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4 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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6 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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8 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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wAifulef;rldif;auMj uMjvBjnOfvBm;u.ifjumifb

qB.juFwfbtcyef? ,.efUydlOfj[Of;nrfbqfgjqkrf;

udkwf;odkuf;}-OMjeB/

OBm;ymifwkduf;,OfU vFifbcmOfby.ifbrM;xFifj

OMj- nefodkuf;wB;wdvBjwlOfvdyf; 1 auMU

eefU qdkOfjodkuf;[mefwAif;n.ifb qmOf;'cFifb?

qdlOf;rmwfbqAyf;yBmjv.wfjodyf;yBmeefU yM;wif;

ckefodkuf;vlifu.if;qmefb (aumif;pH)/odkuf;[mefwAif;n.ifb wyfhrkufU 3 auMU

vBjxkufbwdp.yf; vmwfjOMj-515 vBm;cMjeBU

zlju.ef;wyfUu.ifyAef qOfjodkuf;ayMbomef;

n.ifb qmOf;cdlOf;csmif;? wyfUeBUulef;odkuf;uBUyBmj

ekdifjvdlefnrfb,.rf; 5-6 auMU/ odkuf;rmefj

yFwfUvFef=pf;cOfjodkuf;OMj awvBjidkef; 2

oFefysM;? ylefUrM; 3-4 yD,OfUauMj nrfbvBj

aoysM;? idkef;vdlefauMjpM;wwf;? odkuf;rmefj

urfjerf nrfbrD;[Fif;qfg? ndrfbndlOfbrdlOfbqmefj

odkuf;? ayM;oAifu.ifjwFufb ukrfbvFefjyBmjwduf;

wduf;-OMjeB/ ZBmbwyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; w.efj

yefclOf;vAif;rfgbwif;idkef; 1 oFef wMby.ufj

rdlOf;cdkef;=def;-eB,OfU/

ulef;odkuf;ulef;rldif; n.efuefnmrf;OMj-

uMjylefUrM;uljy.ufj ayM;yAefymifwdkuf; odkuf;

rmefjvdkyfjodkuf;wB;v.efUv.efU/ ymifwdkuf; 2-

3 ymifeBUodkuf;wB;vdkyfjodkuf;rmefj? OBm;Oef;

vkufUzdkefU vdlefar@ 21 Oef; (2009) rM;

[kyfj,dkwf;vBju.ifjrmefjr.ufj 30 yBm rmefjwBm

20 yBm yM;qefUckefodkuf;vlif tvj qefU

qOfj[mef? [Awf;{j[Fif;qfgulef;odkuf;cdkefjtwU

twU-eB,Ofh/

ylefUrM;r.ufjOef;xd 19-20_07_09

uFrfq.rf[mef ausMbqmefbrsdefU n.ef=Of+ifU

ymifukrf zlju.ef;wyfUu.ifodkuf;rmefj qdlOf;yuf;

wyfUukrf;,dyf; eMjvdefefg;tqjOAif;au;oD;

rldif;udkif vBm;cMj? wDjiOfjikef;ukrf;urfzFefumef

odkuf; (quc 2) rdlif;e.if/ nkyfbukrfuefv.ifj

zFefumefnmef;avMbwdkuf;wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB;

y.wf;qmef;/ awqfgU[Fif;odkuf;wMb 2 ydOfb[Mb

(1 ydOfb[Mb 3 wyfUu.if) wif;rlwf; 6 wyfUu.if/

Ph

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SA

l6bxyjokh @Q

10 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

L

zdkefcmOfbrdlif;ndif;uvAwfj uM@WAef@

,l@ac@ (Guardian UK) n.ufbcmOfbrdlOfj

(07_07_09) OMj-wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; (SSA)

vBjvlif;vBm;rdkOf;ruf;rBm v.ifjcOfjqfg MoU

(Memorandum of Understanding) aw

nrfbuAyf;odkuf;vkufjn.efb/ qOfjodkuf;u.ef;

qdkefj (zlju.ef;eMjvdefodkuf;uAif;wkif) yAef

auMUvlif;vBm;rdkOf;q.rf;uefwif; c'dwfUo

wAef@ tn@vAwfU (Christian Elliot)

nefwmifwlOfqkrf;omefcwf;cMjvdyf; (Anti-

Slavery) tvj okefumifwlifUedkifwMbvkufj

n.efbvkrfjZMU (IOCC) International Op-

erations Center for Children) nef

ugMb=yfUxlyf;ref;qOfj-OMjeB/

q.rf;eifbvkrf;YwM;'MqOwfjvkrfjZMU

ICC (International Criminal Court)

wwf;ruf;OBUv.ifjuAyf;odkuf;eefU ayM;uAyf;

ulef;ekrfb nMb,kvAufUvdlOf 18 yD zdwf;ydlif

uAyf;odkuf;? ayM;vAufUvdlOf 15 yD zdwf;rBmrDj

'MqOwfjodkuf; (War Crime) /

wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; vlif;vBm;rdkOf;

nrfbuAyf;odkuf;vkufjn.efb

qOfjodkuf; u.ef;qdkefj vlif;vBm;rdkOf;v.ifjnrfbuAyf;vkufjn.efb[Awf;okduf;

efg;iOfjikef;ukrf;urf zFefumefodkkuf;

(quc 2) nefyuf;iOfjikef;wDjrldif;e.if

wif;rlwf;rD; 12 wyfUu.if/ cv, 9 b 12

vB.vFrf? cv, 64b cr, 515 vBm;cMj?

cv, 66b 247b cr, 516 erfUqmif?

cv, 248b cr, 518 rldif;eBm;? cr,

513 ymifvlif? cr, 514 rdlif;udkif? cr,

517 rldif;y.ef/

wyfUodkuf;nefqdkOfj,fgb v.ifjuAyf;odkuf;

vkufjn.efbefg;rldif;rmefjrD;vBmqkrf;/ rD;cyfUrBm

wifjtwberfokwf; xdkifanbokwf;rdlefeifb-

1U wyfUodkuf;rmefj (uAyf;odkuf;nMb,k 12-

17)/ efg;odkuf;vkufUzdkefU 2U wyfUodkuf;rldif;

OMUz.rfU=rfj (UWSA) 3U wyfUodkuf;cmif

v.wfjvFOf; KIA (uAyf;yM; vkufjn.efb,dif;)?

ulpf;uMj 4U wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; y.wf;qmef;

(SSA-S) wif; wyfUodkuf;ylwf;yB.bqdlOfUqmwfj

,mif;zdlufb KNLA (yMjwfgj=rfjwkrfqdlOfU

qmwfj,mif;zdlufb KNU) cOftwU rD;ayMbv

oDbOBU v.ifjnrfbuAyf;odkuf;vkufjn.efb nM,k

18 vlif;wfgj? ulpf;uMj ayM;OMjrD;erfUqfgcOfj

rM; [if;ulpf;twU[yfU,lb-OMjeB/

uAOfbuyf;v.ifjeBU zljwB.b+ufjwdwf;awMb

w.ifjxmrf qOfjodkuf;u.ef;qdkefj w.yfbOMjqfgj

twU? ref;qOfjvlif;vBm;rdkOf; vBjvdlefyBm?

v.ifjnrfbuAyf;odkuf;vkufjn.efb nMb,k 18

vlif;wfgjeBU u.yfjayMbvoDbwyfUodkuf;rD;OBU/

wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB;y.wf;qmef; rD;yldif

ayMbvoDb nrfbuAyf;odkuf;vkufjn.efb rM;wifj

twb 2001 / ❑

uFrfq.rf[mef ausMbqmefbrsdefU eBU rM;

yAefzlju.ef;iOfjikef; ukrf;urfzFefumefodkuf;

(quc rl;) vBjr.ufj 2 yD/ auMUuOfb omef;nl;

vBjcdkefjqefU OBm;qkrf;rldif;qdkefj cOfOmif;cdlifj

ql; efg;yD 2006 ao ugMbyAefzlju.ef;=if;Zdkuf;

o.efarbrsAOfU/

vFifbcmOfbefg;ydkefUwDjy.ifbrM;xFifjOMj-

ymifwdkuf;Oef;xd 15_07_09 eefh odkuf;rmefj

nefrmwfbqAyf; yBmjv.wfjugMb rldOf;wBmz.ifj?

awMbxkdifOef;xd 20_7_09 =rfjyM;nefwBm

efg;ymifwdkuf;wif;rlwf;nrfb,.rf; 19 auMU-

OMjeB/

zljvAyfj[Aef;cOfxwf;omifOMj ],.efU

qdkOfjoAifwluf;? vk,fgbwBmerf okrf;u.ifj_ulef;?

wkrfhwldOfhoa'bvBjnluf;nBmtvj odkuf;rmefj

awOmif;zFef[mifj[Fef; ckdef;avMbwdkuf;wyfU

odkuf;qdkifjwB;xFifj}-OMjeB/

efg;wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; ZmifUwdlefqldOf;

,lbeMjokduf;OMj- ayM;rmefj ,AefwAwfbedrfOBh

eBh cFef;xkufbvBjZmifU[Fif;-OMjeB/ ¾

l6bxyj,krokhS+

Ph

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SA


INDEPENDENCE

vFifbcmOfbqrfqfgzljerf; qkrf;wB;udkwf;

odkuf; SSA y.wf;+ifbauMUedkifj ndifnmifjugmrf;

vmwfjzljerf;qefUokifqOfjedkifj vmwfjte

OMj ]wMbvFufjvBmj[Awf;wyfhyfgUvFefvdefeefh

nrfbyM;qkrf;[Of;? ,.efUeMjvdef[Of;ukrf;,dyf;

nrfbwdwf;qyf;vFefvdefrldif;[drf;+rf;/ qkrf;

[Of;,lbefg;ulifrldif;tvj odkuf;rmefjrdyfb{j[Awf;

yDbwkqdwfU}-OMjeB/

odkyfbvmwfjxFifjOMj- ]qkrf;qdlOf;nrfb

yM;efg;zFefumefodkuf;rmefj {jvFufjvBmj[Awf;

wyfUyfgUvFefvdefeBU vdlOfao SSA y.wf;+ifb

,OfU rD;xFifjqkrf;ynlOf; PNO nef n.ifb

crf;xDb n.ef=Of wif; qkrf;cmifrdlif;wB;

wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB;y.wf;+ifb

xkufbrdyfb[Awf;yDbwkqdwfh nrfbqfgjwyfhyfgUvFefvdef

KDA}-OMjeB/

zljerf;qkrf;wB;udkwf;odkuf; qOfjedkifj

vmwfjtevFifbcmOfbOMj- ]qkrf;[Of;nrfbyM;

efg;zFefumefwyfUyfgUvFefvdef aowMUauMj

[Of;vBjxkufbqkrf;odkuf;rmefj +ifUugMbwDjvkrf;

u.ef;wdlif;odkuf;qAifb+ifbOef;n.ufb (vMjoAOfj)

ao rdyfbwAuf;{jvFufjvBmj[Awf;yDbwkqdwfU/

uOfcMj[efxdkiftwU wyfUyfgUvFefvdef wif;

wyfUyDbwkqdwfU nrfbydlifjoifuef/ wyfUyfgU

vFefvdefeefU yAefugmrf;[mifjvDulpf;? awvBj

,lbwfgjz.if;vlifZBmbuFwfbtc qkrf;odkuf;rmefj

,dyf;ukrf;eifbuefullpf;}-OMjeB/

rdlOfj 03_06_09 zljerf; wyfUodkuf;

qdkifjwB; SSA y.wf;+ifbvBjugMb=yfUx.rfb q.rf

odkuf;t,;rsdefU =OfeMjZBmb=rfbvlrfjodkuf;

MAS wDjvMjoAOfj/ {jtr;c.wfbz.wfjyAef

wyfUyfgUvFefvdef nefwdkuf;olef;_,dkefjugmrf;

cmwfbOBU/ cOfqOfjw.yfbvmwfjOMj- Oef;rdlOfj

eBU ,if;yBbwFyf;wwf;vBj/ u.yfjydlOfj zljrD;

qefU zlju.ef;odkuf;ZBmbwfgj qdlOf;yAef ulef;

ekrfbcOf ,if;yBbcOfjqfg nrfbcfgj[yfU? ql;qfg

twU cfgjyfgUOBm;umefvdlufjwifj 2010 rdlOfjvfg

[email protected]'@oD@rD;rM; qifbuB.j

cdkef;tr;nkyfbuefxFifj-OMjeB/ ¾

zljerf;qOfjedkifj auMU,mrfj[myfbudkwfU

umefodkuf;efg; SSNA nefqOfjodkuf;vlif

umef;,.wfjn.ef=Of (rdlOfjvAOf[myfbudkwfUumef

odkuf;efg;wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; SSA y.wf;qmef;)

vmwfjOMj- ]rdlOfjvAOfrD;cmOfbvdkOf;OMj =OfyOfj

vlif q.rf[mefqOfjvB.rmOf; =OfyOfj SSA y.wf;

+ifb qmifj,.rf;[yfU acMjwdkuf;olef;rmefj?

awOmif;cdlifj nrfbeef awwluf;vlif;qkrf;

odkuf;rmefj/ wmifbauMUwmifbqOfjtwU ykwf;

cmwfb? ulpf;uMjqOfjvB.rmOf;twU oBmiBmwMb

,.rf;rmefjrD;erf}-OMjeB/

]uAOfbuyf;v.ifjeBU uOfcMjOMj nrfbyAef

vBj? u.yfjOMjylefUrM;rdlOfj 2003 qOfjoBmrlOf

zlju.ef;wyfUqkrf; 3 (ymifoOf;nkrfbrk) vufU

v.rfnmifjwluf;vlif; qkrf;odkuf;rmefj? nmifj

Omif;cdlifj[Awf;yDbwkqdwfU? rD;cmOfbOMj qOfj

oBmrlOfvBjv.rf=yfUxlyf; q.rf[mefausMbOdef;

zljerf;wB;qOfjedkifjxwf;omif

qOfjvB.rmOf; wdkef;nrfb,.rf;rmefjiBmjiBmj

uFrfwyfhq.yfbcmOfbodkuf;rmefj (qkrf;cdefbpkefU)/

ayM;vBjidef;cmOfbauMj qOfjvB.rmOf;wif;vkufj

e.ifUnrfbvBmauMUeFwfjugMbwDj ymifoOf;nkrfbrk

rdlOfj 08_04_03 xwf;xmrfqOfjoBmrlOf urf;

odkOfj[wf;[wf;[mef[mef v.ifjnmifj[uf;vif

wyfUodkuf;? qOfjoBmrlOf rD;vkufje.ifUerfauMj

zdlOfbaww.yfbxAif orfU,.rf;[yfUwmif;zdwf;/

qOfjvB.rmOf; wFifbwifj qOfjokduf;vMUrsdefU

yAefzlju.ef;wyfUao n.efnOfqOfjoBmrlOf

rdlOf;wmif;Omefj[B; qfgUekifjvdlifyFwfj/

odkyfbvmwfjOMj- xdkifrM; 21_05_03

wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; SSA y.wf;+ifb [Awf;Oef;

vkufUzdkefUcdkufU,fgbwDjoFifuFOfU? ,.ifja,M;

wmif;uwfUcFefb[wf;imef qOfjvB.rmOf;eefU

yDje.ifUxkifUrmOf;cOfw.efjyef vlifbcFyf;crf;

[wf;[mef wDjqOfjvB.rmOf; nefqOfjodlOf=rfb

rdlif; (+ifU) ckefwMban; (auMUvkugMb) wmif

wlOfxkifUrmOf;r.yfjyef/ u.yfjeeftvj wMb

qOfjvB.rmOf;aw,.rf;rmefjiBmjiBmjnrfbrD;? qdlOf;

qdte;OMj qOfjvB.rmOf; aw,.rf;yefrmefj

eefU {jOlefUwlpf;v.ifjeBUvDvD-OMjeB/ ¾0;yh]w:,K;yr

12 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

L

rdlOfjOef;xd 08_07_09 q.rf[mefausMb

zAOf; zlju.ef;wdlif;odkuf;omrfqAifb (uAif;wkif)

ndufbqkrf;qdlOf; =rfjulef; 10 yBm wMbuM; 4

vrf; ugMbrldif;vM;? =yfUnkyfb=OfyOfj qOfjqBm;

vdkef;? zljerf;efg; nl;rdef;nAifb ndufbzlj

erf;vBmvBmauMUao wdkuf;olef;{j NDAA

[yfU_z.rfUq.rf;v.ifjtr; c.wfbz.wfj[Awf;wyfU

yfgUvFefvdef (BGF) / teeMjwdlOfjOMj-

]qkrf;cmif NDA-K oclifbwAifbpAif;cOf ayM;

z.rfU,OfU? olqOfj,Mbqfg,fgbydkifjndifydlefj

eFefbzFOf? nefudkwf;odkuf;rM;auMj nrfbudkwf;

vdlefvAOfOef;vAOfuef? wDjzfgwDjref;} OMjeB/

q.rf[mefausMbzAOf; vmwfjzmwfjzdwfj

yBmUyM;qdkOfjoAifqkrf;OMUOMj- ,MbcfgjulOfjudlufb

qdkOfjeOfjq.rf;ydlefj? qdkOfjoAifqkrf;OMU nrfb

ayM;vDeBU olqOfjauMj=UvD / [Of;twUyAef

odkuf; uMjvBj[Awf;q.rf;acMjqdoifb? ,myfb

,Aef;cmefqfgqdlifU[dkOfauMj wuf;vBj[Awf;q.rf;?

{j,OfUwlOfjxdkifwDj? awMbxdkif vdlefusL@vBm@

oAifjeBU {jolifbyefoBmrBmwif;oAifj? efg;vdlef

anM@uwfh [Of;wuf;vBj[kyfjwkrfwif;rlwf;?

awwFyf;wwf;qFufbwyfU/ ayM;xdkifvdlef

oFyfUxFrf@VdlOf@rM; wuf;vBjcOfj=if;Zdkuf;o.ef

vmwfjugMbykwf;cmwfbOMjeB/

ulpf;uMj zljn.ef=Of qkrf;rldif;vM;

cOfw.yfbrdlefuOfb q.rf;vBm;ymifomif;uMjylefU

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odkuf; ulef;rldif;efg;eMj vdefywf;ydkefUwFyf;

wwf;OMj? [Of;wdkufU,dyf;refjq.rf;eifbumifqfg

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o.ifUcdkef; OBm;wmrf;crfjOef;eefU/ clOf;Zmufb

w.efjauMj rldif;vM;nrfbyefoif/

ulOf;umifU ymifomif; rldif;vM; 3 qkrf;

wluf;vlif;udefuFefbuefOBUOMj- wMbnkyfbqkrf;

odkuf;rmefjxFifjeBU {jvBjnkyfbukrfvlifUvFif;

uef yAefolyf;vAOfoAifvAOfaonOfuefOMj?

(qMU=rfjcD- vD=rfjylpfj) vBjqfguef,OfU

qifbuB.jw.yfbyefrmefj/ (qkrf;vfgz.rfUrmefj

ndlOfjrmefj[if;ulpf;auMjy.ifbOMj uwdugmrf;refj

vk? [uf;vifacMjudefuFefb nefwluf;vlif;

uefOBU? yAefvBm;wFufb,Bmjzmwfbn.ufb-OMjeB)/

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wkif vBj 5-6 Oef; zlju.ef;odkuf;/ qOfjeMj

wDjrmefjcOf tzjcmOfbefg;ulef;rldif;OMj- nrfb

wmyfjwlifUwdkefbwluf;qfgOlefUugifulOfoif? wMb

yAefodkuf;yAefodlOfuefnrfbrD;/ [Of;nrfbrD;

iOf;vBm;qkrf;okduf;rmefj tvj qkrf;rldif;vM;

nAef;nmef;zFefumef wMbaw,dkOf;qkrf;udkwf;

odkuf; qkrf;eefUqkrf;eBU,if;ulOfydlefjrM;,dkOf;

[Of;u.efb OMjeB/

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qkrf;rdlif;vM;cOf [Awf;ymifukrfuef/ oyf;vFif;

teqefUyMjwfgj efg;odkuf; efg;ulef;rldif; ZBmb

z.if;irf;uljqefUqefU/ xwf;omif_ilyfUid_

ydkuf;oMuef v.ifjawvBj[Awf;[dkOf? odkuf;rmefj

awvAefjvBm;vfgxFifj qdlOf;eBU/ zljrD;qefU

qkrf;rldif;vM;cOfy.ifUcmif;OMj- ]okwf;wDjayM;

w.yfbugMbyAefwmif;umef wDjt,;rsdefUOMj nrfb

[yfU? yBbz.rfUvBj wMb[Awf;wyfUyfgUvFefvdef?

orfUwdkufUrM;xmrfxFifjwduf;wduf;/ y.ifbOMj

nOfrM;tobolef;,.ufjr.efbqFufbtz[Of; {j

imufj,mefqkrf;ymifomif;ulpf;}-OMjeB/

e.ufjaoeefU ZmifUuFrf;uefOMj- nef

rmefjnOfuljvBm;vBm;? yM;qArfvBm;erfUzdkifj

erfUnB.j rM;=pf;[krf;[Of;qdlOf;eBU wuf;vBj

ZmifUuFrf;twUtwU? ,Mb{jvBjwluf;v.uf;_

rOf;rdif;OifbOdlOfj/ cOfrM;nkyfbrdlOfjvfgauMj wuf;

vBjw.yfbOMj nrfb[yfUnrfbz.rfUwduf;wduf;/

[Of;awnrfbwuf;oAif ,lbwAwfbwAwfbao

cwf;qfgyluf;y.ifeMjvdef[Of;ugMb-OMjeB/ ¾

ZBmb=rfbvlrfjodkuf;rmefj MAS vkrf;

iOfjikef;wdlif;odkuf;omrfqAifb (uAif;wkif) qd

oifbqefUwfgjqdlOf;uAOfbc.ifjrdlOfjOef;xd 22_

07_09 OMj-{jwFrfjrBm acMjrkef;OAif;rldif;vM;

(eMjvdef NDAA-ESS qkrf;rldif;vM; nef

qOfjqBm;vdkef;n.ef=Ofz.if;irf;) [Awf;[mifj

zFefbvdefOBUvDimrf;? {jolifbyefiOfjikef;

uAif;wkif yBm;efg;Oef;xd 28_07_09 -OMjeB/

nefqdoifbqfgUwFrfjrBm [mifjzFefbvdef

rdlif;vM;eefU {jyM;qArf=def;ulef;vlif? wDj

wifjwyfUodkuf;? wDjOBUu.ifjumifb rmufbrdkOfjqdkef;

,mrf;? +ifjumefwDjuyf;odkyfbwdwf;awMb? ulOfb

w.ifbcOfjerfUwmif;udef? wmifbcOfjwmif;n.ufb

rldif;vM;-qdlOf;eBU/ wFrfjrBmnOfrdlif;vM;ulpf;

yBbayM; yM;wif; y.wf;uAif;cmif (rldifxmefb[def)

tvj erfUymef;/

ZBmbedkifjwmif;edkifj vFifbcmOfby.wf;n.ufb

clif;y.ifbrM;OMj ylefUrM; 2-3 vdlefeBU odkuf;

rmefjxFrf[Fif;y.wf;uAif;wkiferfvlifvmif? wyfU

ZBmbwdwf;awMbrBm-3 tvj rBm-4 wDjukif;

q.rfrlef; efg;OAif;uAif;wkifauMj[efrD;odkuf;erf/

vBjidef;odkuf;rmefjnkyfbuefOMj awnOfwyfU

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odkuf;rmefjvmwfjte ulef;OmefjOMj- odkuf;

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wif;odkuf;wB;-OMjeB/ ¾

odkuf;rmefjqdoifbwFrfj[mifjeMjvdefwyfhodkuf;rldif;vM;


INDEPENDENCE

OMUy.wf;qmef;+ifUymifukrfcdkufUcufU

vFyfjuAOfbc.ifjv.ifjqfgU[Awf;wyfUyfgUvFefvdef

rdlOfjylefUrM; r.ufj 13-14_07_09

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OMj- ]qkrf;udkwf;odkuf;nefOMjeefU nrfbrD;

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odkuf;nOfv.ifjuwf;,Aef okwf;oAifj,OfU/

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nmef;[Awf;{j qkrf;udkwf;odkuf;cOf ,.rf;[yfU?

nrfb[dkifnrfbemef; [Of;awugMb,lbq.rf;cOf?

aw=rfjueftr;c.wfbz.wfjwyfUodkuf;ao yluf;

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nOfv.ifjirf;,Aefokwf;oAifj,OfU} yAefacMj

odkuf;rmefjclefUugmrf;uOfb yB.bcmOfbyefwmif;vdlufj

wdkuf;olef;_,dkef;ugmrf;cmwfb nefq.rfodkuf;

t,;rsdefU =OfeMjZBmb=rfbvlrfjodkuf; (MAS)

,mrfjvmwfjwDjqkrf;udkwf;odkuf; rdlOfj[mifvdlef

an@y\dlOf@ 2009 /

zljvAyfj[Aef;cOfxwf;omifOMj- zFef

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qkrf;udkwf;odkuf;cOfz.rfUnrfbz.rfU? [yfUnrfb

[yfUauMj wdkef;rdyfb{j[Awf;wduf;wduf;/ qFufb

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qmwfjqdkifjwB; SSNA Omif;cdlifjrD; 2 v.ifj-

(1) yAefqkrf;vAufUaourfudef;rdyfbiFef;vBj?

(2) rD;vkufjar;=def;a,;clOf;c.ifefg;cl;efg;OAif;

(3) rmefj=Uv.uf;nlefj_wmif;zdwf;cOf/ rdlOfj

rdyfburf;n.efwmif; qOfjuefbe wdkef;nrfb

,.rf;vM;vM;? nefnmifj,.rf;yAefqOfjoBmrlOf/

urf;vdkef;okwf; rsdefUvBmb +ifUqOfjuefbe

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cdlifjiBmjiBmj/

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r.ifb qkrf;ynlOf;vFif yMjwfgjwMbtc;vldOfb yef

wmif;vdlufj 3 wmif;- (1) +ifUulef;olqdlOf;

cOfjxdlefby.ufjrM;cdkef;yBm;efg; 10-15 Oef;?

(2) ,.rf;[yfUzdwf;nef[kyfjvBj=if;wlrfj,Mj

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(3) Omif;cdlifj qdlOf;eBUtvj urf;vdkef;auMj

Omif;cdlifj/ ¾

rdlOfjOef;xd 08_07_09 wyfUodkuf;rldif;

OMUz.rfU=rfj (UWSA) eMjvdefodkuf; 171

+ifUymifukrfwDj=pfjanMj iOfjikef;eMjvdef

odkuf; 171 / rD;zljrD;qefU zlju.ef;odkuf;

cOfj=rfjymifukrf 50-60 ? nkyfbuefwif;Oef;

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rdlif;vFif; qifbcdkef;y.ufjwyfUzfgref;-OMjeB/

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ukrfuefuAOfbvlpfj qkrf;odkuf;rmefj=pf;olef;

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z.wfjyAefwyfUyfgUvFefvdef/ u.yfjOMj wdlif;

odkuf;omrfqAifb[efxdkifOMj- wyfUodkuf;OMU

eMjvdefodkuf; 171 eBU udkifbvFyfj=pf;zmwfb

n.ufb UWSA y.wf;+ifb (ymifomif;) vBjao

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ZBmbwfgjrD;wyfhu.ifxFifjvBmvBmwyfhu.if/ zlju.ef;

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OBm;tr;c.wfbz.wfjyluf;wifjrfgb qifb,dyf;ukrf;

yM;-eB,OfU/ ¾

14 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

L

rdlOfjOef;xd 19_07_09 zlj[ufUqmwfj

efg;uAif;rBbvBmvBmqkrf; =rfjuef[Awf;wmif;vD

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,dlif;ql;qOfjqmrfbxkef; qOfjZMUvlif rdlif;

y.ef nefvBjxkufbulef;[BmU,dkOf; efg;ymifukrf

q.rf;q.rfodkuf;n.ifbomef; rdlOfj 19_07_1947

ao e.ef;tz;rdlOfj 20_07_1947 / e.ufj

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idkef;vB.crf;ugMb efg;cmOf;wmif;umefvkufUzdkefU

uljauMUuljqOfj z.if;,mrf;wdkuf;nOfv.ifjxmifb

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xlyf;Oef;zlj[wf;imef/ ndifedlOfqAifbrkifj

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16 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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soyzb9yr,oyr0;yh/ 9uhc9t,oyr0;yhvGoyr

vKoyr;wT9kjz:oyr]u9'yrlK,yawKj/ awKj9wr

awKj0K;yr-5b;yrc]h awKj,Koyho'yjdoy"?

]bdyh,:'y0y.z6boyo6b'yhc9t ]Cxyhd,tymC,y

g-khd.K,yr 0;yhlC'yl6bdyr ;kh J0;yh0K'ytowt

;5oyt0:,yr]6,yhakTglc]h -xyrlK'yhsK'yhx:'y

;Koyh,5b'yr95;yd;yj" ?

xGoys6b;ygdkh ]:'yhmG'ydoy;kh 0;yh0K'yt

sG9yrdKoy9kj9wrs6b;y/ ,Koyhs6b;yowooyt d6b'ytdK'yt

g9xwjswK]wKS g9l6bxyjsoyd.kjmC'yhp5j? d5Pyr

dkh p6,yjp,y;kh x:'yhd.K,yrs^;yowt g9sG9yrsy>h

z5hvKoyj-;y g,k;5oyt0:,yrawKjx5boyhawKjs;yr

gl 9Cxyr99yrsy>hm6dyj,Coyh?

0wKr-6boyrly. Z@+T)T#QQ+X

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Sx5b;yh9kjgdkj9'yh9C;yrs,yh0:,yr 06,yr0K;yr

-5b;yr9K'yjc0h,5b'yr -K'y -\K'yr pK'yr pK'yr]C'y

,:oyr i-C'yj sy>hgxkrxGoy,krJvGoysC'yr9uhlK,y"

(Third Force) ? ]6dyT9uhooyhgl 0'yjxGoy

,kr 9C;yrs^,yhfuH,:dyt-giHluH 05b;yt0K9yh

(NDF) oy.r @+)( ? voy,oyr0;yh0w:h

gdkj9'yh,kr 96,ygdkfuH,:dyT-giHluH 0K;yr

-5b;yrz:,yts,yh (UNLD) ,5b;yh @++_ c]hl'y/

06,yr-Goyj9C,yhx5b'y';yhx6b'yrc0h,5b'yr zy.,oyr

,5b;yh #QQQ c]hl'y/ -:'yjluj0K;yr -5b;yr

(ENC) ,5b;yh #QQ@ c]hl'y 9'yrlG'yh owt

,uroy.rxwKr96bdyr Zstrategy p69ytmlK9yjX

x5b;yh9kjgdkj9'yh06b'yh,5b'yrs,yh96,y06boyh0K'yj?

xwKr96bdyr9uhlK,yl,yt x5b;yh9kjsklGoyh

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g9kjm6b'y oK'yrv:'yjlKoyrl6d\uj ,krxGoy

z5hv:oys^;y,5b;yh @+__ ?

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0K9yh06b'yhz:,yts,yh Zs6b;yX ,6dyT06,yr]6,yhakT

(UN) ,urg-kh9Cxyr99yr x5b;yh9kj,urdKoy

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,:dyT-giHluHc]h awKj0K;yr-5b;yr?

sG9yrsy>h]:dyr06dyr0;yh0K'yt Z9'yhc9j

@+(_ ,krooytX xGoy9uh0y.T96b;yr]wh-K;yr

pK;yrS

◆ g9gdkj9'yh06b'yh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y

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◆ s^,yh,6b;yr9K'yj0K;yr-5b;yr xkr0G,y,Koyh

c]h 05b;yrv,yj0y.h,Koyh


INDEPENDENCE

d.K,yro,yr

gxkr95dyj-5b;yrd5oyr,5b'yroy.r06b'yh9wrgdkh

gdkTvoyz5hl5oy0y.dKoy,5b'yr9wr-;y v,yj

0K'yhc;h]wh]kr]krooyt xGoym6oyr,\boyt

9:'yjd\ur Z@+#QS@++)X? ,oyr0;yhowt

06b;yhpy.jp:oyt xxyt]bdyhvoy,oyr0;yh9C,yh,kr

]wKxxyt]wKz6boy 05b;yto'yj g9zK9yjs6b;yg9

s^,yh c]h 9K'yr]6l6,yr06b'yh9wr? xGoyxxyt

05b;yrvoysG9yrsy>hd5oyro6,yj-;yxKoyooyt Zxkr

0G,y]6dyh0wKr,oyr0;yhX -;yhm5boyjpbxyrd:'yh

dK'yjgl 96bdyrg9kr9xytl6bdyr,Koyh voy,kr

z:'yr',yr9Gdyr9G'yd5oyr,5b'yr9wr?

● oy.r06b'yh9wr,urzy.

● 06b'yh9wrg9]whsG9yrs6b;yS 05b;yrowt?

06b'yh9wr]6dyT]y.,kr

06b'yh9wrowt ,urs^;yd5oyr,:dyh # ]Koyt

Z@+**X/ oy.rooyt,:dyh-6b'yho6b'yh xGoy-5b;yr9wr/

d6b9yrp5j -6b'yho6b'yhxGoy9K'yj0K;yr-5b;yr ,5boyo'yj

xv5;yr x]:'yh ;kT mo6 o:'y 0G,y05b;yrowt?

9wr owtxGoy-5b;yrpy.joy.rgvHl\b3;yHS

p5jl;yr0:9yj95;yh;wT]wK,5b'yr? oy.r,5b'yr,Koyh

d5Pyr xKoy,5b;yh9wrsG9yr-6oygdkh pK,yh,ur,kr?

o:dyh06b'yh,5b'yrs,yh96,ygdkh pK,yhgdkj9'yh,kr

gsklC'y]5'y ]Koyt0;yh (Nanchao) ?

oy.rzCoyj]boy06b'yh9wrpK,yr]G;y -5;yr

-:'ylzk;dkhpy.j-oy]5'ygdkh,uro,y? d5Pyrdkh

d5oyr,5b'yrs;yr9'yro,y 96bdyT]whdboy-;yhdxyr

m5;yjo;yh,Kdyjzb9ytd5b;y p5jd5h;oyr? ,ur9xyt

l6bdyrc-jz5bdyj 9'yr 9xytl6bdyr,Koyh,kr9'yh

l;yrxdyr9xytsG9yr-6oy]5]wKp5j?

p:oytl'yc]h 05b;yt-5b;yrvoypK,yhgdkj

9'yh gsklC'y]5'y]Koyt0;yh,krowt ;oyr,5b;yh

]G;y95dyr9C,yj-Koy0y.pKdyhdboyrp5j,5boyowM?

oy.r06b'yh9wr xGoyl'yp5j

06b'yh9wrowt ;wKrgl]whd:oyrg-k,krp;yt

gdkh v,yj,ur]:'yhd9yrpGoy? awKjo6b'yhgdkh

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vg,HibdoyHgl ,krx5otyxCoyp5joy.r06b'yh9wr

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gskh]6bxyhc-jz5bdyj owgl-;yh,kr?

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vbdyjd5oyr,5b'yr xGoyvoy,5b;yj0'yrvb,yj0Koyh

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d5oyr,5b'yr0'yr0Koyh?

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Democrats) ?

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c]h ,5j06,yr0K;yrswh0K;yrokr?

awKjlKoy-9yrdKoy,5b'yr ,5b'yr,Koyh? v,yj

,urxGoy,5jxGoy06,yr? -;ysoym6b'y;kh x5b;yh9kj

g9kjl5h;kj9,Koyh-.Kdyh,5b'yrowt d5hmKoyhd5oyr

9dyr]whz:,tys^,yhdoy?

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;wt0y.o5b;y06b'yh9wr,5boy ,5b'yrp5j9y.ho:xyjswKr Zl5'yj

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(Welfare Program) _ xu/ gxkrm9yrlK'y

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gxkrv;ylwK9kd5oyrxKoy,5b;yh]G;y95Pyrc9t

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-;y? z6boyowtc9t 0b,yr95Pyr 06b'yh9wrg9xw

9K'yr]y.M ooytd:oyj?

06b'yh9wrg9xw9K'yr]y.ooyt gxkr-y.hs^T

06b'y ]u]whm9yrlK'y;kh

● 06b'yh9wr]6dyT]y.,kr

● oy.r06b'yh9wrxGoyl'yp5j

qkdifjwB; awyBwmif;vgf

18 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

L,5b;yhxKoyvb'yrd]G9yh p'yr,urx5b'y;kh

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05b;yt0K9yh?

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0wKr-,yr0,yh Z_2)2Q+X

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(1) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj x.rfbidef;odkyfbwmrfvmrf;rM;

(2) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj ,dyf;refjodkyfbwmrfvmrf;rM;

(3) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj ugmrf;vOfjvdkOf;nkyfbcBj

(4) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj ndifnOf,fg;[dkefzdkefxrf;

(5) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj Olefhudkwfheyfho.efb[if;uB.;

(6) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj cmwfjvmrf;nOf

(7) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj Olefhomifq.rf;eifbwdwf;wmrfvBjiOf;vBm;idlefjoFwfb

(8) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj [efOMjxkufbrFefjq.rf;eifboazM;YwM; (vwfhxdxdkwfhoWD@)wlOfuOfb

(9) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj [efOMjauMUr.ufbvmwfjrD;yuf;Zmif xkufbvBjOBheuf; udkifbvDeyfh,rf

(10) ,MbzlrfjqdlOfj,krfb,.efhvlpfjvBj auMUvOfjvmwfjyAefcl;OM;nM;qmef (YoMb) wlOfuOfb/

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INDEPENDENCE

d.K,yr9C9yh

]K9yh,5boyS9C,yhzy.,oyr/ 9K'yrp5j]:9yh9wr

Speak universally, Write locally: The Shan path to survival

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o,y? mC'yhawKjo6b'yhl,yt;kh 9:oyhd5oyrg,k]bdyh9wrc9to,y,krp5j? d5Pyrdkh 9:oyhd5oyr]K9yhd.K,yr9wrl,yt ]GdyTgdjgvj,K'yd.kj? gxkr,kr;5oyt

95Pyrgdkh 06b;yh0y.h9K'yrl:'yawKj?

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Ceremic �� -¤5b;ytFv'ytfboyHz;y -5b'yh]boyz;y g,\jv5;yrg,\jcmj2

g,kh;Koyj]boy

�� -¤5b;ytFv'ytglHi,bdyT -5b'yhglrikr,bdyT d\3Pyjcmj2g,kh;Koyjg,h

Ceremony ! "⌫ zbmuH zbmur AA

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Certain #�$% #�� cotdw\H/ coto:oyH cot0y./ coto:oyr glj-\kj

Certificate '��'�� [wHixyr¤:'yH ;y.sxyts<'yr ]bdyhd,ytmC,y

Certify ��'�� ixyr¤:'yH sxyts<'yr 9wrdwT;kh J]xyt]:'yr"/

2vkh,kT-K,yj

20 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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d.K,yrl:oy,5b'yrx5boyh

Z,wK9:'yr doy #$S$* v,yj]whly.jxkr?X

What is in the end to be weakenedBegins by being first made strongWhat is in the end to be thrown downBegins by being first set on high

Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, Chapter 36

gxkr {x5b'ylzkj;owt} g9v;y Zl,yjX lb'yj]y.v:oyjcvr/ 9dyrsy>h,oyr-C'ysC'yrd:oyj

gxkrg9v;ylb'yj]y.m6b,yh]5'yr/ 9dyrp6dyTsy>h,oyrl6'yd:oyj

];yj06b;yj xxty 9;ty95b;yd\b'yr doy $(

nDbrAwfj,Awfjrkefqmif;/

eldOfh[mif;wldOfhzldefuOf

Dried mustard for the monkBarbecue meat for me

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INDEPENDENCE

ia7;vmwJhay;pm

okd@ - o#rf;oHawmfqifht,f'Dwm

ppftpdk;&.a0g[m&rsm;ESifh ygwfoufaom tac:ta0:tokH;tE_ef;rsm;ta=umif; ±Sif;vif;jyyg&ap?

ay:wmqGJjcif;/ ay:wmxrf;jcif;/ ay:wmvkdufjcif;/ vkyftm;ay;jcif; / tcrJ hvkyftm;ay;jcif; / paomtac:ta0:tokH;tE_ef; a0g[m&rsm;onf jynfwGif;Yomru urBmhtwkdif;twmtxdvlolwumtvGefw&m pufqkwfrke f;wD;aomemrnfqkd; emrnfysufjzifhausmf=um;vSonfh a0g[m&rsm;jzpfygonf? xkdtokH;tE_ef;a0g[m&rsm;ukd ppftm%mykdifrsm; (rqvacwfwGifygwDaumifpD - ,ckrsufarSmufumv etz) jyifqifajymif; vJukpm;vkdaomoabm±Sdovm; rajymwwf? 1979-80avmufujzpfygvdrfhrnf?

ay:wmtxrf;orm;rsm;tm; (w&m;aomppfatmifEkdifa&; twGufwyfrawmfESifh &ifabmifwef; ulnDaqmif±Guf ae=uaom- a±S@wef;vkyftm;±Sifrsm;) [lI‚if;/ 2007-2008 ywf0ef;usif avmufwGifwzef/ vkyftm;ay; a0g[m&ukd EkdifiHawmftusKd;ðyvkyfief;[lI‚if;/ jyifqifokH;E_ef;tokH;ðy=u&ef òrd@e,fr,uOuUXrsm;&yfuGuf &,uOuUXrsm;tm; twdtvif;w&m;0if (offi-

cially) !$ef=um;cJhygonf?tac:ta0: a0g[m& tokH;tE_ef;rsm; rnfokd@yifajymif;

vJ !$ef=um;xm;apumrl us,fjyef@aomjynfolvlxktwGif;YpGJ+rJE_wfusKd;ae+yDjzpfaoma=umifhay:wmqGJonf/ ay:wmxrf;onf/ vkyftm;ay;onf[lIom qufvufac:wGifvsuf±Sdonf?vufawG@ tESpfom&um;twlwlyifjzpfonf? ukvm;}uD;ESifht&m}uD;/ wkyf}uD;ESifh avmyef;}uD;omuGmygonf?

pGrf;tm;±Siftcef;Yyg±Sdaomq&m}uD;qkdonfrSm etz .vufukdif'kwftzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf.? ‚if;[email protected]&m;0iftac:(jynfaxmifpk }uH@ck difa&;ESif hzG H@òzd;a&;toif;) twkdaumuf(jynfckdifòzd;) jynfoltrsm;pktac: (}uH@zGwf) tzGJ@.òrd@e,ftwGif;a&;r–;ukd&nf!ef;ygonf?

ay:wmqGJjcif;/ay:wmxrf;jcif;/ay:wmvkdufjcif;/vkyftm;ay;jcif;/ tcrJhvkyftm;ay;jcif; paomtac:ta0: tokH;tE_ef;a0g[m&rsm;onf jynfwGif;Yomru urBmhtwkdif;twmtxdvlolwum tvGefpufqkyfrkef;wD;aom emrnfqkd;emrnfysuf jzifh

tac:ta0: tokH;tE+ef; a0g[m&rsm; ESifh ygwfoufaom±Sif;vif;csufausmf=um;vSonfh a0g[m&rsm;jzpfygonf? xkdtokH;tE_ef;a0g[m&rsm;ukd ppftm%mykdifrsm; (rqvacwfwGif ygwDaumifpD-,ckrsufarSmufumv etz) jyifqifajymif;vJukpm;vkdaomoabm±Sdovm;rajymwwf? 1979-80 ckESpfu jzpfygvdrfhrnf?ay:wmtxrf;orm;rsm;tm; ( w&m;aomppfatmifEkdifa&;twGuf wyfrawmfESifh &ifabmifwef;ulnDaqmif±Gufae=uaom-a±S@wef;vkyftm;±Sifrsm;) [lIvnf;aumif;/ 2007-2008ywf0ef;usifavmufwGifwzef/vkyftm;ay;a0g[m&ukd EkdifiHawmftusKd;ðyvkyfief; [lIvnf;aumif;/ jyifqifokH;E_ef;tokH;ðy=u&eftwdtvif;w&m;0if (Officially) tjzpf ®r@e,f r,uOuUXrsm;tm; n¸ef=um;cJhygonf? tac:ta0: a0g[m&tokH;tE_ef;rsm;rnfokd@yif ajymif;vJn¸ef=um;xm;=uaomfvnf; us,fjyef@aomjynfolvlxktwGif;Y pGJ+rJE_wfusKd;ae+yDjzpfaoma=umifh ay:wmqGJonf/ ay:wmxrf;onf/ vkyftm;ay;onf[lIom qufvufac:wGifvsuf±Sdygonf? vufawG@tESpfom&um; twlwlomjzpfonf? w±kwf}uD;ESifhavmyef;}uD;omuGmygonf?

pGrf;tm;±Siftcef;Iyg±Sdaom q&m}uD;qkdonfrSm etz.vufukdif'kwf tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfaom ‚if;wkd@. w&m;0iftac:(jynfaxmifpk}uh@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@®z;a&;toif;) twkdaumuf (jynf-ckdif-®z;) jynfolrsm;tac: (}uHhzGH@) r[kwfbJ (}uHhzGwf) tzGJ@.®r@e,ftwGif;a&;r–;ukd&nf!ef;ygonf?

Ô Ô Ô

22 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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AuA rS cGJxGuf+yD; ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJumtxl;a'o 4 rdkif;vm;wyfzGJ@ NDAA–ESS (National Democratic

alliance Army–Eastern Shan State ac: trsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfwyfrawmf-ta±S@ydkif;o#rf;jynf) xlaxmifjcif; ESpf20 jynfhtcrf;tem;ukd rdkif;vm;XmecsKyfYusif;y&m te,fe,ft&yf&yfrSy&dwfowfrsm; pnfum;odkuf®rufpGm yg0ifyl;aygif;cJh=ua=umif;udsKif;wkHowif;&yfuGufuqdkonf?

“rE Wav;rSm±kH;pdkufwJh w±kyfjynfaumifppf0efvJvm w,f/rdkif;vm;rSm&if;ESD;ðr‡yfESHwJh w±kyfjynfuukrü%D 20 ausmf tjyifrlq,f/ yefqdkif;/ vm;±_d;/ usKdif;wHk/ wmcsDvdwf/ rdkif;avG/ rdkif;,ef;/r d ki f ;a,mif ; te,fe,ft&yf&y fu{nf honfawG wufa&mufvm=uw,f” - [k yGJ{nfhcHolwOD;u ajymjyonf?

*|efv 26 - 30 &uf usif;ycJhonfh tqkdygyGJawmfodk@typf&yfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh SSA ajrmufydkif;typf&yftzGJ@ 'k- OuUX p0fudkifzSmh/ MNDAA udk;uef@tzGJ@ 'k-OuUX zkef=um;zl;/UWSA 0jynfaoG;pnf;a&; wyfrawmf 'k-OuUX ayguf,dk,D; ESifhucsif KIO / u&iftypf&yf(oHawmiftzGJ@)/ u,m;jynfrS typf&yftzGJ@rsm; yg0ifwufa&mufa=umif; ajymygonf?

“usKdif;wHkppfwdkif;±kH;u *sD0rf; (G-1) ppfOD;pD; yxrwef;Adkvfrª;oef;xGÉfodef;/ p&z (ppfzufa&;&m vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJ@) Adkvfrª;

SNLD OuUX ajcaxmufa,mifa&m*g aomufaq;ydk@zdk@cufcJo#rf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf OuUX cGefxGef;OD;

ykHrSefavhusifhcef;pdwfwkdif;us vkyfcGifhr&aoma=umifh (tod tm±kHa=umtm;enf;aom) ajcaxmufa,mifa&m*g jzpfaea=umif;SNLD ajymcGifh&yk*~Kdvf OD;pkdif;vdwfuajymygonf?

ykHrSefavhusifhcef; aumif;aumif;vkyfcGifhr&onfhtjyifaea&mifESifhavxkaumif;aumif;r&aomtvkHcef;Y taersm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf[k txl;ukq&m0efrsm;ajyma=umif; OD;pkdif;vdwfuajymygonf?

“OuUX}uD;&J@ ±Sd&if;pGJt±kd;*sD;aygif;a&m*g x w,fxifvkd@EkdifiHjcm;jyef txl;ukawGukd rdom;pkawGuoGm;wkdifyifw,f? 'gayr,fh todtm±kHa=umtm;enf;vkd@ jzpfwmvkd@qkdw,f” [kqkdyg

EdkifiHa&;

onf?jyifytxl;uk q&m0efrsm;ESifhjyo&ef tm%mykdifrsm; cGifhr

ðyaoma=umifh aq;aomufae&a=umif; qufajymygonf?“aq;ykd@ay;r,fvkyfawmhvJylwmtkdukdoGm;r,fh av,mOf

u wpfpD;rSr±Sdjyefbl;? ±SdwJhav,mOfawGvJ ppftm%mykdifawG/ 'grSr[kwf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;±Sif}uD;awG pD;vkH;iSm;xm;w,f xifw,f?usaemfwkd@jynfolvlxkawGokH;zkd@ tcGifhtvrf;r±Sdbl;” [kqkd.?

axmif0ifpmoGm;awG@zkd@tcuftcJ±Sdonfhtjyif aomufaq; ykd‹zkd‹ygcufaeojzifh pkd;&drfae&onfh vuf±Sdtajctaejzpfa=umif; OD;pkdif;vdwfu ajymygonf? Ô

&efaemifpdk; OD;aqmifwJhtzGJ@bJ wufa&mufw,f? wdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyfausmf®z;awmhrawG@bl;/ vufaqmiftjzpf (&efukef uefawmf}uD;yef;+cHu u&0dwfyHk) yef;csDum;wcsyfawmh ydk@vmw,fajymw,f”-[k yGJawmfwufa&mufol ajrmufydkif;o#rf;jynfom;wOD;uqdk.?

0jynfxlaxmifjcif;ESpf20 jynfhtcrf;tem;usif;ypOfuvnf; ppftpdk;&xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;wufa&mufjcif;r±SdbJatmufajcwyfrª;tqifhomudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf apv$wfcJha=umif;/tvm;wl rdkif;vm;yGJawmfwufa&muf&ef emrnfESifhwuG zdwf=um;xm;aomfvnf; wufa&mufjcif;r±SdonfrSm w±kyfe,fpyftajcpdkuftypf&yfrsm;tay: tav;xm;todtrSwfðyr_r±Sdonfudkjyojcif;omjzpfa=umif; 0wyfrª;wOD;u o#rf;oHawmfqifhodk@ajymjyygonf? Ô

rdkif;vm;ESpf 20 jynfhyGJawmf odkufòrdufpGmusif;yw±kyfaumifppf0efwufa&muf

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INDEPENDENCE

e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;&ef rdkif;vm;tzGJ@xyfrHwdkufwGef;cH&*sLvdkif 8 &uf usKdif;wHktajcpdkuf}wd*Hwdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyfausmf®z;

OD;aqmifonfh tiftm; 20 a,muf cef@ygppfum; 4 pD; rdkif;vm;odk@a&muf±Sd+yD; acgif;aqmifOD;pdkif;vif;/ twGif;a&;rª;OD;rif;tdrf/ acgif;aqmifydkif;tcsKd@ESifh awG@qHkpOf e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;&efxyfrHwdkufwGef;a=umif;/ “cifAsm;wdk@ 0 udk t&rf;tm;rudk;eJ@/ olwdk@tzGJ@uemrnfysufawG/ typf&yfwmvJ wcsdefwnf;&yfcJhwmr[kwf/toGifajymif;zdk@ olrsm;udkapmifhp&mrvdkbl;? NDA-K ucsiftzGJ@awmif oabmwl+yD;+yD/ cifAsm;wdk@vJ tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfaz:zdk@vdkw,f”- [k ajyma=umif; udsKif;wkHukefonftodkif;t0dkif;uqdkonf?

“0 udk odyftm;rudk;eJ@/ olwdk@awGu emrnfysufawG qdkwmu rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ywfoufw,fvkd@qdkvdkwmaerSmaygh/ t"duuawmh e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf tjrefqHk;ajymif;zdk@/ vlolvufeufpm&if;/ yifpif,l&r,fh touf 50 ausmf acgif;aqmifydkif;pm&if;awGudkay;ykd@zkd@ 'Dvukeftxday;xm;w,f- vdk@ajymoGm;w,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@b,fvdkbJ zdtm;ay;vmay;vm usaemfwdk@

oabmxm;rajymif;vJEdkifbl;” - [k rdkif;vm;t&m±Sd wOD;uajyma=umif; tqdkygyk*~dKvfu o#rf;oHawmfqifhodk@ ajymjyygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfausmf®z;u - rdrdwkd@onfppfom;jzpfaoma=umifhtxuftrdef@udkyif emcH&rSmjzpfa=umif;/ rnfokd@yif cufcJjyif;xefygap rjzpfrae óud;pm;vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/=o*kwfvtwGif; typf&yfrsm;. vlolvufeufpm&if;tm;vHk;aejynfawmfodk@wifjy+yD; pufwifbmv twGif; e,fjcm;apmifhwyftwGuf oifwef;pwifawmhrnfjzpfa=umif; - ajymqdkoGm;cJhonf[kqdkonf?

ppftpdk;&xyfrHzdtm;ay;vmaomfvnf; rdkif;vm;wyfzGJ@.&yfwnfcsuf ajymif;vJr_r±Sd? ukd;uef@/ 0/ rkdif;vm;wdk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsxm;onfhtwdkif; qufvuf&yfwnfoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ rdkif;vm;wyfzGJ@acgif;aqmifydkif;ykdif;.qENxuf a'ocHvlxkoabmxm;/&Jabmf/ au'grsm;.qENjzpfa=umif;/ ,ck}uH@}uH@cHqHk;jzwfxm;r_onfvnf;trsm;qENtwdkif;jzpfa=umif; aus;±Gmvlxkt}uD;tuJwOD;uvnf; ajymjyygonf? Ô

ppftpdk;&. e,fjcm;apmifh wyftoGifajymif;a&; tpDtpOfwGif typf&yfo#rf;jynfajrmufydkif; SSA tzGJ@ryg0if[kacgif;aqmifydkif;ESifh &if;ESD;onfh owif;&yfuGufqdkonf?

“e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;zdk@ usaemfwdk@tzGJ@rygbl;?usaemfwdk@xdef;csKyfwJh e,fajruvnf; tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfawGeJ@e,ferdwfcsif;xdpyfraebl;av”- [k SSA typf&yft&m±Sd wpfOD;uajymonf[kqdkonf?

e,fjcm;apmif hwyftoGi fajymif;a&;tpDtpOfwGi ftypf&yfo#rf;jynfajrmufydkif; SSA tzGJ@/ ytdk0f;jzL ac: atmifcrf;xD PNO tzGJ@wkd@ryg0if[kqkd.?

“usaemfwdk@udk e,fjcm;apmifhwyfajymif;zdk@txJrSmrygayrJha'ocHjynfol@ppftjzpftoGifajymif;zdk@ajymw,f? usaemfhtjrif uawmhe,fjcm;apmifhwyfwdk@ jynfol@ppfwdk@qdkwmu bmrSrxl;jcm;ygbl;? ppftpdk;&vufatmufae&wm csif;twlwlygbJ? em;axmifaumif;atmif e,fjcm;apmifhwyfvdk@ajymwm/ trSefawmhppftpdk;&umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfvufatmufcHcsnf;ygbJ” - [k tqdkygt&m±Sduajyma=umif; ‚if;qdkpfhu qufajymjyygonf?

rnfodk@qdkapumrl typf&yfo#rf;jynfwyfrawmf SSA

ajrmufydkif; tzGJ@taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&opf ay:xGef;vmonf

e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;a&; o#rf;typf&yftzGJ@ryg0if

txdtajymif;tvJtvkyfcHrnfr[kwfa=umif; ajymqdkoGm;cJhonf[kqdk.?

ppftpdk;&. toGifajymif;r_az:aqmifa&;aumfrwD 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifh (p&z !efcsKyf)u vm;±_d; &rc ppfwdkif;±kH;odk@ t}udrf}udrfac:,l zdtm;ay;cJhaomfvnf; SSA acgif;aqmifrsm; vufrcHcJhay?tv,ftvwfwyfr–;rsm; atmufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; em;vnfvufcHjcif;r±Sdao;ojzifh tcsdef,lpnf;±kH;&OD;rnf jzpfa=umif;ta=umif;jyefxm;cJhonf? Ô

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24 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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0 ESifh rdkif;vm;odk@ Armwyft&m±S drsm; oGm;aeawmhrnf[k}wd*Hwdkif;rSL;ajym

ZGef 29 wGif usKdif;wHktajcpdkuf }wd*Hwdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyf ausmf®zrdkif;,ef;®r@odk@oGm;um rdkif;,ef;/ rdkif;cwf wyfwGif;t&m±Sdrsm;tm;ac:,lawG@qHk+yD;-“r=umcifusKyfwdk@vl (wyf&if;rª; 1 a,muf/ wyfcGJrª;2 a,muf/ wyfom;27 a,muf) v$wf+yD;olwdk@e,fajrxJ oGm;ae&awmhr,f? tJ'Dtcsdefrwdkifcif 0 wdk@ rdkif;vm;wdk@&J@v_yf±Sm;r_udkrsufajcrjywfapmifh=unfh&r,f?”- [k rSm=um;a=umif; etzt&m±SdtcsKd@ESifh&if;ESD;onfh owif;&yfuGufu qdkonf?

xdktajctaeESifhywfoufI typf&yft&m±SdwOD;u-“AdkvfcsKyf&JjrifhxH toGifajymif;a&;rjzpfEdkifa=umif;ta=umif;jyef+yD;aemufydkif;wdkif;rª;u usaemfwdk@qDt0iftxGufrvkyfawmh oavmufbJ? vufaqmifawGay;vJr,lawmhbl;/ cyfwef;wef;bJ?ol@udk,fpm; *sD0rf;wdk@usKdif;wHk p&zrª;wdk@ukdbJ wqifhcHajymw,f”- [k o#rf;oHawmfqifhodk@ ajymjy.?

typf&yftzGJ@rsm;u e,fjcm;apmifhwyf toGifajymif;a&;udpPrjzpfEdkifao;a=umif; w&m;0ifta=umif;jyefxm;aomfvnf;}wd*Hwdkif;rª;u tav#mhray;onfhoabm jyovdkjcif;jzpfa=umif;/xdkt&m±Sdu oHk;oyfjy.?

w±kyfe,fpyftajcpdkuf typf&yf+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD

wyfaygif;pk PDF tzGJ@0if 4 zGJ@±Sdonfhteuf trsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfrawmf - ucsif NDA-K u *|ef 24 &ufae@Y ppftpkd;&.e,fjcm;apmifhwyf toGifajymif;a&; tpDtpOfvufcHvdkuf+yDjzpfaomfvnf; 0 UWSA/ udk;uef@ MNDAA ESifh rkdif;vm; NDAA

wdk@u vufrcHEdkifa=umif; *|efvaemufqHk; tywfY ppftpdk;&xHtoD;oD; ta=umif;jyefxm;+yD;jzpfonf? Ô

rlq,f vli,fESpfOD;tm; Armykvdyf ypfowf*sLvdkif 7 &ufae@nydkif; =uLukwf-yefqdkif; ESifh(105)rdkif ukef

oG,fa&;ZHkoGm;onfh vrf;ay:±dS erfhawmif;aus;±GmY ypfcwfr_jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; rlq,f®r@vm;±d_;xrif; qdkifteD;zGifhvSpfxm;onfh Kenbo

qdkifu,ftydkypPnf; ta&mif;qdkifrS xGef;xGef;ESihfpdk;pdk; 0rf;uGJnDtpfudk ESpfOD; aoqHk;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf?

erfhawmif;aus;±GmtwGif; qdkifu,f u,f&Drsm;tm; apmifhzrf;avh&dSonfh &JwyfzGJ@0if(3) OD;ESifh tqdkygvli,fESpfOD;wdk@ qdkifu,fzrf;qD;jcif;cHxm;&onfhudpPESifhywfoufI ypfowfcJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;yefqdkif;a'ocH u o#rf;oHawmfqifhodk@ajymonf?

“xGef;xGef; touf(22)ESpfavmuf±dSw,f? pdk;pdk;u touf(30)ausmfavmuf&dSw,f xGef;xGef;u &ifbwfrSmESpfcsufxdw,fpdk;pdk;uyg;pyfxJaoewfajymif;iHkcdkif;+yD;ypfvdkufw,f? aemufbuf

uyGifhxGufoGm;wmaygh/ vGefcJhwJh&ufydkif;u &Juolwdk@qdkifu,f zrf;xm;wm±dSw,f tJ'goGm;nSdEd_if;zdk@ n 12 em&Dausmf &JawGaewJhtdrfwufoGm;vdk@tckvdkjzpf&wm” [k yefqdkif;a'ocH wpfOD;uajymonf?

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INDEPENDENCE

awmifydkif; 0 wyfzGJ@zJhxkwfa&;-yHkygusifAsL[mrSL;tm%mukef wm0efay;cH&

ajrmufydkif; 0 XmecsKyfatmufrSawmifydkif; 0 wyfzGJ@tm;pnf;±kH;zJhxkwf&ef rdkif;wHk®r@e,f yHkygusiftajcpdkufAsL[mr–; Adkvfr–;}uD;ausmfoltm; }wd*Ha'o etzppfwdkif;r–;u tm%mukefwm0efay;xm; onf[k e,fpyfowif;&yfuGufuqdkonf?

“ppftpdk;&u usaemfwdk@awmifydkif; 0 wyfzGJ@udkoD;jcm; zJhxkwfpnf;±kH;zdk@pDrHcsuf±Sdvkd@AsL[mr–;Adkvfr–;}uD;ausmfoludk wm0efay;vdkufwmvkd@od&w,f?*|efvup+yD; a[G@atmfh 0 wyfp cef;xJolt}udrf}udrfoGm;w,f”- [k awmifydkif; 0 t&m±SdwOD;u ajyma=umif;rdkif;wkHa'ocHwOD;u jyefajymjyonf?

rnfodk@yifqdkapawmifydkif; 0 [email protected];jzwfcsufrSm 2009ukeftxd 171 ppfa'o.&yfwnfcsuf ajymif;vJr_r±SdbJ yefqef;XmecsKyfqHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; qufvufqkyfudkifoGm;rnf jzpfa=umif;trnfraz:vdkonfh 0 wyfr–;wOD;ESifhaqGrsKd;awmfpyfolwOD;uajymonf?

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“*sLvkdif 8 &ufae@ usaemfwdk@ tpnf;ta0;waeukefxdkif&w,f? ppftpdk;&bmbJvkyfvkyf olwdk@tydkif;/ usaemfwdk@uawmh yefqef;XmecsKyfqkH;jzwfcsuftwdkif; qufvuf&yfwnf oGm;r,fqdkwJhtcsufvJygw,f”-[k ‚if;uqufajym onf?

*|ef 6 - 7 &ufae@ yefqef;odk@oGm;a&muf+yD; e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;a&;vufcH&ef ajzmif;jzcJhaomfvnf; UWSA acgif;aqmifrsm; bl;cHjiif;y,f=uojzifh 'k-AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifh vufcsnf;

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(Irrawaddy) 24/6/09

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“reuf 11;00-18;00 em&Dtxd wdkufyGJjzpfw,f/ cr& 515u Adkvf}uD;aumif;pHtygt0if'%f&mawGeJ@xGufajy;vGwf ajrmufoGm;wm 14 a,muf? tJ'DhtxJu 4-5 a,muf aq;±kHrSmxyfaow,f=um;w,f? wdkufyGJxJrSm 11 avmif;awG@&w,f? r#m;ac:cH&vdk@wyfxJa&mufvmwJh &cdkifvlrsKd;wa,mufvJ t±Sifzrf;rdw,f” [k SSA wyfr–;wOD;uqdkonf?

wdkufyGJtwGif; tzrf;cH&onfh&cdkiftrsKd;om; wyfom;odef;atmifonf ydkufqH 2 odef;&vdkjim; ppfwyfxJ0ifvm cJh&jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ ppfouf 4 ESpfausmf 5 ESpf&vmaomfvnf;wjym;rSr&a=umif;/ vpmaiGvnf; [dka=u; 'D a=u; vpOftjzwfcH&ojzifhvpmtjynfht0cHpm;onfhv wvrSr±SdcJha=umif; xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhonf[kqdk.?

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“a'ocHvlxkawGudk ESdyfpufwJh ppftpdk;&&J@b,fppfa=umif;rqdk usaemfwdk@ o#rf;jynfwyfrawmfu tckvdkjyefvnfacsyrSmbJ/ vufeufudkif+yD; jynfoludk tEkdifusifh&if 'Denf;vrf;eJ@bJ umuG,f&vdrfhr,f” - [k SSA ajymcGifh &yk*~dKvf pdkif;qdkifrd%f;uajymygonf?

20§7§2009 &ufae@Y rdkif;aemiftajcpdkuf 'upr–; Adkvfr–;}uD;ausmfZHjrifhrS rdkif;aemif/ aus;oD;/ rdkif;udkif/ vJcsm;®r@e,ftwGif;tajcpdkufonfh cr&/ cv& wyfrª;rsm;tm;ac:,l+yD; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;ya=umif;/ o#rf;jynftv,fydkif;v_yf

SSA ESifh wdkufyGJwGif ppftpdk;&buf 10 a,mufausmfaowefjyef xdk;ppfqif&ef 'uprSL;zkwfylrD;wdkuf jyifqif

±Sm;onfhawmifydkif; SSA wyfzGJ@tm;tjyif;txefxdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkuf&ef ppfAsL[mESpfckjyifqifaea=umif; o#rf;jynftv,fydkif;owif;&yfuGufu qdkonf?

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vufeufawGvJtrsm;tjym;qHk;±_H;awmh t&rf;rsufESmysufwm aygh?tzwfjyefq,fzdk@tckvdkqHk;jzwfvdkufwmvJjzpfEdkifw,f”- [kppfa&;avhvmolwOD;uajymonf?

o#rf;jynftv,fydkif;Y v_yf±Sm;aeonfh SSA wyfzGJ@udkwdkufcdkuf&ef tokH;ðyrnfh AsL[m 2 ckrSm wpfAsL[mv#if wyf&if;3 &if;ygrnfjzpfa=umif;/ vwfwavmppftpdk;&. a±S@wef;xGufEdkifonfh wdkufcd kufa&;tiftm;rSm wyf&if;wpf&if;v#if 156a,muf±Sda=umif;/ SSA udk AsL[m ESpfckjzifhwdkufcdkufrnfqdkyguvltiftm; 1000 eD;yg; toHk;ðyzG,f±Sda=umif; o#rf;jynfwGif;ppfa&;avhvmonfh yk*~dKvfwOD;u ajymygonf?

rdkif;aemifajcpdkuf 'up 2 (trSwf 2 a'oppfqifr_ uGyfuJa&; XmecsKyf) vufatmuf±Sdwyf&if;rsm;rSm vGdKifvif t ajcpdkufcv& 9/ cv& 12 / vJcsm; - cv& 64/ cr& 515/ erfhZef(cdkvrf)cv& 66/ 247/ cr& 516 / rdk;eJ - cv& 248/ cr& 518/ yifvHk -cr& 513/ rdkif;udkif - cr& 514 ESifh rdkif;yGef tajcpdkuf cr& 517wdk@ jzpf=uonf? Ô

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INDEPENDENCE

oD&dvuFmudktm;us ppftpdk;& jynfol@ppfpkaqmif;ppfa&;avhusifh

wrD;vfusm;olykefudktjrpfjywfacsr_ef;EdkifcJhonfh oD&dvuFmtpdk;&uJhokd@ ArmhwyfrawmfwyfcsKyf}uD;vnf; wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;±Sif;vif;a&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpdkufóud;yrf;&mwGif jynfol@ppftiftm;toHk;cs&ef pDrHcsuf±Sdaea=umif; o#rf;jynfta&;avhvmoltcsKd@u ajymqdkonf?

“o#rf;jynftESH@ jynfol@ppfawGaumuf+yD; ppfa&;avhusifhay;aew,f? ppftpdk;&udk,fwdkifa'ocHawGudkqifhac:w,f?wdkif;&if;om;vufeufcs/ jynfol@ppftzGJ@awGuaewqifhvJaumufcdkif;w,f” [k vm;±_d;rSukefonfwOD;uajymonf?

*|efvqef;ydkif;u txl;{nfhonfawmftjzpf oD&dvuFmorRw aejynfawmfodk@a&muf±SdpOf oD[dkVfu|ef;ajrmufpGef;ydkif;a'ooD&dvuFmtpdk;&ESifh t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufonfh wrD;vfusm;olykeftzGJ@tay:wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;EdkifcJhonfhenf;emudkajymjycJh&m ArmhwyfrawmfwyfcsKyf}uD;u wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@rsm;/ typf&yfrsm;tm;acsr_ef;ypf&ef qENydkrdkjyif;jycJha=umif;/ jynfol@ppftiftm;jznfhwif; oifwef;ay;aejcif;rSmvnf; tqdkygudpPESifh ywfoufqufEG,fa=umif; ppftpdk;&xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifESifh&if;ESD;onfh todkif; t0dkif;uqdkonf?

“usrwdk@vm;±_d;®r@e,f rdkif;a,mf/ rdkif;[uf/ rdkif;usufrSmAdkvfrGef;acgif;aqmifwJh ref@yefjynfol@ppftzGJ@ua'ocHa,mufsm;av;awGudk vdkufaumufaew,f? toufrjynfhvJ,lwmbJ? *|efvqef;ykdif;up+yD; Armppfwyfudkwokwf+yD;wokwfydk@ay;aew,f”-[kvm;±_d;rS ukefonfwOD;uajymonf?

oHvGifta±S@jcrf;rSm vm;[ljynfol@ppftzGJ@ 20 ausmf±Sdw,f? wcsKd@tzGJ@qkd&iftiftm; 100-200/wcsKd@vJ 20-30 u tp±Sdw,f? ±Sd+yD;om;awGtjyif jynfol@ppfta[mif;awGa&mxyfaumufwJhtopfawGyg qifhac:oifwef;ay;aew,f? tJ'Dvdk oifwef;rsKd; o#rf;jynftESH@bJ/ ppftpdk;&uol@ukdtmcHvmwJh wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@awGudkwdkufcdkuf&if oD&dvuFmtpdk;&vkdqif[mvpfjynfol@ppfawGudka±S@wef;uwufcdkif;wJhovdkvkyfrSmbJ?

e*dkuwnf;u tdrf=uufcsif;tdk;rnf;okwfcGyfcdkif;wJhay:vpD etzrSm±Sd+yD;om;? DKBA eJ@ KNU udkbJ=unfh”- [k o#rf;jynfta&;avhvmolwOD;u qdk.?

odk@aomfwrD;vfusm;olykefrsm;ESifh o#rf;jynfvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@tajctaerwla=umif;/ wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;rSm tdEdN,rSa&mufvm+yD; oD&dvuFmajrmufykdif;ukd udk,fydkifa'oxlaxmifvdkonfhvlrsKd;pkjzpfa=umif;/ wkdif;&if;om; vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;rSmrlrdrdbdk;pOfabmifqufykdif a&/ ajr/ a'otm; ppftpdk;&usL;ausmfe,fcsJ@vmjcif;tay: umuG,fwkdufckdufaejcif;jzpfa=umif;/jynfol@ppftiftm;toHk;cs+yD;typf&yfrsm; awmfvSefqJwyfzGJ@rsm;tm;wdkufckduf&efpDrHudef;rSm xifoavmufvG,fulrnfr[kwfa=umif;oHk;oyfajymqdkonf?

wrD;vfusm;olykeftay: oD&dvuFmtpdk;& tEdkif,lwdkufcdkufEdkifjcif; ta=umif;&if; 6 csuf±Sda=umif; -

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wav#muf)ukd ppfa&,mOfrsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hydwfqdk@jcif;/(5) ppfajy; 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;tm; (olykeftrmcHrsm;

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av,mOfjzifhvnf;aumif;/ vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzifh qufwdkufypfvGwfusJcsjcif; - wdk@jzpfonf [kqdk.?

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oD&dvuFmtpdk;&onf Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; Ak'<bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm;ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;onfh ppftpdk;&tm;tquftoG,fðyjcif;udkyifðyvkyfcJh.? oD&dvuFmorRw jrefrmjynfodk@ a&muf±SdpOf etz ppftpkd;&u tar&duefa':vm 5 aomif;vufaqmifay;cJhygonf?Ô

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e,fjcm;apmihfwyftpm; ucsifa'ovkHòcHa&;wyf trnfeJ@zGJ@pnf;ay;zkd@ KIO u etz udk wifjyvkdufw,fvdk@ *sLvdkif 8 &ufae@ u jrpf}uD;em;òrd@rSm jyKvkyfwJh KIO ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@eJ@ etzukd,fpm;vS,fawG&J@ aqG;aEG;yJGrSm KIO bufuwifjyyg w,f?e,fjcm;apmifhwyf Border Guard Force (BGF) tpm; ucsifa'ovkHòcHa&;wyf Kachin Regional Guard Force (KRGF) tjzpfajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;a&;udk KIO bufuvkdvm;ae+yD;wyf&if; w&if;rSmetz t&m&S d 30 xnhfa&;tpm; KIO ppfom;oufoufeJ@omzGJ@pnf;cGifhay;zdk@ KIO bufu wifjycJhygw,f?

'ghtjyif KRGF ucsifa'ovkHòcHa&;wyfukd 2010 a±G;aumufyJGtvGef umvtxd 'Dtwkdif;&yfwnfcGifhay;xm;zkd@eJ@ a±G;aumufyJGuae xGufay:vmr,fh tpkd;&opfvufatmuf ucsifjynfe,f tpdk;& tzJG@ ay:vmwJhtcg KIO taeeJ@ tJ'Djynfe,ftpdk;&twGif; wkduf±kdufyg0ifcGifhay;zkd@udkvnf;awmif; qkdxm;wmawG@&ygw,f?

KIO &J@ awmif;qdkcsuf[m SSA o#rf;jynfajrmufykdif;wyfrawmfwyfzGJ@&J@ ZGef 23 &uf ae@ etzxHwifjywJhtcsuf awGeJ@ cyfqifqifwlae+yD; a&G;aumufyJGvGefumvtxd vuf±Sdtajcaetwkdif;qufxm;ay;zkd@ awmif;qkdxm;wmawG@&ygw,f?

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INDEPENDENCE

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ppftpdk;&t&m±SdwOD;. ajym=um;csufudk udk;um;+yD; trnfraz:vdkonfh ukefonfwOD;u - ref@yeftajcpdkuf AdkvfrGef;jynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@tm; typf&yfu&if DKBA tm; KNU udkwdkufcdkif;ouJhodk@ awmifydkif; SSA wyfzGJ@ESifh oGm;wdkuf&ef ac:,lrnf - [k qdk.?

tiftm; 4-500 ±Sdref@yefXmaejynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@onf1996 vufeufcscJhaom cGefqm. MTA rkef;wdkif;wyfrawmfrSjzpf+yD; txufaz: jyyg 3 ®r@e,fa'orsm;csKyfudkif&ef Xmaejynfol@ppftjzpf vufeufjyefudkifcGifhðyxm; cJhonf? acgif;aqmifAdkvfrGef;tm;vnf; AdkvfcsKyfcif!ef@u vlr_xl;cGefqkcsD;jr‡ifhcJhbl; onf?a'ocHrsm;ajymjycsuft& ta0rwnfhI ol@vufaxmuf(rdkif;a,mfo#rf;&yfrd&yfzwOD;.oruf) Adkvftm;vsJef tm; AdkvfrGef;u vkyf=uHowfjzwfcdkif;cJhonf[k qdkonf? Ô

vm;±_d; a'ocHwOD;u- “AdkvfrGef;tzGJ@uav;awG t"rRaumuf,l+yD; Armppfwyfudkydk@wm 2005 u wnf;u/ tJ'Dwkef;u ®r@ay:a±Smifajy;§udk&if0wfolawGrusefvdkufqGJawmh vm;±_d;uefrdkif;ausmif;wdkufq&mawmf eJ@ wmhyHk ausmif;wdkuf q&mawmfwdk@arwWm&yfcH&w,f? 'DESpfawmhr&awmhbl;? wcsKd@rdbawGidk,dkolwdk@uav;udkvl0wf vJcdkif;+yD; AdkvfrGef;tzGJ@udkoGm;tyf&w,f?usaemfodoavmufqdk 6-7 a,muf±Sd+yD” - [k qdk.?

yxr xdkif;EdkifiH&J@vuf±Sdtpdk;&[metz ppftpdk;&qDutultnDeJ@ ol@&J@!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&udk yHhydk;ae&?

'kwd, xdkif;t}uD;tuJawGtzdk@ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifwdkufcdkufaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGtay: t,Hkt=unfr±Sd?

wwd, xdkif;EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;[m jrefrmjynfo,HZmwtay:tvGefrSDcdkae&?

pwkwÎ xdkif;EdkifiH[mjrefrmjynfeJ@ 2200 uDvdkrDwme,ferdwfcsif;qufpyfae?

Supalak Ganjanakhundee,

The Nation, 11 June 2009

ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; a±S@wdk;atmifxdkif;EdkifiH bma=umifhrwGef;ydk@EdkifovJ

AdkvfrGef;

ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; a±S@wdk;atmifxdkif;EdkifiH bma=umifhrwGef;ydk@EdkifovJ

30 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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ppftpdk;& eSifh ±k±Sm;yl;aygif;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_ ta=umif;ytdk0f;vli,frsm; ±Sif;vif;yGJvkyf

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rqv tpdk;&acwf 1979 wGifvnf; AdkvfcsKyfae0if; !¸ef=um;csufjzifh OD;pdk;0if;OD;aqmifonfh owWK±SmazGa&; tzGJ@wzGJ@ yif;yufawmifa=umYpcef;cs+yD; ,la&eD,HvSsKd@0Suf±SmazGr_ðyvkyfcJhzl;a=umif;/ ,ckvnf;±k±Sm;ESifh ppftpdk;&yl;aygif;+yD;puf±Hk wnfaqmufvmojzifha'ocHvlxktzdk@ ykdrdkpdk;&drf&a=umif; ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t±kH;uqdkonf?

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vlŒtcGifhta&;

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INDEPENDENCE

Adkvfoef;a±$. ppfa&;r[mAsL[m vdk%facgif;Adkvfoef;a±$. ppfa&;r[mAsL[m vdk%facgif;

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ajz vHk;0rajyvnfEdkifygbl;?e*kduwnf;u olwdk@&J@ tusifholwdk@&J@pepfawGukd wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk;em;vnfygw,f? “wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHka&m/ e,fpyfjynfe,faygif;pHkuyg ppftpkd;&tay:vHk;0udkt,Hkt=unfr±Sd ygbl;?

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ar; wdkif;&if;om;awGtaeeJ@ ppftpdk;&tay:,Hk=unfr_ odyfr±SdwJh taetxm;jzpfaewJhoabmrsdK;vm;´//

ajz wkdif;&if;om;awGa±S@rSmwif urBmutodtrSwfðywJhEdkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk±Sif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkawmifrS olwdk@vkyf&ufw,fqdkawmh usaemfwdk@wdkif;&if;awGqdk ykdqkd;rSmaygh? aemuf+yD;wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG ESpf±Snfaxmif %fcHae&wmvnf;vlwdkif;odw,f? olwdk@vkyf&yfawG ,Hk=unfp&mta=umif;r±Sdbl;?

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ajz usawmfwdk@udkrzdwfbl;ayghAsm? zdwfoGm;wJhtzGJ@awGvJtckwyftoGifajymif;a&;udpPudk vufcHxm;wJhtzGJ@awGbJ? tJ'D tzGJ@awGuolwdk@ pum;udkem;axmifwJhtzGJ@awG? olwdk@rl0g'udk vufcHwJhtzGJ@awGjzpfw,f? olwkd@ukdvufrcHwJhtzGJ@}uD;awGukdawmhb,fzdwfrvJ? zdwf&ifolwdk@oduQmusoGm;rSmaygh? r[kwfbl;vm;?

ar; wyfydkif;rSm wif;rmr_awG±Sdaew,fqdkwmu ´

ajz txl;ojzif h 0 awmifyd kif; 171 wyfu jyifqifr_av;awG±Sdw,f? etz uvJ wyfr 66 vm; 88 vm;rod/ jyifqifaew,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@=um;&ygw,f?

ar; 0bufuwyfrª;awG&J@tajctaeaum b,fvdk±SdvJ?olwdk@&J@pdwfaepdwfxm; olwdk@&J@oabmu b,fvdk±SdvJ ?

ajz [dkwcgu ajymwJhtwdkif;ygbJ? usaemfwdk@rlu +idrf;csrf;a&;udxdef;odrf;r,f/ jrwfEdk;r,f/ umuG,fr,f? usaemfwdk@udk aESmihf,Sufwmwdk@/ usL;ausmfwmwdk@/ ypfcwfwmwkd@vkyfvmr,fqdk&ifusaemfwdk@a±S@a&;twGufqHk;cef;wdkifatmifumuG,foGm;rSmbJ?

ODwifatmifcdkif RFA 7 / 7 / 2009

UWSA wyfrª;ESifhqufoG,f ar;jref;jcif;

qufoG,far;jref;

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(DVB) 24 June 2009

32 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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UN-SG bef;uD;rGef; ESifh o#rf;'DcsKyfawG@qHkar; ukvtwGif;a&;r–;csKyfrpPwmbefuDrGef; eJ@awG@qkHwJhae&mrSmo#rf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyfxJu b,folawGygovJcifAsm;? awG@qkHaqG;aEG;cGifhtcsdefb,favmufavmuf&vJ

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INDEPENDENCE

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wdkif;&if;om;typf&yftzGJ@wcsdK@[m ppftpdk;&&J@anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudkwufcJh=uayrJh rdrdwdk@ vdkvm;r_awmif;qdkcsufawGvpfvsL±_acsmifxdk;cH&wmeJ@ twdtvif; qef@usifvmcJh=uygw,f?aemufydkif;usawmh etz[m+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wcsdK@udk tiftm;oHk;zdtm;ay;cJh twif;t=uyfvufeufcscdkif;cJhygao;w,f?

e0w 1989 rwfvtwGif; a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhwJh “ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS ®yuGJvmaomtiftm;pkrsm;udk pkpnf;&ef” qdkwJhv#dK@0Sufrl0g'xJrSm wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkawG udk vufeufawGqufvuf udkifaqmifcGifh ay;xm;rSmjzpfayrJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGxdef;csKyfzdk@ (Containment)/ tiftm;awGuef@owfzdk@ (Restriction) eJ@tajctaeay;&if tm;vHk;acsr_ef; ypfzdk@ (Annihilation) qdkwJhtcsufawG xnf@oGif;a&;qGJcJhygw,f?

'gha=umifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkawGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG; wJhtcg vltiftm;eJ@ vufeuftiftm;pm&if;awG awmif;,l+yD; ppftiftm; xyfrHrwdk;csJ@zdk@/ ppfoifwef;ray;zdk@/ owfrSwfay;xm;wJhe,fajrxufausmfvGef+yD; rv_yf&Sm;zdk@/ wjcm;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawG/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ tquftoG,frvkyfzdk@/jynfolvlxkxHu aiGa=u;eJ@&duQm raumufcHzdk@/ pwJhpnf;urf;csufawGxnfhoGif;awmif;qdkcJhwm jzpfygw,f? e0w&J@=um;0if oyfv#dK®zcGJr_udk yxrqHk;cHcJh&wJhtzGJ@uawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuyxrqHk;cG JxGuf+yD; ppftpdk;&eJ@ yxrqHk;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfcJ hwJh&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; txl;a'o (1) udk;uef@wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJ@ygbJ?

1992 ckESpftwGif; MNDA ac: “jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwftzGJ@” xJu zkef=um¶Sif;/ zkef=umzl; (zkefnDtpfudk) eJ@ ,efrdk;vsH/ ,efrdk;tef; (,efnDtpfudk) wdk@&J@ tm%mvkyGJrSm e0w ppftpdk;&u =um;0ifoyfv#dK ay;cJhygw,f? aemufqHk;UWSA 0 tzGJ@u raeomawmhbJ zkefnDtpfudkbufu &yfwnfay;cJhwJhtwGuf ,efnDtpfudktzGJ@ta&;edrf@oGm;+yD; ppftpdk;&eJ@yl;aygif;cJh&ygw,f?

1997 rSm e0w u t+yD;tydkifvufeufcscdkif;cJh+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudkom vkyfudkifcGifhjyKcJhygw,f? udk;uef@tzGJ@ ucGJxGufvmcJhwJh rkefqmv acgif;aqmifwJh rkef;udk;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@MDA vJ2000twGif;rSm etz&J@t+yD;tydkif wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;jcif;cHcJh&ygw,f?

2000 Edk0ifbmrSm rkef;udk;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@ twGif;rSmvnf; tuGJt+yJawGay:aygufcJhygw,f? rkef;udk;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@&J@ 'kwyfrSL;jzpfwJh vDeDrif acgif;aqmifwJhudk;uef@§0 vlrsdK;pkvufeuf udkifawGu o#rf;§ucsifvlrsdK; jzpfwJh rkefqmvudkawmfvSefykefuef+yD;cGJxGufzdk@}udK;pm;vdk@ tuGJt+yJawGay:aygufvm

+idrf;tzGJ@tcsdK@tm; etz twif;t=uyf vufeufcscdkif;ykHcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?

wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzG J@ tpnf;awGtwGif;rwnfr+idrfjzpf atmif/ tuGJt+yJawGjzpfatmif/ aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfzefwD;+yD;tajctaeay;wmeJ@ tiftm;oHk;0ifa&muf acsr_ef;zdk@toifhjyifxm;cJhygw,f? etzwyfawG[m rkef;udk; ta&; tcif;rSmvJ rkefqmvbufu&yfwnf tultnDay;ovdkeJ@ wyftiftm;tvHk;t&if;oHk;+yD; vDeifrif acgif;aqmif wJh cGJxGuftzGJ@awGudk0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f?

wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;!ef=um;a&;rSL;¶Hk;uppfOD;pD;r–;(yxrwef;) AdkvfrSL;}uD;pef;yGifheJ@uGwfcdkif tajcpdkuftrSwf (23)axmufvSrf;a&;wyfr–;Adkvfr–;0if;aZmfwdk@=um;0ifaphpyfajz&Sif;ay;zdk@óud;yrf;aepOfrSmta&S@ajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;r–; AdkvfcsKyfoD[ol&wifatmifjrifhOD;(,ckAdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ etztwGif;a&;r–;-1)&J@trdef@t& &rc vufatmufcH ppfAsL[m(3)cktjyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvd_if (,ck 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m¶dScsKyf) OD;aqmifwJh trSwf(16) ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyf(puc-16) vufatmufcHwyfawG tiftm;tvHk;t&if;eJ@0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufcJhwm jzpfygw,f?

vDeifrif acgif;aqmifwJh tiftm;pkawG[m uu§vSrf;&J@=um;0ifaphpyfay;r_t& aemufqHk;rSm etz wyfawGxH vufeuf

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34 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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26§12§1946 ae@eHeuf/ anmifa±$òrd@rSmusif;ycJhwJh vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrSmAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; a[majymcJhwJhrdef@cGef;udk aumufE_wf+yD; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmoHk;oyfjyvdkygw,f?

“ordkif;oifw,fqdkwmrt˜atmif/ rt˜apbdk@jzpfw,f”vdk@ ordkif;ygarmuQ a'gufwmoef;xGef; ajymcJhbl;w,f? orkdif;oifw,f avhvmw,fqdkwJhae&mrSm ajymwkdif;r,Hkbdk@/ tusdK;ta=umif; eJ@avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; tem*wfaumif;usKd;twGuftoHk;cswwf zdk@vdktyfygw,f?

26§12§1946ae@ anmifa±$òrd@ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrSmajym=um;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ pnf;±Hk;a&;pum;/ ArmjynfeJ@o#rf;jynfyl;aygif;a&;a[majymcsufudk aumufE_wfa0zefoHk;oyfvdkygw,f?

“usaemfwdk@taeeJ@o#rf;jynfudkvJ vGwfvyfapcsifyg w,f?vGwfvyfw,fqdkwmwdkuf±d kufjzpfap/oG,f0d kufjzpfap/ wdkif;wyg;EdkifiHtpdk;& csKyfcs,fxm;wmrsKd;r&SdwJh vGwfvyfa&;rsKd;udkqdkvdkygw,f? vGyfvyfpGma[majyma&;om;cGifh/ vGyfvyfpGmpnf;±Hk;cGifhrsm;vJ&Sd&r,f? o#rf;jynftpdk;&/ o#rf;trsKd;om;t&m&Sdrsm;eJ@o#rf;jynf udkvGwfvyfpGmtkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sd&r,f? tckawmht*Fvdyfbk&ifcHuo#rf;jynfudkvufatmufcHxm;+yD; t*FvdyfawGuomjc,fvS,faew,f? usaemfwdk@uawmhbk&ifcHwdkuf±dkufrtkyfcsKyf bJo#rf;0ef}uD;wpfOD; cef@xm;tkyfcsKyfzdk@/ tJ'Dtwdkif;jzpfzdk@vdkvm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtwdkif;jzpfvmbdk@vJ bdvyftpdk;&xHawmif;qdkxm;+yD;yg+yD? aemufwpfck - jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;rSmo#rf;jynfudko#rf;jynftrsKd;om;rsm; tkyfcsKyf+yD; EdkifiHjcm;a&;/ umuG,fa&;/pD;yGm;a&; pwJhta&;}uD;wJh udpPrsKd;awGrSm usaemfwdk@eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufzkd@vdkygw,f? tcktcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufbdk@ txl;ta&;}uD; ygw,f? usaemfwdk@wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif;omru tm±SEdkifiHtcsif;csif;awmif yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufzdk@ta&;}uD;w,fvdk@qdk&ygr,f?”

'Da[majymcsufawGudk Oya'±_a'gifh/ EdkifiHa&;±_a'gifh/ tkyfcsKyfa&;±_a'gifh/ orkdif;±_a'gifhuaeavhvm=unfhoifhygw,f?

Oya'±_a'gifhu=unfh&ift*FvdyfacwfwHk;u ArmjynfudktdEdN,EdkifiHxJujynfe,fwpfcktjzpfbk&ifcHaumifpDu tkyfcsKyfygw,f/ o#rf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/ csif;jynf/ u&ifeDjynf/ ppfudkif;wkdif;ae&mtcsKd@ ±Srf;eDrsm;aexdkifwJh a'otrsm;pkudkawmh apmfbGm;/®r@pm;/ aiGcGefr–;/ ol}uD;'l0g/ awmiftkyf pwJhrd&dk;zvm tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfeJ@ qufvufxm;&SdtkyfcsKyfapcJhygw,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;

63 ESpfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. o#rf;jynfqdkif&mrdef@cGef;tm%mvJ e*dktwdkif;qufay;xm;ygw,f? Armbk&if oDaygrif;udkt*Fvdyfzrf;qD;oGm;+yD; &mxl;jyefray;awmhayrJh o#rf;apmfbGm;ucsif'l0g/ csif;awmiftkyfawGudkawmh zrf;qD;jcif;rðybJ rd&dk;zvmtwdkif; qufvuftkyfcsKyfapygw,f? 'Dacwfumvvdk jynfolawGvlrl'kuQaygif;pHk rcHpm;&ygbl;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;§w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mawGudk,fhvlrsKd;vufxJrSmbJ±Sdw,f? t*FvdyfuEdkifiHjcm;a&;/ owWKwl;azmfa&;/ opfxkyfvkyfa&;avmufom t"duxm;wmyg?

t*FvdyfygvDrefu ol@&J@udkvdkeDa'oawGtay: pDrHcef@cGJbdk@/ udkvdkeDa&;&mÏme0ef}uD;wpfOD;xm;±Sd tkyfcsKyfapygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymcJhwJh ±Srf;jynf0ef}uD;cef@xm;tkyfcsKyfapbdk@enf;vrf;[mt*Fvdyftpdk;&J@ udkvdkeDa&;&m0ef}uD;eJ@ wpfoabmxJ [kwfr[kwfrod&yg?

Quasi Federal vdk@ac:wJh zg;wpfydkif;ig;wpfydkif; jynfaxmifpkyHkpH 1947 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't&o#rf; jynfe,fa&;&m0ef}uD;/ucsifjynfe,fa&;&m0ef}uD; pojzifhjyÏmef;tkyfcsKyfapcJhygw,f?jynfe,ftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkawGrSm orRwvJryg/ jynfe,fb¾ma&; vJvkyfydkifcGifhr±Sd/ bwf*sufvdk&if jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;qD vuf jzef@awmif;c J h&ygw,f? zg;wpfy d ki f ;i g ;wpfy d ki f ;y H kp H jynfaxmifpk&J@tusKd;qufu jy\emaomif;ajcmifaxmif 'kuQaygif;pHkudko#rf;jynfvlxkcHpm;&awmhwmygbJ?

EdkifiHjcm;a&;/ umuG,fa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ aiGa=u;pepfpwJhta&;}uD;wJhu¾udpPawGrSm jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;&u vuf0g;}uD; tkyf,lxm;awmh o#rf;jynfxlaxmifa&;/ wnfaqmufa&;/zG H@òzd;wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;awG bmrStaumiftxnfazmfvdk@r&cJhygbl;? t&ifqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkqdk&if jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifEdkifiHawGrSm udk,fhorRw/ udk,fh0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;eJ@udk,fhb¾ma&;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;cJh=uwm? aemufqHk;rawmh 1962 rSm apmfbGm;awGjynfe,facgif;aqmifvGwfawmftrwfawGudk (ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufzdk@vGwfawmfrSm wifjyaqG;aEG;aewkef;) Adkvfae0if;u ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf; zrf;qD;axmifcsvdkufawmhwmbJ?tJ'DrSmwif zg;wpfydkif;ig;wpfydkif; jynfaxmifpkpepfvnf; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;+yD;Armppfwyf"g;rd k;tkyfcsKyfwJhrnfumrwW ta&ðcH jynfaxmifpkavmufbJ }uD;pdk;vmawmhw,f?

ordkif;±_a'gifhu=unfh&if t*FvdyfacwfrwdkifrDuo#rf;jynf[m®r@jyEdkifiHawGtjzpf xGef;um;cJhygw,f/ apmfbGm;®r@pm;awGtkyf

pmrsufESm 38 okd‹


INDEPENDENCE

Armppftkyfpk&J@tajccHOya' jynfolawG bmar#mfudk;EdkifrvJ(tydkif;-2)

jynfe,f/ wdkif;v$wfawmf

®r@e,ftoD;oD;u udk,fpm;vS,f 2 OD;pDa±G;jc,fay;&w,f? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;vlOD;a&&J@ 0²1 μ ±SdwJhwdkif;&if;om; ukd,fpm;vS,fawGjzpfw,f? (wjynfvHk;vlOD;a& 57 oef;±Sdw,fvdk@ppftkyfpku qdkxm;awmh 0²1 μ [m vlOD;a& 57000 avmufeJ@nDr#r,f?)

®r@e,fudk,fpm;vS,feJ@ wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif;tay:rlwnf+yD; 25μ (1§4 yHk)udk ppfwyfu xyfrHcef@tyfxnhfoGif;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh v$wfawmf 3 &yfpvHk;rSm a±G;aumufyJGuvmwmr[kwfwJhudk,fpm;vS,f av;yHkwyHkyg0ifaeygw,f?

v$wfawmf 3 &yfpvHk;&J@ oufwrf;u 5 ESpf v$wfawmftpnf;ta0; yxrOD;qHk;ac:,lwJhae@&ufuae pwifa&wGufygw,f?

wjcm;ta&;ay:tajctaerSm ac:,lwJhtpnf;ta0;uvJGvdk@v$wfawmf 3 &yfpvHk;&J@ yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;}uD;udk tenf;qHk;1 ESpf 1 }udrfusif;yygw,f?

jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfrSm b,fvdkOya'ðytm%mawG±Sdw,f- jynfe,f/wdkif;v$wfawmfawGrSm Oya'ðytm%m b,favmuf±Sdw,fpwmawGvJaz: jyxm;w,f?(tJ'gawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; em;*pfzJG@pnf;yHkudktao;pdwf avhvmEdkif&ifvJaumif;ygw,f?)

tOD;qHk;odxm;oifhwhJt"dutcsufuawmh æææºuGif;usefaomtm%m (Residual power) odk@r[kwf

tajccHOya'xJrSmtwdtvif;az: jy±Sif;vif;rxm;wJh Oya'ðya&;qdkif&mtm%m[m jynfaxmifpk v$wfawmfvuf0,frSmbJ±Sdw,f?wjcm;jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawG&J@ tajccHOya'awGrSm jyXmef;avh±Sd=uovdk ºuGif;usefaomtm%m[m jynfe,fawG&J@vufxJrSmxm;±Sd=uwmeJ@ uJGjym;jcm;em;aeygw,f?

umuG,fa&;/ vkHòcHa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;u¾wdk@uvJGvdk@ jynfaxmifpkOya'ðyv$wfawmf±Sdovdk jynfe,fOya'ðyv$wfawmfvJ±Sdygw,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;usawmh jynfe,fawG&J@tm%matmufrSmr±Sdbl;? jynfaxmifpk A[dktpdk;&&J@atmufrSm vHk;0rlwnfygw,f?

jy\em wpHkw&ma=umifh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfeJ@jynfe,fv$wfawmfwdk@tjiif;yGm;bG,f yËdyuQjzpfvm&if jynfaxmifpkvGwfawmf qENoabmxm;ubJ todtrSwfðycH&rSmjzpfw,f?

tkyfcsKyfa&;

(1) orw[m EdkifiHhOao#mif (Head of State) jzpfw,f?trsKd;om;v$wfawmf/ jynfol@v$wfawmfeJ@ v$wfawmfESpf&yfwyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwdk@u yk*d~KvfwpfOD;pDtrnfa±G;cs,f wifoGif;&ygw,f? 3 &yfudk,fpm;vS,fxJu yk*d~Kvf 3 a,mufudkorRwtjzpf 1 a,mufa±G;&ygw,f? axmufcHrJ tenf;trsm;tay:rlwnf+yD; usef 2 a,mufudk 'k-orRw 1 eJ@ 'k-orRw 2xyfa±G;jc,fygw,f?

(2) orRweJ@ 'korRwwdk@[m b,fv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frSrjzpfap&/ tpdk;&tzJG@rSmyg0ifolvJ rjzpfap&? wm0ef&mxl;,lxm;&if E_wfxGuf&ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;ukrü%DOuUXvdk EdkifiHa&;ygwD0ifvdk wjcm;jyifywm0ef&mxl;&,lxm;olvJ rjzpfap&?

(3) orRweJ@ 'korRw wdk@rSm atmufygt&nftcsif;(qualification) awG±Sd&ygw,f?

-t"dutm;jzifhtouf (45) jynhf+yD;ol-EdkifiHa&; ppfa&; pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSmtawG@tóuH±Sd+yD;

36 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

Lu|rf;usifol-jrefrmjynftwGif;tESpf 20 xufrenf;qufwdkufaexdkifvmol-rdrdjzpfap/ rdbjzpfap/ tdrfaxmifzuf (vif/r,m;) jzpfap/

om;orD; ac|;r/ om;rufjzpfap/ jynfyopPmcH =oZmcHol (odk@)wjcm;EdkifiHom;tjzpfcH,lxm;ol/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynf tcGifhta&;&±Sdol rjzpfap&?

jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rSm orRw/ 'k orRw/ 0ef}uD;rsm;eJ@Ed kifiHawmf a±S@aecsKyf (Attorney General) wdk@±S d=uygw,f?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ e,fpyfa&;&m 0ef}uD;&mxl;awGudk a±G;jc,fcef@tyfEdkifwJh tm%mawmhorwrSmr±SdbJumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftay:rSmrlwnfygw,f? orw[m jynfaxmifpkvGwfawmf&J@ oabmwlcGifhðycsufeJ@tnD wjcm;0ef}uD;awGoHtrwfawGcef@tyfEdkif/ wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGeJ@ oHwrefa&;&mqufoG,f/ jzwfawmufEdkif/ ppfa=ujimEdkif/ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh(Amnesty) ay;EdkifwJhtm%mawG±Sdygw,f?

tzJG@0if 11 OD;ygwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;eJ@ vHkòcHa&;aumifpD±Sdygw,f? (Z,m;uGuf±_)

'DaumifpD[m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf trnfwifoGif;r_eJ@&mxl;wm0efudktwnfðyay;&r,f?

tJ'DaumifpD&J@ twnfðyjyXmef;csuft& wyfrawmf[mEdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;eJ@ vkHòcHa&;qdkif&mudpPrSefor# wEdkifiHvHk;jynfolvlxktay: ta&;,lEdkifwJhtm%m±Sdw,f?

tzJG@0if 21 OD; yg EdkifiHawmfb¾ma&; aumfr±Sif±Sdr,f?(Z,m;uGuf±_)?

'korRwwOD;u 0ef}uD;tzJG@awGwifjywJh(a±S@ESpfcef@rSef; ajcEdkifiHawmftoHk;pm&dwf) bwf*sufpm&if;udkpDppfbdk@ tm%mwm0ef±Sd+yD;/ usef 'korRwwpfOD;uawmh wdkif;eJ@jynfe,fawGwifjywJh bwf*sufpm&if;udkpDppfbdk@ tm%mwm0ef±Sdw,f? b¾ma&;aumfr±Sifu vufcHtwnfðy+yD; jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfxH qufwif&ygr,f?

wjcm;vkyfief;awGuvmwJh 0ef}uD;awGtzdk@ 0ef}uD;jzpfwmeJ@ rlvvkyfief; wm0ef&mxl;uaeE_wfxGuf&r,f? wyfrawmfu a±G;cs,fcef@tyfwJh0ef}uD;awGusawmh rlvppfwyfwm0ef&mxl;uae E_wfxGufp&mrvdkbl;? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; jzpfbdk@twGufvJ b,fv$wfawmf&J@axmufcHtwnfðyr_csufrS rvdktyfbl;?

jynfe,f/ wdkif;tkyfcsKyfa&;

1? wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm wdkif;/jynfe,ftpdk;&awGxm;+yD; wdkif;/jynfe,fOD;pD;0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;eJ@ a±S@aecsKyfawG ±Sdr,f?wdkif;/ jynfe,fawGudk ay;xm;wJh Oya'ðytm%mtwdkif;/ olwdk@rSmtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mawG±Sdr,f? tajccHOya' owfrSwfjy Xmef;xm;

wJh tuef@towfabmiftwGif;rSmbJ tcGeftwkwfawG aumufcHEdkifwJhtm%m±Sdr,f?

2? wdkif;/jynfe,fvGwfawmfuOD;pD;0ef}uD;udka±G;cs,fw,f?wdkif;/jynfe,f OD;pD;0ef}uD;[m wdkif;/ jynfe,f v$wfawmfawG&J@axmufcHtwnfðyr_eJ@ 0ef}uD;awG/ a±S@aecsKyfawGudk cef@tyfEdkifwJhtm%m±Sdw,f?

'gayrJh wdkif;/jynfe,f&J@ vHkòcHa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;awGudkawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfubJ a±G;cs,fcef@tyf&w,f? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'o OD;aqmiftzJG@OuUXawGvJyJoufqdkif&mudk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o udk,fpm;vS,fawGxJuaea±G;jc,fcef@tyfw,f? wjynfvHk;vlOD;a&&J@ 0²1 μ ±SdwJh vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,fuae wdkif;/ jynfe,f v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvmolawGvJyJ oufqdkif&mvlrsKd;pk&J@ trwfjzpfw,f?

3? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; a'orSm OD;aqmiftzJG@ (Leading

body) vdk@ac:wJhoD;jcm;Oya'ðyvGwfawmf±Sdr,f? Oya'ðytm%meJ@tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m vHk;axG;xm;w,f? Oya'ðytm%meJ@tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m oD;jcm;pDcJGrxm;bl;/ tcGeftwkwfaumufEdkifwJh tm%mr±Sdbl;?

®r@e,fOD;pD;tzJG@ toD;oD;rSm udk,fpm;vS,f 2 OD;pD±Sdr,f?tJ'DxJrSm 1§4 yHk (25μ) u wyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,feJ@ ESpfzufpvHk; pkaygif;a±G;jc,fwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGyg0ifr,f? tenf;qHk; 10OD;±Sdr,f? OD;pD;tzJG@rSm tJ'D udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oxJu vlrsKd;pkwpktzdk@ vlOD;a&/ 10˜000 txuf±Sd vlrsKd;pk[m udk,fpm;vS,f1 a,muf bJa±G;cGifh±Sdw,f? ®r@e,fudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;OD;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'o OD;aqmiftzJG@&J@ OuUXtjzpfa±G;cs,fcH&rSmjzpfw,f?

4? c±dkifeJ@®r@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzJG@awGudk tpdk;& a±G;cs,fcef@tyf&ygr,f? aus;±Gm/wdkufe,f tkyfcsKyfa&;udpPudkawmh a'ocH&yf±GmxJu av;pm;,Hk=unfwJh vlxkacgif;aqmifawGxH vJGtyfay;&r,f?

jynfe,fawG bm&rvJ? (o#rf;jynf)

Oya'jyKa&;u¾· trsKd;om;v$wfawmf tzJG@0ifudk,fpm;vS,f 16 OD;±Sdr,f?· udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; a'oudk,fpm;vS,f 5 OD;/ tjcm;

7 OD;yg0ifwJh a±G;aumufcH& udk,fpm;vS,f 12 OD;-· wyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 4 OD;· jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm udk,fpm;vS,f 68-69 OD;±Sdr,f?· 55 ®r@e,fu a±G;aumufcH& udk,fpm;vS,f 55 OD;· wyfrawmf udk,fpm;vS,f 13-14 OD;jynfe,fv$wfawmf (o#rf;jynfe,f) tzJG@0ifudk,fpm;vS,f

tenf;qHk; 140 OD;±Sdr,f?


INDEPENDENCE

a±G;aumufcH&®r@e,f udk,fpm;vS,f 110 OD; ( 1 ®r@e,f2 OD; » 55)

vlOD;a& 0²1μ ±SdwJh vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm; 6 OD; (tcg/ tif;om;/ucsif/ vm;[l/ vDql;/ ,if;=um;/,if;euf)

wyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 29 OD;-w&m;Oya'eJ@ywfouf+yD; jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;&eJ@

jynfe,ftpdk;&awGt=um; tjiif;yGm;r_yËdyuQ±Sdvm&if jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u tEdkif&bdk@rsm;w,f?

tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾ (jynfe,ftqifh)

jynfe,fOD;pD;0ef}uD; jynfe,fv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 140ausmf (ppfwyfrS 29) uaea±G;jc,fr,f?

OD;pD;0ef}uD;u jynfe,f0ef}uD;/ a±S@aecsKyfwdk@udk cef@tyfEdkifayrJhvkHòcHa&;eJ@ e,fpyfa&;&m 0ef}uD;&mxl;awGudk cef@tyfEdkifwJhtm%mr±Sdbl;?

udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ Oya'ðya&;uwckwnf;jzpfw,f?

vuf±Sdtypf&yf 0 wyfzJG@&±SdaewJh tm%mawGtawmfrsm;rsm; vufvGwfqHk;±_H;&r,f?

tcGefqdkif&m tm%mr±Sd? jynfe,ftqifhudkbJ vufjzef@awmif;&r,f?

aus;±Gm/wdkufe,f (ol}uD;/wdkufol}uD;)awGvJ a±G;aumufyJGu vmwmr[kwf? c±dkif/®r@e,fawGubJa±G;jc,f cef@tyfay;r,f?

w&m;pD&ifa&;

(bmrSvkyfydkifcGifhtm%mr±Sd)vuf±SdArmppftkyfpk&J@ em;*pfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk

ðcHiHkcsKyf=unhfvdkuf&if-jynfaxmifpkr®yuJGa&;

(cJGxGufcGifhvHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;)-ppfwyftkyfpkubJ a&±Snfxm0&tm%m&a&;?-tajccHOya'udk ðyjyifrvm;/ EdkifiHa&;pepfðyjyifrvm;/ wyfrawmf&J@ oabmwlnDr_qEN trsm;pkyg&r,f?-a':atmifqef;pk=unf EdkifiHt}uD;tuJ (orRw/0ef}uD;

csKyf) vHk;0 jzpfcGifhr±Sd?odk@aomf b,fwdkif;jynf/bmzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm rqdk/

[muGuf tm;enf;csufqdkwm±Sdwmcsnf;yg? EdkifiHa&;/ urBmhta&;qdkwm edpPoabm yHkaoum;csyfr±Sdygbl;? bmudkrqdk ta=umif;tusKd; taumif;tqdk; *Ce% avhvmqef;ppf+yD; bmvkyfoifhw,f? b,fvdkenf;vrf;±Sm&r,fqdkwmawGudk awG;qqHk;jzwf&vdrfhr,f?

“tajctae (ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;) qdkwm &ifqdkifwdkufcdkuf&rJh&efolr[kwf/twlwuGtvkyfvkyf&r,fhrdwfaqGjzpfw,f?” (Circumstances are not enemies to be fought, but al-

lies to work with) qdkwJh w±kyf'\etqdktrdef@udk owdrlrSwfom;oifhygw,f?

(p0fcGef;ap. o#rf;aqmif;yg;udk pdkif;q,fef*sifhbmomjyefonf?) 23/3/2009

cscJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh e,fvSnf@&rcXmecsKyfudk rlq,f+rdK@txdajymif;a&$@zGifhvSpf+yD; rkef;udk;ppfqifa&;udk teD;uyfuGyfuJaewJhwdkif;r–; AdkvfcsKyfwifatmifjrifOD;u “0 eJ@udk;uef@awGudk wa,mufrSrjrifcsifbl;”vdk@ tjywf!$ef=um;cJhwma=umifha&S@wef;wyfr–;jzpfwJh puc (16) rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvd_ifu vDeifrif tygt0if 0eJ@ udk;uef@vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkif (97) OD;udkwef;pD+yD;ypfowfcdkif;cJhygw,f?

rkef;udk;ta&;tcif;umvtwGif;rSm ykefuefcJholawGtjyiftjypfrJh 0 eJ@ w&kwf t&yfom;awG/ aps; onfawG trsm; tjym;towfcHcJh&ygw,f? etzu vDeifrif acgif;aqmifwJhtiftm;pkudktjywf&Sif;cJhwJhtjyif aemufqHk;rSm rkefqmvudkyg zrf;qD;cJhwJhtwGuf 2000 Edk0ifbm (24) &ufae@rSm pwifcJhwJhrkef;udk;ta&;tcif; vJ 'DZifbm(2) &ufae@rSm +yD;qHk;oGm;cJh+yD; rkef;udk;a'owckvH k; e0wppftpd k;&xdrf;csKyfr_atmuft+yD;tyd ki f a&muf±d SoGm;cJh&ygw,f?

pmrsufESm 33 rS

rkef;udk;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@&J@OuUX rkefqmvtay: pGJcsuftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ ao'%ftygt0if ESpf&Snfaxmif'%f (75) ESpf txdcsrSwfcJh+yD; &cdkifjynfe,f bl;oD;awmiftusOf;axmifudk ydk@aqmifcsKyfaESmifxm;cJhygw,f? vlaygif; rSm;cJhwJh OD;rkefqmv[m pdwfqif;&Jvlqif;&JeJ@axmifxJrSm (6)ESpf ausmfaecJh&+yD; 2006 =o*kwf (24)&uf ae@rSm bl;oD; awmif tusOf;axmifxJ b0 ed*H k;csKyfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 2005 a&mufawmh &Srf;jynftrsdK; om;wyfr awmf(SSNA) wyfzGJ@u AdkvfrSL;}uD; uefe acgif; aqmifwJh wyfr[m(11) eJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD;*k%fac;acgif;aqmif wJh wyfr[m (19) utiftm;wcsdK@udk etz ppf tpdk;&u twif;tuswf vufeufcscdkif;cJhygw,f? OuUX OD;tdkufrkef;acgif;aqmifwJh yavmifjynfe,fvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (PSLA) tzGJ@tay:vJ twif;t=uyfvufeufcscdkif;cJhygw,f?

ausmfpGm (DVB) {+yD 10 &uf 2009

38 Vol. 26, No. 257, 2009

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csKyfygw,f/ tiftm;}uD;wJhtcgoD;jcm;jzpf+yD; tiftm;enf;wJhtcgArmbk&ifudkb¾mquf=oZmcH=u&ygw,f/ wdkuf±d kufvufatmufcH EdkifiHr[kwfygbl;/ udk,fhvlrsKd;eJ@udk,ftkyfcsKyfcJh=uw,f?t*Fvdyfacwf/ *syefacwfrSmawmifrS apmfbGm;awG®r@pm;awGtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m rqHk;±_H;cJh=uyg?

t*FvdyfatmufY a&mufcJh&wJhESpfaygif; 60 ausmftwGif;ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGo#rf;jynfudkvm+yD; o#rf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGufajymqdkwmrawG@&ygbl;/ 1946 usrS zqyvOuUXAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uo#rf; jynfvGwfvyfa&;udpP vmajymwm[m av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;oifhwJhudpPjzpfw,f? ,kwWdaA't&ajym&if o#rf;jynfjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;&J@wm0efbJjzpf w,f?yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, Armtifyg,mwnfaqmufa&;rSm o#rf;/rGef/ u&if awGyg0ifyHhydk;tm;jznfhcJh=uvdk@ay:aygufcJh&wm jzpfw,f?ArmjynfeJ@ aygif;wJh zm;wpfydkif;ig;wpfydkif; jynfaxmifpk yHkpH&J@tusKd;qufuawmh 1962 rSm o#rf;jynfapmfbGm;awG/ wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mqHk;±_H;=u& w,f?

EdkifiHa&;±_@a'gifhu=unfh&if Armjynf zqyv tzGJ@csKyfudk,fYu r&ao;wJhtm%mudk}udKvdkae=uw,f? qdk±S,fvpf/ uGefjrLepf/ jynfol@&JabmfawGrnD!GwfcJh=ubl;? vGwfvyfa&;&wmeJ@uGefjrLepfawGjynfwGif;ppfudk tpysKd;cJhwmawG@&ygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ajymqdk pnf;±Hk;vkyf±Sm;cJhayrJh zqyv twGif;rSmawmh Armtcsif;csif; nD!Gwfa&;ysufjym;cJhygw,f?

“vGwfvyfpGma&;om;ajymqdkcGifh/ vGyfvyfpGmpnf;±_H;cGifhawG±Sd&r,f? o#rf;jynftpdk;udk o#rf;jynf trsKd;om;t&m±SdawGeJ@vGyfvyfpGmtkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh ±Sdap&r,f” vdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymcJhayrJh uae@vufawG@b0jzpfay:aewmawGu qef@usifzufajymif;jyefcsnf;jzpfw,f?

ynma&;qdkwm vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;wkdif;jynfwpfcktwGuf t}uD;rm;qHk; tajccHEdkifiHa&;ygbJ/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh±Sdzdk@vdkyg w,f?udk,hf&ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk udk,fudk,fwdkifazmfaqmif &ygr,f/olrsm;tm;udk;vdk@r&bl;/ olrsm;uvJwu,fvkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?

usaemfhtaeeJ@±Srf;jynfudk vGwfajrmufapvdkygw,f? (ppfwyfu|efb0 a&mufae&wJh Armjynfolrsm;udkvnf; vGwfajrmufapvdkygw,f?) o#rf;jynfolrsm; vGwfvyfw,fqdkwm wdkuf±dkufvGwfvyfr_jzpfapcsifygw,f? oG,f0dkufjzpfap/ wdkif;wpfyg; EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;jzpfap csKyfcs,fxm;wmrsKd;r±SdwJh vGwfajrmufa&;rsKd;udkqdkvdkygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdef@=um;cJhwJh 1946 anmifa±$rdef@cGef;&nfrSef;csuftwdkif; uae@txd taumiftxnf vHk;0ay:rvmao;yg? 8 jynfe,fjynfaxmifpkvlxkwpf&yfvHk; vGwfvyfa&;qHk;cJhwm 47 ESpf±Sdyg+yD? 'kuQaygif;pHkcHpm;ae&qJawG@&ygw,f?

'ga=umifhrsKd;qufopfvli,farmifr,frsm; taeeJ@ ajymwdkif;,Hk/ =um;wdkif;,Hkoifhygovm;? ta=umif;tusKd; taumif;tqdk; avhvmoHk;oyf+yD;rS ,Hkoifhygw,f? ,HkvG,fol a&wdk=unfhol udk,fusKd;zufolawG[m 'kuQa&muf=u&p+rJ? udk,fusKd;enf;=u&wmrsm;ygw,f? olwpfyg;tm;udk;pdwfrsm;av/ ,HkvG,favvGwfvyfa&;qHk;±_H;wwfavqdkwm acwftqufqufrSm oifcef;pmrsm;pGm±SdcJhyg+yD?

pdkif;0if;aÏ; (a±$vDjrpf0Srf;) *sEM0g&D 4 &uf 2009

('grSr[kwf)e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;zkd@ oabmwlxm;wJhtzGJ@awGeJ@omolawG@qkHoGm;cJh&w,f? tjcm;usef±SdwJh SSA ajrmufydkif;typf&yftzGJ@wdk@/ rGefwdk@ aemuf+yD; pkdif;vif; txl;a'o 4wyfzGJ@wdk@/ KIO wdk@ tp±SdwJhwyfzGJ@awGeJ@ olrawG@qkHoGm;cJh&bl;?ArmjynfrSmvufeufukdifaewJh Ceasefire tkyfpkeJ@ Non-Ceasefire

tkyfpkawGtrsm;}uD;usefaeao;w,f?'Dyk*~KdvfawGpkHpkHvifvifrawG@cJh&ao;or#awmh Armjynf

&J@ +yD;jynfhpkHwJh 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHa&; qkdwm jzpfvmEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;?'ga=umifhrkd@vkd@ppftpkd;&eJ@ wkdif;&if;om;awG=um;vkyfaqmif&r,fhudpPrSm rpPwmbefuDrGef; rodao;wJhtcsuftvufawG trsm; }uD;±Sdygao;w,f?

ar; 'Dc&D;pOfa=umifh tem*wfjrefrmEkdifiH&J@ EkdifiHa&;tajctaeajymif;vJr_±Sdvmr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifhygovm; ´

ajz tenf;i,fajymif;vJr_awmh±Sd&if±SdrSmaygh/ 'gayr,fhxda&mufwJhajymif;vJ r_awmh±SdEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;/ wu,fvdk@ajymif;vJr_±S dvm&ifvJ 'Dc&D;pOfa=umifhawmhr[kwfbl;vkd@okH;oyfvdkygw,f?

ar; rpPwmAefuDrGef;c&D;pOfeJ@ywfouf+yD; b,fvdkpum;rsKd;aemufqHk;ajymvdkygovJcifAsm; ´

ajz o#rf;jynfom;rsm;a&m jrefrmEkdifiHom;tm;vkH;ukdyg tm;ay;pum;ajymcsifwmu tm; vkH;&ykdifcGifh±SdwJh tcGifhta&;ukd &J&J0hH0hHrawmif;qdk&J&if ppftpkd;&&J@ zdESdyfr_atmufuae vGwfajrmufEkdif rSmr[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh u|Ekfyfwkd@ óuHawG@ae&wJh tcuftcJawGukdtmqD,Hwkd@ tD;,lwkd@od±Sdatmif yGifhyGifhvif;vif; &J&J0hH0hHxkwf azmfajym&Jzkd@ o#rf;jynfom;awGa&m typf&yf+idrf;tzGJ@awGtm;vkH;ukdygwdkufwGef;tm;ay;csifygw,f?

o#rf;oHawmfqifh *sLvdkif 5 &uf 2009

pmrsufESm 32 rS

pmrsufESm 34 rS

O'gef;rauÔ wpfaxmifhukd;&mukd;q,fhcGef

aESmif;twdwfutvGefrsuf&nfoGefòzd;b0if!‡Kd;o#rf;wkd@tjzpfqkd;?

Ô jzpfysufykHuTokd@ygArmwyfr–;rsm;,kwfrmta=umif;¶SmESdyfuGyfpGyfpGJeifwkd@olykefaqGrsKd;bJ?

Ô vlrsKd;wkH;a&;vufpGJaejzwfav;jzwfwJhav&ufpufenf;axG¶kdufxkaxmif;&yf¶Gma¶$@ckdif;ajymif;?

Ô xkdr#avmufESifhtm;r&ygawmifay:om;rsm;awG@av&mv,fuGif;,mawmxJypfowfAkdvfoef;a¶$.jzwfig;jzwf?

Ô vlpdwfuif; 'if;wkd@vkyf[efumrbDvl;wd&dp>mefaus;vufpHaysmfrdef;uav;rk'def;usifh&ufao;?

O'gef;rauÔ OpPmypPnf;óuH;vk,l

'if;wkd@p¶kdufðyrl"g;jyenf;wlrdkufZmwfcif;Arme,fcsJ@pdwf&if;?

Ô tedXm¶kHvGefajrmufvmrae@wae@uvkdygusdwfrSdwfemusnf;xkdyHk&dyfa&mifxif[yfqJtwdwf?

Ô o#rf;§u&ifjynfolrsm;tay:vl@cGifha&;csKd;azgufr_aemfurBmt&nfaysmfysufðyef;aqG;O'gef;ra=uat;?

aqvkdif;uGef[defXmae - u|ef;wpfaxmifajr01§06§09 csif;a'gif;

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S.H.A.N. P.O.Box 15, Nong Hoi P.O., Chiangmai 50007, Thailand

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