lng

STTG

kg/h

Qng

kJ

QF

kJ

QD

kJ

QW

kJ

QK

kJ

Qm

kJ

1 0.0830 114.9848 579.3642 1764.4884 21.0192 1436.0088 114.8807

2 0.0830 2.4163 1449.7741 1434.8134 39.5333 29.3357 2.3469

3 0.0830 2.1672 1348.9483 1324.4155 45.2938 24.9219 1.9938

4 0.0830 1.8093 1284.0706 1256.1210 44.1536 19.5795 1.5664

5 0.0830 2.0950 1220.2090 1201.7723 38.0396 23.5847 1.8868


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4. Bn lun


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BI S 3:TNH HC QU TRNH SY

I. Mc ch th nghim: Kho st s bin i thng s khng kh m v vt liu sy ca qu trnh sy l

thuyt.

Xc nh lng khng kh kh cn s dng v lng nhit cn thit cho qu trnhsy l thuyt.

So snh v nh gi s khc nhau gia qu trnh sy thc t v qu trnh sy lthuyt.

II. L thuyt th nghim:2.1.S nguyn l lm vic my sy bng khng kh:

Trong qu trnh sy nu dng tc nhn sy l khng kh th gi l sy bng khng

kh. Khi sy khng kh nng tip xc vi b mt vt liu m lm bc hi nc trong

vt liu m to thnh hn hp khng kh m thot ra ngoi.

S nguyn l lm vic ca my sy bng khng kh c m t trn hnh sau:

Vt liu ban u vn cn m cho qua ca v nh b phn vn chuyn a qua

phng sy. Khng kh bn ngoi c qut ht a vo caloriphe si ri vo phng

sy. Ti caloriphe si khng kh c un nng n nhit cn thit, khi vo


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28

T ta rt ra:

HocKhi phn tch ngha ca i lng , ta s thy trong thc t c th xy ra ba

trng hp:

Nhit lng b sung ln hn nhit lng tn tht chung, tc l:

Do :

Hay l

Theo biu thc (3) ta c:

Hoc

Nhit lng b sung chung khng b nhit lng tn tht chung, tc l:

Do :

Hay l

Theo biu thc (3) ta c:

V I >0 do :

Nhit lng b sung chung bng nhit lng tn tht chung, y l trng hp

ca sy l thuyt nu phn trn, trong trng hp ny th

Tnh lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bc hi 1kg m theo cng thc:

(kg/kg m)

Nhit lng tiu tn ring cho ton b my sy l:

,(J/kg m)


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Nhit lng tiu tn ring caloriphe si:

, (J/kg m)

Lng nhit tiu hao ring caloriphe b sung trong phng sy tnh theo cngthc:

, J/kg m

2.4M hnh th nghim:

A. Qut hng trcB. in tr gia nhit (Caloriphe)C. CnD. B iu khin nhit lng in tr cung cpE. B iu chnh tc qutF. Th kG. Lu tc k


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30

Tu. Nhit k bu t

Ts. Nhit k bu kh

2.5Cc bc tin hnh th nghim:Bt cng tc tng xc nh G0, mang i lm m nc vo ch o nhit

bu t, ghi cc gi tr bu kh, bu t ti thi im ban u iu chnh tc qut,

ch phng sy kh ci t cc mc nhit lng ca in tr khi n nh (10 pht)

th bt u tin hnh th nghim ghi cc gi tr: ch s cn, nhit bu kh, bu t

trong phng sy (ti thi im ban u v sau mi 15 pht) dng th nghim (khi khi

lng vt liu khng i sau 3 ln cn) chuyn cc nt iu chnh v trng thi 0,

ng cng tc tng

Tin hnh th nghim cc mc in tr 3, 5, 7, tc qut 4, 6, 8 theo bng s liu

3 Bo co th nghim:1. Kt qu th nghim

Khi lng vt liukh tuyt i: G0 = 0,089kg

STTin

trQut

im 0 im1 im 2 Gd

(kg)

Gc

(kg) (m/s)tk(0C) tu(

0C) tk(

0C) tu(

0C) tk(

0C) tu(

0C)

1 3 6

32 27

33 27.7 33 29 0.2274 0.2178 3.75

2 5 6 36 28 35.7 30.5 0.217 0.2022 3.92

3 7 6 39.8 29 39 32 0.2152 0.1938 3.88

4 5 4 37 27 31.5 36 0.195 0.184 3.55

5 5 8 31 27 35.5 28.5 0.1745 0.156 4.38

2. X l s liu3. Bng kt qu tnh ton

Tnh cn bng vt cht v nng lng.

STT

(Kg/kg) (Kg/kg)

W

(Kg)

L thuyt Thc t

Llt(kg) Qlt(kJ) Lth(kg) Qth(kJ)


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1 1.555056 1.447191 0.0096 3.84 30.72 3.36 26.88

2 1.438202 1.27191 0.0148 4.228571 63.42857 3.664762 54.97143

3 1.417978 1.177528 0.0214 7.37931 140.2069 5.437387 103.3103

4 1.191011 1.067416 0.011 3.666667 44 3.361111 40.33333

5 0.960674 0.752809 0.0185 6.166667 43.16667 5.285714 37


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4. Bn lun+ So snh bin i lng khng kh kh s dng ca qu trnh sy l thuyt v sy

thc t.

Nhit kh v nhit t thu c t hai ln th nghim k nhau c bin

thin nh lm cho vic tra H - tr nn kh khn hn m lng khng kh kh l

thuyt ph thuc vo hm m ca khng kh trc khi vo my sy v sau khi ra

khi my sy nn lng khng kh kh l thuyt tng ng k. So vi lng

khng kh kh thc t th lng khng kh kh l thuyt ln hn nhiu, v vy qu

trnh sy cha t hiu qu cao.

+ nh gi s khc nhau gia nhit lng cn gia nhit ca qu trnh sy l thuyt v

sy thc t.

Nhit lng cn gia nhit cho qu trnh sy l thuyt ln hn so vi nhit lng

cn gia nhit ca qu trnh sy thc t, iu ny cho thy qu trnh sy din ra khng

t hiu sut nh mong mun.

+ nh gi s khc nhau v hm nhit ca khng kh sau khi ra khi thit b ca qu

trnh sy l thuyt v sy thc t.


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Hm nhit ca khng kh tng theo th t trc khi vo caloriphe, sau khi qua

caloriphe v sau kh sy.

+ Nu cc nguyn nhn to nn s khc bit ca qu trnh sy l thuyt v sy thc t.

- Do gin Ramzin H - qu nh nn khi tra ta c H, khng chnh xc.- Thao tc tin hnh th nghim.


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34

BI S 4:NG HC QU TRNH SY

III. Mc ch th nghim:IV. L thuyt th nghim:V. Bo co th nghim:

5. Kt qu th nghim1.1Sy mc in tr R = 4 (400C)G0 = 64 g

(ph) Gi(g) t(0C) tk(

0C)

0 153.8 28 33.8

3 149.2 26.9 33.8

6 144.2 26.9 33.8

9 136.8 26.5 33.8

12 133 26.5 33.8

15 128 26.5 33.8

18 124.6 26 33.8

21 120 26.5 33.8

24 113.6 26 33.8

27 107.2 26 33.8

30 100.8 26 33.8

33 96 26.2 33.8

36 92 26 33.8

39 86.2 26 33.842 86 26.1 33.8

1.2Sy mc in tr R = 5 (500C)G0 = 52 g (ph) Gi(g) t(

0C) tk(

0C)


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0 154.6 28 34

3 147.6 26 34.5

6 141 26 34.5

9 133.6 26 35

12 128.4 26 35

15 120.6 25.9 35

18 114.8 26 35

21 108.8 26 35

24 102.6 26.3 35

27 98.2 26.5 3530 94 26.2 35

33 89 26.1 35

36 83.6 26 35

39 79.8 26 35

42 75 26 35

45 73 26.1 35

48 70 26 35

51 67.2 26 35

54 65 26 35

57 64 27 35

60 62.2 27 35

63 61.4 27 35

66 61 27 35

1.3Sy mc in tr R = 6 (600C)G0 = 60 g (ph) Gi (g) t(

0C) tk(

0C)

0 135.6 28 34.5


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2 3 133.13 156.25

3 6 125.31 231.25

4 9 113.75 118.75

5 12 107.81 156.25

6 15 100.00 106.25

7 18 94.69 143.75

8 21 87.50 200

9 24 77.50 200

10 27 67.50 200

11 30 57.50 15012 33 50.00 125

13 36 43.75 181.25

14 39 34.69 6.25

15 42 34.38 6.25

16 42 34.38 6.25


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ng cong tc sy

Xc nh m ti hn v m cn bng


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39

m ti hn Wk:

Thc nghim: Wk=125,31(%/)

L thuyt: 1140,31

34.38 112.33(%)1,8 1,8k c

WW W

m cn bng: Wctn=34,38(%), Wclt=53,478(%)

Xc nh p sut hi bo ha Pb v p sut hi ring phn PhTra theo gin H - ca L.K Ramzin Sch QTTB tp 3 Truyn khi NXB HQG

HCMtrang 271 .Ta c bng kt qu tra sau:

tk (0C) t(

0C) Ph (mmHg) Pb (mmHg)

33.8 28 19 37.7833.8 26.9 19 36.21

33.8 26.9 19 36.21

33.8 26.5 19 36.04

33.8 26.5 19 36.04

33.8 26.5 19 36.04

33.8 26 19 35.55

33.8 26.5 19 36.04

33.8 26 19 35.55

33.8 26 19 35.55

33.8 26 19 35.55

33.8 26.2 19 35.78

33.8 26 19 35.55

33.8 26 19 35.55

33.8 26.1 19 35.67

33.8 26.1 19 35.67

Vy:


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40

Xc nh cc thng s l thuytXc nh cng bay hi m Jm

2

0

760 1 760.( ). . . . 0,101753.(35.92 19). 1,722047( / . )

100 760m m b h v

J p p R N kg m hB

Vi:

m: H s trao i m (kg/m2.h.mmHg)

Pb: p sut hi m trn b mt vt liu v bng p sut hi bo ha nhit bu

t (mmHg).

Ph: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh (mmHg).

B : p sut trong phng sy, c ly bng vi p sut kh quyn (=760mmHg).

0 : Khi lng ring cht kh trong vt liu (kg/m3).

Rv: t s gia th tch v b mt vt liu (m3/m

2).

N : tc sy ng tc (%/h).

Do qu trnh l sy i lu nn h s trao i m c th c xc nh theo

phng trnh thc nghim:

0,8 0,8 20,04075. 0,04075.3,1389 0,101753( / . . )

kmv kg m h mmHg

vk: tc tc nhn sy 3,1389(m/s)

Xc nh tc sy

Thc nghim: NtN=81,39(%/h)


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41

L thuyt:0.36

100. . 100.0,101753. 746,9119(% / )0.064

lt m N J f h

Xc nh h s K trong giai on gim tc

Trong Wcl m cn bng tm c ti im N = 0 trn ng cong tc sy

Thc nghim:81,39

0,895(1/ )125,31 34,38

iTN

k c

NK h

W W

L thuyt:746,9119

8,214(1/ )112,3314 53,478

iLT

k c

NK h

W W

Xc nh thi gian sy trong giai on ng tc v gim tc

Thc nghim:Thi gian sy trong giai on ng tc:

1

1

140,31 125,310,184( )

81,39

kqu

TN

W Wh

N

Thi gian sy trong giai on gim tc:

2

2

1 1 140.21 34,38ln( ) ln( ) 0,6( )

0,895 125,31 34,38

kqu c

TN c

W Wh

K W W

Thi gian sy tng cng:

1 20,784( )h

L thuyt:

Thi gian sy trong giai on ng tc:

1

1

140.21 112.33140,037( )

746,9119

kqu

LT

W Wh

N

Thi gian sy trong giai on gim tc:

2

2

1 1 125.31 34.38

ln( ) ln( ) 0.084( )8.214 112.3314 34.38

kqu c

LT c

W W

hK W W

Thi gian sy tng cng:

1 20.121( )h

B.Sy mc in tr R = 5 (500C)G0 = 52 g


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42

Cc cng thc tnh ton c s dng nh trn sy 400C

Vi cc bng kt qu v th sau:

STT

1 0 197.31 269.23

2 3 183.85 253.85

3 6 171.15 284.62

4 9 156.92 200.00

5 12 146.92 300.00

6 15 131.92 223.08

7 18 120.77 230.77

8 21 109.23 238.46

9 24 97.31 169.23

10 27 88.85 161.54

11 30 80.77 192.31

12 33 71.15 207.69

13 36 60.77 146.15

14 39 53.46 184.62

15 42 44.23 76.92

16 45 40.38 115.38

17 48 34.62 107.69

18 51 29.23 84.62

19 54 25.00 38.46

20 57 23.08 69.23

21 60 19.62 30.77

22 63 18.08 15.38

23 66 17.31 15.38


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43

Bng tra p sut:

tk (0C) t(


34 28 23.77 37.78


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44

34.5 26 24.1 35.55

34.5 26 24.1 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 25.9 24.44 35.49

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26.3 24.44 35.83

35 26.5 24.44 35.89

35 26.2 24.44 35.7835 26.1 24.44 35.67

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26.1 24.44 36.67

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 26 24.44 35.55

35 27 24.44 36.37

35 27 24.44 36.37

35 27 24.44 36.37

35 27 24.44 36.37

C.Sy mc in tr R = 6 (600C)G0 = 60 gCc cng thc tnh ton c s dng nh trn sy 400C

Vi cc bng kt qu v th sau:

STT


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45

1 0 126.00 153.33

2 3 118.33 226.67

3 6 107.00 180.00

4 9 98.00 246.67

5 12 85.67 200.00

6 15 75.67 200.00

7 18 65.67 213.33

8 21 55.00 413.33

9 24 34.33 213.33

10 27 23.67 193.3311 30 14.00 146.67

12 33 6.67 146.67


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46

Bng tra p sut:

tk (0C) t(


34.5 28 24.1 37.78

35.8 27 25.89 36.37

35.8 27 25.89 36.37

36 27.1 26.22 36.56

36 27.2 26.22 36.62

36 27 26.22 36.37

36 27 26.22 36.37

36 27 26.22 36.37

35.5 27 25.64 36.37

35.2 27 25.57 36.37

35.2 27 25.57 36.37

35.5 27.1 25.64 36.56

7. Bng kt qu tnh ton thng s ng hc:


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47

Thng s 400C (Mc 3) 500C (Mc 5) 600C (Mc 7)

125.31 146.92 55

112.33 126.93 76.67

34.38 17.31 6.67

53.48 26.925 10.3737

(0C) 26.39 26.309 27.11667

(0C) 33.8 34.913 35.625

Pb (mmHg) 35.924 35.8778 36.54

Ph (mmHg) 19 24.3813 25.7833

(kg/m2.h.mmHg)

0.101753 0.101753 0.101753

Jm (kg/m2h) 1.722047 1.169809 1.094526

Nlt (%/h) 746.912 507.3869 474.7342

Ntn (%/h) 81.39 157.19 211.11

Klt (1/h) 8.214 3.9147 9.82276

Ktn (1/h) 0.895 1.213 4.638

(h) 0.037 0.1387 0.1039

(h) 0.184 0.32056 0.3363

(h) 0.084 0.3082 0.0717

(h) 0.6 0.724 0.814

(h) 0.121 0.4469 0.1756

(h) 0.784 1.04456 1.1503


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48

8. Bn lun1. Nhn xt ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy.

- ng cong sy:

+ giai on ng tc: ng cong sy gim u nh mt ng thng do

hm m ca vt liu gim u theo thi gian.

+ giai on gim tc: ng cong sy chuyn t ng thng sang ng

cong, s gim khng u nhau. Hm m gim theo nhit , 60 0C l thp nht

ri 500C v 400C hm m cui cao nht, do nhit sy khc nhau, nhit

cng cao th kh nang bay hi cng cao, vt liu cng kh.

- ng cong tc sy:

+ giai on ng tc: ng cong tc sy l mt ng thng song song

vi trc x ca th. Gi tr ca N 600C l cao nht. Do N l tc sy, m tc

tc sy cng tng khi nhit tng. Nhng y tc sy 40 0C v 500C li

bng nhau l do qu trnh tin hnh th nghim c sai st.

+ Giai on gim tc: Gi tr Wkgim dn theo nhit , nhit cng cao gi

tr Wkcng gim. Do nhit cng cao th kh nng bay hi ca vt liu cng cao

nn gi tr Wkcng gim khi nhit tng.2. cc ch khc nhau th thi gian sy thay i nh th no? ch

no c li hn?

+ Trn thc t th nhit cng cao th thi gian sy cng gim nhng trong

qu trnh tnh ton th khng nh vy, khi tnh ton nhit cng cao th thi gian

sy cng tng, do trong qu trnh lm th nghim c sai st. Nhng thi gian sy l

thuyt th di hn thc nghim.

+ Cc sai st khi lm th nghim dn n nhit cng tng th thi gian sycng di:

- Khi bt u sy th m ban u ca vt liu khng u nhau.

- Khi kt thc qu trnh sy th khi lng cui cng ca vt liu cng khng

u nhau, ng ra 3 nhit sy khc nhau th ki lng vt liu cui cng phi


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bng nhau, nhng do trong qu trnh lm th nghim th nhit sy cng cao th

khi lng cui cng nh. Hay ni chnh xc l trong qu trnh sy th vt liu

cha kh hon ton.

- chnh lch nhit bu kh v nhit bu t thp.

* i vi tng loi vt liu v yu cu i hi ca vt liu m ta c ch

nhit thch hp cho qu trnh sy. C nhng vt liu i hi m ca vt liu

thp th sy nhit cao s thun li hn, do thi gian sy s ngn hn. C

nhng vt liu cn m cao th sy nhit thp li c li hn, tuy thi gian

sy di.

3. Nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong th nghim v tnh ton.

+ Khong thi gian gia 2 ln cn khng u nhau.

+ Cn khng chnh xc do khi lng vt liu gim lin tc.

+ Thit b trong phng th nghim quy m cn nh v c h hng.


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BI S 5:CHNG LIN TC

I. Mc ch th nghim:Qa trnh chng lin tc nhm kho st s nh hng ca cc thng s sau

Lu lngdng nhp liu Nhit dng nhp liu V tr nhp liu Lu lng dng chuyn ng trong thp chng Ch s hi lu

II. L thuyt th nghim:1. Cn bng vt chtXt qu trnh chng gin on, thnh phn v lng sn phm lun thay i theo thi

gian.

Lng hn hp u l kg, thnh phn cu t d bay hi trong hn hp u l

Ti mt thi im bt k lng cht lng trong ni chng l vi nng l . Khi

bc hi mt lng v cng nh dw th nng trong ni s gim i mt lng v

lng cht lng cn li trong ni l - . Nh vy lng cu t d bay hi trong ni ti

thi im ang xt l: ( -dW)( - )

Lng cu t d bay hi chuyn vo pha hi l: .

Phng trnh cn bng vt liu i vi cu t d bay hi thi im ang xt:

Lng rt b ta c th b qua c, n gin i ta c:

Phng trnh cho ton b qu trnh l:


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51

2. Cn bng nng lngCn bng nhit lng ton thp

QF +QK = QD +QW +Qm +Qng

QK = QD + QW +Qm +Qng -QF

QK: nhit lng cung cp cho ni un, W

Qm: nhit lng mt mt do mi trng xung quanh (W). c ly t 5% n 10%

nhit lng cn cung cp.QF: nhit lng do dng nhpliu mang vo, W

QD: nhit lng do dng sn phm nh mang ra, W

QW: nhit lng do dng sn phm y mang ra, W

Qng: nhit lng trao i trong thit b ngng t, W

:,,WDF PPP

CCC nhit lng ring ca nhp liu, sn phm nh, sn phm y, J/kg..

WDF ttt ,, : nhit ca nhp liu, sn phm nh, sn phm y,0C.

Dr : nhit ha hi ca sn phm nh, kJ/kg

Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b ngng t

i vi qu trnh ngng t khng lm lnh:

i vi qu trnh ngng t lm lnh:

____

___

... DxWxFx

DWF

WF

Dng rDQ ._

WPW tCWQ R .._

DPD tCDQ D ..

FPF tCFQ F ..

mvrDSPDngQttCGttCDrDQ

DD

).(.).(.._

mvrDng QttCGrDQ ).(.._


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52

Trong : rv tt , : nhit vo v ra ca nc,0C

G: lu lng dng gii nhit, kg/s

C: nhit dung ring ca dng gii nhit, J/kg/

DSt : nhit si hn hp sn phm nh, 0C

3. M hnh chng ctH thng chng ct 7 mm xuyn l

4. Tin hnh th nghim- Pha trn cn 20 - M cng tc chnh , m h thng nc gii nhit.m cng tc tng


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53

- M van nhp liu ti a khi lng lng trong bnh th ngng bm- M in tr ni un- M my tnh thit lp lu lng dng chy v ci gi tr p sut- Chuyn cng tc sang ch Reflux n nh khong 30-45- Khi n nh ta chuyn sang ch draw off sau xc nh Rmin v nhit

si nhp liu

- Khi nhit nhp liu gn bng nhit si ca nhp lium bm nhp lium van thu sn phm nh v y

- Sau 10 o nng sn phm nh v y v ln lt cai R ln lt bng1.75;2;2.25;2.5;275;3.

III. Bo co th nghim:1. Kt qu th nghim

Bng kt qu th nghim nng v nng sut:

STT VF(%) VF(l/h) R VD(%) Vw(l/s) G(L/s) VF(%) VF(%)

1 20 6 5.184 92 0.222 0.0833 38.6144 38.6144

2 20 6 6.048 97 0.261 0.0833 41.3184 41.3184

3 20 6 6.912 98 0.296 0.0833 42.0192 42.0192

4 20 6 7.776 98.5 0.437 0.0833 42.5548 42.5548

5 20 6 8.64 96 0.543 0.0833 41.5624 41.5624

6 20 6 9.504 96.5 0.3 0.0833 41.7908 41.7908


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54

Bng kt qu th nghim nhit

T20C: Nhit sn phm y.

T50C: Nhit sn phm nh.

T70C: Nhit dng gii nhit vo.

T80C: Nhit dng gii nhit ra.

2. X l s liu

STT T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

1 94.1 90.7 78.3 78.1 83.8 68 29.5 31.1

2 94.8 91.5 74.8 78.1 87.4 67 29.6 33.9

3 95.3 91.4 78.4 78.1 87.4 60.2 29.6 33.8

4 95.5 88.4 78.3 78.1 88.6 55.2 29.6 33.7

5 96 89.4 78.3 78.1 77.3 57 29.6 32.8

6 97 93.3 80 78.1 77.3 59.1 29.6 32.8


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2

6 20% 6 80%.1000 292,75 /

46 18

0,2

46 0,08920,2 0,81

46 18

F

RF

F F

F H O

F mol h

x

Mxx x

M M

2

92

46 0,81892 81

46 18

D

R

D

D D

F H O

x

Mx

x x

M M

2

4

46 0,024364 961

46 18

W

RW

W W

F H O

x

Mx

x x

M M

. . .

292,75

0,818 0,02436 0,0892 292,75

23,92

268,8

D W F

D W F

D x W x F x

D W

D W

D

W

ng ct:5,184 0,818

0,83829 0,1321 1 5,184 1 5,184 1

DxR

y x x xR R

ng chng:292,75 292,75

5,184 11 23,92 23,92

0,02436 2,817 0,0441 1 5,184 1 5,184 1

w

L R L y x x x x

R R

FL

D , lng hn hp nhp liu so vi sn phm nh.

Cn bng nng lng

3. Bng kt qu tnh ton v th minh ha


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Bng thnh phn cn bng lng hi v nhit si ca hai cu t Etanol H2O

760mmHg

x 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

y 0 33.2 44.2 53.1 57.6 61.4 65.4 69.9 75.3 81.8 89.8 100

t0C 100 90.5 86.5 83.2 81.7 80.8 80 79.4 79 78.6 78.4 78.4

Bng 1

STT XF F XD XW

1 0.0892 292.75 0.818 0.02436

2 0.0892 292.75 0.927 0.00792

3 0.0892 292.75 0.95 0.005923

4 0.0892 292.75 0.963 0.003937

5 0.0892 292.75 0.904 0.01196

6 0.0892 292.75 0.915 0.01196

Cn bng vt cht


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STT R F D W

1 5.184 292.75 23.92 268.8

2 6.048 292.75 25.89 266.86

3 6.912 292.75 25.823 266.926

4 7.776 292.75 26.026 266.72

5 8.64 292.75 25.349 267.4

6 9.504 292.75 25.04 267.7

STT R ng lm vic phn chngng lm vic phn ct

1 5.184 y=2.817x-0.044 y=0.838292x+0.133

2 6.048 y=2.462x-0.012 y=0.897x+ 0.131

3 6.912 y=2.306x-0.008 y=0.873x+0.12

4 7.776 y=2.167x-0.005 y=0.886x+0.109

5 8.64 y=2.094x-0.013 y=0.896+0.093

6 9.504 y=2.018x-0.012 y=0.905x+0.00012


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STTG

(l/h)Qng QF QW QD QII

DQII

WQK Qm

1 300 769.2618,449.8

1

22,635.0

3

1,742.72 127.50 1,721.18 6,088.37 304.42

2 3001,633.1

3

18,178.4

9

22,669.8

71,886.25 225.16 1,015.35 7,282.52 364.13

3 3001,684.6

7

16,333.5

1

22,650.7

01,881.37 224.58 990.83 8,984.75 449.24

4 3001,681.2

0

14,976.9

0

21,890.3

31,896.16 255.55 49.50 9,537.08 476.85

5 3001,389.4

4

15,465.2

8

22,194.4

01,846.84 18.96 3,002.58 9,059.45 452.97

6 3001,407.7

1

16,035.0

5

23,188.6

01,824.32 18.73 3,974.81 9,441.43 472.07

Th nghim 1

Ru Etylic

Th nghim 1

Ru Etylic


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Th nghim 2

Ru Etylic

Th nghim 3

Ru Etylic


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Th nghim 5

Ru Etylic

Th nghim 5

Ru Etylic


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4. Bn lun1. Bn v nh hng ca dng hon lu n tinh khit ca sn phm v hiu sut mm

v hiu sut tng qut ca ct chng ct.

- Dng hon lu cng nhiu th tinh khit ca sn phm cng cao, v dnghon lu s nhp tr li vo phn nhp liu, v vy dng hon lu cng nhiu th tinh

khit ca nguyn liu ban u cng cao, m tinh khit ca nguyn kiu cng cao th

tinh khit ca sn phm s cng cao. Nhng dng hon lu cng nhiu th thi gian

chng ct s cng di, tinh khit cng cao.

- Dng hon lu cng nhiu th s bc thang tnh c cng t hay s mm lthuyt cng t, dn n hiu sut tng qut cng thp. Do dng hon lu c lin quan ti

ch s hon lu, m ch s hon lu cng tng th s bc thang cng t. M ch s bc

thang cng t th hiu sut tng qut cng t.

- Dng hon lu cng tng th ch s hon lu cng tng do: x LoR =D

. Khi

dng hon lu Lo tng th D gim do khi Lo tng th RXtng.

- S bc thang cng t th hiu sut cng gim do s bc thang v hiu suttng qut t l thun vi nhau.

2. Bn v nh hng ca v tr mm nhp liu trn tinh khit v hiu sut mm.

Do trong qu trnh tin hnh th nghim do c sai st nn khng c kt lun r rng

v nh hng ca v tr mm nhp liu ln tinh khit ca sn phm.

3. Nhng ng dng chng ct trong cng nghip, thit b chng ct trong thc t v m

hnh th nghim.

Trong thc t ng dng ca thit b chng ct l tchcc cu t d bay hi da vo

chnh lch ca nhit bay hi. Nh chng ct cc sn phm cn

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