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4 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

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INDEPENDENCE

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05_11_2004 c.rf@rwD@wDjudlOf;ukrfqOfjyBm;arMqdkifjwB;(Shan State Technical Advisory Committee)

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07_02_2005 qwf;[Fef;ymifukrfxFifjwDjwlefjwD;rFefjOef;qdlOfhqmwfjqdkifjwB; (c.yfjclyfb 58 yD) eefhzljerf;qmOf;cdlOf;rdlif;wB; rdlefyDje.ifhOMU ynlOf;nif;oM; qdlOf;eBhauMjcOfj=rfjyM;q.rf;/

[Awf;{jqkrf;odkuf;rmefjwluf;qfgv.ifjz.rfh=rfjqdkifjwB;ao Oef;xd8-9_2_05 qifbwdp.yf;ulef; 30 yBm/ xdkifrM; 3_11_05 vBjylifwmrfbc.ufjcmOf;,mOf; wifjtwb 75 yDawMb 106 yD eifbnef=Uuefeefh,Ofh/

iOf;vBm;nefeBh olef;,lif;{julef;rdlif;wB;[Of;zdwf;qfg- xdkifwDjurfjz.ifjayM;ydkefzmOfbu.ef;acM/ ulpf;uMjvBmrlbvBmqkrf;twh[efOMjxkufbvBj=yfhxlyf;nkyfbnlOf;uefvDimrf;aoOmif;zFefcdkify.if-eB,Ofh/

18_6_05 c.wfbz.wfjauMzljwFef;wB; (Shan Representative

Committee) nefrD;zljwFef; 13 qkrf;cOfj=rfj/1-6_2_07 =rfjuefwif;qmOf;cdlOf;rdlif;wB;xFifjao

odkyfbauMbwifj c.rf@rwD@uyf;omefqdkifjwB;(Shan State Coordinating Committee) /

6 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

k

18-19_5_07 zljerf;wB;q.rf;vFefvdeftvjqdlOf;rD;e.ufjrdlif;vBj=yfhxlyf;nkyfbukrfvBjqfguef w.efjwMbqwf;[Fef;ymifukrfvlifqdkifjwB;ywf;ydkefhao auMbwifjc.if@oD@qdkifjwB; (Shan State Council) /

eifbnefwdwB.b,ifbwlpf;umifqfg vBmZBmbvBmqkrf;efg;rdlif;e.ufjrdlif;rdlOfjvAOfeBh vBj=UOMjurfjerf[efxdkifvBjqfg cfgj{jrD;qkrf;erf;eMjumefrdlif;qdkifjwB;/ ulpf;uMj,if;wdkufhrD;ugmrf;xmrfvBmacMjnefwuf;vBjw.yfbtuj-qlOfjyBbauMbwifjyAeferfhyAefwlOfvBj/

ugmrf;xmrfqdlOf;eBh cfgjwkuf;,.ef;{jzljnmefb[Of;cOf cFef;awMjOlefhc.yfjw.yfbrM;yefaourf;/ ,difjOB;,difjvD/ u.yfjyBb=UOMjvdlefvfgOef;vfg awqwf;[Fef;vBjymifukrf/

ugmrf;xmrfuAOfbvlpfjc.if@oD@qdkifjwB;

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[efvD nrfb[efvD

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3U c.if@oD@qdkifjwB;eBh ,lifhomifj (Structure) ref;cfgj{jyAef[dkOf<rD;zljwFef;edkifjqkrf; 1 auMUrD;zljwFef;edkifjqkrf; 2 auMUrD;zljwFef;edkifjqkrf;erfvdlOf 2 auMU (CCCC) auMU

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5U c.if@oD@qdkifjwB;eBh awvBj[Awf;umefZBmbwfgjvuf;erf;(guiding principles) nefvfg<u.ef;acMqdkifjwB;

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z5h9w:js<dyh +2_2Q)

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l6bxyj,krokhS%


INDEPENDENCE

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istrative system) ?

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d.K,yro,yr

Z@X x5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yr06b'yh9wrowt g9]whxGoy-:'yd5oyr,5b'yrS]5Pyhd5oyr,5b'yrc]h9kjd5oyr,5b'yr(of the people, by the people, for the people)

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d.K,yrgdkj';yh

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#T g90y.T96b;yr]:dyrx5b'yz:'yr',yr]wKrfuH,:dyH-giHluH

8 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

k

Z(X 06b'yh9wr9dyrg90y.T96b;yrd.kjmw:hd.K,yr,Koyh Zl\Koyrx\ujXo'yjvoy]wh0y.doy;wToy.rxK'yd6,yvbdyj feedback d5h9uh9uh96,yt9:xyj,kr g9kjm6b'y9Cxyr99yr,y.j?

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db'yjg0H,5b'yr (sub-state)

okh]boyz:'yr',yr95;yd;yj (autonomous regions)

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Z#_X ]5'yx:'y06b'yh,5b'yrs,yh96,yowt g9]whm6dyj]5bdyh9'yh]5Pyh06,yrx:'y,wK,uh9y.h? g9]whm6dyjsxyts<'yr,dyr,oyh]5Pyh06,yrx:'y,wK,uho5b;y?

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g9,ur06,yrx:'y,wK,uh06,yr]G;y?


INDEPENDENCE

-:,yH,9uH-Goyj9C,yhp6dyrpK'yj x5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yr 06b'yh,5b'yrs,yh96,y

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xK'ylxyr]C'yr @@S*2(2Q) coto,yr

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◆ ]dyro,yrsy>h,urmC'yh * g-kh s,yh ) g-kh?Z@X p5'ytlK'yh06b'yh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y?Z#X ]:dyrx5b'yz:'yr',yrfuH,:dyH-giHluH

voy';yh'6oyrv,yjs6xyh',yvkjokj;wt?

doyskhSawKjz:'yr',yr

Z$#X 0:,yz:'yr,5b'yr g9xGoyz5ho,yr]5'yx:'y06b'yh 06b'yh,5b'yrs,yh96,y?Z$$X z:'yr,5b'yr9'yrlG'yh g9]whm6dyjm9yrlK'ycltl:,yr

0:,yro'yj,wK,uhvoy06,yrx:'y,wK,uh06b'yh,5b'yrs,yh96,y 9,yr,dyr;wt?Z$%X g0H,5b'yr-;ygdkh g9,urz5hd:oyrg0H,5b'yr

voy]whsxyt]5bdyh9'yh;wt?

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Z$(X 06,yrx:'yI9krowt g9vb'yo5b;yx6boytmKoy]:9yh]C;yrSv,yj0:,yrvd9bc]h v,yj]whm6dyj9K'yjs<'yhdKoy,kr0:,yj0b,yg0jg,jooytgl -:9yjz:9yh;wt?

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Z$_X x6oyh9kj06b'yh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y 9'yrg0H,5b'yr-;yowtg99'yh;wt]6,yrI9krdG;yj]5PyhdKoyz:'yr',yr?

doy0G9yrSg-kh9,yr,dyr05;yh-K;yr(Transtional Provisions)

Z$+X g-kh9,yr,dyr05;yh-K;yrowt g9sxytv;yg-kh,6oyr9uhd5oyr,5b'yrp;yt g9-Goyj9C,yhd.kjoy.rz6boyp6dyrpK'yjmbl:'y?

doyxC9yjS]:'yhc,rx5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yr

Z%QX c,rx5b'yowt c,rxGoy9:oyh]wh/ c,rz6boy9'yr,59yrv,yj]wh?Z%@X z6boyp6dyrpK'yjmbl:'y g99,yr,dyrx5b;yHlCoyH (percentage)

d,ytmC,yvoy]5;yjx6oyh9kjc,r]:'yh]y.]:'yhooyt?Z%#X g-kh9K'yjm6b'y9kjc,rx5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yrooyt d5oyr $QjQQQ

-6boyho5b;y 09yrsCoyrxK'ys^xytm5xyrdoygl ]5'yr]wKr,6b;yrp6boyh05r]wh?

d5h]:'yh]:'yh

Z%$X vb'yrd]G9yhg9xGoy]bdyh2d.K,yr9K'yrdKoy oy.r,5b'yrs^,yh96,y06b'yh9wr?

Z%%X ]bdyh2d.K,yrx6boyt,5b'yr-;y 0y.T96b;yr]wh0:,yrx6boyt9uhzy.,oyr?Z%*X dKoy09yr9'yhxkj9ujdKoy,5b'yr g9]whvb'yo5b;y]dyrdKoy

]:'yhz:,yts,yh05b;yt0K9yhS]:'yhs,yj]5,yh05b;yt0K9yhS]:'yhxoysC'yrS]:dyrx5b'y06b'yh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y vbdyjl6oyj]wh9Cxyr99yr95;yd;yj/ ]:'yhdC9yjc-pkjsy>h,ur]:dyrx5b'y0;yhvkjokjSdKoyl6b;ytlG'yc]h dKoyzb9yrx5b'yh,wK,uh?

Z%(X ,wK,uhab'yhm6'yrowt 0y.T96b;yr]wh9uhxGoyl5xyrxGoyd.K,yr v,6oy.r95'yj9K'yj (local) ?

Z%)X z6boyp6dyrpK'yjmbl:'y 9dyr]wh;5oyt-:xyh]:'yhdKoydC9yjc-06b'yh9wr?

Z%_X z6boyp6dyrpK'yjmbl:'y 9dyr]wh;5oyt-:xyh9K'yjm6b'yxkr9:oyh]boyz:'yr',yrd5oyr,5b'yr9wr?

d.K,yrcoto,yr voy]whsxytg9kjpK,yr]G;yZ$X vkjokjl6'yl69yr ]6dyT9uhd5oyr,5b'yr9wr,kr?Z%X d5h05b;yt-5b;yroy.r06b'yh9wr ,url6oyj]whzG'yjxG'yr?Z*X g9]wh0y.T96b;yr]:dyrx5b'y v,yjvb'ylklok (Secularism) ?Z(X g9]wh0y.T96b;yr]:dyrx5b'y]wKxkj9uj?Z)X g9]whdC9yjc-sxyts<'yrl6oyj]wh0K;yr06,yrgvj?

voyz5h]5'yt]Coyj x5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yr-;ysoym6b'y

g-kh-C'y

Z@X ly.j0y.]:'yhl6oyj]wh0K;yr-5b;yr c]h 0K;yrd5oyrgvj?Z#X 0y.T96b;yr]wKrd,yhx6oyh (Proportional Representation)

9kjdKoy]5bdyh9'yhc]h 0wKrpb'yr?

g-khv:oyjcvrZ@X pbxyr]wKr]5,y]K,yx5oyt9uh Z]wKrowtg9xdyr]dyrawr-G;yawr]C'y

9K'yr]59yt p'yrg9mG'ydoyv,yjp;ytv,yj;wKr/d:xyhawKj9y.h,urvkjokjx5oyt9uh?X

10 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

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s,yhs<,yrx5boyh]wh? v,yj0y.hc]h;kh xGoys6b;ygdkhv,yjs<,yrx5boyh]wh]kr]kr?

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gxkrm6b'y,krxwKxuowt g9,ur

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Z#X ]6,yrI9krgdkho,yx5oyt Zg9lG'yh'6boyr2lG'yh-K;yrpK,yro,yX?Z$X vkjokj06b'yh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y 9'yr vkjokjg0H,5b'yr ,5boydoy?Z%X ]wKr9C,yh,oyrp6'yhpK'yh? v,yj0C'yhv,yj]C'yr/

,5boy-;yhxkj]6bdytm5boyjpy.j?Z*X vkjokjvoyxoy;wtoy.r06,yrx:'y,wK,uhgdkho,yx5oyt?

06,yrx:'y,wK,uh06,yr]y.06,yrooytgdkh ,urvkjokjzy.,oyr?06,yrx:'y,wK,uhd5Pyrgdkho,yx5oyt? ]wKrowtsG9yrsy>hodytdKoy,5b'yr,uro,y? '6boyrlG'yho,y l,ytd6,yrd,ypKxyj?g9lG'yh'6boyr c]h -K;yrpK,yro,y?

Z(X ,5b'yr9wr,ur05b;yt-5b;yro,y]5b;yx5boyh? gxkrv,yjxGoydKoyoy.r,5b'yr9wr9K'yj9uhgdkh v,yjxGoydKoy?

g-kh]usG9yr

Z@X x5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yrowt 9dyr]whx6b9yjxK'yj9Cdyj]C'yr? s;yr96bdyt,krc9jsG9yrfuH,:dyH-giHluH-6boyr?gxkrp6'yhpK'yh zy.g9v,yj0:,yr]wh?

Z#X vkjokjv,yj9Kxyh-:oyh9uh';yh/ vur]5'yr]wh9K'yr9y.hdkhs6b;yvur]5'yr? vkjokj0oyto6b'yhc]h0oyto6b'yhgdkh v,yj9Kxyh,5boydoy? 95;ypK'yj ';yhSpbxyrvkjokj]:'yhpkh,;yrd,y?xwKSpbxyrvkjokj]:'yhab'yhc'h?

Z$X vkjokjx:'y,wK,uhowt ;wt9uh06,yrx:'y,wK,uhl:'y06,yrs^,yhdoygl/]:'yh]y.gdkhsy>h-;y9Cxyr99yrzy.,oyr? pkj0Cdyjvkjokjzy.,oyr?

Z%X ';yh'6oyrv,yjs6xyh',yvkjokj;wtowooyt v,yj9Kxyh]5oty]5b;y?m6dyj]wh0:,yrlGoyh9K'yrxKoydK'y?

Z*X ]u95dyjxkr]:'yhs^,yhs<,yr9K'yjg0H,5b'yr Z-K'y -\K'yr pK'yrpK'yr]C'y ,:oyr i-C'yj-;y xkr0G,y,KoyhX? g9p5joy.rx5b'y]y.gl

v.ifjymifukrfvlif qdlOfhqmwfjrmefj NC eefh ,mrf;vAOfnM@osFef@ 9 rdlif;? rdlif;tcb? rdlif;uvM; cOfauMj=Uurfjerf,OfhOMj-ref;nrfbqFwfjqmifbnrfbzAifbyAif;/ ydlefj=UOMjref;yAefwMbqkrf;odkuf;rmefjvBjukrf;urfnMbeMb,lbvBjcmOf;[dkifulpf;/ u.yfjeBwdlufjwDjOMjqkrf;odkuf;rmefjcOfcAefbwFrfjydlifiOfjydkif;rdlif;cOf,OfhwlOfjao e.ufjrdlif;urfjz.ifj,.rf;[yfhurfhxFrfauMj wMbOmefjrdlif;awvDawuwf;,AefedrfoOf;eefhnrfbrD;/ u.yfj,dlif;nmef;vBm;[Awf;cOfzdwf;OBhtvj awnOfrdlif;odkyfbvkvFOf,.uf;,B.jvdlOfuOfbxFifjulpf;/ efg;odkuf;rmefjauMj qmifjwFufbuef/

oBmiBmqmifjyAefeefrM;eBh [Of;orfhrD;zFefumef[mifj[Fef;OBhoif</rdlif;vkauMj,Mb{j[Of;uB.yM;q.rf;eefh [Of;rD;nDjoif+if;[yfhOBh/ eBhyAef

umefcdkufhvdkufh,fgbv.ifjvdyf;v.ifjwBmvliftwhtwh/rdlif;vkvFOfrM;vdlOfuOfbauMj ayM;[Of;[mifj[Fef;yluf;wifj+if;[yfh

aoorfbaoydlif e.ufjrdlif;[efvDurfhxFrf[Of;rM;twh odkuf;rmefjuB.auMj[Of;awnrfbuB.q.rf;/

iOf;vBm;,mrf;vAOf nef[ef,lbwfgjwMeBh ayM;odkuf;rmefjuB.zfgawykwfjwFef;vBj</ zfgorfh[mifj[Fef;wlOfjwef;OBh/ qkrf;[email protected]@ca'@oD@auMjyBbrD;? qkrf;qmOf;cdlOf;auMjyBbrD;? wdkufhcyf;cdkif[mifj[Fef;,lb/ ayM;nrfbrD;zfg[mifj[Fef; wlOfjwef;cdkwf;qrftwhqkrf;odkuf;rmefjqkyfjedkifj,Ofhqkyfjedkifj awyefbykwfjodkyfbukrf;urf[kyfjirfugMbcmOf;,mOf;ulpf;/

qOfj[mef,.if=pfj (10_9_06)

zfgwlOfjwef;<


INDEPENDENCE

z5hsdyT]bdyh]wKr zklk lklok zC;yd.kj9uh]y.gdkh-9yrlK'yh

qa&;oFif=dif; oFifnl

qdkOfjrdlOfjvAufU qBm;,kif;qdkOfjwmifbnef qa';oFif=dif; oFifnlyDudlwfb 1927wDjudlwfb OmefjeM;oBm;? ndlifbeM;oBm;? aq@OAif;oFefODayMj_trj vkif;qa';oFifnlTyMjqa';oFifnludlOf;,rf ykwfhxyDje.ifh=rfjw.ifh 2 auMU (yDjemif;okwf;rkefqArfvAufh)twbeMj=def; 1945 (nMb,k 18 yD)eMj=def; emif;zlif; (eMj=def;vk-rD;vkufj=rfjuef 1

auMU)emif;crf;olpfb (rD;vkufj=rfjuef 5 auMU)

vkufjvmif; 1U emif;wmef;ek (vkufjemif;zlif;)2U qBm;n.ifbausMb3U qBm;vilpfb4U qBm;qmrfbpkefh5U emif;oFif[mefb6U qBm;n.ifboMb (vk)

Oef;oAifjrkef 04_02_2003

P]CpQn]P]Cn]C;siuc]:t};

xwKrxPkj

1938 [Awf;uyfhyDb_qOfjomifb1939 xmufjvlif;uRif;_zdkuf;vlvdufjvifbuMbvlif?

vifbuMbzDbvMb? vifbuMbO.uf;? v.ifjclif;_vAyfj[Aef;v.ifj[BbwdkifjwB;uljv.ifjv.ifj/

1948 [Aef;umefy'd,wfj_ywdymwfj? OAif;erfhcrf;?qdkifjwB;y.wf;+ifb/

v.ifj[myfbumefqdlOfhcdlOf; zMoM

1940 [myfbumefzljrBmndlifb ykwfjwdefwmifrdkOf;ayMj(nMb,kwdkufhvBj 14 yD)

1959 OBm;qOfjZMUr.yfjnMbeMbyefulef;rdlif;,OfhcBmU,lbOmefjclOfv.if;? OAif;vMjoAOfjvlif q.BjumefzljrBmOwfhuRif;umifrdlif; (ZBmbedkifjwmif;edkifj ykdwfbymifo.efvdufjwB; OmefjeM;? [mwfbuM? Omefjolj_OwfhOmefjolj?u.if;cM;? ymifbuRif;_uRif;umifrdlif;)

1972 vkufhy.wf;+ifbcBmU,lbuAif;wkif-ydkwfb[mefhcBmyyfhwB;?cBm,Mj,MwB; efg;umwfbvlifuAif;wkif/

1975 cBmh,lbrdlif;xB; ckwf;oFifarMboFifrdlif;tyb/q.Bjcyf;cdkify.B;wAef;n.ufbOMbrdlif;Zmif? trjnBm@

1978 cBmU,lbOmefjOAif;OBm aq@OAif;rdlif;Zmif/olef;wkrfyDje.ifhwB;? trj+ifjo.ef{jyAefy.B;,kufh,.ifjqOfjcl;arM/

1981 cBmU,lbOmefjtrjomOfrdlif;e.if aq@OAif;trjnBm@/q.BjxFrfauMvdufjvBm;tvjZdifjtij (ZBmboMoeM)

1985 [yfhyAefzljrBm auMvdufjvBm;tvjZdifjtij aq@OAif;Zmif?trjnBm@? csB;y'M@umef;?zljy.ifumefy.B;,kufh,.ifjcl;arM (Omefjrfgbr.ufbqmrf)vkufjqkrf;ZBmby.ifumefwmef;_udef_vD_qMUOwfUwB; 26 Owfh

l6bxyjokhS@%

12 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

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iOf;vBm;rdlif;rmefj? rdlif;[drf;+rf;tvjvkrfjZMU,mrf;vAOf

qkrf;odkuf;rmefjeBh umefrdlif;umefodkuf;umefrmufjrD;cfgj,lbZBmbayhykefjOBh/ tcb uvM; 'wfhosLdOf@? nM@osFef@ 9 rdlif; urfhuFrfqB.jxFrfyef[Fif;rmefj/

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yDeMj (2007-08)=UcOfawruf;refjydlifiOfjydkif;cOf/ qmifjurfudef;ylwf;u.ifjqkrf;udkwf;odkuf;/

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INDEPENDENCE

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14 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

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INDEPENDENCE

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16 Vol. 24, No. 236, 2007

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