Xya {ejU H|$Ð Part I Sem I Micro... · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya {ejU H|$Ð gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU (Micro Economic Analysis) (e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ) E_. E. ^mJ-1

$Page 1: Xya {ejU H|$Ð Part I Sem I Micro... · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya {ejU H|$Ð gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU (Micro Economic Analysis) (e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ) E_. E. ^mJ-1$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU(Micro Economic Analysis)

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ)

E_. E. ^mJ-1

AW©emñÌ :EC-1 (Compulsory Paper)

H I

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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2013E_. E. ^mJ - 1 H$[aVm (gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU)gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm {Uma Zmhr.

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àH$meH$ :

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio

Hw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

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AYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

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ISBN-978-81-8486-489-2

H Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004. (^maV)

H Xÿa {ejU n[afX - B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©VrHo$cr Amho.

(ii)

n Aä`mg_§S>i : AW©emñÌ n

l S>m°. ìhr. ~r. H$H$S>o

àmÜ`mnH$ Am{U {d^mJà_wI,AW©emñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. cmcmgmho~ ZmamÙamd KmQ>Jo

N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.

l S>m°. E_. EZ. Jmogmdr

ZmB©Q> H$m°coO Am°\$ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g©, q~Xÿ Mm¡H$, H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. AmZ§X YZd§V cmoXmS>o

ehmOr amOo _hm{dÚmc`, IQ>md, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. AOw©Z gw~amd nmQ>rc

Eg. ~r. ImS>o _hm{dÚmc`, H$monmS>}, Vm. H$adra, {O. H$moëhmnya.

AÜ`j - - - - - S>m°. {XZH$a a§JZmW IQ>Ho${edamO H$m°coO Am°\$ AmQ>©g, H$m°_g© A°ÊS> S>r.Eg. H$X_ gm`Ýg H$m°coO, JS>qh½cO, {O. H$moëhmnya

(iii)

l S>m°. OJÝZmW em_amd nmQ>rc

{ejU _h{f© ~mnyOr gmiw§Io _hm{dÚmc`, H$amS>, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. Ama. Or. H$moa~y

S>r. S>r. qeXo gaH$ma H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. ìhr. ìhr. _hm_wZr

gh`moJr àmÜ`mnH$ Am{U {d^mJà_wI,AW©emñÌ {d^mJ,dra dmOoH$a E.Eg.gr. H$m°coO, \w§$S>o (CaU), Zdr _w§~B©.

l S>m°. nr. Eg. H$m§~io

AW©emñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan gëcmJma go_Vr n

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

_m. àmMm © (S>m°.) E. Eg. ^moB©Q>oà-Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Ama. H¥$îUm Hw$_ma_m. Hw$cJwê$, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,kmZJ§JmoÌr, J§Jmnya S>°_Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

S>m°. A{Zc JdirA{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. gr. Oo. {IcmaoA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerd¡îUdr AnmQ>©_|Q>, gX{ZH$m Z§. 8, lra§JZJa, n§qnJ ñQ>oeZOdi, J§Jmnya S>°_ Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,_mZgJ§JmoÌr, åh¡gya-570006

àm. ìhr. d|H$æ`mg§MmcH$, {dÚmà~mo{YZr S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a _wŠV{dÚmnrR>, amoS> Z§. 46, Á`w~cr {hc, h¡Ðm~mX-33 Am§Y«àXoe

S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rcA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>VaoA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$m oëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)g§MmcH$,Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya oejU H|$ÐoedmOr odÚm[rR>,H$m{ëhm[ya

gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU

E_. E. ^mJ-1 : Amdí`H$ nona-EC-1

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

boIH$ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$

àm. Ho$. Eg. nmQ>rc 1

nÙ yfU dg§VamdXmXm nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, VmgJm§d

àm. Eg. Eg. VocqgJo 2

AmÊUmgmho~ S>m§Jo _hm{dÚmc`, hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E_. Eg. Xoe_wI 3

AW©emñÌ A{Y{d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. Eg. Q>r. H$mo_S>o 4


àm. Eg. nr. n§MJëco 4


(iv)

n g§nmXH$ n

S>m°. E_. Eg. Xoe_wI

AW©emñÌ A{Y{d^mJ,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àñVmdZm

e¡j{UH$ df© 2007 nmgyZ {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$moëhmnya, `m§À`m dVrZo Xÿa{ejU H|$Ðm_m\©$V~{h…ñW {dÚmÏ`mªZm Xÿa{ejU H$m ©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mV oV Amho. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo E_. E. ^mJ-1AW©emñÌ `m dJm©À`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r gZ 2013-14 nmgyZ gÌ nÕVr gwê$ hmoV Amho. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo"gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU' `m {df`mMo ñd §…AÜ``ZmgmR>r ho nwñVH$ gÌ 1 gmR>r {c{hco Amho.gXa nwñVH$mÀ`m coIZmgmR>r {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$m ©joÌmVrc nXì wÎma {d^mJmV AÜ``Z H$aUmè`mAZw dr d Vk coIH$m§H$Sy>Z `m {df`mÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma Agcoë`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo coIZ H$ê$ZKoÊ`mV Amco Amho. `m nwñVH$mVrc {d{dY KQ>H$ {c{hVmZm gmYr d gmonr ^mfm, g§H$ënZmË_H$ñnîQ>Vm, {df`mÀ`m AmH$cZmgmR>r VŠVo, H$moîQ>Ho$, J{UVr` gyÌo, AmH¥$Ë`m BË`mXtMm dmna Ho$cocmAmho. dmMH$ d {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_Ooc Aer {df`mMr gmonr d gwQ>gwQ>rV _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho.àË oH$ KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>r ñd §…AÜ``Z àíZ d Ë`m§Mr CÎmao {Xcocr AmhoV. VgoM KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>rgamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`, nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, joÌr` Aä`mgmgmR>r {df` d A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X ©J«§Wm§Mr gyMr {Xcocr Amho.

gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU `m {df`mVrc àñVmdZm, _yc yV g§H$ënZm d _mJUr {dícofU,CËnmXZ d IMm©Mo {gÕm§V, qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr, noT>r Am{U {dVaUmMo n`m© r {gÕm§V `mKQ>H$m§Mo g{dñVanUo {dícofU Ho$coco Amho.

gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU `m nwñVH$m_Ü o {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m {ddoMZmV AMyH$Vm AmUÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. na§Vw Ë`m_Ü o H$m§hr C{Udm Agë`mg dmMH$ d {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ë`m Am_À`m{ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ Úmì`mV. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ nwT>rc Amd¥Îmr A{YH$m{YH$ gwYm[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZpíMVnUohmoB©c. ho nwñVH$ nXdr, nXì wÎma d {d{dY ñnYm© narjm§À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Cn wŠV R>aoc AgmAmåhmcm {dídmg Amho. gXa nwñVH$ nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r KQ>H$ coIH$m§Zr Oo n[al_ KoVco. Ë`m~ÔcKQ>H$ coIH$m§Zm _Z…nyd©H$ YÝ`dmX. AW©emñÌ A{Y{d^mJmVrc {ejH$ d {ejHo$Va H$_©Mmar `m§MoghH$m © Am{U _mJ©Xe©Zm~Ôc Ë`m§Mo _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma. nwñVH$ àH$meZmgmR>r {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mMoàemgH$s` A{YH$mar, H$_©Mmar, Xÿa{ejU {d^mJmVrc gd© A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§Zr Oo n[al_ KoVcoË`m~Ôc Ë`m§Mo _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.

(v)

n g§nmXH$ n

S>m°. E_. Eg. Xoe_wI

AW©emñÌ A{Y{d^mJ,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1. àñVmdZm, _yc yV g§H$ënZm d _mJUr {dícofU 1

2. CËnmXZ d IMm©Mo {gÕm§V 40

3. qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr 73

4. noT>r Am{U {dVaUmMo n`m© r [gÕm§V 122

(vii)

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(viii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{?

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{?

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr

A[{jm Amh{?

ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV

Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd §• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm

ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{

Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ

C[ w·V R>aVrc.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 1 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

KQ>H$ 1

àñVmdZm, _yb^yV g§H$ënZm d _mJUr {díbofU(Introduction, Basic Concepts and Demand Analysis)

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVr - {ZJ_Z d {dJ_Z nÕVr

1.2.2 dmñVddmXr AW©emó d AmXe©dmXr AW©emó

1.2.3 Am§{eH$ d gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob AW© d d¡{eï>ço

1.2.4 g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU - AW© d d¡{eï>ço

1.2.5 CËnÞ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_ d ñQ>bñH$s nÕVr

1.2.6 àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V

1.2.7 àm. {hŠg `m§Zr Ho$bobr _mJUr {Z`_mMr nwZ©_m§S>Ur

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

1.4 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`/àíZ

1.5 Aä`mgmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

1.0 C{Ôï>ço (Objectives) :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmV AmnUmg,

1. {ZJ_Z Am{U {dJ_Z `m AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVrMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

M.A. Part 1

Micro Economics Anlysis

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 2 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

2. dmñVddmXr d AmXe©dmXr AW©emómMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

3. g_VmobmÀ`m g§H$ënZmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z g_VmobmMr d¡{eï>¡ Aä`mgUo.

4. _mJUr{df`H$ g_d¥Îmr dH«$mMo JwUY_© Aä`mgUo.

5. CËnÞ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_ d ñQ>bñH$s nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

6. _mJUr {df`H$ àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V Aä`mgUo.

7. àm. {hŠg `m§Mm _mJUr {df`H$ nwZ©_m§S>Ur {gÕm§V Aä`mgUo.

1.1 àmñVm{dH$ (Introduction) :

g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ, {d^mOZ, {d{Z_` d Cn^moJ BË`mXr joÌmV H$m ©

H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmboë`m §ÌUm d g§ñWm `mVyZ AW©ì`dñWm ñVamda ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWm, g_mOdmXr

AW©ì`dñWm, gmå`dmXr AW©ì`dñWm d {_l AW©ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. `m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m

AW©ì`dñWo_Ü o àË oH$ joÌmVrb Am{W©H$ àíZm§Mr g§»`m ì`már dmT>V Mmbbr Amho. AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mg

nÕVr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV ~Xbboë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio àm_w»`mZo gyú_ AW©emó Am{U g_J«bjr AW©emó,

pñWVr AW©emó Am{U J{Verb AW©emó, {ZJ_Z nÕVr d {dJ_Z nÕVr `m{edm` Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMo

AW©emómV Am{U gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMo AW©emómÀ`m nÕVrMm g_mdoe H$aVm oVmo. gyú_ AW©emó {díbofU

nÕVr hr OwZr {díbofU nÕVr Amho. `m nÕVrMm dmna AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r àma§ mnmgyZ Ho$bm OmV

Amho. `m {ddoMZ nÕVr_Ü o àm_w»`mZo {d{eð>mH$Sy>Z gd© gm_mÝ`mH$S>o OmÊ`mMr n«d¥Îmr {XgyZ oVo. øm nÕVrV

AW©emómÀ`m {ddoMZmÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m nÕVr åhUyZ {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {díbofU nÕVrV àm_w»`mZo Am{W©H$

àíZ, g_mOmnwT>rb _yb yV àíZ, _mJUr, Cn`mo{JVm, _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm, CËnmXZ d CËnmXZmMo {gÕm§V,

IM©, àmár `m§À`m g§H$ënZm, qH$_V {ZpíMVr, ~mOmanoR>m_Yrb ñnYm©, CÚmoJ d CÚmoJ g§ññWm§Mm g_Vmob

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

`m KQ>H$mV AmnU AW©emómÀ`m {ZJ_Z d {dJ_Z Aä`mgmÀ`m nÕVr, dmñVddmXr Am{U AmXe©{Zð>

AW©emó, g_VmobmÀ`m g§H$ënZm, d¡{eï>ço, àH$ma, g_d¥Îmr dH«$mMo JwUY_©, CËnÞ n[aUm_ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_

àH$Q> ng§V loUr d {hŠg `m§Zr Ho$bobm _mJUr {Z`_mMr nwZ©_m§S>Ur BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Analysis of the Unit) :

1.2.1 AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVr (Methodology in Economics) :

àË oH$ emómMo {Z`_, VÎdo qH$dm {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mÀ`m nÕVr AgVmV. AW©emó ho EH$ gm_m{OH$ emó

Amho. `m_Ü o g_mOmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamer {ZJS>rV Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V g_m{dï> AgVmV. ho {gÕm§V BVa Z¡g{J©H$

emómÀ`m {gÕm§Vmà_mUo emór` nÕVrda AmYmabobo AgVmV. Am{W©H$ àíZmMr CH$b H$aUo, AW©emór`

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 3 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

{gÕm§V _m§S>Uo, AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmMm Aä`mg H$aUo BË`mXr CÔoemZo Am{W©H$ {díbofU nÕVr dmnabr

OmVo. AW©emók AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmMo {Z[ajU H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m {Z[ajUmVyZ VÏ`m§À`m g§X^m©V

Vmo J¥{hVHo$ _m§S>Vmo. Ë`m J¥{hVH$mMr Vmo AZw d{gÕ nS>VmiUr KoVmo. J¥hrVH$ {gÕ Pmë`mg Ë`mdê$Z AW©emór`

{gÕm§V _m§S>bo OmVmV d Vo gd© g_mOmbm bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV. AW©emór` nÕVrV Imbrb Q>ßno AgVmV.

AW©emómMr emór` nÕVr

AW©ì`dñWoMo {ZarjU H$aUo

J¥{hVH$mMr _m§S>Ur

VÏ o g§VwbZ d {díbofU

J¥{hVH$mMr nS>VmiUr qH$dm n[ajU

Am{W©H$ {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo

Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V bmJy H$aUo

AW©emómÀ`m H$joVrb {d{dY KQ>H$mMm emóewÕ d ì`mnH$ nmVirda Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$

{díbofUmÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr dmnaë`m OmVmV. Ë`mMo {ddoMZ AmnUmg Imbrbà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

(A) {ZJ_Z nÕVr (Deductive Method) :

`m nÕVrZwgma H$mhr {ZpíMV J¥{hVH$mMm AmYma KoD$Z gd©gm_mÝ` {Z`_ àñWm{nV Ho$bo OmVmV. Vo {Z`_

{d{eï> KQ>Zobm qH$dm n[apñWVrbm bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV. åhUyZ hr nÕVr gm_mÝ` VÎdmH$Sy>Z {d{eð> VÎdmH$S>o

KoD$Z OmUmar nÕVr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm. Cn^moŠVm _hÎm_ g_mYmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Amnbo CËnÞ IM©

H$aVmo. ho {deof VÎd Agbo Var Cn^moŠVm hm {ddoH${Zð> AgVmo d Vmo _hV_ g_mYmZ n«má H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ

H$aVmo. `m gm_mÝ` VÎdmda Vo AmYmabobo Amho. VgoM XwîH$mir ^mJmVrb bmoH$ amoOJma {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r BVaÌ

ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. dm gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© Agë`mg H$moUË`mhr {d{eï> JmdmV XwîH$mi nS>ë`mg Ë`m JmdmVrb bmoH$

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 4 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

amoOJmamgmR>r BVaÌ ñWbm§Va H$aVrb Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oB©b. `mMm AW© ""gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fm©H$Sy>Z {d{eï>

{ZîH$fm©H$S>o'' Ago `m {díbofU nÕVrMo ñdê$n AgVo.

gZmVZdmXr AW©Vkm§Zr Am{W©H$ {ddoMZmgmR>r `m nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm. `m nÕVrV {gÕm§V _m§S>VmZm

{d{eï> n[apñWVr J¥hrV Yabr OmVo. hr n[apñWVr ñWb, H$mb {Zanoj AgVo. `mMm AW© H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUr,

H$moUË`mhr H$mimV, H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm bmJy nS>Umar AgVo. `mMm AW© J¥hrV Yabobr J¥hrVo Zoh_rM Iar

R>aUmar AgVmV. CXm. _Zwî` ñdmWu AgVmo, OJmV Zoh_rM em§VVm ZmaXVo, ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`m_wio _Zwî`mMo H$ë`mU

gmYbo OmVo d AW©ì`dñWoV AmnmoAmn ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV. `m J¥hrVH$mÀ`m AmYmao A°S>_ pñ_W, [aH$mS>m}, Oo.~r.

go, _mëWg, Oo.Eg. _rb BË`mXr AW©Vkm§Zr {gÕm§V _m§S>bo.

ì`m»`m : 1) ""{ZJ_Z nÕVr åhUOo _Zwî`m{df`r gd©gm_mÝ` d {Z{d©dmX VÏ`mÀ`m AmYmamda {d{eð>

KQ>Zog§~§Yr {ZU© KoUo hmo .''

2) ""_mZdmg§~§YrÀ`m gd©gm_mÝ` d {Z{d©dmX VÏ`m§Mo AmYmamda {d{eð> KQ>Zog§~§Yr {ZU© KoÊ`mÀ`m

nÕVrbm {ZJ_Z nÕVr Ago åhUVmV.''

{ZJ_Z nÕVrÀ`m nm`è`m (Steps of Deuctive Method) :

1) àíZm§Mr {ZdS> : {ZarjH$ Omo àíZ Mm¡H$ergmR>r {ZdS>Uma Amho Vmo ñnï> Agmdm. àíZ OodT>m

g§Hw${MV d Aën{dñV¥V AgVmo VodT>r Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo gmono AgVo. CXm. Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, MbZdmT>,

MbZKQ> BË`mXr.

2) AZw_mZmMr aMZm : AZw_mZmMr aMZm hr J¥{hVH$mMm nm`m AgVo. Am{W©H$ g§emoYZmgmR>r J¥{hVH$mMo

EH$mnojm A{YH$ g§M AgVmV. Ë`m_wio AZw_mZmMr aMZm/ì`már {ZpíMV H$amdr.

3) J¥hrVH$mMr _m§S>Ur : AZw_mZmÀ`m AmYmamda J¥hrVH$mMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo hr nwT>Mr nmàr AgVo.

`mgmR>r VH©$ewÕ nÕVr d J{UVr nÕVr `m XmoZ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

4) J¥hrVH$mMr gË`Vm nmhUo : {ZJ_Z nÕVrVrb eodQ>Mr AdñWm åhUOo J¥hrVH$mMr gË`Vm {ZpíMV

H$aUo. {ZarjU d à`moJmZo J¥hrVH$ Iao qH$dm ImoQ>o Amho ho Vnmgbo OmVo. AW©emó ho _mZdr dV©UwH$ser g§~§{YV

Agë`mZo J¥{hVH$mMo {ZarjU d narjU H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo.

{ZJ_Z nÕVrMo JwU/\$m`Xo (Merits of Deductive Methods) :

1) gmononUm/gaiVm> : hr nÕVr Am{W©H$ {díbofUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo IynM gmonr _mZbr OmVo. H$maU `m

nÕVrÛmao gm_mÝ`mH$Sy>Z {deofmH$S>o OmUo \$ma gmono AgVo. `m nÕVrV AmH$S>odmar Jmoim H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {díbofU

H$aUo BË`mXr H$R>rU H$m } Ho$br OmV ZmhrV. \$ŠV gm_mÝ` d ñd §{gÕ gË`mÀ`m AmYmamda H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr

{ZarjUmÛmao {d{eð> {ZîH$f©/ n[aUm_ g_OyZ Kody eH$Vo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 5 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

2) {Z:njnmVrnUm : {ZJ_Z nÕVrVrb {ZîH$fm©da ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dMmamMm H$moUVmhr n[aUm_ KSy>Z oV

Zmhr. `m nÕVrV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm oX^md hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZgVo. gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© gË`mÀ`m AmYmamda

H$mT>bo OmVmV.

3) {ZpíMVVm : {ZJ_Z nÕVrÛmao H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© A{YH$ `mo½` d ñnï> AgVmV. H$maU `m nÕVrV

J{UVr nÕVrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio {ZîH$f© A{YH$ dmñVddmXr AgVmV. VgoM {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m

nÕVrV H$mhr Xmof AgVrb Va Vo emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.

4) n[aUm_H$maH$Vm : {ZpíMV Ho$bobr J¥hrVo gË` AgVrb Va hr nÕVr n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. `m

nÕVrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo AmnU ^{dî`m{df`r A§XmO H$ê$ eH$Vmo. {d{eð> n[apñWVrV ì`ŠVr H$er dmJVo, ho

ghOnUo gm§JVm oVo. CXm. {H§$_Vr dmT>V Joë`mg _mJUr H$_r hmoVo.

5) gd©ì`mnH$Vm : {ZJ_Z nÕVr _Zwî`mÀ`m gm_mÝ` ñd^mdmda AmYmarV AgVo. Ë`m_wio `m nÕVrÛmao

H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© gd© H$mimV gd© XoemV bmJy nS>VmV. CXm. KQ>Ë`m Cn`mo{JVoMm {Z`_, MbZ g§»`m_mZ {gÕm§V.

6) dmñVd n[apñWVrda AmYmarV : {ZJ_Z nÕVr åhUOo ~m¡{ÕH$ à`moJmMr nÕVr hmo . AmnU Á`m

OJmV amhVmo Vo \$ma Jw§VmJw§VrMo Amho. `m nÕVrÛmao XmoZ KQ>H$m_Yrb H$m ©H$maU^md A{YH$ gmoß`m ^mfoV _m§S>Vm

oVmo. `mgmR>r AZoH$ J¥{hVo {dMmamV KoVbr OmVmV. H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© dmñVd n[apñWVrda AmYmarV AgVmV.

7) _mZdr dV©UwH$sÀ`m Aä`mgmg Cn wŠV : _mUgmMr dV©UyH$ Ë`mÀ`m _Zmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

_mZdr dV©UwH$s~m~V H$moUVrhr {ZpíMVVm ZgVo. `m_wio Ë`mÀ`mda à`moJ H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo. Aem pñWVrV

{ZJ_Z nÕVrÀ`m gmømZo {d{eîR> VÏ`mÀ`m AmYmao _mZdr dV©UwH$sMo {díbofU H$aVm oVo.

8) {dJ_Z nÕVrbm nyaH$ : {ZJ_Z nÕVrÀ`m gmømZo {dJ_Z nÕVrÛmao H$mT>boë`m {ZîH$fm©Mr gË`Vm

nS>VmiyZ nmhVm oVo. Ë`m_wio hr nÕVr {ZJ_Z nÕVrbm nyaH$ Amho.

{ZJ_Z nÕVrMo Xmof (Demerits of Deductive Methods) :

1) MwH$sÀ`m J¥hrVmda AmYmabobr nÕVr> : {ZJ_Z nÕVrV {d{eð> Jmoï>r J¥hrV Yê$Z {díbofU Ho$bo

OmVo d Ë`mdê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. na§Vw ~hþg§»` J¥{hVo ~XbË`m n[apñWVrV Iar R>aV ZmhrV. åhUyZ `m

J¥{hVmdê$Z H$mT>boë`m {ZîH$fm©V {dídmgynUmMm A^md {XgyZ oVmo. CXm. BVa n[apñWVr H$m`_ AgVmZm dñVyÀ`m

qH$_Vr dmT>ë`mda _mJUr KQ>Vo. `mCbQ> {H§$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mg _mJUr dmT>Vo. `m _mJUrÀ`m {gÕm§VmV AZoH$

J¥{hVo Yabr AmhoV. J¥hrVmMr Mm¡H$Q> ~mOybm Ho$ë`mg _mJUrMm {gÕm§V ImoQ>m R>aVmo. Ogo Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m AmdS>r-

{ZdS>rVrb ~Xbm_wio qH$_VrV dmT> hmodyZhr _mJUr dmT>Vo qH$dm {H§$_V H$_r hmodyZ _mJUr KQ>Vo.

2) H$mën{ZH$ {ZîH$f© : `m nÕVrÛmao H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© H$mën{ZH$ AgVmV. `m nÕVrV dmñVd

OrdZmVrb Á`m KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m à`moJÛmao nS>VmiyZ nmhVm oV ZmhrV. VmpÎdH$ Ñï>rZo {dMma

Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, `m nÕVrÛmao H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© H$mën{ZH$ AgVmV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 6 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

3) ì`ŠVrJV AZw dmMm A^md : {ZJ_Z nÕVr ì`ŠVrJV d Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZw dmH$S>o Xwb©j H$aVo.

Ë`m_wio `m nÕVrMo {ZîH$f© IaonUmer g§~§{YV ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem àH$maMo {ZU©` gaH$mar YmoaUmgmR>r

dmnaë`mg à{VHy$b n[aUm_ {XgyZ oVmV.

4) gmd©{ÌH$VoMm A^md : {ZJ_Z nÕVrMr gmd©{ÌH$Vm hr «m_H$ g§H$ënZm Amho. àË oH$ XoemVrb

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, na§nam, Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr, Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr, amOH$s` n[apñWVr {^Þ AgVo. Ë`m_wio VH$m©da

AmYm[aV {ZîH$f© EImÚm Xoembm bmJy nS>Vrb Va Xwgè`m Xoembm bmJy nS>Uma ZmhrV.

5) Cn`moJmg H$R>rU : {ZJ_Z nÕVr \$maM A_yV© Amho. `m nÕVrÀ`m AmYmao {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r

A{YH$ H$m¡eë` Amdí`H$ AgVo. na§Vw H$mhr KQ>Zm BVŠ`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m AgVmV {H$ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r `m nÕVrMm

Cn`moJ Vk g§emoYH$mbm gwÕm H$aUo H$R>rU Amho.

(~) {dJ_Z nÕVr (Inductive Method) :

`m nÕVrMm {dH$mg O_©Z g§àXm`mZo Ho$bm Amho. {deofV: àm. amoea, \«o$S>[aH$ {bñQ>, àm. ~mopëS>¨J m§gma»`m

AW©Vkm§Zr `m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z AZoH$ à{V_mZo _m§S>br. `m nÕVrV Am{W©H$ {díbofU H$aVmZm ì`dhmamVrb

AZoH$ KQ>Zm§Mo {Z[ajUH$ê$Z {VMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. hr nÕVr {d{eï> {ZîH$fm©H$Sy>Z gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fm©H$S>o

OmVo. {ZarjU d à`moJ hr `m nÕVrMr _w»` gmYZo AmhoV. `m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV.

{ZîH$fm©bm AZw dOÝ` nwamì`mMm AmYma AgVmo. åhUyZ m nÕVrbm AZw d {Zð> nÕVr åhUVmV. AW©emñÌmÀ`m

Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§àXm`mZo `m nÕVrMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUbm `m_wio `m nÕVrbm "Eo{Vhm{gH$ nÕVr' Ago g§~moYbo

OmVo.

ì`m»`m d AW© : 1) ""{dJ_Z nÕVr Aer à{H«$`m hmo H$s, Á`m_Ü o AmnU AZoH$ KQ>ZmMo n[ajU

H$ê$Z H$moUË`mhr XmoZ KQ>ZmVrb H$m ©H$maU g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.''

2) ""Ooìhm ì`dhmamVrb KQ>H$mMo {Z[ajU H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV d Vo {ZîH$f© BVa KQ>H$m§Zm bmJy

H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. Voìhm Ë`m nÕVrbm {dJ_Z nÕVr åhUVmV.''

AW©Vkm§Zr {dJ_Z nÕVrMo XmoZ {d^mJmV dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

A) à`moJmË_H$ nÕVr : {d{eð> KQ>H$mda {d{eð> n[apñWVrV à`moJ H$ê$Z Ooìhm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV

Voìhm Ë`mg à`moJmË_H$ nÕVr åhUVmV.

~) gm§p»`H$s` nÕVr : `m nÕVr_Ü o doJdoJù`m joÌm_YyZ AmH$S>odmar O_m Ho$br OmVo d Ë`mdê$Z

Ë`mMo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. `mgmR>r doJdoJù`m g§»`memó gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

{dJ_Z nÕVrÀ`m nm`è`m (Steps of Inductive Method) :

1) g_ñ oMr {ZdS> H$aUo> : g§~§{YV AW©emór` n[apñWVrMo gm_mpÝ`H$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd©àW_ g_ñ oMr

`mo½` nÕVrZo {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 7 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

2) gm_J«r O_m H$aUo : g_ñ oer g§~§{YV _m{hVr d AmH$S>odmar O_m H$aUo d Ë`mMo dJuH$aU d

{díbofU H$aUo.

3) {Z[ajU : g_ñ oer g§~§{YV {deof VÏ`mMo {Z[ajU H$aUo.

4) gd©gm_mÝ` {Z`_mMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo : {Z[ajUmÀ`m AmYmamda gm_mÝ`rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio

{deof KQ>H$mnmgyZ gm_mÝ` gË` àñWm{nV Ho$bo OmVo.

O_©ZrVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ gm§àXm{`H$m§Zr AW©emór` {ddoMZmgmR>r hr nÕVr dmnabr Amho. {dJ_Z nÕVr

AZw dmda AmYmabobr nÕVr Amho. `m nÕVrV g^modVmbÀ`m n[apñWVrMo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z Oo AZw d Ambobo

AgVmV Ë`mda AmYm[aV {gÕm§V _m§S>bo OmVmV. åhUyZ ho {gÕm§V gË`mÀ`m A{YH$ Odi OmVmV.

{dJ_Z nÕVrMo JwU (Merits of Inductive Methods) :

1) {ZîH$f© dmñVd AgVmV : {dJ_Z nÕVr_Ü o Aä`mg H$aVmZm dmñVd VÏ`mMm AmYma KoVbm

OmVmo. `m_wio {ZKUmao {ZîH$f© dñVwpñWVrbm Yê$Z AgVmV.

2) {dídgZr` YmoaUmMr _m§S>Ur : {dJ_Z nÕVrZo H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© ho VÏ`mÀ`m AmYmamda Vnmgbo

OmVmV. H$maU {ZîH$f© H$mT>VmZm g§»`memór` nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g§»`memómVrb ~XbmZwgma

nwÝhm gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Aem àH$maMo n[a_mU gaH$mar YmoaUmMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm Cn`moJr nS>Vo.

3) ~XbË`m n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg : {dJ_Z nÕVr H$moUË`mhr pñWa J¥{hVmda AmYmabobr ZgVo.

àË`j ì`dhmamVrb _m{hVr d AmH$S>odmarMm AmYma KoD$Z mV {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio ~XbË`m n[apñWVrV

{Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {Za{Zamù`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.

4) gd©ì`mnH$Vm : {dJ_Z wŠVrdmX hm AZw d{Zð> VÏ`mda AmYm[aV AgVmo. åhUyZ Ë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU

H$moUË`mhr g_ñ obm qH$dm {d^mJmbm qH$dm Xoembm bmJy nS>Vo. Aem àH$maMo gm_mÝ` {dkmZ d VH©$g§JV

{gÕm§V {dídgZr` VÏ`mda AmYm[aV AgVmo. åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m g~bVobm AmìhmZ XoVm oV Zmhr.

5) ^{dî`H$mbrZ Aä`mgmg Cn wŠV : gd©gm_mÝ` {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mTy>Z hr nÕVr ^{dî`H$mbrZ

Aä`mgmgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. H$maU Ë`mAmYmao ^{dî`H$mimVrb H$b bjmV KoVm oVmV. dV©_mZ pñWVrVrb

{ZîH$fm©À`m AmYmao ^{dî`H$mbrZ pñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.

6) _mZ{gH$ j_VoMm {dH$mg : {dJ_Z nÕVrÀ`m _XVrZo Amnë`m _mZ{gH$ j_VoMm {dH$mg H$aVm

oVmo. Amnbo kmZ dmT>{dVm oVo. H$maU `m nÕVrV Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mr H$maUo d n[aUm_ Aä`mgbr OmVmV.

Ë`m_wio VÏ`mMo {díbofU H$ê$Z ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oVo.

{dJ_Z nÕVrMo Xmof (Demerits of Inductive Methods) :

1) gm§p»`H$s` nÕVrdarb _`m©Xm : {dJ_Z nÕVrÛmao Aä`mg H$aVmZm gm§p»`H$s` nÕVrMm dmna

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 8 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw g§»`memór` Aä`mgmVyZ g§ mì` ñdê$nmMo {ZîH$f© {ZKVmV. H$maU Ë`m§Mm H$maUmer ghg§~§Y

ZgVmo. VgoM g§»`memó _mZdr dV©UwH$sMm `mo½` A§XmO ~m§YÊ`mg Anyao nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo {ZîH$f© nyU©nUo

gË` ZgVmV. `m_wio gm§p»`H$s` nÕVrÀ`m dmnamda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

2) I{M©H$ nÕVr : {dJ_Z nÕVr A{Ve` I{M©H$ AgVo. VÏ` d _m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r _moR>çm

à_mUmV à`moJ H$amdo bmJVmV. A{YH$ Jw§VdUwH$sMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Á`m ì`ŠVtZm VÏ` g§H$bZmMo d

à`moJmMo H$m_ {Xbo OmVo Ë`m§Zm nwaogo à{ejU Úmdo bmJVo. Ë`m_wio IM© dmT>V OmVmo.

3) _`m©{XV Cn`moJ : ~XbË`m n[apñWVrV {Z`{_V à`moJmMm dmna eŠ` Zmhr. AW©emómVrb gd©M

joÌmV m nÕVrMm Cn`moJ H$aVm oV Zmhr. _mZdr H$ë`mU hm Agm {df` Amho {H$ Á`mMo {Z[ajU H$aUo d à`moJ

H$aUo H$R>rU Amho.

4) nyd©J«hmMm A^md : {dJ_Z nÕVrÛmao {ZKUmao {ZîH$f© njnmVr ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. H$maU g§emoYH$mÀ`m

ì`ŠVrJV {dMmamMm à^md {ZîH$fm©da nS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio {ZîH$f©, nyd©J«hXyfrV R>aÊ`mMr A{YH$ eŠ`Vm AgVo.

5) gm_m{OH$ emómgmR>r _`m©{XV Cn`moJ : {dJ_Z nÕVr ^m¡{VH$ emómgmR>r A{YH$ Cn`wŠV

Amho. Ë`m à_mUmV gm_m{OH$ emómgmR>r _hÎdnyU© R>aV Zmhr. H$maU _Zwî` ñd^mdmMo AmH$bZ H$aUo H$R>rU

H$m © Agë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZmMo `mo½` {ZarjU hmoV Zmhr. _mZdmg§~§Yr à`moJ H$aUo H$R>rU AgVo.

6) AnyU© ñnï>rH$aU : AW©emómÀ`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm nañnam§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio m nÕVrdê$Z

Aem KQ>Zm§Mo nyaogo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oV Zmhr.

{ZJ_Z Am{U {dJ_Z nÕVr `mn¡H$s H$moUVr nÕVr loð> ? :

AW©emór` {díbofUmgmR>r {ZJ_Z Am{U {dJ_Z `m XmoÝhr nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m XmoÝhr nÕVrV

H$mhr JwU-Xmof AmhoV. `m XmoÝhr nÕVr EH$_oH$m§Zm n`m© r ZgyZ nyaH$ AmhoV. AW©emómMm A{YH$ Mm§Jbm

Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m XmoÝhr nÕVtMr `mo½` gm§JS> KmbUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

S>m°. Amë\«o$S> _me©b `m§À` _Vo, Á`mà_mUo _mUgmbm MmbÊ`mgmR>r S>mì`m d COì`m Aem XmoÝhr nm`mMr

JaO AgVo Ë`mà_mUo emóewÕ Am{W©H$ {díbofUmgmR>r {ZJ_Z d {dJ_Z `m XmoÝhr nÕVtMr Amdí`H$Vm

AgVo. {ZJ_Z nÕVr_Ü o gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fm©À`m gmømZo {d{eð> {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV Va {dJ_Z nÕVrV {d{eð>

{ZîH$fm©dê$Z gm_Ý` {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. gm_mÝ` d {d{eð> {ZîH$f© nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo `m XmoÝhr

nÕVr Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

AmYw{ZH$ AW©emók Am{W©H$ {díbofU H$aVmZm `m XmoÝhr nÕVrMm `mo½` g_Ýd` gmYVmV. AMyH$ d

dmñVddmXr {gÕm§V qH$dm {ZîH$f© H$mT>md`mMo AgVrb Va `m Xmohm|Mm H$_r-A{YH$ dmna H$aUo Bï> R>aVo. åhUyZ

`mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr {d{eï> nÕVr A{YH$ loð> ZgyZ XmoÝhr nÕVr gma»`mM _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV.

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1.2.2 dmñVddmXr Am{U AmXe©dmXr AW©emó (Positive and Normative Economics) :

àmñVm{dH$ :

AW©emómV H$maU Am{U n[aUm_ `m§À`m g§~§YmMm {Z`_~Õ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_who AW©emó ho

emó Amho. `m{edm` AW©emó ho _mZdr dV©UwH$sMm qH$dm g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aVo. åhUyZ AW©emómbm

gm_m{OH$ emó åhUVmV. AW©emómV àË`j dñVwpñWVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z doJdoJù`m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr

g§Vw{bV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio AW©emómbm ì`mdhm[aH$ AW©emó (Applied Science)

Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m{edm` AW©emómH$S>o Imbrb XmoZ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nm{hbo OmVo Ë`mMo {ddoMZ AmnUmg

Imbrbà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

(A) dñVw{Zð> qH$dm dmñVddmXr AW©emó (Positive Economics) :

àË`j ì`dhmamV {XgUmè`m KQ>H$m_Yrb H$maU n[aUm_ g§~§YmMm Aä`mg AW©emómV Ho$bm OmVmo.

ì`dhma Cn`moJr gd©gmYmaU {Z`_mMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo ho dmñVd AW©emómMo _hÎdmMo C{Xï> AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r

VH©$g§JV {dMmamÀ`m AmYmao H$mhr {gÕm§V d VÎdmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVo.

CXm. dñVyÀ`m gmnoj qH$_Vr H$em R>aVmV? CËnmXZ gmYZmMo dmQ>n H$go Ho$bo OmVo? dñVyMo dmQ>n H$go

Ho$bo OmVo? BË`mXr~m~V MMm© H$br OmVo. `m{edm` XoemMo amï´>r` CËnÞ, Cn^moJ CËnmXZ, Jw§VdUyH$ doJdoJù`m

joÌmV {H$Vr à_mUmV Pmbr. VgoM AW©ì`dñWoV gd©gmYmaU qH$_VnmVir {H$Vr Amho. `m~m~VMr MMm©

dmñVddmXr AW©emómV Ho$br OmVo.

ì`m»`m : 1) ""dñVwpñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUOo dmñVddmXr emó hmo .''

2) ""H$m` Amho? `m ~m~VÀ`m nÕVrera kmZmÀ`m emIobm dmñVddmXr emó åhUVmV.''

darb ì`m» odê$Z Ago åhUVm oB©b, ho AW©emó AW©ì`dñWoVrb dmñVddmXr KQ>H$mMm d dñVwpñWVrMm

Aä`mg H$aVo. H$m` Agmdo mnojm H$m` Amho ho _hÎdmMo AgVo. àm. am{~ÝgZ,Ho$Ýg, g°å wAbgZ d ~moëS>tJ m

AW©Vkm§À`m _Vo, àË`j ì`dhmamV {XgUmè`m KQ>H$m_Yrb H$maU n[aUm_ g§~§YmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

dñVw{Zð> qH$dm dmñVddmXr AW©emómMo g_W©Z / \$m`Xo / _hÎd :

1) VH©$ewÕ _m§S>Ur : AW©emómVrb {Z`_ Am{U VÎdmMr _m§S>Ur VH©$ewÕ d VH©$g§JV Ho$br OmVo.

{d{dY Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mMr MMm© VmpÎdH$ nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. àË`j ì`dhmamV ho {Z`_ bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV.

AW©emómV _mZdr ^mdZm§Zm ñWmZ ZgVo. åhUyZ AW©emó ho dmñVdddmXr emó Amho.

2) àË`j KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgm~m~V EH$_V : AW©emómV "àË`j ì`dhmamV H$m` Amho' `mg§~§Yr

AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_who àË`j ì`dhmamVrb KQ>H$m{df`r AW©emóm_Ü o EH$_V KSy>Z oVo.

"H$m` Amho?' `mEodOr "H$m` Agmdo?' `mMm g_mdoe AW©emómV Ho$ë`mg AW©Vk doJdoJir _Vo _m§Sy> eH$VmV.

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Ë`m_wio AW©emómMm {dH$mg hmoUma Zmhr. àË`jmV H$m` Amho? `mMm Aä`mg AW©emómV H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

åhUyZ AW©emó dmñVddmXr emó Amho.

3) H$maU-n[aUm_ g§~§YmMr MMm© : doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m_Yrb H$maU n[aUm_ g§~§YmMr MMm© H$aUo hm

dmñVddmXr AW©emómMm Aä`mg{df` Amho. H$maU-n[aUm_ g§~§Y Mm§Jbo AmhoV H$s dmB©Q> AmhoV qH$dm Vo H$go

AgmdoV ho AW©emómV gm§{JVbo OmV Zmhr. åhUyZ AW©emó dmñVddmXr AW©emó Amho.

4) ì`mdhm[aH$ {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur : AW©emómV dñVw{ñWVrda qH$dm _mZdr dV©UwH$sda AmYm[aV

AZoH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ {gÕm§V d {Z`_ _m§S>bo AmhoV. AW©emómV AmXe©dmX AmUbm OmV Zmhr. AmXe©dmX AmUë`mg

AW©emór` {gÕm§Vm~m~V Jm|Yi {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Am{W©H$ {Z`_ d VÎdo hoM {ZVr{Z`_ AmhoV

Ago _mZbo OmVo. åhUyZ AW©emó ho AmXe©dmXmer \$maH$V KoD$Z ì`mdhm[aH$ {gÕm§VmMr MMm© H$aVo åhUyZ Vo

dmñVddmXr Amho.

àm. am{~ÝgZ `m§Zr darbà_mUo AW©emó ho dmñVddmXr AW©emó Amho, ho gm§{JVbo Agbo Var AZoH$

AW©Vkm§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$br Amho d Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma AW©emó ho dmñVddmXr AW©emó ZgyZ AmXe©dmXr AW©emó

Amho.

(~) AmXe©dmXr AW©emó (Normative Economics) :

àm. hm°Q´>o, \«o$Pa, h°S>agZ BË`mXr AW©Vkm§À`m _Vo, AW©emó ho AmXe©dmXr emó Amho. AW©emómbm

{ZVremómnmgyZ qH$dm AmXem©nmgyZ doJio H$aVm oV Zmhr. dmñVd KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgm~amo~a Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>

`mMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ AW©emó ho AmXe©dmXr AW©emó Amho.

ì`m»`m : 1) ""AmXem©Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUOo AmXe©dmXr emó hmo .''

2) ""H$m` Agmdo?'' `m~m~VÀ`m {ZH$fmer g§~§{YV nÕVera kmZmÀ`m emIobm AmXe©dmXr emó

åhUVmV.''

darb ì`m»`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, `m emómV H$m` Amho? `mnojm H$m` Agmdo? qH$dm H$go

Agmdo? `mbm _hÎd AgVo. XoemMo amï´>r` CËnÞ, Cn^moJ, IM©, Jw§VdUyH$, gmYZgm_J«rMm dmna BË`mXr ~m~r

H$em Am{U {H$Vr Agmì`mV `mMr MMm© `m emómV Ho$br OmVo. AmXe©dmXr emómV {ZVr{Z`_m§Zm qH$dm _yë`m§Zm

\$ma _hÎd AgVo. g_mOmVrb bmoH$m_Ü o Mm§Jbo d dmB©Q> `m~m~V doJdoJù`m H$ënZm AgVmV. `m _yë`{df`H$

g§H$ënZm VH©$g§JV qH$dm emóewÕ ñdê$nmÀ`m ZgVmV. `m_wio _yë`m~m~V AW©emóm_Ü o _V{^ÞVm AmT>iVo.

_yë`{ZU© d _yë`m~m~V Agbobr _V{^ÝZVm ho AmXe©dmXr emómMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç _mZbo OmVo. XoemÀ`m

Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm Xa {H$Vr Agmdm? MbZdmT>rMm Xa {H$Vr Agmdm? H¥$fr d Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ {H$Vr

à_mUmV dmT>bo nm{hOo? BË`mXr ~m~r AmXem©er {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo AW©emó ho AmXe©dmXr emó Amho Ago

åhQ>bo OmVo.

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1) H$maU-n[aUm_ d AmXe© `m_Yrb g§~§Y : H$maU-n[aUm_ Aä`mg d AmXem©Mm Aä`mg `m

àH$mao {d^mJUr H$aVm oV Zmhr. H$maU ì`dhmamVrb EImÚm KQ>H$m~m~V H$maU-n[aUm_mMr MMm© H$aVmZm Vmo

KQ>H$ H$gm Agmdm `m~m~V {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. H$maU-n[aUm_ d AmXe© `m_Ü o OdiMm g§~§Y Agë`m_wio

AW©emó ho AmXe©{Zð> emó Amho.

2) _mZdr ^mdZm§Mm A^md : _mZdr dV©UyH$ hm AW©emómMm à_wI Aä`mg {df` Amho. _mZdr

dV©UyH$ ^mdZmàYmZ AgVo. Am{W©H$ {dMmamda d {Z`_mda _mZdr _Vm§Mm, ^mdZm§Mm qH$dm nyd©J«hm§Mm à^md

nS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio {ddoMZ VH©$g§JV amhV Zmhr. åhUyZ AW©emó AmXe©dmXr emó Amho.

3) n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma Amdí`H$ : AW©emó ho n[aUm_m~Ôb CXmgrZ amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Am{W©H$

{Z`_m§Mm qH$dm {ZU© m§Mm _mZdr dV©UwH$sda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. gOrd d ^mdZmàYmZ _mZdmer AW©emómMm g§~§Y

AgVmo. Ë`m_wio EImXr KQ>Zm KS>VmZm Ë`mMo g_mOmda Mm§Jbo qH$dm dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoVrb `mMm {dMma H$aUo

JaOoMo AgVo.

4) Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎd : _mZdmMo Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU gmYZo ho AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgmMo

A§{V_ C{Ôï> AgVo. Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmMm {dMma H$aVmZm XoemMo amï´>r` CËnÞ {H$Vr à_mUmV dmT>bo nm{hOo?

amï´>r` CËnÞmMo `mo½` dmQ>n H$go Pmbo nm{hOo? bmoH$m§Mm amhUr_mZmMm XOm© H$m` Agmdm? gd©gmYmaU qH$_V

nmVir {H$Vr Agmdr? `mgma»`m Jmoï>r {ZpíMV H$amì`m bmJVmV. darb gd© AmXem©er AW©emómV g§~§Y

oVmo. åhUyZ AW©emó AmXe©dmXr emó Amho.

5) Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎd : XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmV AmXe©dmXr ~m~tZm _hÎd {Xbo

Amho. CXm. eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ dmT>, amï´>r` CËnÞmÀ`m dmT>rMm doJ {H$Vr Agmdm? `mgmaIr

C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVmV. R>am{dH$ H$mbmdYrV hr C{Ôï>o JmT>Ê`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. `mMmM AW© AmXe©

{ZpíMV H$ê$Z Vo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. åhUyZ AW©emó ho AmXe©{Zð> emó Amho.

AmYw{ZH$ AW©Vk m XmoÝhr {dMmam§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoVmV. AW©emó ho dmñVddmXr emó Amho VgoM Vo AmXe©dmXr

emó Amho. _mZdr {dH$mg d H$ë`mU `m A§{V_ C{Ôï>mn ªV Om`Mo Agob Va `m Xmohm|Mr `mo½` gm§JS> KmbUo

JaOoMo AgVo. àË`j ì`dhmamV H$m` Amho? `m~amo~a H$m` Agmdo? hohr _hÎdmMr AgVo. H$mhr doim H$m`

Agmdo? `mMr nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`jmV H$m` Amho? ho nmhUo An[ahm`© R>aVo. VgoM H$m` Amho ho

nm{hë`m{edm` H$m` Agmdo `m {ZîH$fm©n`ªV OmVm òV Zmhr. `mMm AW© dmñVddmXr d AmXe©dmXr AW©emó

EH$_oH$m§Zm nyaH$ R>aVmV.

1.2.3 g_Vmob - Am§{eH$ g_Vmob d gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob :

g_VmobmMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of Equilibrium) :

Equilibrium hm g§VwbZmg n`m© r AgUmam B§J«Or eãX Amho. Vmo 'acquas' åhUOo Equal Am{U Libra

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 12 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

åhUOo Balance `m XmoZ c°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm. g_Vmob åhUOo Am{W©H$ eŠVrÀ`m {dlm§VrMr AdñWm

hmo . (Equilibrium is a Possion of rest) Ago _mZbo OmVo.

ì`m»`m :

1) S>m°. _me©b : ""g§VwbZ åhUOo {Za{Zamù`m eŠVrMo gmYo g§VwbZ Amho. Á`mMm g_g§~§Y bd{MH$

Xmoè`mZo ~m§Yboë`m XJS>mÀ`m qH$dm EH$_oH$mer AmYma KoVboë`m M|Sy>À`m `m§{ÌH$ g§VwbZmer Amho.''

2) Om°O© pñQ>Jba : ""g§VwbZ åhUOo Aer AdñWm Amho H$s, Á`mV nañna {dê$Õ H$m © H$aUmè`m eŠVr

qH$dm àd¥Îmr g_~b hmoD$Z Aem arVrZo {Zîà^ H$arV AgVmV H$s, Á`m KQ>H$mda `m àd¥Îmr H$m © H$arV AgVrb

Ë`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AdñWoV H$moUVmhr ~Xb hmoV Zmhr.

3) àm. _ohVm : "" AW©emómVrb g§VwbZ ho hmbMmbrÀ`m XamVrb ~XbmMm A^md Xe©{dVo Va ^m¡{VH$

emómV Vo IwÔ hmbMmbrMr AZwnpñWVr Xe©{dVo.''

g_VmobmMo àH$ma (Types of Equilibrium) :

1. pñWa g_Vmob (Stable Equilibrium) : Ooìhm AW©ì`dñWoVrb _yi g_VmobmMr pñWVr Zm{her hmodyZ

Zdr pñWVr àmá Pmbr Va hr Zdr pñWVr \$ma H$mi {Q>H$V Zmhr Vr Vm~S>Vmo~ Zm{her hmodyZ nwÝhm _yi pñWVr àmá

hmoÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ obm pñWa g_Vmob Ago åhUVmV. `m àH$mamV H$mhr H$maUmZo _yi g_VmobmMr pñWVr ~Xbë`mg

Vr nwÝhm àmá hmoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr AmT>iyZ òVo.

2. ApñWa g_Vmob (Unstable Equilibrium) : `m àH$mamV AW©ì`dñWoMm _yi g_Vmob {~KS>bm Va

Vmo nwÝhm àñWm{nV hmoV Zmhr. _yi pñWVr nwÝhm àmá Z hmoVm ZdZdrZ pñWVr àmá hmoÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ obm ApñWa

g_Vmob Ago åhUVmV. `m àH$mamV EH$Xm AW©ì`dñWoMm _yi g_Vmob Zmhrgm Pmë`mg nwÝhm Vmo àñWm{nV hmoV

Zmhr.

3. VQ>ñW g_Vmob (Neutral Equilibrium) : AW©ì`dñWoVrb Am{W©H$ eŠVr_wio g_VmobmMr _yi

pñWVr Zmhrer hmoD$Z ZdrZ pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mg hr pñWVr Ooìhm ~XbV Zmhr åhUOo _yi pñWVr oV Zmhr

qH$dm dV©_mZ pñWVrVyZ Xwgar pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr `m AdñWobm "VQ>ñW g_Vmob' Ago åhUVmV.

4. AënH$mbrZ g_Vmob (Short Run Equilibrium) : AënH$mbrZ g_Vmob åhUOo Agm g_Vmob

H$s Á`m_Üò ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _mJUrà_mUo nwadR>çmV _oi KmVbm OmVmo.

AënH$mimV CËnmXH$mbm ZdrZ §Ìgm_J«r ~g{dUo, H$maImÝ`mgmR>r B_maVr ~m§YUo, ZdrZ H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr

H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. åhUyZ AënH$mimV dñVyMr _mJUr dmT>ë`mg ApñVËdmV Agboë`m gmYZ gm_J«rMm OmñVrV

OmñV dmna H$ê$Z nwadR>m dmT>{dbm OmVmo. `mbmM AënH$mbrZ g_Vmob åhUVmV.

5. XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob (Long Run Equilibrium) : XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob åhUOo Agm g_Vmob H$s,

Á`m_Ü o dñVyÀ`m _mJUrVrb dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$ê$Z nwadR>çmV dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$aVm oVo. XrK©H$mimV §Ìo,

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B_maVr, H$m_Jma d BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr g§»`m dmT>{dVm oVo qH$dm H$_r H$aVm oVo. `mMm AW© Á`m H$mimV

_mJUrVrb ~XbmZwgma nwadR>çmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVm oVmo Ë`mg XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob åhUVmV

6. Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob : Cn^moŠVm Amnë`m _`m©{XV CËnÞmV BVŠ`m dñVy d godm àmá H$aVmo H$s,

Ë`mnmgyZ Ë`m Cn^moŠË`mg àmá n[apñWVrV _hÎm_ g_mYmZ {_iVo. Aem n[apñWVrV ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr Cn^moŠË`mMr

BÀN>m ZgVo. Ë`m pñWVrbm Cn^moŠË`mMo g§VwbZ Ago åhUVmV.

7. CÚmoJg§ñWoMm g_Vmob : CÚmoJg§ñWm Ooìhm _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dV AgVo Voìhm g§VwbZmÀ`m pñWVrV

AgVo. Aemdoir CÚmoJg§ñWm Amnë`m pñWVrV ~Xb H$ê$ BpÀN>V ZmhrV. åhUyZ Ë`m pñWVrbm CÚmoJg§ñWoMm

g_Vmob åhUVmV.

Am§{eH$, Am{U gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob (Partial Equilibrium and General Equilibrium) :

Am§{eH$ g_Vmob (Partial Equilibrium) :

Am§{eH$ g_Vmob åhUOo EHy$U AW©ì`dñWoMm EH$m KQ>H$mMm g_Vmob hmo . Am§{eH$ g_Vmob hm _yë`

{gÕm§VmMm Jm^m Amho. Am§{eH$ g_Vmob _`m©{XV AmH$S>odmarda AmYmabobm AgVmo. Am§{eH$ g_Vmob hm

AW©ì`dñWoVrb EH$m ì`ŠVrer, CËnmXZ g§ñWoer qH$dm EH$m CÚmoJmer g§~§{YV Agm g_Vmob Amho. BVa n[apñWVr

H$m`_ AgVmZmhr Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMr _yb yV AQ> Amho.

Am°JñQ>rZ Hw$Zm} d _°ZJmoëS> `m§Zr Am§{eH$ {díbofUmbm {ZpíMV ñdê$n {Xbo Agbo Var emóewÕ

Aä`mgm_wio Vo _me©b `m§À`m Zmdmer OmoS>bo OmVo.

AW© :

1) àmo. pñQ>Jba : ""Am§{eH$ g_Vmob Agm AgVmo H$s Vmo H$mhr _`m©{XV AmH$S>odmarda AmYm[aV

AgVmo. `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU H$moUË`mhr EImÚm dñVwMr {H§$_V Amho Ooìhm {díbofU H$mimV BVa gd© dñVyÀ`m

qH$_Vr OemÀ`m Vem pñWa _m§S>ë`m OmVmV.''

2) _me©b : ""Á`m {díbofUmV ì`ŠVr, Hw$Qy>§~, CÚmoJg§ñWm, CÚmoJY§Xm mgma»`m EH$m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mMm

g_Vmob H$gm gmYbm OmVmo, `mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmVo, Ë`mg Am§{eH$ g_Vmob åhUVmV.''

Am§{eH$ {díbofU àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àíZ hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. EH$ åhUOo Oo àíZ Ho$di H$mhr

CÚmoJmV CX² dVmV Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMo Vo `mo½` gmYZ Amho. Xwgao åhUOo H$moUË`mhr ~Xbm_wio qH$dm

AS>Wù`m_wio àmW{_H$, {ÛVr`, V¥Vr` ñdê$nmMo n[aUm_ KSy>Z oVmV Ë`mVrb àmW{_H$ n[aUm_mer Am§{eH$

g_Vmob {díbofUmMm g§~§Y AgVmo. qH$_V Am{U _mJUr ZJg§»`m `m_Yrb g§~§Y Xe©{dUmam Am{U BVa

n[apñWVr H$m`_ Amho, Ago J¥{hV Yê$Z H$mT>bm OmUmam dH«$ Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMm Aä`mg H$aVmo. `mdoir

Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ, AmdS>r {ZdS>r, BVa dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr `mgmaIo ~XbVo KQ>H$ pñWa _mUbo OmVmV.

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Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMr d¡{eï>ço :

1. Am§{eH$ g_Vmob ho AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m EH$m A§emMm g_Vmob Amho.

2. Am§{eH$ g_Vmob ho _yë` {gÕm§VmMm _w»` Jm^m Amho.

3. BVa n[apñWVr H$m`_ AgVo ho Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMr _yb yV H$moZ{ebm Amho.

4. Am§{eH$ g_Vmobm§À`m {ddoMZmVyZ AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Ho$di EH$mM A§JmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. g§nyU© H$m ©nÕVrMo

ñnï>rH$aU hmoV Zmhr.

5. Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMm _yb^yV AmYma ñW¡{VH$ pñWVr Amho. H$maU ñW¡{VH$Vm Agë`m{edm` EH$m

KQ>H$mMo {díbofU AeŠ` AgVo.

6. Am§{eH$ g_Vmob ho EH$m§Jr {díbofU Amho.

7. Ooìhm Ho$di àmW{_H$ n[aUm_mMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm AgVmo Voìhm Am§{eH$ g_Vmob {díbofU A{YH$

Cn wŠV R>aVo.

8. Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMo {díbofU EH$mM CÚmoJmnwaVo qH$dm g§ñWonwaVo _`m©{XV AgVo.

Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMo _hÎd :

1. Am§{eH$ g_Vmobmdê$Z EImÚm dñVyÀ`m qH$dm godoÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb H$m KSy>Z oVmV `m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU

{_iVo.

2. Am§{eH$ g_Vmobmdê$Z EImÚm {d{eï> n[apñWVrV, EH$m ì`ŠVrMr, CÚmoJg§ñWoMr qH$dm CÚmoJmMr

Am{W©H$ pñWVr, dV©UyH$ H$er Amho ho g_OVo.

3. ~mOmamVrb gaH$mar hñVjonmMo n[aUm_ H$m` amhVrb `mMmhr Aä`mg `m {díbofUmdê$Z H$mT>Vm

òVmo.

4. AW©ì`dñWoV Oo ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV Ë`m§À`m àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m n[aUm_mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.

5. Cn^moŠVm, CËnmXH$, CÚmoJg§ñWm, CÚmoJ `m§Mm g_Vmob Ho$ìhm Am{U H$gm gmYbm OmB©b ho `m

Aä`mgmdê$Z g_OVo.

6. AW©ì`dñWoV EImXr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Vr gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr Cnm``moOZm Ho$br nm{hOo

`mMo _mJ©Xe©Z Am§{eH$ g_Vmobmdê$Z {_iVo.

7. gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMr pñWVr g_OÊ`mgmR>r Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMm Aä`mg Cn wŠV R>aVmo.

gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob (General Equilibrium) :

gd©gmYmaU {díbofU nÕVrV AW©ì`dñWoMo EH$ ì`mnH$ {MÌ C^m H$aVm oVo. AW©ì`dñWoVrb Ag§»`

KQ>H$ nañnamda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. EImÚm KQ>H$mV ~Xb Pmbm Va Ë`mMm BVa gd© KQ>H$mda n[aUm_ hmodyZ

Ë`mV H$go ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV ho gd©gmYmaU g_Vmobmdê$Z g_OVo.

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\«|$M AW©Vk dm°bamg `m§Zr àW_V: gmd©{ÌH$ g_VmobmMr H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z J{UVr g_rH$aUmÀ`m gmømZo

AW©ì`dhmamMo MH«$ H$go àdVuV hmoVo? Ë`mMr JVr H$er AgVo? B. àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

pñdS>Z_Yrb AW©Vk {dH$gob `m§Zr `m {dMmagaUrMm {dH$mg Ho$bm. nwT>o {bAm°ZVr\$ `m§Zr AmXmZ-àXmZ

{díbofUmÀ`m AmYmao gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMo VÎd ñnï> Ho$bo. OJà{gÕ AW©Vk bm°S>© Ho$Ýg ho `m H$ënZoZo BVHo$

à^m{dV Pmbo H$s Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m J«§Wmbm gd©gmYmaU {gÕm§V Ago Zmd {Xë`mMo AmT>iVo.

ì`m»`m, AW© :

1) ""AW©ì`dñWoMo {Za{Zamio ^mJ EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm g_Vmob H$gm

gmYbm OmVmo `mMo {ddMZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofU nÕVr Ago åhUVmV.''

2) àm. pñQ>Jba : ""gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob åhUOo AW©ì`dñWoVrb gd© joÌmÀ`m nañnamdb§~ZmMo {ddoMZ

hmo .''

gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmV g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{dY KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§da

Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo gd©ñdr ñdV§Ì ZgVmV. EImÚm dñVw~Ôb Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>rV ~Xb

Pmë`mg Ë`m dñVwbm Agbobr _mJUr, Ë`m dñVwÀ`m {H$_Vr, BVa n`m© r dñVwÀ`m Am{U nyaH$ dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr,

Ë`m dñVwÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMo _mo~Xbo, amoOJma BË`mXr ~Xb KS>yZ oVmV.

åhUOoM EImXm ~XbVm KQ>H$ ~Xbë`mg Ë`m_wio BVa gd© KQ>H$mVhr ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. Aemdoir g§nyU©

AW©ì`dñWoMm g_Vmob H$gm gmYbm OmB©b `mMo {ddoMZ gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofUmV Ho$bo OmVo.

gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMr d¡{eï>ço :

1) gm_mÝ` g_VmobmV gd© KQ>H$ ho ~XbVo _mZbobo AgVmV. Vo nañnamer g_Vmob ñWmnZ H$arV AgVmV.

CXm. _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmÀ`m g_VmobmÛmao dñVwÀ`m qH$_V {ZpíMVrMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Agob Va _mJUr

Am{U nwadR>çmda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$mMm VgoM qH$_VrÀ`m _mJUr nwadR>çmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ {dMmamV

¿`mdo bmJVmV.

2) gm_mÝ` g_VmobmMr nÕVr ì`mnH$ Amho. Vr g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aVo.

3) Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr nÕVr \$ma pŠbï> Am{U AS>MUrMr Amho. H$maU gm_mÝ` g_VmobmV AZoH$

Mb AgVmV. Ë`m gdmªMm à^md bjmV KoUo Am{U {díbofUmgmR>r `mo½` g_rH$aU _m§S>Uo AS>MUrMo hmoVo.

4) gm_mÝ` g_Vmob pñWVr àË`jmV oUo H$R>rU AgVo.

5) gm_mÝ` g_Vmob AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m gd© A§JmMo d H$m ©nÕVrMo nyU© ñdê$n ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV

Amho. `m_Ü o {d{eï> g_ñ oer {ZJS>rV Agboë`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm H$m ©H$maU g§~§Y ñnï> hmoVmo.

6) gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofU Am{W©H$ AmYma gm_wJ«rMm {Z~ª{YV H$joda AmYmabobo ZgVo Vo A{YH$

g_mdoeH$ AgVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 16 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

7) gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMr g§H$ënZm gd© Am{W©H$ n[a_mUm§À`m Am{U AW©ì`dñWoVrb gd© joÌmÀ`m

nañnamdb§~Zmda Omoa XoVo.

8) Ooìhm EH$ Am{W©H$ MH«$ ~XbVo Voìhm BVa Mbm_Ü ohr ~Xb hmoVmo. hr Jmoï> gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob

{díbofU {gÕ H$aVo.

9) gd© {H$_Vr Am{U CËnmXZ nañna gwg§JV nmVù`mer g_m`moOZ H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ago J{UVr nÕVrZo

XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofUmV Ho$br OmVmo.

10) gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofUm_wio g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMo {MÌ nmhVm oUo AmnUmg eŠ` hmoVo.

11) YmoaU {ZpíMVrbm d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofU Cn wŠV Amho.

gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMo _hÎd :

1) g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMo {MÌ ñnï> H$aVo : AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{dY àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

AW©ì`dñWo_Ü o AgUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$mVrb Am§Vag§~§Y ñnï> H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo Vo gd©gmYmaU g_Vmobm_Ü o

Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg hmoVmo.

2) AW©ì`dñWoMr H$m ©j_Vm g_OVo : ñnYm©Ë_H$ XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob hm AW©ì`dñWoMr H$m ©j_Vm

_moOÊ`mMo _m\$H$ Amho. Á`mdoir ñnYm©Ë_H$ AW©ì`dñWm gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob àñWm{nV H$aVo Voìhm {VMr Am{W©H$

j_Vm Cƒ AdñWobm nmoMbobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio gmYZ gm_wJ«rÀ`m nyU© dmQ>nmÛmao Am{W©H$ j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$ë`mg \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr.

3) _hÎm_ g_mYmZ d Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU g_OÊ`mg Cn wŠV : Ooìhm AW©ì`dñWoV gd©gmYmaU

g_Vmob àñWm{nV Pmbobm AgVmo Voìhm Cn^moŠË`mZm _hÎm_ g_mYmZ {_iVo. VgoM bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmV

_hÎm_ dmT> Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMr H$ënZm H$ë`mUH$mar AW©emó nm`m yV g§H$ënZm

R>aVo.

4) {H$MH$Q> àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ : EImÚm dñVwMr qH$_V dmT>ë`mg Ë`mMo Ë`m dñVwÀ`m _mJUrda

n`m© r d nyaH$ dñVyMr _mJUr d qH$_Vrda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVrb Vo ñnï> H$aVo. Ë`m_wio gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob

{d{dY KQ>H$m_Yrb pŠbï> d {H$MH$Q> Am§Vag§~§Y ñnï> H$ê$Z AW©ì`dñWoVrb {H$MH$Q> àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$

H$aVo.

5) gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mg Cn wŠV : gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob {díbofU AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{dY

~mOmam§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$Ñï>çm `mo½` YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm {d{dY {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r

Amdí`H$ AgUmar _m{hVr gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmÛmao CnbãY hmoVo.

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1.2.4 g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU (Indifference Curve Analysis) :

àmñVm{dH$ :

àm. _me©b `m§À`m Cn`mo{JVm {díbofUmVrb AZoH$ Xmofm_wio _mJUr qH$dm Cn^moJmÀ`m g§VwbZmMo A{YH$

`mo½` ñnï>rH$aU _m§S>Ê`mMr JaO hmoVr. Ë`mMr gwadmV àm. EOdW© 1881, àm. {\$ea 1892, 1906 _Ü o

n°aoQ>mo `m§Zr `m H$ënZoÀ`m AmYmao _yë` {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. `m Zì`m {dMmamg àm. Om°ÝgZ `m§Zr 1913 _Ü o

pñWa Cn`mo{JVm {díbofU Ago Zmd {Xbo. hmM {dMma Z§Va àm. ñbQ>ñH$s `m§Zrhr VQ>ñWVm dH«$ `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m

AmYmao 1915 _Ü o _m§S>bm. Ë`mZ§Va {hŠg d A°bZ `m§Zr gZ 1939 _Ü o 'Value and Capital' hm J«§W {bhÿZ

Ë`m_Ü o g_d¥Îmr dH«$ V§ÌmMo {dñV¥V d emóewÕ {ddoMZ Ho$bo. {hŠg d A°bZ `m§Mo g_d¥Vr dH«$ V§Ì _me©bÀ`m

Cn`mo{JVm {díbofUmà_mUo Cn`mo{JVodê$Z _mJUrMo {díbofU H$aVo. na§Vw Cn`mo{JVoMo _mnZ A§H$m_Ü o Z H$aVm

ng§Vr H«$_mZwgma (H«$_dmMH$ nÕVrZo) H$aVo. VgoM CËnÞ n[aUm_ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_ {dMmamV KodyZ Ë`mMo

dñVwÀ`m qH$_Vrda hmoUmao n[aUm_ ñnï> H$aVo.

g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofUmMr J¥{hVo :

{hŠg d A°bZ `m§Zr g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb Jmoï>r J¥{hV Yaë`m AmhoV.

1. àË oH$ Cn^moŠVm gwk AgyZ Vmo ~mOmamV Aem arVrZo dñVyMr IaoXr H$aVmo H$s Ë`mnmgyZ Ë`mbm OmñVrV

OmñV g_mYmZ {_iVo.

2. Cn^moŠVm dñVwMr {ZdS> ng§Vr loUrZwgma H$aVmo. doJdoJù`m dñVwMr Cn`mo{JVm {dMmamV KodyZ H«$_dmMH$

nÕVrZo dñVwMo OmñVrV OmñV g_mYmZ XoUmao {d{dY JQ> V`ma H$aVmo d Ë`mn¡H$s JQ>mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo.

3. dñVwÀ`m Cn`mo{JVoMo _mnZ H«$_dmMH$ nÕVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. åhUOo dñVwMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m

Cn`mo{JVoMr Vmo VwbZm H$aVmo. H$moUË`m dñVyMr Cn`mo{JVm OmñV d H$moUË`m dñVwMr Cn`mo{JVm H$_r Amho, ho

RadyZ Vmo H$moUVr dñVy IaoXr H$amd`mMr R>a{dVmo.

4. Cn^moŠVm dñVwMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm H$moUVr dñVy ¿`m`Mr d H$moUVr ¿`m`Mr Zmhr. `m~m~V {ZU© KoV

AgVmo Ë`m {ZU© m_Ü o gwg§JVr AgVo. EH$Xm KoVbobm {ZU© ~XbUmam ZgVmo.

5. g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU \$ŠV XmoZM dñVy J¥{hV YaVo d Ë`m§À`m gmømZo _mJUrMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVo.

6. Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ pñWa Amho ho J¥{hV Yê$Z ho {díbofU Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVy ng§VrMr MMm© H$aVo.

7. Cn^moŠË`mbm ~mOmanoR>oMo g§nyU© kmZ AgVo d Ë`mÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r pñWa AgVmV.

ì`m»`m d AW© :

1. ""XmoZ dñVwMo {d{dY JQ> {H$ Oo Cn^moŠË`mg gma»`mM à_mUmV g_mYmZ XoVmV Vo Á`m dH«$mda Xe©{dbo

OmVmV Ë`mg g_d¥Îmr dH«$ åhUVmV.''

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2. ""Á`m dH«$mMr pñWVr gd© {R>H$mUr g_mZ (gmaIr) AgVo Ë`m dH«$mbm g_d¥Îmr dH«$ Ago åhUVmV.''

g_d¥Vr dH«$mMr d¡{eï>ço/JwUY_© :

g_d¥Vr dH«$mMr d¡{eï>ço {h g_d¥Vr dH«$mÀ`m _yb yV J¥{hVmdê$Z Ambobr AmhoV. Cn^moŠË`mMm gyknUm,

g§H«$_H$Vm d KQ>Vm gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa hr Ë`mMr _yb yV J¥{hVo AmhoV Ë`mdê$Z AmnUmg g_d¥Vr dH«$mMr

d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1. g_d¥Vr dH«$ S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr OmUmao AgVmV : g_d¥Vr dH«$ S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o

Imbr OmUmao AgVmV. H$maU Cn^moŠVm dñVwMo doJdoJio JQ> V`ma H$aVmZm EH$m dñVwMr ZJ g§»`m dmT>drV

AgVmZm Xwgè`m dñVwMr ZJg§»`m H$_r H$aV OmVmo d Amnë`m _`m©{XV CËnÞmÀ`m gmømZo IaoXr H$aVm oD$

eH$Umao g_mZ g_mYmZ XoUmao JQ> V`ma H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio g_d¥Vr dH«$ S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr KgaV oVmo.

darb AmH¥$Vrdê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, Cn^moŠVm Am§ã`mMo A{YH$ ZJ IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r g\$aM§XmMo ZJ

H$_r IaoXr H$arV Amho. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠVm "g_' `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mdê$Z Imbr oVmo. Am§ã`mMo OmXm ZJ Cn^moJrV

Agë`mZo Vmo "Aj' Ajmda nwT>o gaH$Vmo. Am§~o d g\$aM§X `m§Mm KQ>Vm gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa Agë`mZo g_d¥Vr

dH«$ S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Am{U dê$Z Imbr oUmam AgVmo.

2. g_d¥Vr dH«$ ho Ama§ ñWmZmer ~{hJm}b AgVmV : g_d¥Vr dH«$ ho AmS>ì`m Am{U Cä`m AjmÀ`m

_yi q~Xyer ~{hJm}b AgVmV. H$maU `mMo ñnï>rH$aU KQ>Ë`m gr_m§V n`m© Vm XamÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bo OmVo. `mMm

AW© Cn^moŠË`mMo EH$m dñVwMo ZJ H$_r Ho$ë`mZo Or g_mYmZmMr hmZr hmoVo. Vr ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Xwgè`m dñVwMo

g\$aM§X

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gAmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.1

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OodT>o ZJ {Xbo OmVmV Ë`mnojm Z§Va Vo H$_r {Xbo OmVmV. åhUyZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ hm Ama§ ñWmZmer ~{h©dH«$ AgVmo.

ho AmnUmg AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo Imbrbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

darb AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda Am§~o Am{U A` Ajmda g\$aM§X Xe©{dbobr AmhoV. "g_' `m dH«$mZo XmoZ

dñVyÀ`m {d{dY JQ>mnmgyZ g_mZ g_mYmZ XoUmao JQ> Xe©{dbo AmhoV. AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo Cn^moŠVm Ooìhm

g\$aM§XmMo ZJ AH$ nmgyZ AH$1 EdT>o H$_r H$aVmo Voìhm Am§ã`mMo ZJ "A~' nmgyZ "A~1' dmT>{dVmo. `mMm AW©

COdrH$S>o gaH$VmZm dH«$mMm CVma H«$_e: H$_r hmoV OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g_d¥Vr Ama§ ñWmZmer ~{hJm}b AgVmV.

3. XmoZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXV ZmhrV : XmoZ g_d¥Îmr dH«$ ho Zoh_r {^Þ XOm©Mr g_mYmZmMr nmVir

Xe©{dVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXV ZmhrV. hm JwUY_© AmnUmg Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhm`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oVmo.

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oAj

_

g

n

\$

~1~

H$1

H$

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oAj

gg

H$_2

~

_1S>

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.2

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.3

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darb AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo g_1 `m dH«$mZo g_2 `m dH«$mbm "H$' q~XyV N>oXbo Va "H$' hm q~Xy g_1

d g_2 m XmoÝhr g_d¥Vr dH«$mda AgUmam {~§Xy Amho. "H$' q~XyZ§Va g_2 hm dH«$ g_1 m dH«$mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm

OmVmo. Va g_1 hm dH«$ g_2 `m dH«$mÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOybm oVmo. "~' hm q~Xy g_2 `m dH«$mda Amho. Va "S>' hm

q~Xy g_1 `m dH«$mda Amho. "~' hm q~Xy g_2 `m daÀ`m ~mOybm AgUmè`m dH«$mda Agë`m_wio Vmo OmñV

g_mYmZ Xe©{dVmo. Va "S>' hm q~Xy ImbÀ`m g_d¥Vr dH«$mda Agë`mZo H$_r g_mYmZ Xe©{dUmam Amho. `mMm

AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s H$ hm XmoÝhr g_d¥Vr dH«$mda AgUmam gm_mB©H$ q~Xy Amho. g_2 m g_d¥Vr dH«$mda AgUmè`m

"~' q~XyMm {dMma H$aVm "H$' q~Xy OmñV g_mYmZ Xe©{dVmo. Va g_1 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mda AgUmè`m "S>' q~XyMm

{dMma H$aVm "H$' q~Xy H$_r g_mYmZ Xe©{dVmo. åhUOoM "H$' q~Xy EH$mdoir OmñV d Xwgè`m doir H$_r g_mYmZ

Xe©{dVmo. Aem àH$mao H$_r d OmñV g_mYmZ Xe©{dUmam qH$dm doJdoJio g_mYmZ Xe©{dUmam q~Xy EH$mM g_d¥Vr

dH«$mda Agy eH$V Zmhr. Oa g_d¥Vr dH«$mZr EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXbo Va Aer pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZ XmoZ g_d¥Vr

dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXV ZmhrV.

4. COì`m ~mOyH$S>rb àË oH$ g_d¥Vr dH«$ hm Ë`m AJmoXaÀ`m g_d¥Vrnojm A{YH$ g_mYmZmMr

nmVir Xe©{dVmo : g_d¥Vr dH«$ ZH$memdarb COì`m ~mOwH$S>rb g_d¥Vr dH«$ hm S>mdrH$S>À`m g_d¥Vr dH«$mnojm

A{YH$ g_mYmZ Xe©{dVmo. H$maU OgOgo Cn^moŠVm COdrH$S>o OmVmo VgVgo XmoÝhr dñVwÀ`m ZJmMr g§»`m dmT>V

OmVo. Ë`m_wio EHy$U g_mYmZmMr nmVir dmT>Vo. ho d¡{eï>ç AmnUmg Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm

òB©b.

darb AmH¥$VrV g_1 hm ImbÀ`m nmVirdarb Am{U g_2 hm daÀ`m nmVirdarb g_d¥Vr dH«$ Amho.

g_1 `m dH«$mdarb "V' q~XyV Cn^moŠË`mg "AH$ g\$aM§XmMo ZJ' + A~ Am§ã`mMo ZJ Cn^moJmd`mg {_iVmV.

Va g_2 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mdarb "X' q~XyV Cn^moŠË`mg AH$ g\$aM§XmMo ZJ + A~1 EdT>o Am§ã`mMo ZJ

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oA

j

gg

V

_2

X

_1

H$

~ ~1

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.4

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Cn^moJmd`mg {_iVmV. "V' q~Xynojm "X' q~XyV Cn^moŠË`mg Am§ã`mMo ~~1 EdT>o OmXm ZJ Cn^moJÊ`mg {_iVmV.

åhUyZ Cn^moŠË`mg "V' q~Xynojm "X' q~XyV A{YH$ g_mYmZ {_iVo. "X' hm q~Xy daÀ`m nmVirdarb g_d¥Vr

dH«$mda Amho. g_2 m g_d¥Vr dH«$mdarb àË oH$ q~XyV Cn^moŠË`mbm g_1 m g_d¥Vr dH«$mdarb àË oH$ q~Xynojm

OmñV g_mYmZ {_iVo. `mMm AW© COì`m ~mOyH$S>rb àËòH$ g_d¥Vr dH«$ hm g_mYmZmMr A{YH$ nmVir

Xe©{dVmo.

5. g_d¥Vr dH«$ H$moUË`mhr Ajmbm 45 A§emMm H$moZ H$ê$Z H$mT>Vm oVmo : Cn^moŠVm IaoXr H$arV

Agboë`m XmoZ dñVy EH$_oH$m§Zm Oa nyU© n`m© r AgVrb Va nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr_Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo g_d¥Vr dH«$

45 A§emMm H$moZ H$aUmar gai aofm AgVo.

darb AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda Am§~o Am{U A` Ajmda g\$aM§X `m nañnam§Zm nyU© n`m© r Agboë`m dñVy

Xe©{dë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm {g_m§V n`m© Vm Xa gd©Ì g_mZ Amho. Ë`m_wio g\$aM§XmMo V~ EdT>o ZJ H$_r Pmbo

AgVm hmoUmao Ag_mYmZ ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r "~X' EdT>o Am§ã`mMo ZJ KoVbo OmVmV. VgoM XH$ EdT>çm

g\$aM§XmÀ`m ZJmÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV "H$Y' EdT>o Am§ã`mMo ZJ KoVbo OmVmV. åhUyZ g\$aM§XmMo V~ = XH$ ZJ

AgyZ Am§ã`mMo ~X = H$Y ZJ AmhoV. åhUyZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ H$moUË`mhr Ajmg 45 A§emMm H$moZ H$aUmar gai

aofm AgVo.

6 g_d¥Vr dH«$ "A`' AJa "Aj' Ajmbm ñne© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr : g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofUmV

Cn^moŠVm Amnbo CËnÞ XmoZ dñVwda IM© H$aVmo Ago AmnU J¥hrV YaVmo. Ë`m_wio g_d¥Vr dH«$ A` Am{U Aj

Ajmbm ñne© H$arV Zmhr. ho AmnUmg nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b.

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oA

j

g

V

_

X

H$

~

Y

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.5

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darb AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo "g_' hm g_d¥Vr dH«$ A` Ajmbm H$ q~XyV ñnf© H$arV Agob Va Ë`mMm

AW© Cn^moŠVm H$ q~XyV g\$aM§XmMo AH$ ZJ Cn^moJVmo Am{U Am§ã`mMo ewÝ` ZJ Cn^moJVmo `mMm AW© Cn^moŠVm

\$ŠV EH$mM dñVyMm Cn^moJ KoVmo. VgoM g_1 hm g_d¥Vr dH«$ Aj Ajmg "~' q~XyV ñne© H$aVmo. `mMm AW©

Cn^moŠË`mg ~ q~XyV A~ Am§ã`mMo ZJ Cn^moJVmo d g\$aM§XmMo eyÝ` ZJ Cn^moJVmo. m_wio Cn^moŠVm XmoZ dñVwMo

{d{dY JQ> IaoXr H$aVmo. `m J¥hrVmbm ~mYm oVo. åhUyZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ A` qH$dm Aj Ajmbm ñne© H$arV Zmhr.

7. XmoZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm g_m§Va AgVmV Ago Zmhr : g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU A§H$Xe©H$

Cn`mo{JVoda AmYmabobo Zmhr. åhUyZ XmoZ dñVyMm gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa àË oH$ g_d¥Vr dH«$mda gmaImM Agob Ago

Zmhr. Ë`m_wio XmoZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm g_m§Va AgVrbM Ago Zmhr. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ng§V loUrÛmao g_d¥Vr

dH«$mMm AmH$ma R>aVmo d gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa {^Þ AgVmo. åhUyZ g_d¥Vr dH«$ EH$_oH$mg g_m§Va AgVmV Ago Zmhr.

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oA j

_1

H$

g

g

_

~

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oA j

_1

g g

_2

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.6

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.7

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8. g_d¥Vr dH«$mV H$mhr doim A§Vd©H«$VoMm \w$JranUm oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo : g_d¥Vr dH«$mbm

A§Vd©H«$VoMm \w$JranUm H$gm oVmo ho AmnUmg AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo Imbrbà_mUo Xe©{dVm oVo.

darb AmH¥$VrV "g_' `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mZo A§Vd©H«$VoMm \w$JranUm Agbobm Xe©{dbm Amho. Ë`mdarb

"g~' n`©V gr_m§V n`m©`Vm Xa KQ>V Agë`mZo g_d¥Vr dH«$ ~{hJm}b Amho. nU "~' q~XynmgyZ "H$' q~Xy n`ªV

A§Vd©H«$ XmI{dbm Amho. H$maU Cn^moŠVm g\$aM§XmÀ`m OmXm ZJmMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoVmo. gd`r, éT>r

`m§À`m Amhmar Joboë`m Cn^moŠË`mMr hr n«d¥Îmr AndmXmË_H$ AgVo. A§Vd©H«$mda Cn^moŠVm g_Vmob gmYy

eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ g_Vmob gmYÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moŠVm nwÝhm ~{hd©H«$mda òVmo. åhUyZ AmH¥$Vr_Üò H$_ hm

g_d¥Vr dH«$mMm ^mJ nwÝhm ~{hJm}b hmoVmo. `m_wio g_d¥Vr dH«$mg H$mhr doim A§VdH«$VoMm \w$JranUm òÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm AgVo.

9. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ng§V loUrÀ`m AmYmao AZoH$ g_d¥Vr dH«$ H$mT>Vm òVmV : Cn`mo{JVm hr

_mZgemór` d _Zmo{Zð> g§H$ënZm Amho. dñVwÀ`m EH$m JQ>mnmgyZ A `m Cn^moŠË`mg OodT>o g_mYmZ {_iob

VodT>oM g_mYmZ Xwgè`m Cn^moŠË`mg {_iobM Ago Zmhr. H$maU g_mYmZ ì`ŠVrZwgma ~XbVo. Ë`m_wio doJdoJù`m

Cn^moŠË`mZo dñVwÀ`m JQ>mgmR>r Á`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ng§V loUr Xe©{dë`m AmhoV Ë`mZwgma AZoH$ g_d¥Vr dH«$

H$mT>Vm oVmV.

1.2.5 CËnÞ, n`m© Vm n[aUm_ d ñbQ²>ñH$sMr nÕVr :

(A) CËnÞ n[aUm_ (Income Effect) :

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÞmV ~Xb Pmë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m EHy$U g_mYmZmda Omo n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ë`mg CËnÞ n[aUm_

Ago åhUVmV. dñVwÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa AgVmZm Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÞmV ~Xb Pmë`mZo Ë`mMm dñVwÀ`m IaoXrda

g\$aM§X

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Am§~oA j

_

H$

~

g

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.8

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Omo n[aUm_ hmoVmo Vmo CËnÞ n[aUm_ hmo`. Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ dmT>ë`mg Vmo XmoÝhr dñVy nydunojm OmñV à_mUmV

IaoXr H$ê$ eHo$b. Ë`m_wio Vmo daÀ`m nmVirdarb g_d¥Vr dH«$mda OmB©b. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m EHy$U g_mYmZmV

dmT> hmoB©b. mCbQ> Ë`mÀ`m CËnÞmV KQ> Pmë`mg Ë`mbm XmoÝhr dñVy H$_r à_mUmV IaoXr H$amì`m bmJVrb d Vmo

ImbÀ`m nmVirdarb g_d¥Vr dH«$mda oB©b d Ë`mÀ`m g_mYmZmV KQ> hmoB©b. WmoS>Š`mV dñVwÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa

AgVmZm Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÞmV ~Xb Pmë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m dñVwÀ`m IaoXrda Omo n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ë`mg CËnÞ n[aUm_

åhUVmV. CËnÞ n[aUm_ AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhm`mZo Imbrbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

darb AmH¥$VrV A` Ajmda g\$aM§X d Aj Ajmda Am§ã`mMo ZJ KoD$Z g_d¥Vr dH«$mÀ`m gmømZo

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m g_VmobmV CËnÞmV dmT> Pmë`m_wio hmoUmao ~Xb Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

g_Om, Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ 10 é., 20 é. d 30 é. Ago dmT>V Joë`mg "H$a' hr qH$_Vaofm daÀ`m

~mOwbm gaHy$Z H$a2 H$a3 hmoVo. Cn^moŠVm Am§~m d g\$aM§X `m XmoÝhr dñVw§Mo nydunojm OmXm ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo.

Ë`m_wio Vmo g_1 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mdê$Z g_2 d g_3 g_d¥Vr dH«$mda OmVmo d nydunojm OmñV g_mYmZ {_i{dVmo.

Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ 10 é. AgVmZm Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob n q~XyV hmoVmo. H$maU g_1 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mbm

H$a1 hr qH$_V aofm "n' q~XyV ñne© H$aVo. Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ dmTy>Z 20 é. Pmë`mg Cn^moŠVm g_2 dH«$mda

OmVmo. H$a2 hr qH$_Vaofm g_2 m g_d¥Vr dH«$mbm n1 {~§XyV ñne© H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob n1 q~XyV

hmoVmo. g_Om, Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ dmTy>Z 30 é. Pmë`mg Cn^moŠVm g_3 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mda OmD$Z H$a3 `m

{H$_Vaofodarb n2 `m q~Xy_Ü o Amnbm ZdrZ g_Vmob gmÜ` H$aVmo. `m g_Vmob q~XyV Cn^moŠVm XmoÝhr dñVwMo

nydunojm OmñV ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo d OmñV g_mYmZ àmá H$aVmo. n, n1 n2 ho g_Vmob q~Xy EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>ë`mg

g\$aM§X

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Am§~o

A j

_3

H$

~

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H$

H$

gg

g

Zn

n1

n2

a1 a2 a3

Z~ = CËnÞ Cn^moJ dH«$AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.9

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CËnÞ Cn^moJ dH«$ V`ma hmoVmo Vmo AmH¥$VrV Z~ m dH«$mZo Xe©{dbm Amho. mMm AW© qH$_V pñWa amhþZ Cn^moŠË`mMo

CËnÞ dmT>ë`mg Ë`mMr XmoÝhr dñVwMr _mJUr dmT>Vo. ho CËnÞmVrb ~Xbm_wio KSy>Z oVo.

(~) n`m© Vm n[aUm_ (Substitution Effect) :

Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ H$m`_ AgVmZm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m EHy$U g_mYmZmV H$mhrM ~Xb hmoV ZgVmZm H$mhr

doim Cn^moŠVm IaoXr H$arV Agboë`m XmoZ dñVwÀ`m gmnoj {H$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`mZo XmoÝhr dñVwÀ`m IaoXrÀ`m

à_mUmV Omo ~Xb hmoVmo, Ë`mbm n`m© Vm n[aUm_ Ago åhUVmV. dñVwÀ`m gmnoj qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmbm Agbm

Var Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m EHy$U g_mYmZmV H$mhrM ~Xb hmoV Zgë`mZo Cn^moŠVm nyduÀ`mM g_d¥Vr dH«$mda amhVmo.

\$ŠV Á`m dñVw§Mr qH$_V dmT>bobr AgVo. Ë`m dñVwMo ZJ H$mhr à_mUmV H$_r H$aVmo Am{U Ë`m_wio Oo Ag_mYmZ

àmá Pmbo Amho, Vo ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r qH$_V H$_r Pmboë`m Xwgè`m dñVwMo ZJ dmT>{dVmo. `mMm AW© Cn^moŠVm

_hmJ dñVwEodOr ñdñV dñVy IaoXr H$aVmo. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dñVwÀ`m IaoXrÀ`m à_mUmV hm Omo ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`mbmM

n`m© Vm n[aUm_ Ago åhUVmV. Vmo AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Imbrbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

darb AmH¥$VrV H$a hr _wiMr qH$_Vaofm AgyZ Vr g_d¥Vr dH«$mbm J q~XyV ñne© H$arV Amho. Ë`m_wio "J'

q~XyV Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob gmYbm Amho. Cn^moŠVm "J' q~XyV AgVmZm g\$aM§XmMo A~ ZJ + Ab EdT>o

Am§ã`mMo ZJ IaoXr H$aV Amho. g_Om, g\$aM§XmMr qH$_V dmT>br Amho Am{U Am§ã`mMr {H§$_V H$_r Pmbr

Amho. Ë`mdoir H$1a1 hr ZdrZ qH$_Vaofm V`ma hmoB©b. `m ZdrZ qH$_Vaofobm g_ hm g_d¥Vr dH«$ "Z' q~XyV ñne©

H$arV Agë`mZo Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob "Z' q~XyV hmoB©b d Ë`mdoir Cn^moŠVm ~^ EdT>o g\$aM§XmMo ZJ H$_r

g\$aM§X

`

Am§~o

A

_Z

~

g

b \$ a a1j

J

^

H$1

H$AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.10

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H$arb Am{U Ë`m_wio hmoUmao Ag_mYmZ ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r nydunojm b\$ EdT>o Am§ã`mMo OmXm ZJ IaoXr H$arb.

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m Cn^moJmV hmoUmam hm ~Xb åhUOo n`m© Vm n[aUm_ hmo`.

ñbQ>ñH$s nÕVr (Slutsky Theorem) :

a{e`Z AW©Vk wOoZ ñbQ>ñH$s `m§Zr {H$§_V n[aUm_mVrb n`m© Vm n[aUm_ d CËnÞ n[aUm_ doJdoJio

XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r IM© \$aH$ nÕVr emoYyZ H$mT>br. `m nÕVrZwgma n`m© Vm n[aUm_ d CËnÞ n[aUm_ doJio

XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r qH$_V n[aUm_m_wio Cn^moŠË`mMo dmT>bobo dmñVd CËnÞ _yi dmñV{dH$ CËnÞmEdT>o H$_r H$amdo.

åhUOoM qH$_V n[aUm_m_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m ZdrZ g_VmobmÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgUmam Am§~o d g\$aM§XmMm JQ>

IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r oUmam IM© d _yi g_Vmob q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgUmam Am§~o d g\$aM§X `m§Mm JQ> IaoXr

H$aÊ`mgmR>r oUmam IM© `mVrb \$aH$ EdT>o CËnÞ H$_r Ho$bo AgVm dmñV{dH$ CËnÞ pñWa amhVo. åhUOo Am§~o

d g\$aM§X `m§Mm OwZm JQ> IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r oUmam IM© d Zdm JQ> IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r oUmam IM© `m XmoZ

IMm©Vrb \$aH$mEdT>o n¡emVrb CËnÞ H$_r H$amdo åhUyZ `m nÕVrbm IM© \$aH$ nÕVr Ago åhUVmV.

ñbQ>ñH$sÀ`m _Vo, dmñVd CËnÞ nyduBVHo$M H$m`_ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moŠË`mMo n¡emVrb CËnÞ BVHo$ H$_r

H$amdo H$s Vmo Am§~o d g\$aM§X `m dñVwMm _wi JQ> IaoXr H$arb. Ago Ho$ë`mg n`m© Vm n[aUm_m_wio ñdñV

Pmboë`m dñVwMr _mJUr (IaoXr) {H$Vr dmT>br d CËnÞ n[aUm_m_wio {H$Vr dmT>br Vo g_OVo. Imbrb AmH¥$VrV

ñbQ>ñH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo CËnÞ n[aUm_ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_ doJio XmI{dbo AmhoV.

darb AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda Am§~o d Aj Ajmda g\$aM§X KoVbo AmhoV. H$a1 hr _yi qH$_V aofm Amho.

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Vr g_1 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mbm n1 `m q~XyV ñne© H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob n1 {~§XyV gmYbm OmVmo. n1

hm g_Vmob Am§ã`mMr qH$_V H$_r hmoÊ`mnyduMm Amho. åhUyZ Vmo _yi g_Vmob Amho. `m g_Vmob q~XyV Cn^moŠVm

Am§ã`mMo A_1 d g\$aM§XmMo _1n1 ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo. Oa Am§ã`mMr qH$_V H$_r Pmbr Ë`m_wio H$a1 qH$_V aofm

H$a3 hmoVo. hr ZdrZ qH$_V aofm (H$a3) g_3 m dH«$mbm n3 q~XyV ñne© H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m g_Vmob n3

q~XyV hmoD$Z `m g_Vmob q~Xybm Cn^moŠVm Am§ã`mMo A_3 d g\$aM§XmMo _3n3 BVHo$ ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo. mMm AW©

Am§ã`mMr qH$_V H$_r Pmë`m_wio (qH$_V n[aUm_) Cn^moŠVm Am§ã`mMo ZJ nydunojm A_3 - A_1 = _1_3

EdT>o OmñV ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo.

_1_3 `m dmT>rd ZJg§»òV n`m©`Vm n[aUm_m_wio Am§ã`mMr _mJUr (IaoXr) {H$Vr dmT>br d CËnÞ

n[aUm_m_wio {H$Vr dmT>bo ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$a3 `m qH$_V aofobm g_m§Va Aer n1 g_Vmob q~XyVyZ OmUmar

H$1a2 hr g_m§Va aofm H$mT>br Amho. åhUOo Cn^moŠË`mMo dmñVd CËnÞ qH$_V n[aUm_ KSy>Z oÊ`mnydu BVHo$ pñWa

R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo n¡emVrb CËnÞ H$H$1 BVHo$ H$_r Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠVm n1 q~XyV AgUmam Am§~o d

g\$aM§X `m§Mm _yi JQ> IaoXr H$aob. na§Vw Cn^moŠVm AmVm Am§~o d g\$aM§X `m§Mm n1 q~XyV AgUmam JQ> (A_1

+ _1n1) IaoXr H$aUma Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr n2 `m g_Vmob q~XyV AgUmam A_2 +_2n2 hm JQ> IaoXr H$arb

H$maU H$1a2 hr qH$_V aofm g_2 `m g_d¥Vr dH«$mbm n2 {~§XyV ñne© H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mMm g_Vmob n2

q~XyV hmoVmo. n2 `m q~XyV Vmo Am§ã`mMr A_2 BVHo$ ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo. åhUOo Am§ã`mMr qH$_V H$_r Pmë`m_wio Vmo

_1_2 BVHo$ OmñV ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo. `mMm AW© g\$aM§Xmbm n`m© _hUyZ _1_2 BVHo$ Am§ã`mMo OmXm ZJ IaoXr

H$aVmo.

Aem arVrZo qH$_V n[aUm_ KSy>Z Amë`m_wio Am§ã`mÀ`m IaoXrV EHy$U dmT> _1_3 BVH$s hmoVo. `mn¡H$s

_1_2 hr n`m© Vm n[aUm_m_wio Va _2_3 hr dmT> CËnÞ n[aUm_m_wio hmoVo Ago ñbQ>ñH$s `m§Mo _V Amho.

1.2.6 àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V (Revealed Preference Theory) :

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dV©UwH$s~m~V OmñVrV OmñV Iao d emór` ñnï>rH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm à{VnmXZ Ho$br

OmV hmoVr. H$maU m nyduMo _me©b d A°bZ-{hŠg m§Zr {Xboë`m Cn`mo{JVm {díbofU d g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofUmV

H$mhr C{Udm hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio _mJUr {gÕm§VmMo Iao d emór` ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr oV hmoË`m. `mMm

{dMma H$ê$Z nm°b g°å wbgZ `m§Zr 1948 _Ü o _mJUrMm àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. hm {gÕm§V _m§S>VmZm

Ë`m§Zr Cn^moŠË`mMr ~mOmamV hmoUmar àË`j dV©UyH$ {dMmamV KoVbr. _mJUr{df`H$ ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm {d{eï>

n[apñWVrV ~mOmamV Cn^moŠË`mMr dV©UyH$ H$er hmoVo `mMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`mda AmYm[aV àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V

_m§Sy>Z _mJUrÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo. åhUyZ àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§Vmbm "dV©UyH$ {df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ' Ago

åhUVmV.

àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V ~mOmamVrb Cn^moŠË`mMr àË`j dV©UyH$ {dMmamV KoVmo d Cn^moŠVm doJdoJù`m

dñVwMo {d{dY JQ> IaoXr H$aVmZm Ë`m JQ>m§Zm Or ng§Vr Xe©{dVmo Vr ng§Vr Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m {ZdS>rda Adb§~yZ

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 28 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AgVo. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV Cn^moŠË`mbm EImXm JQ> OmñV ng§V AmVmo Va Xwgam H$_r ng§V AgVmo. åhUyZ

dñVwMr IaoXr H$aVmZm Vmo OmñV ng§V Agboë`m JQ>mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. `mbmM g°å wbgZ `m§Zr Cn^moŠË`mMr

{ZdS> ng§Vr Xe©{dVo, Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

J¥{hVo : g°å wbgZ `m§Zr Amnbo {dMma _m§S>VmZm Imbrb Jmoï>r J¥{hV Yaë`m AmhoV.

1. Cn^moŠË`mMr {ZdS> Ë`m§Mr ng§Vr Xe©{dVo.

2. H$_r ZJ g§» onojm A{YH$ ZJg§»`m Cn^moŠVm A{YH$ ng§V H$aVmo.

3. {d{eï> qH$_V CËnÞ n[apñWVrV Cn^moŠVm \$ŠV EH$mM àH$maÀ`m dñVy g_wh {ZdS>Vmo.

4. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dmJUyH$sV gwg§JVr AgVo.

5. Cn^moŠVm gmamgma {dMma H$aUmam AgVmo.

6. Cn^moŠË`mÛmao H«$_dmar VÎdmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

7. _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm Zoh_r YZ AgVo.

ñnï>rH$aU : ~mOmamV "j' Am{U "`' ho XmoZ dñVw g_wh AmhoV. `mn¡H$s "j' dñVwg_wh Cn^moŠVm IaoXr

H$aVmo `mMm AW© "j' dñVy g_yh "`' dñVy g_whmnojm A{YH$ ñdñV qH$dm JwUdÎmoZo Cƒ Amho, Agm {ZîH$f©

H$mT>Vm H$m_m Z o. H$maU XmoÝhr dñVyg_wh qH$_VrÀ`m d XOm©À`m Ñï>rZo g_mZ AmhoV. Varhr Cn^moŠVm "j'

dñVyg_wh IaoXr H$aVmo. `mMm AW© Vmo Ë`mbm OmñV AmdS>Vmo. hm dñVyg_wh Ë`mZo IaoXr Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mÛmao Ë`m§Mr

ng§Vr Xe©{dbr OmVo. åhUOo Vmo dñVyg_wh Ë`m§Mr àH$Q> ng§Vr hmoVo ho AmnUmg AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Imbrb

à_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

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H$ H$a = qH$_VaofmAmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.12

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darb AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda "j' dñVy d A` Ajmda "`' dñVy Xe©{dë`m AmhoV. Cn^moŠË`mMo {d{eï>

CËnÞ AgVmZm "H$a' hr aofm {d{eï> qH$_V CËnÞ pñWVr Xe©{dVo. `m n[apñWVrV "AH$a' `m {ÌH$moUmdarb

qH$dm Ë`m_Yrb H$moUVmhr dñVyg_wh Cn^moŠË`mbm {ZdS>Vm oB©b. "H$a' `m aofodarb Bg~ ho dñVyg_wh Am{U

Ë`m aofoÀ`m AmVrb "S>\$' ho dñVyg_wh nañna n`m© r dñVyg_wh AgyZ `mn¡H$s EH$ dñVyg_wh Cn^moŠË`mbm

{ZdS>md`mMm Amho. Ë`mZo "g' hm dñVyg_wh {ZdS>bm Va Ë`mZo "g' H$[aVm ng§Vr Xe©{dbr Amho Am{U BVa

dñVyg_wh Zmng§V Ho$bo AmhoV. "g' hm dñVyg_wh AZ BVŠ`m ` dñVy d A_ BVŠ`m j dñVy Xe©{dVmo.

g°å wbgZMm àH$Q> àg§Vr {gÕm§V VÎdmÀ`m VmR>a àH$mamda AmYm[aV Amho. H«$_dmarMm VmR>a àH$ma åhUOo

Cn^moŠË`mMm ng§Vr nÌH$mVrb {Za{Zamù`m dñVyg_whmMr {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMr H«$_dmar hmo . Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mH$Sy>Z

EImÚm {d{eï> dñVyg_whmMr Ho$br OmUmar {ZdS> BVa n`m© r dñVyg_whmÀ`m _mZmZo Ë`m {d{eï> dñVwg_yhmH$[aVm

{ZpíMV ng§Vr Xe©{dVmo. àH$Q> ng§Vr VÎdmMo AmUIr EH$ J¥{hV åhUOo gwg§JVrMo VÎd hmo . {ZdS>rg§~§YrÀ`m

dmJUwH$sMr {Z[ajUo Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ng§Vrer qH$_V qH$dm Ë`m{déÕ Jmoï> {gÕ H$aUmar AgVm H$m_m Z o. hm `m

VÎdmMm AW© hmo . CXm. EH$Xm "~' nojm "g' ng§V Ho$ë`mZ§Va Cn^moŠË`mbm Ho$ìhmhr g EodOr ~ ng§V H$aVm

oUma Zmhr. EH$mdoir ~ nojm g ng§V Ho$ë`mZ§Va Xwgè`m doir Ë`mZo "g' EodOr "~' ng§V Ho$ë`mg Ë`mÀ`m

dmJUwH$sV gwg§JVr Zmhr Ago åhUVm oB©b.

àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§Vmdê$Z _mJUr dH«$ H$mT>Uo (Derivation of the Demand Theory) :

g°å wAbgZZo _mJUrÀ`m {Z`_mbm Cn^moJVÎdmMo _yb yV à_o Ago åhQ>bo Amho. qH$_V Am{U _mJUr

`mVrb g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVmZm Ë`mZo _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm KZ AgVo Ago J¥{hV Yabo Amho. Ë`mZwgma

_mJUrMm {Z`_ _m§S>bm.

AW© : ""EImÚm dñVw~m~V {XgyZ oVo H$s {VÀ`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo. Ooìhm n¡emVrb CËnÞ dmT>Vo VgoM

Ë`m dñVwMr _mJUr H$_r hmoVo Voìhm Ë`m dñVwMr qH$_V dmT>Vo.'

""Ooìhm ì`ŠVrMo n¡emVrb CËnÞ dmT>Vo Voìhm dñVwMr _mJUr dmT>Vo d dñVwMr qH$_V dmT>ë`mg Ë`m

dñVwMr _mJUr H$_r hmoVo. åhUOoM _mJUrMr CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm KZ AgVo Va qH$_V bd{MH$Vm F$U AgVo.''

_mJUrMm hm {gÕm§V {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r darb {gÕm§VmMo XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mOZ Ho$bo Amho.

(A) qH$_V dmT> d _mJUr {gÕm§V (Demand Therorm for Price Rise) :

Cn^moŠVm Amnbo CËnÞ Am§~o d g\$aM§X `m XmoZ dñVyda IM© H$aVmo. nwT>rb AmH¥$Vrdê$Z _mJUr {gÕm§V

ñnï> H$aVm oVmo. nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV "H$a' hr _yi qH$_V aofm Amho. "AH$a1' hm Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m {ZdS>rMm {ÌH$moU

Amho. `mMm AW© Cn^moŠË`mbm Ë`mÀ`m CËnÞmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo `m {ÌH$moUmVrb d H$a1 `m qH$_V aofoda nS>Umam

H$moUVmhr JQ> IaoXr H$aVm oVmo n q~XyVrb Am§~o d g\$aM§XmMm A_ + AZ `m JQ>mbm Cn^moŠVm Amnbr ng§Vr

Xe©{dVmo d Ë`m JQ>mMr IaoXr H$aVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 30 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

g_Om, g\$aM§XmMr qH$_V pñWa amhþZ Am§ã`mMr qH$_V dmT>br Va H$a1 qH$_V aofm ImbÀ`m ~mOybm

gaHy$Z H$a2 hmoVo. Am§ã`mMr qH$_V dmT>ë`m_wio Cn^moŠVm AmVm Am§ã`mMo ZJ nydunojm H$_r IaoXr H$aVmo. H$a2qH$_V aofm Xe©{dVo H$s Am§ã`mMr qH$_V dmT>ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mbm n q~XyVrb Am§~o d g\$aM§XmMm JQ> IaoXr

H$aVm oV Zmhr. g_Om "n' q~XyVrb Am§~o d g\$aM§XmÀ`m JQ>mMr IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moŠË`mMo n¡emVrb

CËnÞ BVHo$ dmTy>Z Úmdo H$s Am§ã`mMr qH$_V dmT>ë`m_wio Ë`mMo OodT>o dmñVd CËnÞ H$_r Pmbo Agob VgoM

Ë`mÀ`m n¡emVrb CËnÞmV BVH$s dmT> H$amdr {H$ Ë`mbm dV©_mZ CËnÞmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo nyduMm "n' q~XyVrb JQ>

IaoXr H$aVm oB©b.

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m n¡emVrb CËnÞmV dmT> XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r H$a2 qH$_V aofobm g_m§Va Aer "n' q~XyVyZ OmUmar

~S> aofm H$mT>br Amho. hr aofm A~S> hm {ZdS> {ÌH$moU Xe©{dVo. åhUOo Cn^moŠË`mbm AmVm A~S> {ÌH$moUmVrb

Am§~o d g\$aM§X Ë`mMm H$moUVmhr JQ> IaoXr H$aVm oVmo. ~S> hr ZdrZ {H§$_V aofm Xe©{dVo H$s Cn^moŠVm `m

aofodarb n q~Xy qH$dm n~ `m aofodarb H$moUË`mhr JQ>mMr {ZdS> H$arb. H$maU n~ hm ~S> {H§$_V aofoMm ^mJ

nyduÀ`m H$a1 qH$_V aofoÀ`m nH$ `m ^mJmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg Amho. `mCbQ> Vmo nS> aofodarb H$moUË`mhr JQ>mMr

IaoXr H$aUma Zmhr. H$maU nS> aofm nyduÀ`m H$a2 aofoÀ`m na1 m mJmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOybm nS>Vo. na§Vw Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m

na1 m aofodarb n q~XyMr {ZdS> nydu Agë`m_wio n q~XwÀ`m ImbMm JQ> AmVm Cn^moŠVm {ZdS>Uma Zmhr. H$maU

{ZdS>rVrb gmVË` J¥{hV ñnï> H$aVo H$s, EH$Xm Cn^moŠË`mZo n JQ>mbm ng§Vr Xe©{dë`mg nwÝhm H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV

Vmo nS> `m ImbÀ`m aofodarb JQ>m§Zm ng§Vr Xe©{dUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mnwT>o AmVm XmoZM n`m© CaVmV.

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(1) "n' q~Xy_Yrb A_ + A Z JQ> IaoXr H$aUo.

(2) "n~' `m aofodarb "n' q~XyÀ`m da AgUmè`m H$moUË`mhr JQ>mMr {ZdS> H$aUo.

`mMm AW©, Á`mdoir Am§ã`mMr qH$_V dmT>Vo Ë`mdoir Cn^moŠVm n q~Xy qH$dm n q~XyÀ`m da AgUmè`m

H$moUË`mhr q~XyMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. g_Om, Cn^moŠË`mZo n q~XyÀ`m da AgUmè`m n1 q~XyMr {ZdS> Ho$br Va n1 q~Xy

Am§ã`mMr A_1 BVH$s ZJg§»`m Xe©{dVmo. åhUOoM nydunojm Vmo __1 BVHo$ Am§ã`mMo H$_r ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo.

`mMm AW© Am§ã`mMr qH$_V dmT>br H$s _mJUr H$_r hmoVo. åhUOoM qH$_V d _mJUr `m Xmohm|V ì`ñV à_mU

g§~§Y Amho. `m {ddoMZmdê$Z _mJUr dH«$ H$mT>ë`mg Vmo S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr OmUmam AgVmo.

(~) qH$_V KQ>> d _mJUr {gÕm§V (Demand Theorem for Price Fall) :

dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV KQ> Pmë`mg dñVwMr qH$_V d _mJUr_Ü o ì`ñV à_mU g§~§Y AgVmV. ho AmnUmg

AmH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao Imbrbà_mUo Xe©{dVm oVo.

H$a1 hr _yi qH$_V aofm Amho. "n' m g_Vmob q~Xybm Cn^moŠVm Amnbr ng§Vr Xe©{dVmo. na§Vw Ë`m {R>H$mUr

AgUmam A_ + AZ hm Am§~o d g\$aM§XmMm JQ> IaoXr H$aVmo. AH$a1 hm Cn^moŠË`mMm {ZdS> {ÌH$moU Amho.

åhUOo Cn^moŠË`mbm AH$a1 m {ÌH$moUmV nS>Umam d H$a1 qH$_V aofoda nS>Umam H$moUVmhr JQ> Amnë`m CËnÞmÀ`m

gmhmæ`mZo IaoXr H$aVm oVmo. Am§ã`mMr qH$_V H$_r Pmë`m_wio H$a1 {H§$_V aofm gaHy$Z H$a2 hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AH$a2hm Cn^moŠË`mMm Zdm {ZdS> {ÌH$moU hmoVmo. `m {ÌH$moUmVrb H$a2 aofodarb H$moUVm JQ> Cn^moŠË`mbm IaoXr H$aVm

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.14

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 32 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

g_Om, Cn^moŠË`mbm `m H$_r Pmboë`m Zì`m qH$_Vrbm nyduMm n q~XyVrb JQ> IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Cn^moŠË`mMo H$~ BVHo$ CËnÞ H$_r Pmbo nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r H$a2 qH$_V aofobm g_m§Va Aer "n' q~XyVyZ OmUmar

~S> hr Zdr qH$_V aofm H$mT>br Amho. `m CËnÞ qH$_V aofobm (~S>) Cn^moŠVm n {~§XyMr {ZdS> H$arb AWdm n

q~XyÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOwbm nS> qH$_V aofoda nS>Umam H$moUVmhr JQ> IaoXr H$arb.

WmoS>Š`mV, Cn^moŠË`m_wio XmoZ n`m© {e„H$ amhVmV Vo åhUOo (1) n q~XyVrb A_ d AZ `m JQ>mMr

{ZdS> H$aUo, (2) n q~XyÀ`m Imbr AgUmao nS> aofodarb H$moUVmhr JQ> IaoXr H$aUo. `mMm AW© Am§ã`mMr

qH$_V H$_r Pmbr H$s, Am§ã`mMr _mJUr dmT>Vo `mMm AW© qH$_V d _mJUr `m XmoZ KQ>H$mV ì`ñV à_mU g§~§Y

AmhoV. darb {díbofUmÀ`m AmYmao _mJUr dH«$ H$mT>ë`mg Vmo S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr OmUmam oVmo. Aem

arVrZo g°å wAbgZÀ`m àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§Vmdê$Z _mJUr {díbofU H$aVm oVo.

àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§VmMo _hÎd :

1. hm {gÕm§V A{YH$ gyMH$ d ì`dhmadmXr Amho : H$maU Vmo _me©b d A°bZ-{hŠg à_mUo _mJUr

{díbofUmgmR>r _mZ{gH$ qH$dm AmË_{Z[ajU nÕVtMm dmna H$arV Zmhr Va Ë`mEodOr Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ~mOmamVrb

dV©UwH$sdê$Z _mJUr {gÕm§VmMo {díbofU H$aVmo.

2. hm {gÕm§V g_d¥Vr dH«$mMo gbJVm J¥hrV ZmH$maVmo : {hŠgMm g_d¥Vr dH«$ gbJ dH«$ AgVmo d

Ë`mdarb XmoZ dñVwMm H$moUVmhr JQ> Cn^moŠVm ng§V H$aVmo. nU g°å wbgZÀ`m _Vo, dñVwÀ`m doJdoJù`m JQ>mV

gbJVm ZgVo. H$maU Cn^moŠVm \$ŠV EH$m JQ>mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo.

3. g°å wbgZMm n«H$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§VmVrb Cn^moŠVm gyk AgVmo : g°å wAbgZMm Cn^moŠVm gwk

AgVmo d Vmo OmñVrV OmñV g_mYmZ {_i{dVmo. m J¥hrVmMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Ë`mEodOr gmVË`mZo J¥{hV Yê$Z _mJUr

{gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Oo J¥hrV àË`j Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dV©UyH$sda AmYmabobo Amho åhUyZ Vo {hŠgÀ`m J¥hrVmnojm

loð> R>aVo.

4. g°å`wbgZMm àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V H$ë`mUH$mar AW©emómbm nm`m^yV R>aVmo : H$maU Vmo

Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dV©UyH$sMo àË`j {ZarjU H$ê$Z Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m {ZdS>rVrb gmVË` Xe©{dVmo. Ë`mdê$Z Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m

H$ë`mUm~m~V AZw_mZ H$aVm oVo.

àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§VmVrb Xmof/C{Udm :

1. Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dV©ZmVrb VQ>ñWVoH$S>o Xwb©j : g°å wAbgZZo Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dV©ZmVrb VQ>ñWVoH$S>o

Xwb©j Ho$bo Amho. _mÌ XmoZ doJdoJù`m dñVy g_whmÀ`m ~m~VrV Cn^moŠVm VQ>ñW AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV

Zmhr.

2. n`m© Vm n[aUm_ d CËnÞ n[aUm_mVrb {^ÞVm : àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§VmV n`m© Vm n[aUm_ CËnÞ

n[aUm_mnmgyZ doJim H$aVm oV Zmhr.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 33 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

3. {J\o$Z dñVwÀ`m _mJUrMo ñnï>rH$aU XoV Zmhr : g°å wbgZ `m§Zr Amnë`m {gÕm§VmV _mJUrMr KZ

CËnÞ bd{MH$Vm {dMmamV KoVë`mZo {J\o$ZÀ`m {damoYm^mgmMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Zmhr. H$maU {J\o$ZMm {damoYm^mg

hm _mJUrÀ`m F$U CËnÞ bd{MH$Voer g§~§{YV Amho.

4. EH$m g§ moJmMr {ZdS> : {Xboë`m qH$_V CËnÞ pñWVrV Cn^moŠVm Ho$di EH$mM g§ moJmMr {ZdS>

H$aVmo ho J¥hrV MwH$sMo.

5. hm {gÕm§V {ZdS> ng§Vr Xe©{dVmo `m VÎdmda AmYmabobm Amho : dñVw {ZdS>r~m~V Ooìhm

A{ZpíMVVoMr d YmoH$mXm`H$ n[apñWVr CX² dVo Voìhm d¡ {ŠVH$ Cn^moŠVo Ioi {gÕm§Vmgma»`m S>mdnoMmMm

Adb§~ H$aVmV. `m n[apñWVrMo ñnï>rH$aU hm {gÕm§V H$arV Zmhr hm `m {gÕm§VmMm Xmof Amho.

6. Ho$di d¡`{ŠVH$ Cn^moŠË`mg bmJy nS>Vmo : àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V hm Ho$di d¡`{ŠVH$ Cn^moŠË`mg

bmJy nS>Vmo. BVa n[apñWVr H$m`_ AgVo Ago J¥hrV Yê$Z àËòH$ Cn^moŠË`mgmR>r S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o

CVaV OmUmam _mJUr dH«$ H$mT>Vm òVmo. _mÌ ~mOma _mJUr nÌH$ V`ma H$aUo `m V§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo eŠ`

hmoV Zmhr.

1.2.7 àm. {hŠg `m§Zr _mJUr {Z`_mMr Ho$bobr nwZ©_m§S>Ur :

(Hicks - Revision of Demand Theory) :

àmñVm{dH$,

nm°b g°å wbgZ m§Zr _m§S>boë`m àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§VmZo {hŠg ho à^m{dV Pmbo hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`m§À`m {díbofUmV

AW©{_VrMm dmna ñnï> Pmbobm ZìhVm. `m{edm` g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofUmV AZoH$ C{Udm hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio àm.

{hŠg m§Zr 1956 _Ü o {b{hboë`m 'A Revision of Demand Theory' m nwñVH$mV _mJUr {Z`_mMr nwZ©_m§S>Ur

Ho$br.

`m {Z`_mMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm Cn`mo{JVoMo _yë`Xeu _mnZ H$aVm oVo. m {dMmamMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Cn`mo{JVoMo

H«$_Xeu _mnZ H$aVm oVo, Ago _mZbo. VgoM Cn^moŠË`mbm g_mZ ng§V AgUmao dñVyg_wh {dMmamV KoVbo.

_mJUr {Z`_mÀ`m nwZ©_m§S>UrMr _hÎdmMr d¡{eï>ço :

1. g_d¥Vr dH«$mMm dmna Zmhr : `m {Z`_m_Ü o g_d¥Vr dH«$mÛmao Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m {ZdS>rMo ñnï>rH$aU

Q>mibo hmoVo. H$maU Cn^moŠË`mZo XmoZnojm A{YH$ dñVwMm Cn^moJ KoVë`mg g_d¥Vr dH«$ H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr. na§Vw

Cn^moŠË`mbm gma»`mM à_mUmV ng§V Agbobo dñVw JQ> Xe©{dÊ`mMo VÎd gmoS>bo Zmhr.

2. gmVË`VoÀ`m J¥hrVmMm Ë`mJ : àm. {hŠg `m§Zr _mJUrMm \o$a {dMma H$aVmZm darb J¥hrVmMm Ë`mJ

Ho$bm. H$maU Cn^moŠË`mbm dñVy JQ>m~m~V gmVË`mZo {dMma H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo.

3. ng§Vr VËdmMr ñnï> _m§S>Ur : àm. {hŠg `m§À`m _Vo, Cn^moŠVm {d{dY dñVwJQ> V`ma H$aVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 34 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ë`mn¡H$s gdm©V ng§V Agbobm dñVwJQ> Vmo {ZdS>Vmo. n[apñWVrV ~Xb Pmë`mg Ë`mZwgma {^Þ dñVwJQ>mMr

{ZdS> H$aVmo. na§Vw {^Þ n[apñWVrV Cn^moŠË`mZo Ho$boë`m {ZdS>r EH$_oH$m§er gwg§JV AgVmV. `mbmM ng§Vr

VÎd åhUVmV.

4. Xw~©b H«$_dm[aVobm _hÎd : àm. {hŠg `m§Zr g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofUmV ho VÎd dmnabo hmoVo. na§Vw `m

{Z`_mV g~b H«$_dm[aVm d Xw~©b H«$_dm[aVm `m Xmohm|Mm n[apñWVrZwgma `mo½` dmna H$aVm òVmo. EImÚm

dñVwJQ>mVrb àËòH$ dñVwbm {d{eï> g§»`m qH$dm H«$_ XodyZ Ho$di Ë`mM g§»òZo Vr dñVy gw{MV Ho$ë`mg

Ë`mbm g~b H«$_dm[aVm åhUVmV. `mCbQ>, Ooìhm dñVwJQ>mVrb dñVw§Zm H$moUVmhr H«$_ {Xbm Zgob Va Ë`mg

Xw~©b H«$_dm[aVm åhUVmV.

5. g§H«$_VoMo J¥{hV : àm. {hŠg m§Zr m {Z`_mV g§H«$_VoMo VÎd dmnabo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m

dñVwJQ>mÀ`m {ZdS>rV g§H«$_H$Vm AgVo. CXm. EH$m {d{eï> doir Cn^moŠVm A Am{U ~ `mn¡H$s A JQ> ng§V

H$aVmo. Xwgè`mdoir ~ Am{U H$ `m JQ>mn¡H$s ~ JQ> ng§V H$aVmo. `mMm AW© Á`mdoir A Am{U H$ EH$_oH$mg n`m©

AgVrb Ë`mdoir Cn^moŠVm A JQ> ng§V H$aVmo.

6. A{YH$ n¡emÀ`m JQ>mbm ng§Vr : {d{eð> dñVwMr ZJg§»`m H$m`_ amhÿZ H$_r n¡emÀ`m JQ>mEodOr

OmñV n¡emMm JQ> CnbãY Pmë`mg Cn^moŠVm OmñV n¡emÀ`m JQ>mbm ng§Vr XoVmo. _mJUr {Z`_mMm \o$a AmT>mdm

KoVmZm {hŠg `mZr ho ZdrZ VÎd J¥{hV Yabo Amho.

7. gm_§Oñ`mMo J¥{hV : hm {Z`_ {hŠg m§Zr gm_§Oñ`mMo VÎd J¥hrV Yabo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Cn^moŠVm

g_§Og AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m dV©UwH$sV gwg§JVVm AgVo.

_mJUr {Z`_mMo ñnï>rH$aU :

Xw~©b H«$_dm[aVm, ng§VrMo VÎd, g§H«$_H$VoMo VÎd, gm_§Oñ`mMo VÎd BË`mXtÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo `m {Z`_mMo

ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _mJUr dH«$ S>mdrH$Sy>Z-COdrH$S>o, dê$Z-Imbr oUmam AgVmo. dñVwÀ`m

qH$_VrVrb ~Xbm_wio _mJUr Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ZJg§» oV ~Xb hmoVmo. {deofV: Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m _mJUrda qH$_V,

CËnÝZ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_mMm à^md nS>Vmo. _mJUr {Z`_mMr {gÕVm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {hŠg `m§Zr XmoZ nÕVr

gm§{JVë`m AmhoV.

(A) ânmB©~Ôb nÕVr : dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb Pmë`mg Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dmñVd CËnÞmV ~Xb

hmoVmo. {H$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mg dmñVd CËnÞ dmT>Vo. dñVwÀ`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`mg dmñVd CËnÞ H$_r hmoVo.

Aemdoir dmñVd CËnÞ H$_r Pmë`mg Cn^moŠË`mbm OmXm n¡go XodyZ ânmB© ^ê$Z H$mT>Vm òVo. Ë`m_wio

Cn^moŠË`mbm nyduMr g_mYmZ nmVir àmá H$aVm oVo, ho AmnUmg AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nwT>rb à_mUo ñnï>

H$aVm oB©b.

nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV A` Ajmda Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ d Aj Ajmda g dñVwMo n[aUm_ Xe©{dbo Amho.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 35 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Cn^moŠË`mMo {d{eï> CËnÞ AgVmZm H$a hr qH$_V aofm Amho. m qH$_V aofodarb "g' hm JQ> Cn^moŠVm ng§V H$arV

Amho. g_Om j dñVwMr qH$_V H$_r Pmbr Va Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dmñVd CËnÞmV dmT> Pmë`m_wio Cn^moŠVm j

dñVwMo OmXm ZJ IaoXr H$arb. Ë`m_wio qH$_V aofoV ~Xb hmodyZ H$a1 hr ZdrZ qH$_V aofm V`ma hmoB©b. Ë`m qH$_V

aofodarb "_' q~XyVrb dñVwMm JQ> Cn^moŠVm ng§V H$aob. H$maU Ë`m {R>H$mUr Ë`mg OmñV g_mYmZ {_iob.

H$maU "_' hm q~Xy "g' q~XyÀ`m COì`m ~mOyg Amho.

(~) IM©- oX nÕVr (Cost Difference Method) : àm. {hŠg m§Zr _mJUr {Z`_mÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r

IM©- oX nÕVr dmnabr Amho. `m nÕVrZwgma "j' dñVwMr qH$_V Ooìhm H$_r hmoVo V|ìhm Cn^moŠË`mMo dmñVd

CËnÞ Aem nÕVrZo H$_r Ho$bo OmVo {H$ Cn^moŠË`mbm nyduMm dñVwJQ> IaoXr H$amdm bmJVmo. `mMm AW© dñVwMr

qH$_V H$_r Pmë`m_wio dmñVd CËnÞmV Pmbobr dmT> H$mTw>Z KoVbr OmVo.

ânmB©~Ôb nÕVr d IM© oX nÕVr_Yrb _hÎdmMm \$aH$ åhUOo `m nÕVrV dñVwMr qH$_V H$_r Pmbr

AgVmZm Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dmñVd CËnÞmV Pmbobr dmT> H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mT>md`mMr aofm hr Aem J¥{hVH$mZo

H$mT>br OmVo {H$ nyduÀ`m n[apñWVrV {ZdS>boë`m j dñVwÀ`m d CËnÞmÀ`m g§ moJmg IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r OodT>o

CËnÞ Amdí`H$ Agob VodT>oM CËnÞ Cn^moŠË`mOdi amhrb. `m nÕVrMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV

Xe©{dë`mà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV "j' Ajmda j dñVwMr ZJg§»`m Am{U A` Ajmda Cn^moŠË`mMo CËnÞ Xe©{dbo Amho.

H$a hr gwédmVrMr qH$_Vaofm Amho. `m qH$_Vaofodarb "n' `m q~XyV AgUmam dñVwg_wh Cn^moŠË`mZo ng§V Ho$bm

Cn^moŠË`mMo

CËnÞ

`

A j

j dñVwMo n[a_mU

a1

_

g

a

H$

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.15

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 36 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Amho. na§Vw `m pñWVrV dñVwMr [H§$_V H$_r Pmë`mg Cn^moŠË`mg H$a1 hr ZdrZ qH$_V aofm àmá hmoB©b. `m

qH$_Vaofodarb n1 hm dñVy g_wh ng§V H$arb. `mMm AW© n1 hm dñVyg_wh "n' `m dñVwg_whmda Pmbobm qH$_V

n[aUm_ Amho.

{Q>H$m :

1. _mJUr {Z`_mMm \o$a{dMma H$aVmZm dmnaboë`m J{UVr d AJ{UVr à{H«$`m AmH$bZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo AdKS>

AmhoV.

2. gwg§JVm d g§H«$_H$Vm hr VÎdo gmonr dmQ>V Agbr Var g_OÊ`mg AS>MUrMr AmhoV.

3. _°H$bn `m§À`m _Vo, {hŠg `m§Zr J¥{hV Yabobr VÎdo dmñVd n[apñWVrV ZmhrV.

4. àm. {hŠg `m§À`m {dMmamMm dmna Am{W©H$ YmoaUmgmR>r qH$dm _hÎdmÀ`m {ZU© mgmR>r H$aVm oV Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio ^{dî`H$mbrZ H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr.

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1. {ZJ_Z nÕVr - {d{eð> n[apñWVr J¥hrV Yê$Z Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r dmnabr OmUmar nÕVr

2. {dJ_Z nÕVr - AZw dmda AmYm[aV VH$m©dê$Z Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V _m§S>Umar nÕVr

3. dmñVddmXr AW©emó - dñVwpñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó

4. AmXe©dmXr AW©emó - AmXem©Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó

Cn^moŠË`mMo

CËnÞ

`

A jj dñVwMo ZJ

a1

n

a

H$

n1

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1.16

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 37 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

5. Am§{eH$ g_Vmob - AW©ì`dñWoVrb EImÚm KQ>H$mMm, ^mJmMm {d{eð>mMm g_Vmob

6. gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob - g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm g_Vmob

7. g_d¥Vr dH«$ - g_mZ g_mYmZ Xe©{dUmao q~Xy AgUmam dH«$

8. H«$_dmMH$ Cn`mo{JVm _mnZ - Cn`mo{JVoMo _mnZ A§H$m_Ü o Z H$aVm dñVwÀ`m ng§VrH«$_mZwgma Ho$bo

OmVo.

9. gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa - XmoZ dñVwÀ`m XodmU-KodmUrMm Xa

10. g~b H«$_dm[aVm - dñVwMm ng§VrH«$_ R>a{dVmZm Ë`m_Ü o {ZpíMVVm AgUo

11. Xw~©b H«$_dm[aVm - dñVwMm ng§VrH«$_ R>a{dVmZm Ë`m_Ü o {ZpíMVVm ZgUo.

1.4 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

(A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mg nÕVr H$moUË`m?

2. {dJ_Z nÕVr åhUOo H$m`?

3. {ZJ_Z nÕVrMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

4. AmXe©dmXr AW©emómMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

5. dmñVddmXr AW©emó åhUOo H$m`?

6. Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMm AW© gm§Jm.

7. gd©gmYmaU g_VmobmMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

8. g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU H$moUË`m AW©Vkm§Zr _m§S>bo?

9. g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU H$moUË`m _mnZ nÕVrda AmYmabobo Amho?

10. g_d¥Vr dH«$ {díbofU _mJUr {gÕm§VmMo {H$Vdo ê$n Amho?

11. qH$_V n[aUm_, CËnÞ n[aUm_ d n`m© Vm n[aUm_mMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ H$m AgVmo?

12. àmo. g°å wbgZMm àH$Q>ng§Vr {gÕm§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m H$moUË`m _mnZmda AmYmabobm Amho?

13. g~b d Xw~©b H«$_dm[aVm åhUOo H$m`?

14. àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§V _mJUr {díbofUmMo {H$Vdo ê$n Amho?

15. _mJUr{df`H$ nwZ©_m§S>Ur {gÕm§V H$moUË`m AW©VkmZo _m§S>bm?

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 38 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

16. CËnÞ n[aUm_ åhUOo H$m`?

17. qH$_V n[aUm_mMm AW© gm§Jm.

18. gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa hr g§H$ënZm H$moUË`m _mJUr {díbofUmV _m§S>br?

19. g_d¥Vr dH«$ Ama§ ë`mer H$gm AgVmo?

20. n`m© Vm n[aUm_ åhUOo H$m`?

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

1. {ZJ_Z d {dJ_Z nÕVr

2. dmñVddmXr AW©emó

3. AmXe©dmXr AW©emó

4. Am§{eH$ g_VmobmMr d¡{eï>ço

5. gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob

6. CËnÞ n[aUm_

7. n`m© Vm n[aUm_

(H$) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. AW©emór` {díbofUmÀ`m {ZJ_Z d {dJ_Z nÕVrMo JwU-Xmof gm§Jm.

2. dmñVddmXr AW©emómMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ _hÎd {deX H$am.

3. AmXe©dmXr AW©emó åhUOo H$m`? AmXe©dmXr AW©emómMo _hÎd {deX H$am.

4. Am§{eH$ d gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob ñnï> H$am.

5. g_d¥Vr dH«$ åhUOo H$m`? g_d¥Vr dH«$mMo JwUY_© {deX H$am.

6. CËnÞ d n`m©`Vm n[aUm_ `m g§H$ënZm {deX H$am.

7. g°å wbgZÀ`m àH$Q> ng§Vr {gÕm§Vmdê$Z _mJUr dH«$mMo ñnï>rH$aU Úm.

8. àmo. {hŠg `m§Mm gwYm[aV _mJUr {Z`_ {deX H$am.

9. ñQ>bñH$s nÕVr {deX H$am.

1.5 Aä`mgmgmR>r g§X © J«§W :

1. H. L. Ahuja : "Modern Economics"

S.Chand & Company, New Delhi.

2. H. L. Ahuja : "Advanced Econmic Theory"

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 39 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

3. K. K. Dewett : "Modern Economic Theory"

S.Chand & Company, New Delhi.

4. M. L. Jhigan : "Advanced Economic Theory"

5. A. Koutsoyiomis : "Modern Microeconomics"

gGg

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KQ>H$ 2

CËnmXZ d IMm©Mo {gÕm§V(Theory of Production & Cost)

2.0 C{Ôï>ço

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 CËnmXZ, AW©, ì`m»`m

2.2.2 {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh, ~hþ-CËnmXZ g§ñWm (Multi Product Firm)

n`m© VoMr bd{MH$Vm (Elasticity of Substitution Euler's Theorem)

2.2.3 H$m°~-S>½bg {gÕm§V (Obb - Douglas)

n`m© VoMr pñWa bd{MH$Vm (CES)

2.2.4 nma§nm[aH$ d AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IM© {gÕm§V(Traditional & Modern Theories of Costs)

2.3 gmam§e

2.4 nm[a^mf{H$ eãX

2.5 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

2.6 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

2.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

2.8 jo{Ì` H$m`©

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 41 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯


1. CËnmXZ d IM© `m§À`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd OmUyZ KoUo.

2. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm CËnmXZmer AgUmam \$bZmË_H$ g§~§Y Aä`mgUo.

3. CËnmXZ H$mbI§S> d CËnmXZ IM© `m§À`m_Yrb g§~§Y Aä`mgUo.

2.1 àmñVm{dH$ (Introduction) :

AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü o Cn^moJ d CËnmXZ `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m _hÎdmÀ`m R>aV AgVmV. Cn^moŠË`mg

Cn^moJmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m dñVy CËnmXZ à{H«$ oVyZ CnbãY hmoV AgVmV. ~è`mM dñVy Z¡g{J©H$ AdñWoV

Cn^moJmgmR>r Cn wŠV ZgVmV. CËnmXZ H$_mb Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m © H$arV AgVmV. H$moUVrhr CÚmoJg§ñWm

Á`mdoir H$moUVr dñVy V`ma H$amd`mMr? H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr H$amd`mMr? H$moUVr CËnmXZ nÕVr dmnamd`mMr?

{Za{Zamio CËnmXZ KQ>H$ H$moUË`m à_mUmV EH$Ì AmUmd`mMo? H$moUË`m àH$maMr `§Ìgm_J«r dmnamd`mMr?

Am{U CËnm{XV dñVy H$moUH$moUË`m ~mOmamV {H$Vr qH$_Vrbm {dH$md`mMr mg§~§Yr {ZU© KoVmZm Ë`m_mJo "H$_mb

Z\$m {_i{dUo' hr EH$_od àoaUm AgVo.

AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgm_Üò CËnmXZm~amo~aM CËnmXZ IMm©Mm Aä`mg H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

_yë`{gÕm§Vm_Ü o CËnmXZ IMm©bm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. CÚmoJ g§ñWoÀ`m EImÚm dñVyMo CËnmXZ à_mU d Ë`m

dñVyMr qH$_V d Ë`m dñVybm oUmè`m CËnmXZ IMm©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. VgoM EImÚm dñVyMm CÚmoJg§ñWoÛmam

hmoUmam nwadR>m Ë`m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©da Adb§~yZ AgVmo. CËnmXZ IMm©Mo _m¡{ÐH$ IM©, dmñVd IM© d

d¡H$pënH$ IM© Ago àH$ma nS>VmV. VgoM H$mbI§S>mZwgmahr AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IM© d XrK©H$mbrZ IM© Ago

àH$ma nS>VmV. CËnmXZ IM© hm CËnmXZ à{H«$ò_Üò dmnabo OmUmao Oo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ AgVmV Ë`m§Zm {Xbm

OmUmè`m _mo~Xë`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV oVmo.

àñVwV KQ>H$m_Ü o CËnmXZ d IM© `mg§~§Yr CÚmoJg§ñWoV H$emnÕVrZo H$m © MmbVo `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma

AmhmoV. Ë`m~amo~a {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh (Least Cost Combination of Factors), ~hþdñVy

CËnmXZg§ñWm (Multi-Product Firm), H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZ (Cobb-Douglus Production Func-

tion), VgoM CËnmXZ IMm©g§~§Yr nma§nm[aH$ CËnmXZ IM© {gÕm§V d AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IM© {gÕm§V (Traditional

Theories of cost & Modern Theory of Cost) `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Analysis of the Unit) :

2.2.1 CËnmXZ - ì`m»`m d AW© :

Z¡g{J©H$ ñdê$nmV AgUmè`m dñVy_Ü o à{H«$`m H$ê$Z Cn`mo{JVm {Z_m©U H$aUo åhUOo CËnmXZ hmo . doJdoJù`m

àH$maÀ`m à{H«$`m H$ê$Z én Cn`mo{JVm, ñWmZ Cn`mo{JVm, YmaUm Cn`mo{JVm, kmZ Cn`mo{JVm, godm Cn`mo{JVm

Aem {Za{Zamù`m Cn`mo{JVm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`mbmM CËnmXZ åhUVmV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 42 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

ì`m»`m (Definition) :

"Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m qH$dm g§nÎmrÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbm CËnmXZ (Production) Ago åhUVmV.

2.2.2 {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$, ~hþ CËnmXZ g§ñWm, n`m© VoMr bd{MH$Vm :

(A) {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ - g_yh (Least Cost Combination of Inputs) :

{H$_Vrg§~§YrÀ`m VmpËdH$ {díbofUm_Ü o CËnmXZ g§~§YrMm {dMma _yb yV _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. EH$Va CËnmXZIM© Am{U CËnm{XV ZJag§»`m `m_Yrb g§~§YmMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao AmYma Ë`mVyZ{_iVmo. VgoM CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§H$[aVm AgUmè`m _mJUrg§~YrÀ`m VÎdmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm AmYma åhUyZhrCËnmXZmg§~§YrMo VmpËdH$ {díbofU _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

AmXmZ (Input) Am{U àXmZ/CËnmXZ (Output) m_Yrb g§~§YmZm "CËnmXZ \$bZ' (Production Func-

tion) Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr g§»`m H$m`_ Am{U BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr g§»`m ~XbVr R>odyZCËnmXZ-\$bmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. "~XbË`m à_mUmMm {gÕm§V/{Z`_' _m§S>VmZm H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mrg§»`m EH$m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr g§»`m ~Xbbr OmVo. Va gd©M CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr g§»`m ~XbVr R>odyZ "CËnmXZ-\$bmMm {Z`_' Aä`mgbm OmVmo. `m{edm` CËnmXZ IM© {H$_mZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {Za{Zamio CËnmXZ KQ>H$H$moUË`m à_mUmV dmnamdo `m g§~§Yr "{H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh' {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

CËnmXZ \$bmg§~§YrMo {d{dY {gÕm§V CËnmXH$mg CËnmXZdmT> {Za{Zamù`m _`m©Xon ªV Ho$ë`mg H$m` n[aUm_hmoB©b ho gm§JV AgVmV. nU CËnmXH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMm àý hm `mo½` CËnmXZ à_mUmMm Amho, H$s Á`m_Ü oCËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo H$moUVo à_mU Agmdo H$s Á`m à_mUm_Ü o {Za{Zamio KQ>H$ CËnmXZ H$m`m©V dmnabo AgVmH$_rV H$_r IMm©V OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_iy eHo$b, Ago CËnmXZ n[aUm_ ho Á`m {R>H$mUr gr_m§V CËnmXZ dgamgar CËnmXZ ho XmoÝhr EH$_oH$m§~amo~a AgVmV. åhUOoM XmoÝhr àH$maMo KQ>H$ nañnam§À`m Ñï>rZo wŠV à_mUmVAmbobo AgVmV. pñWa KQ>H$m§À`m _mÌmÀ`m g§~§YmV ~XbVm KQ>H$ OodT>m Amdí`H$ Amho VodT>çmM à_mUmVAgVmo. `mo½` à_mUmV CËnmXZ KQ>H$ dmnabo OmV Agë`m_wio ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mm Anì`` hmoV Zmhr qH$dm pñWaKQ>H$m§Mm AnyU© dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. n[aUm_r H$_rV H$_r IMm©V OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_iy eH$Vo. na§Vw ho_wŠV à_mUmnojm ~XbË`m KQ>H$mMo n[a_mU dmT>{dë`mg gr_m§V CËnmXZ H$_r hmoD$ bmJë`mZo CËnmXZ à{H«$ o_Ü ohmoUmao ZwH$gmZ dmT>V OmVo. åhUyZ gr_m§V CËnmXZ = gamgar CËnmXZ `m n[a_mUmn ªV EHy$U CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo`mo½` AgVo. `mMmM AW© `m n[a_mUmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agbobm CËnmXH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g§`mo½` hm `wŠV AgVmo dCËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo nañnam§er Agbobo à_mUhr wŠV à_mU g_Obo OmVo.

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr Am{U {d{eï> àH$maMo Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ AmnU J¥hrV Yê$. VgoM CËnmXZ g§ñWobmH$_rV H$_r IMm©V CËnmXZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ago _mZy.

{H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©V CËnmXZ H$amd`mMo Agob Va CËnmXZ KQ>H$ EH$Ì AmUVmZm Á`m`moJo H$_rV H$_rIM© oB©b Aem àH$maMm CËnmXZ-g_yh dmnamV AmUbm Jobm nm{hOo. `mgmR>r CËnmXZg§ñWoZo Amnë`m OdirbgmYZgm_J«r {Za{Zamù`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mH$[aVm Aem àH$mao {d^mJmdr H$s Á`m`moJo-

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 43 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

"A' KQ>H$mMo gr_m§V dñVwê$n CËnmXZ =

"~' Mo gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZ =

"H$' Mo dñVwê$n CËnmXZ

"A' KQ>H$mMr qH$_V "~' Mr qH$_V "H$' KQ>H$mMr qH$_V

`m g_rH$aUmMm AW© Agm H$s, CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZmMo Ë`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m

{H$_Vrer AgUmao JwUmoÎma gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m~m~VrV gmaIo Agbo nm{hOo. "A' CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV

AmT>iyZ oUma ho JwUmoÎma "~' CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m JwUmoÎmamnojm A{YH$ Agob Va Ë`m n[apñWVrV CËnmXZg§ñWobm

{H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©V CËnmXZ H$aVm oUma Zmhr. JwUmoÎmamV Aem àH$maMm \$aH$ Agob Va "A' CËnmXZ

KQ>H$mMm, dmna dmT>dyZ "~' CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMm dmna H$_r H$aUo {H$\$m`Vera R>aob. Aem nÕVrZo CËnmZ KQ>H$mMm

dmna Ho$ë`mg gd© JwUmoÎmao g_mZ hmoVrb Am{U CËnmXZmH$[aVm dmnabm OmUmam CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh "{H$_mZ IM©

CËnmXZ KQ>H$-g_yh' (Least Cost Combination of Inputs) amhrb.

wŠV à_mU {_i{dÊ`mg Amdí`H$ n[apñWVr :

1. gr_m§V CËnmXZ ho _moOVm Ambo nm{hOo. Oa gr_m§V CËnmXZ _moOVm oV Zgob Va Ë`m n[apñWVrV wŠV

à_mU {_i{dVm oUma Zmhr.

2. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo ZJ {d^mÁ` AgmdoV.

3. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo Vm§{ÌH$ JwUH$ (Technological Co-efficients) n[adV©Zerb AgmdoV VaM wŠV

à_mU {_i{dVm oVo.

na§Vw darb gd© Jmoï>tMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm EImÚm {d{eï> doiMm {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh

Zoh_rM {H$_mZ IM© Xe©{dUmam CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh AgVmoM Ago Zmhr. Vmo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m {H$_VrV hmoUmè`m

~XbmZwgma ~XbVmo. H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m {H$_Vr H$_r Pmë`m qH$dm dmT>ë`m Va Ë`mZwgma {H$_mZ IM©

CËnmXZ-KQ>H$ g_yh ~XbVmo. Oo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mZmZo ñdñV AgVrb qH$dm Á`m§Mr

CËnmXH$Vm BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mZmZo A{YH$ Agob Ago CËnmXZ KQ>H$ A{YH$ g§» oZo dmnaÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm OmB©b.

{H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh VÎd Am{U Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ~m~VrVrb g_-gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVoMo VÎd

`m§À`m_Ü o ~aoM gmå` Amho. Á`mà_mUo Cn^moŠV gr_m§V n`m© Vm Xa d Ë`m XmoZ dñVy§À`m qH$_VrMo JwUmoÎma `m

Xmohmo_Ü o g_mZVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo d g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo g§ moOH$ Vm§{ÌH$

n`m© VoMm gr_m§V Xa d Ë`m XmoZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_VtMo JwUmoÎma `m_Ü o g_mZVm àñWm{nV H$ê$Z g_Vmob

gmYV AgVmo.

qH$_V n[aUm_ = {dñVma n[aUm_ (Expantion Effect)

qH$dm CËnmXZ n[aUm_ (Output Effect)

+ Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm n[aUm_ (Technical Substitution Effect)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 44 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

{H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yhmMo n`m© VoMo VÎd :

EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr qH$_V dmT>br Va Ë`m_wio {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yhmMm _yiMm g_Vmob

{~KS>Vmo. Agm g_Vmob nwÝhm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZg§ñWoZo Á`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr qH$_V dmT>br Agob

Ë`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr ZJg§»`m H$_r H$ê$Z, gmnojVoZo ñdñV AgUmè`m BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr A{YH$ n[a_mUo

{H$§dm ZJg§»`m dmnamdr. n[aUm_r, Á`m _hmJ CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr n[a_mUo H$_r Ho$bobr AgVrb Ë`m CËnmXZKQ>H$mMo

gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZ dmT>ob Am{U BVa ñdñV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr ZJg§»`m A{YH$ dmnabr Joë`mZo Ë`mMo

gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZ H$_r hmoD$Z AemàH$mao nwÝhm gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ~m~VrV AmT>iyZ oUmao gr_m§V

dñVwê$n CËnmXZ Ë`m§À`m qH$_VrÀ`m à_mUmV gmaIo amhrb Am{U g_Vmob gmYbm OmB©b. hoM {H$_mZ IM©

CËnmXZ KQ>H$-g_yhmMo "n`m© VoMo VÎd' (Principle of Substitutability) `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo.

{H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yhmMo CËnmXZ n[aUm_ :

EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr qH$_V dmT>br AgVm n`m© Vm n[aUm_ KSy>Z oVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo CËnmXZ n[aUm_hr

KSy>Z oVmo. (output effect)

EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr qH$_V dmT>br Va Ë`mMm CËnmXZ IM© dmT>Vmo. AmVm ZdrZ gr_m§V CËnmXZ IM©

Am{U gr_m§V àmár `m_Ü o g_mZVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZg§ñWobm CËnmXZ H$_r H$amdo bmJob. n[aUm_r Ë`m

CËnmXZ KQ>H$mH$[aVm AgUmar _mJUr H$_r hmoB©b. `mMm AW© {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh àmá H$ê$Z

KoÊ`mgmR>r gwédmVrbm _hmJ CËnmXZ KQ>H$mEodOr ñdñV CËnmXZ KQ>H$ dmnabo Jobo. hm "n`m© Vm n[aUm_' hmo .

na§Vw `m{R>H$mUr CËnmXZ H$_r H$amdo bmJë`m_wio Ë`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mH$[aVm nydu Agbobr _mJUr `m ~Xbboë`m

n[apñWVrV H$_r hmoB©b. åhUOoM EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr qH$_V dmT>br AgVm CËnmXZ nmVir H$_r H$amdr

bmJbr hm "CËnmXZ n[aUm_' (output effect) hmo Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm n[aUm_ (Technical Substitution

Effect) ho XmoÝhr n[aUm_ g_m{dï> AgVmV. m {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, CËnmXZ IM© H$_rV H$_r oD$Z

CËnmXZ H$aVmZm CËnmXZg§ñWobm nwT>rb XmoZ VÎdm§Mm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJVmo.

1. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo gr_m§V dñVyê$n CËnmXZ Ë`m§À`m qH$_VrÀ`m à_mUmV gmaIo Agbo nm{hOo.

2. {H$\$m`Vera CËnmXZ nmVir JmR>br OmÊ`mgmR>r gr_m§V IM© Am{U gr_m§V àmár g_mZ Agbr

nm{hOo.

(B) ~hþdñVy CËnmXZg§ñWm (Multi-Product Firm) :

Ooìhm EImXr CÚmoJg§ñWm EImÚm {d{eï> dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVo Ë`mdoir {d{eï> à_mUmV CËnmXZ

KQ>H$ n[a_mU dmnarV AgVo. Ooìhm EImXr CÚmoJg§ñWm EH$mM àH$maÀ`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVo. Voìhm `m

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU doJio AgVo. nU àË`jmV AZoH$ CÚmoJ g§ñWm m ~hþ-dñVy CËnmXZ CÚmoJg§ñWm AgVmV.

Ë`m CÚmoJg§ñWm EH$mnojm A{YH$ {d{dY dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmV. Amnë`m XoemVrb qhXwñWmZ {bìha

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 45 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

H§$nZrMo `m~m~V CXmhaU XoVm òB©b. hr CÚmoJg§ñWm EH$mnojm A{YH$ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVo. CXm.

S>mbS>çmMo d VwnmMo CËnmXZ. `mÀ`m~amo~aM Am§KmoirMm gm~U d BVahr AZoH$ àH$maMr CËnmXZo KoV AgVo.

Ë`mM ~amo~a H$mhr CÚmoJg§ñWm OmoS> CËnmXZohr H$arV AgVmV, H$s Á`m_Ü o EH$m dñVyÀ`m~amo~a BVahr dñVy§Mo

CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmV. Aem CËnmXZ à{H«$ o_Ü o EH$m dñVyMo CËnmXZ ho Vm§{ÌH$Ñï>çm Xwgè`m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmda

Adb§~yZ AgVo. `mMmM AW© XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ àH$maÀ`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ EH$mM CÚmoJg§ñWo_Ü o Ho$bo

OmV AgVo. Ë`mdoir Vr CËnmXZo Vm§{ÌH$Ñï>çm EH$_oH$m§À`m CËnmXZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ :

Ooìhm CÚmoJg§ñWm ~hþ-dñVy CËnmXZ CÚmoJg§ñWm AgVo Ë`mdoir Vr {Za{Zamù`m {^Þ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$arV

AgVo qH$dm Ooìhm CËnmXZ à{H«$`m gwê$ AgVo Ë`mdoir EH$mM doir XmoZ qH$dm Ë`mhrnojm OmñV OmoS> CËnmXZo KoV

AgVo Voìhm Ë`m XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ {^Þ dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmMo n[a_mU {ZpíMV H$arV AgVo. Xwgè`m

eãXmV Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ {H$Vr à_mUmV EH$mM doir H$amd`mMo

ho CËnmXZg§ñWm {ZpíMV H$aVo.

`m {R>H$mUr ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r AmnU CÚmoJg§ñWm XmoZM dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$ê$ eH$Vo Ago J¥hrV YaUma

AmhmoV mMo H$maU åhUOo "CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$' m gmYZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo XmoZ {^Þ dñVy§À`m CËnmXZm~m~V MMm©

H$aUma AmhmoV. `m CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm (Production Possibility Curve) dH«$mbmM ñWbm§V[aV dH«$ (Transfor-

mation Curve) åhUVmV. AmYw{ZH$ AW©emóm_Üò CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ ho _hÎdmMo gmYZ _mZbo OmVo.

CÚmoJg§ñWobm CËnmXZmMo à_mU {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo gmYZ åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. CÚmoJg§ñWobm `m

{R>H$mUr XmoZ {^Þ dñVyMo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mg§X^m©V {ZdS>rMr _`m©Xm Agbobr {XgVo. Imbrb H$moï>H$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo

Amnë`m CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$mMr g§H$ënZm OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

`m {R>H$mUr Ago J¥hrV YaÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, R>am{dH$ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr R>am{dH$ g§»`m ApñVËdmVrb

CËnmXZ V§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo "j' d "`' m XmoZ {Za{Zamù`m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmÀ`m eŠ`VoMo g§ moJ/JQ> Xe©{dÊ`mV

Amë`m AmhoV.

H$moï>H$ H«$. 2.1

CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm CËnmXZ (j) CËnmXZ (Y)

A 0 1500

B 100 1400

C 200 1200

D 300 900

E 400 500

F 500 0

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 46 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

H$moï>H$ H«$. 2.1 _Ü o CÚmoJg§ñWm gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ H$m_mda KoD$Z CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg Y Mo 1500 ZJm§Mo

CËnmXZ H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`mdoir X m dñVyMo EH$hr ZJ CËnm{XV Ho$bo OmV ZmhrV. Xwgè`m ~mOybm CÚmoJg§ñWoZo gd©

CËnmXZ KQ>H$ CËnmXZ à{H«$ o_Ü o EH$mM dñVyÀ`m (X) À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabo Va X `m dñVyMo 500 OmJm§Mo

CËnmXZ hmoB©b. Ë`mdoir Y `m dñVyMo O ZJ AgVrb. Xwgè`m ^mfoV Y Mo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmUma Zmhr. na§Vw `m

CËnmXZmÀ`m eodQ>À`m XmoZ eŠ`Vm Agboë`m {XgVmV. `m XmoZ eodQ>À`m eŠ`Vm§À`m_Ü o AZoH$ CËnmXmÀ`m

eŠ`Vm§Mo JQ>/g§M V`ma hmoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m B, C, D, E `m àH$maÀ`m AgyZ A d F `m JQ>m§Zr eodQ>À`m eŠ`Vm

Xe©{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. B. `m {R>H$mUr X Mo 100 ZJ Va Y Mo 1400 ZJm§Mr CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm Xe©{dÊ`mV

Ambr Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo BVahr eŠ`Vm Xe©{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. Voìhm A À`m {R>H$mUr AgUmao CËnmXZ

eŠ`VoMo à_mU B H$S>o gaH$Vo. Ë`mdoir X Mo e§ a ZJ CËnm{XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Y Mo 100 ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ CÚmoJ

g§ñWobm H$_r H$amdo bmJbo. nwÝhm B `m CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm JQ>mH$Sy>Z åhUOoM B H$Sy>Z C CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm JQ>mH$S>o

gaH$ë`mg nwÝhm X Mo 100 ZJ CËnm{XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Y À`m 200 ZJm§À`m CËnmXZmMm CÚmoJg§ñWobm Ë`mJ

H$amdm bmJVmo.

H$moï>H$ H«$. 2.1 _Üò D `m g§ moJmÀ`m {R>H$mUr X Mo nwÝhm 100 ZJ dmT>dmd`mMo AgVrb Ë`mdoir Y

À`m 300 ZJm§À`m CËnmXZmMm CÚmoJg§ñWobm Ë`mJ H$amdm bmJob. Ë`mMn«_mUo D d E `m g§ moJmÀ`m {R>H$mUr X

Mo 100 ZJ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Y `m dñVy§À`m àË oH$s 400 ZJm§Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio `m H$moï>H$mH$S>o

nm{hbo AgVm Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, X `m dñVyMo 100 ZJ dmT>dmd`mMo AgVrb Va Y `m `m dñVy§À`m H$mhr

ZJm§Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm bmJob. `m_Ü o X d Y `m XmoZ dñVy_Yrb g§ moJm_Ü o A H$Sy>Z F H$S>o OmÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr

{XgVo. ho AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nwT>rbà_mUo Xe©{dVm oVo.

(eo._Üò)

CËnmXZ

CËnmXZ (eo._Üò)O

AB

C

D

E

F

Peoduction Possibility Curve

1514

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

X

Y

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.1

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 47 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2. 1 _Üò AF dH«$ hm darb H$moï>H$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Xe©{dVm òVmo. 'AF' `m dH«$mbmM

"CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$' (Production Possbility Curve) Ago g§~moYÊ`mV oVo. 'AF' dH«$ hm CÚmoJg§ñWoMo XmoZ

dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmMo {Za{Zamio g§ moJ Xe©{dV Amho. m dH«$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, CnbãY gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m

ghmæ`mZo CÚmoJg§ñWobm EH$m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> H$amd`mMr Agob Va Xwgè`m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m H$mhr

ZJm§Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm bmJVmo. Ooìhm CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ hm A q~XyH$Sy>Z F q~XyH$Co ñWmZm§Va H$arV AgVmo

Ë`mdoir X m CËnmXZm_Ü o dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Y m CËnmXZmÀ`m H$mhr ZJm§Mm CÚmoJg§ñWobm Ë`mJ H$amdm bmJVmo.

Va `mÀ`m CbQ> CÚmoJg§ñWm F H$Sy>Z A H$S>o ñWmZm§V H$ê$ bmJbr Va Y `m dñVyMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r X m

CËnmXZmÀ`m H$mhr ZJm§Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm bmJob.

CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$mbm CËnmXZ n[adV©Z dH«$ Agohr åhUVmV. (Product Transformation Curve)

Agohr åhUVmV. H$maU `m dH«$mda EH$m q~XyH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m q~XyV n[adV©Z qH$dm ñWmZm§Va hmoV AgVo. CÚmoJ

g§ñWm CnbãY gmYZgm_J«rMm nyU© dmna H$ê$Z gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm CËnmXZ à{H«$V KoD$Z AF `m CËnmXZ

eŠ`Vm dH«$mdarb (Production Possibility Curve) g§ moJmMo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVo. `m_Ü o A d F `m XmoZ

g§ moJ q~XyÀ`m _Ü oM amhÿZ CÚmoJg§ñWobm CËnmXZmMm g§ moJ (B, C, D, E) {ZdS>mdm bmJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ~mhoa

CÚmoJg§ñWobm CËnmXZ dmT>{dVm oV Zmhr.

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o Xe©{dë`mà_mUo XmoZ {^Þ dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao CËnmXZ KQ>H$hr {^Þ à_mUmV

dmnabr Jobr AmhoV. Oa gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ EH$mM (X) dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabo Va OmñVrV OmñV 500

ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. Va gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ (Y) `m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabo Va OmñVrV OmñV

1500 ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. ho AmH¥$Vr_Ü o F m q~XyZo X m dñVyMo CËnmXZ Va A m q~XyV Y m dñVyMo

CËnmXZ à_mU Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. A d F m q~XyZo X d Y m XmoZ Cƒ CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm Xe©dyZ Ë`m_Yrb

A§Vam_Ü o B,C,D,E `m q~XyÀ`m ghmæ`mZo BVa CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm Xe©{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. EH$m X dñVyMo

CËnmXZ dmT>{dë`mg CËnmXZ KQ>H$hr Ë`mà_mUmV (X `m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r) dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo d

am{hbobo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ Y `m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabo OmVmV. X `m dñVyMo nydunojm Oo A{YH$Mo CËnmXZ

Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio XmoÝhrMo CËnmXZ g§ moJ ~XbVmV. EH$m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r Xwgè`m dñVyMo Oo CËnmXZ

KQ>H$ n[ad{V©V Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`mbm "gr_m§V n[adV©Z Xa' (Marginal Rate of Transformation) Ago åhUVmV.

Xwgè`m eãXmV Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, X `m dñVyMo H$mhr ZJ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Y `m dñVyÀ`m ZJm§Mm Omo Ë`mJ

H$amdm bmJVmo åhUOoM X d Y `m§À`mVrb n[adV©ZmMm Xa åhUOo "gr_m§V n[adV©Z Xa' (MRT) Xa hmo . Aem

arVrZo VgVgo CÚmoJ g§ñWm X `m ZJmMo A{YH$m{YH$ CËnmXZ H$aob VgVgm n[adV©Z Xa (MRT) dmT>V OmB©b d

Y `m dñVyMo CËnmXZ nydunojm KQ>V OmB©b. `m dmT>Ë`m gr_m§V n[adV©Z Xam_wio CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ Ama§

q~Xyer "A§Vd©H$' (Concove) Amho. `m dH«$m_wio AmnUmbm XmoZ dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmMr eŠ`Vm g_OV Zmhr. Va

EH$ dñVyEodOr Xwgè`m dñVyMm n[adV©Z Xa Ë`m dH«$mÀ`m CVmamdê$Z g_OVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 48 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(C) n`m© VoMr bd{MH$Vm - wbaMm {gÕm§V (Elasticity of Substitution - Euler's Theorom) :

"n`m© r bd{MH$Vm' (Elasticity of Substitution) m g§H$ënZoMr Am{W©H$ {bImZm_Ü o {dñV¥V à_mUm_Ü o

MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. AmnUhr `m KQ>H$m_Ü o l_ d ^m§S>db `m XmoZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m g§X^m©_Ü o

"n`m© r bd{MH$Vm' hr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. `m g§H$ënZo_Ü o K ho Aja ^m§S>dbmÀ`m g§X^m©V d L ho

Aja l_mÀ`m g§X^m©_Ü o dmnaUma AmhmoV. ho {MÝh `m XmoÝhr_Ü o AgUmè`m n`m© r bd{MH$VoMo à_mU

Xe©{dV Amho. ^m§S>db d l_ `m§À`m_Yrb JwUmoÎmamÀ`m ghmæ`mZo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr n`m© r bd{MH$Vm ñnï>

H$aVm oVo.

n`m© r bd{MH$Vm =AmXmZmÀ`m à_mUmVrb ~XbmMo JwUmoÎma

Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© VoMm gr_m§V XamVrb ~Xb

(Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution)

=Peoportional Change in K/L

Proportionate Change in MRTS L/K

m K/L

L/K

=

m (MRTSKL) (MRTSKL)

=m (K/L)

BMRTS

K/L m (MRTSKL)

=m (K/L)

BMRTSLK

m (MRTSKL) K/L

^m§S>db d l_ ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ nyU©nUo {d^mÁ` AgyZ XmoÝhr KQ>H$ H$moUË`mhr à_mUmV EH$Ì AmUVm

oVmV. Aem J¥{hVmda AmYmamda l_ d ^m§S>db `m§Mo AZoH$ g§ moJ ~Z{dVm oVmV d Ë`mnmgyZ CËnmXZ {H$Vr

à_mUmV {_iob Vo g_OVo. "CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m' Á`m g§ moJmnmgyZ g_mZ CËnmXZ à_mU {_iVo Ago q~Xy OmoS>ë`mg

g_-CËnmXZaofm {_iVo. Ë`mbmM g_mZ-CËnmXZ dH«$ (Iso- Product Curve) åhUVmV. `m dH«$mdarb àË oH$

q~Xyda {_iUmao CËnmXZ ho gmaIo AgVo.

g_-CËnÎmr dH«$mMm (Iso- Product Curve) Mm dmna H$ê$Z Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo "n`m© r

bd{MH$VoMr' g§H$ënZm ñnï Ho$br Amho.

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.2 _Ü o "X' Ajmda l_mMo à_mUd "Y' Ajmda ^m§S>dbmMo à_mU Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho.qq hm g_ CËnmXZ dH«$ (Insoquant Curve) Amho. m dH«$mda l_ d m§S>dbmÀ`m {Za{Zamio g§ moJ Xe©{dbo AmhoV.A hm q~Xy g_-CËnmXZ dH«$mda (q) ^m§S>db d l_ `m§Mo K1 d L1 Ago à_mU Xe©{dVo. OA `m aofoÀ`m CVmamÀ`mghmæ`mZo m XmoÝhrVrb à_mU g_mZ Agbobo {XgVo. m {R>H$mUr l_ hm KQ>H$ m§S>dbmbm n`m© r Amho. VgoM g_-CËnmXZ dH«$ 'q' da A m q~Xydê$Z B m q~XyH$S>o Imbr gaHy$ VgVgo l_-^m§S>db m§Mo à_mU ~XbVo d Vo K2/L2

Ago hmoVo. Vo à_mU 'OB' `m aofoÀ`m CVmamÀ`m ghmæ`mZo g_mZ Agbobo Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VgoM nyduà_mUoM

^m§S>dbmbm l_ ho n`m© r AgVmZm 'q' `m g_CËnmXZ dH«$mdarb CVmamda 'C' `m q~Xyda Imbr gaH$Vmo. Ë`mdoir^m§S>db d l_ `m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo JwUmoÎma nyduà_mUoM AgyZ Vo ImbÀ`m q~Xyda KgaVo. qL3/L3 Ago hmoVo.OC m aofoÀ`m ghmæ`mZo m§S>db d l_ m§À`mVrb JwUmoÎma/à_mU gmaIo Agë`mMo Xe©{dVo. g_-CËnÎmrdH«$mdê$ZAgo ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ^m§S>dbmbm l_ ho n`m© r AgyZ Ë`m§À`mVrb JwUmoÎma KQ>V OmVo.

VgoM AmH¥$Vr_Üò ^m§S>db d l_ `m XmoZ KQ>H$m_Yrb Vm§{ÌH$ n`m©`VoMm gr_m§V Xa (MRTCKL)

Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho, H$s Á`m {R>H$mUr g_-CËnmXZ dH«$ hm t1t1 `m g_-IM© dH«$mbm A `m q~XyV ñne©H$aVmo. VgoM ^m§S>db d l_ `m XmoZ KQ>H$mVrb Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© VoMm gr_m§V Xa Á`m {R>H$mUr t2t2 dH«$ hm B `mq~Xybm ñne© H$aVmo Ë`m {R>H$mUr Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM C `m q~Xy_Ü o t3t3 hm g_-IM© dH« g_-

CËnmXZ dH«$mbm ñne© H$arV Amho. Ë`m {R>H$mUr Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© VoMm Xa Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. g_-CËnÎmr dH«$'q' d g_-IM© dH«$ t2t2 ho EH$_oH$m§Zm ñne© H$aVmV Vmo q~Xy (B) `m {R>H$mUr AgUmam Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© VoMm gr_m§VXa hm t1t1 hm g_-IM© dH«$ d g_CËnmXZ dH«$ Á`m {R>H$mUr EH$_oH$m§Zm ñne© H$aVmV VoWrb Vm§{ÌH$ gr_m§Vn`m© Vm Xa H$_r AgVmo. Va t3t3 Á`m {R>H$mUr g_CËnÎmr dH«$mbm ñne© H$aVmo Vmo Vm§{ÌH$ gr_m§V n`m©`VoMm Xa

t2t2 dH«$ Á`m {R>H$mUr q `m aofobm ñne© H$aVmo Ë`m{R>H$mUMm hm Xa H$_r AgVmo.

^m§S>db

(K)

l_ (L)

A

A

B

C

X

q

K1

Y

K2

K3

L1 L2 L3

t1

t2

t2

t3

t3

t1

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.2

q

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 50 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ë`mZwgma CËnmXZ KQ>H$mVrb n`m© r bd{MH$VoÀ`m à_mUmVrb ~Xb aofmÀ`m CVmamVrb ~Xbm§À`m ghmæ`mZo

Xe©{dVm oVo.

2.2.3 H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZ - n`m© VoMr pñWa bd{MH$Vm :

(A) H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZ (Cobb - Douglas Production Function) :

AW©emóm_Ü o Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m qH$dm g§nÎmrÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbm CËnmXZ åhUVmV. y_r, l_, ^m§S>db d g§KQ>Z

`m CËnmXH$ KQ>H$m§À`m ghH$m`m©Mm n[aUm_ åhUOoM CËnmXZ hmo . `m_Ü o y_r Am{U l_ ho XmoZ _yb yV KQ>H$

AgyZ ^m§S>db d g§KQ>Z ho CËnÞ (Derived) KQ>H$ AmhoV. ^m§S>dbmMr {Z{_©Vr y_r d l_mVyZ hmoVo. g§KQ>Z hm

l_mMm EH$ àH$ma hmo .

na§namJV CËnmXZ {gÕm§VmZwgma CËnmXZmgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUbobo KQ>H$ åhUOo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ hmo . Va

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm AmXmZ (Inputs) _mZbo OmVo. `mÀ`m_Ü o y_r, l_, ^m§S>db d g§ moOH$

`m§À`m godoMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m AmXmZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m dñVy§À`m àXmZ (Outputs) Ago åhQ>bo

OmVo. ""AmXmZ d àXmZ mVrb Vm§{ÌH$ g§~§Ymbm CËnmXZ \$bZ åhUVmV.'' CËnmXZ \$bZmdê$Z CËnmXZ KQ>H$mVrb

~Xbm_wio CËnmXZmV H$em arVrZo d {H$Vr à_mUmV ~Xb hmoVmo ho g_OVo. CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ Am{U CËnmXH$

n[a_mUmMo {d{^Þ JQ> XmI{dUmao H$moï>H$ åhUo CËnmXZ \$bZ hmo .

P = F (a, b, c, d)

P = CËnmXZ a, b, c, d = AZwH«$_o y_r, l_, ^m§S>db, g§ moOH$

F = \$bZmË_H$ g§~§Y

AënH$mim_Ü o Vm§{ÌH$ n[apñWVrV H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z hmoVm EH$m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV ~Xb H$ê$Z BVa CËnmXZ

KQ>H$ pñWa R>odë`mg CËnmXZmV Omo ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`mbm "~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_' åhUVmV.

{XK© H$mimV CËnmXZ_mZmZwgma CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$aVm oVo. `mbmM "n[aUm_mZ àË`j

{Z`_' åhUVmV.

H$m°~ - S>½bg \$bZ :

àmo. gr. S>ãë y H$m°~ d {gZoQ> nr. EM. S>½bg `m§Zr gm§p»`H$s` CËnmXZ \$bZ nÕVr emoYyZ H$mT>br.

H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZmMr g§H$ënZm hr A_o[aHo$Vrb CÚmoJm§À`m AZw dmda AmYm[aV AgyZ, Vr \$ŠV

CÚmoJg§ñWm§ZmM Cn wŠV R>aV Zmhr. Va CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m g§nyU© CÚmoJm§ZmgwÕm Vr bmJy nS>Vo. `mMm Cn`moJ

{d{dY CÚmoJm§À`m CËnmXZmÀ`m emór` CËnmXZmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV oVmo H$s, Á`m_wio CËnmXZmVrb

`mo½` à_mU {_iy eHo$b. Á`m_Ü o {d{dY CÚmoJm§Zm dmT>Vo \$b, pñWa \$b qH$dm KQ>Vo \$b {_iy eH$Vo `mMm

Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. A_o[aHo$Vrb CÚmoJm§À`m AZw dmda AmYm[aV Agm Aä`mg H$m°~ - S>½bg `m§Zr Ho$bm.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 51 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

CËnmXZ \$bZg§~§Y g_KmVr ñdê$nmMm Amho. CËnmXZmV CËnmXZ\$bZ aoIr` AgVmZm hm {deof g§~§Y

{_iVmo. åhUyZ `mg aoIr` g_KmVr àW_ XOm©Mo CËnmXZ \$bZ (Linear Homogenous Production Func-

tion of First Degree) Ago _mZbo Amho. `mMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo-

""CËnmXZmV aoIr` g_KmVr àW_ XOm©Mo CËnmXZ \$bZ AgVmZm AmXmZmV OodT>r dmT> hmoB©b VodT>rM dmT>

{d{eï> à_mU H$m`_ R>odyZ àXmZmV hmoV AgVo.'' H$m°~ d S>½bg `m§Zm Agm AZw d H$maImÝ`m_Ü o AmT>ibm.

`m_Ü o l_ d m§S>db m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. hm g§~§Y Ë`m§Zr m XmoZ KQ>H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo gm§p»`H$s

qH$dm J{UVr ê$nmZo nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>bo Amho.

P = KLa C1-a ................ (1)

`mV ho CËnmXZ n[a_mZ Amho. L hr l_mMr _mÌm, C hr ^m§S>dbmMr _mÌm Amho. Va K Am{U a ho pñWam§H$

AgyZ Vo KZmË_H$ AmhoV Ago _mZbo Amho Am{U a hm 1 nojm bhmZ (a g 1) Amho. g_rH$aUmMm AW© Agm Amho

H$s, L Am{U C _Ü o OodT>çm nQ>rZo dmT> hmoV Agob VodT>çm nQ>rV dmT> P _Ü o hmoV AgVo. g_rH$aU H«$. (1)

bm aoIr` ñdê$nmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm bm°JarW_ (Logarithum) H$mT>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho. Vo g_rH$aU

nwT>rbà_mUo-

Log P = Log K + a Log L + 1-a Log C.............. (2)

hm \$bZmË_H$ g§~§Y CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

g_Om, CËnmXZm_Ü o aoIr` g_KmVr àW_ XOm©Mo CËnmXZ \$bZ AgVmZm l_ d ^m§S>db `m CËnmXZ

KQ>H$m_Ü o g_à_mUmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUbr AgVm Ë`mMà_mUmV CËnmXZmV dmT> KSy>Z oVo. g_Om l_ `m

KQ>H$m_wio CËnmXZmV 3/4 EdT>r dmT> hmoVo Am{U ^m§S>bm_wio 1/4 EdT>r dmT> KSy>Z oVo. H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ

\$bZ ho pñWa n[a_mU àË``mda Adb§~yZ Amho. L Am{U C `m KQ>H$m§Mm P er Agbobm \$bZmË_H$ g§~§Y

g_rH$aUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo XmI{dVm oVo.

P = f (L, C) ......................(2)

Oa L Am{U C `m§Zm n `m nQ>rV dmT>{dbo Va P gwÕm n nQ>rV dmT>ob. Oa g_rH$aU (2) bm XmoÝhr ~mOyZo

n Zo JwUbo Va,

np = f (nL . nC) ..................(3)

`m g_rH$aUmVrb _yë` g_rH$aU (1) _Üò XmI{dë`mg,

F (nL. nC = K (nL)a . (n.C)1-a

F (nL. nC = na + (1-a) KLa C1-a ..................(4)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 52 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

g_rH$aU H«$. 1 À`m AmYmao KLa C1-a Mo _yë` P BVHo$ Amho Am{U F (nL. nC) Mo _yë` g_rH$aU H«$.

(3) À`m AmYmao nP BVHo$ Amho. `m qH$_Vr g_rH$aU H«$. (4) _Ü o XmI{dë`mg,

nP = n(a + 1-a) P

nP = nP

hr na + (1-a) Mo _yë` g_rH$aU (5) _Ü o XmI{dë`mg,

nP = n+1 P qH$dm nP = nP

darb g_rH$aUmV XmoÝhr ~mOy g_mZ Agë`mZo ho {gÕ hmoVo H$s, Oa L Am{U C _Ü o n nQ> dmT> Pmbr Va

P _Ü o n nQ>M dmT> hmoV AgVo. `mdê$Z ho {gÕ hmoVo H$s, H$m°~ d S>½bg aoIr` d g_KmVr AgVo.

H$m°~-S>½bg \$bZmMo AmH¥$VrMo ñnï>rH$aU -

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2. 3 _Ü o X Ajmda l_mÀ`m _mÌm Va Y Ajmda ^m§S>dbmÀ`m _mÌm XmI{dÊ`mV Amboë`m

AmhoV. AmH¥$VrVrb g1, g2, g3 ho CËnmXZmVrb dmT> g_ CËnmXZ dH«$mZo Xe©{dVmV. g1 dH«$ 50 _mÌm CËnmXZ

XmI{dVmo d Ë`mgmR>r A_1 A{YH$ AZ1 BVHo$ KQ>H$ AgVmV. A_2 Am{U A_3 ho A_1 Mo AZwH«$_o XwßnQ> d

{VßnQ> AmhoV Va AZ2 Am{U AZ3 ho AZ1 À`m {VßnQ> AmhoV. Oa l_ d ^m§S>dbmMr _mÌm XwßnQ> Ho$br åhUOo

Y

A X

H$

150

100

50_3

^m§S>d

bmÀ

`m _

mÌm

_2

_1

Z1 Z2 Z3

g1

g2

g3

n3

n2

n1

l_mÀ`m _mÌm

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.3

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 53 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

A_1 + AZ1 dê$Z A_2 + AZ2 Ho$br Va Ë`m n[apñWVrV CËnmXZ "g2' dH«$ Xe©{db. hr CËnmXZ _mÌm 100

Amho. åhUOo g1 darb _mÌoÀ`m XwßnQ> Amho. `mMà_mo A_3 + AZ3 hr KQ>H$m§Mr {VßnQ> _mÌm dmnabr Va

CËnmXZ 150 da OmV Amho. `mMà_mUo A_3 + AZ3 hr KQ>H$m§Mr {VßnQ> _mÌm dmnabr. Va 150 da OmV

AgVo. åhUOoM KQ>H$m§À`m _mÌoVrb dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmV CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV AgVo.

AmH¥$VrÀ`m AmXmZmÀ`m nQ>rVM àXmZmV dmT> hmoVmZm {XgVo. Vr An1 = An2 = An2 `m q~Xy§Zr Xe©{dbr

Amho. VgoM CËnmXZ \$bZ "AH$' `m {dñVma nWmZo (expansion path) Zo Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m dH«$mda

g1, g2, g3 ho g_CËnÎmr amerdH«$ gwÕm g_mZ A§Va Xe©{dVmV.

H$m°~-S>½bg \$bZmdarb Q>rH$m :

H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZmda àm. A°amo, MoZar, {_Ýhmg, gmobmo `m§Zr nwT>rbà_mUo Q>rH$m Ho$bobr Amho.

1. H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZm_Ü o l_ d m§S>db m XmoZ KQ>H$m§MmM {dMma Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw CËnmXZmV

BVahr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Zmhr åhUyZ ho CËnmXZ \$bZ dmñV{dH$Vobm YyZ

Zmhr.

2. H$m°~-S>½bg `m§Mm Aä`mg 1889 Vo 1922 `m H$mbI§S>mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho d hm pñWa

CËnÎmr n[a_mUmda AmYm[aV Amho. na§Vw pñWa CËnÎmr n[a_mU H$mën{ZH$ AgyZ àË`j ì`dhmam_Ü o nm{hë`mg

Ago AmT>iVo H$s CËnÎmr n[a_mUmnojm/{Z`_mnojm Aèhmgr CËnÎmr n[a_mU/{Z`_ hm \$ma à~i Amho.

3. H$m~-S>½bg `m§Zr `m {Z`_mÀ`m {ddoMZ H$mimV Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ H$m`_ AgV Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho. nU

JVrerb Aem OJmV kmZmV gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoV AgVmZmM {XgyZ oV Amho.

4. CËnmXZmMo gd© KQ>H$ EH$ê$n AgVmV Ago H$m°~-S>½bg `m§Zr _mZbo Amho. l{_H$. l{_H$ hm KQ>H$

àË`jm_Üò EH$ê$n Agy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_Üò Amamo½`, {ejU, à{ejU, AZw^d B. AZoH$ KQ>H$m_wio

{d{dYVmAmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$m ©j_VoV H$_mbrMr {^ÞVm AmT>iyZ oVo.

5. CËnmXZmV pñWa CËnÎmr {Z`_ Agob Va CËnmXZ dmT>rMr _hÎm_ _`m©Xm ñnï> hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU

pñWa CËnÎmr {Z`_ Agob Va CËnmXZ gmVË`mZo dmT>VM amhrb H$m`? Agm «_ hmoVmo.

6. H$m°~-S>½bg `m§Zr a Am{U 1 - a {ñWam§H$m§Mo H$m © \$ŠV nyU© ñnY}À`m n[apñWVrVM `mo½` arVrZo hmoD$

eH$Vo Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho. na§Vw nyU© ñnYm© ì`dhmamV AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr.

7. gr_m§V CËnÎmr hr Zoh_r YZmË_H$ AgVo, Ago `m {gÕm§VmZo J¥hrV Yabo Amho. nU ~XbË`m à_mUmÀ`m

{Z`_m_Ü o ñnï>nUo Ago Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, gr_m§V CËnÎmr F$UmË_H$hr Agy eH$Vo. EHy$U CËnÎmrÀ`m

KQ>r~amo~a Aer F$UmË_H$ AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 54 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

H$m°~-S>½bg \$bZmMo Am{W©H$ _hÎd :

H$m°~-S>½bg CËnmXZ \$bZmda darb AZoH$ Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m Agë`m Var `m \$bZmMo Am{W©H$ _hÎd

nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

1. CËnmXZ à{H«$ o_Ü o gh^mJr CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMo _mo~Xbo VgoM CËnmXZmVrb Ë`m§Mr _mÌm {H$Vr Agmdr

ho R>a{dÊ`mV CËnmXZ \$bZ Cn wŠV R>aVo.

2. CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr CËnmXZ bd{MH$Vm Xe©{dUmam AmH$S>m hm KQ>H$m§À`m H$m`©j_oMr Am§Vaamï´>r`

nmVirda Am{U A§VajoÌr` nmVirda VwbZm H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo.

3. CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r CËnmXZ YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ \$bZ Cn wŠV R>aVo.

4. AW©{_VrÀ`m (Econometry) {ddoMZmV CËnmXZ \$bZmg {deof _hÎd Amho. H$maU AW©{_VrVrb

AZoH$ {ddoMZmÀ`m aoIrd d g_KmVr \$bZmZo gwb^Vm AmUbr Amho.

(B) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo n`m© r pñWa bd{MH$Vm : (The Constant Elastisity of Subtitution Production Function) :

gZ 1961 _Ü o A°amo, EM. ~r. MoZar, ~r. Eg. {_Ýhmg Am{U Ho$. E_. gmobmo `m§Zr CËnmXZ \$bZmÀ`m

"n`m©`VoMr pñWa bdH${MH$Vm' hr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Ho$br. ho CËnmXZ \$bZ VrZ ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§À`mda

(Q.C, & L) AmYm[aV Amho Am{U A Mr AmhoV ho nwT>rb g_rH$aUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

Q = A [ ac-© + (1 - %%%%%) L ]-©]-1/©

`m{R>H$mUr,

Q = EHy$U CËnmXZ

C = ^m§S>db

L = H$m_Jma

A = Vm§{ÌH$ j_Vm Am{U CËnmXZmMo g§KQ>rV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ gdê$n (Vo ~Xb Xe©{dVo)

%%%%% = Aënm {dVaUmMo n[a_mU

© = {WQ>m n`m©`r n[a_mU

`m g_rH$aUm_Ü o 'Q' EHy$U CËnmXZ Xe©{dbo Amho. 'C' Zo ^m§S>db d 'L' Zo l_ Xme©{dÊ`mV Ambo

Amho. 'A' ho H$m ©j_ n[a_mU AgyZ Vo Vm§{ÌH$ AdñWm pñWVr d CËnmXZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ñdê$n Xe©{dVo.

CËnmXZ IMm©Mm na§namdmXr {gÕm§V (The Traditional Theory of Cost) :

na§namdmXr CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm H$mbI§S>mMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

CËnmXZ IMm©g§X^m©V {díbofU H$aVmZm AënH$mbrZ IM© dH«$ d XrK©H$mbrZ IM© dH«$ Ago XmoZ àH$ma Aä`mgmdo

bmJVmV. VaM CËnmXZ IMm©g§~§YrMo {díbofU dmñVdVobm Yê$Z hmoVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 55 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmZm H$mhr AmXmZ (Input) /CËnmXZ KQ>H$ IaoXr H$amdo bmJVmV. m AmXmZm§H$[aVm

Úmdr bmJUmar qH$_V åhUOo ñWyb _mZmZo CËnmXZ IM© hmo . AënH$mim_Ü o H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$ ~XbVm oD$

eH$VmV. Va {XK©H$mim_Ü o gd© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ ~XbVo AgVmV.

(I) nma§nm[aH$ {gÕm§VmVrb AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IM© : (Short run Costs of Traditional Theory) :

nma§nm[aH$ {gÕm§Vm_Ü o CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m EHy$U IMm©Mo XmoZ JQ> nmS>Ê`mV oVmV.

(A) EHy$U pñWa IM©

(~) EHy$U ~XbVm IM©

TC = TFC + TVC

(A) EHy$U pñWa IM© (Total Fixed Cost - TFC) : Á`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m_Üò H$mhr ~Xb H$amd`mMo

AgVrb Va Ë`mgmR>r _moR>m H$mbI§S> Amdí`H$ AgVmo. Vo KQ>H$ ghOVoZo ~XbVm oV ZmhrV.

CXm. §Ìgm_J«r, B_maV, CƒñVañW ì`dñWmnH$ `m KQ>H$m§À`m_Ü o dmT>/KQ> H$aUogmR>r {XK© H$mbmdYr

bmJVmo.

"Omo IM© CËnmXZ ZJg§» oV hmoUmè`m ~XbmZwgma ~XbV Zmhr Vmo "pñWa IM©' (Fixed Cost) hmo`. pñWa

IMm©_Ü o Imbrb IMmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. H$m`_ ñdê$nr àemgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§Mo doVZ.

2. §Ìm§Mm XoI^mbrMm IM©.

3. B_maVtÀ`m XwwéñVrdarb d {dñVmarH$aUmMm IM©.

4. H$amamZwgma R>abobm I§S> qH$dm ^mS>o.

5. Jw§Vdboë`m ^m§S>dbmdarb ì`mO.

6. ì`dñWmnZmMm {H$_mZ Amdí`H$ IM©.

AënH$mim_Ü o Á`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr ZJg§»`m ~XbVm oV Zmhr. Aem pñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§da IM© hm

H$amdmM bmJVmo. hm IM© H$amdmM bmJVmo, Q>miVm oV Zmhr.

(~) ~XbVm IM© (Total Variable Cost) : AënH$mbI§S>mV Á`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr ZJg§»`m H$_r

qH$dm A{YH$ H$aVm oVo Ago KQ>H$ CËnmXZg§ñWoV dmnamd`mg {_iÊ`mgmR>r Omo IM© H$amdm bmJVmo Vmo ~XbVm

IM© hmo . AënH$mim_Ü o CËnmXZ ZJg§» oV dmT>/KQ> Ho$ë`mg hm IM© dmT>Vmo qH$dm H$_r hmoVmo.

~XbË`m IMm©_Ü o g_m{dï> hmoUmao KQ>H$ -

1. H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr qH$_V

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 56 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

2. H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xbr OmUmar _Owar

3. pñWa ^m§S>dbmda Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Mmby IM© B§YZmda Ho$bm OmUmam IM©, XwéñVrda Ho$bm OmUmam

IM©.

CËnmXZ g§ñWobm CËnmXZmV ~Xb Ho$ë`mg darb CËnmXZ KQ>H$mda Ho$bm OmUmam IM©hr ~Xbmdm bmJVmo.

CËnmXZg§ñWoZo Aën H$mbI§S>mV H$mhr H$mi CËnmXZ Wm§~{dbo Va hm CËnmXZ IM© H$amdm bmJV Zmhr. CËnmXZ

Ho$bo OmV Agob VaM hm IM© H$amdm bmJVmo.

Y

O XCËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.4 (A)

CËnmXZ

IM©

EHy$U pñWaIM©

(TFC)

Y

O X

IM©EHy$U

~XbVm IM©

(TVC)

Y

O X

IM©

(Cost)

EHy$U pñWaIM©

(TFC)

EHy$U ~XbVm IM©

(TVC)

EHy$U IM©

(TC)

CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.4 (~)

CËnmXZ (Output)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.4 (H$)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 57 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

"EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' CËnmXZmV ~Xb Pmbm AgVm Ë`m ~XbmZwgma E ~XbVm IM© ~XbV Agë`mZo

Am{U "EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' hm "EHy$U CËnmXZ IMm©Mm' EH$ ^mJ Agë`mZo CËnmXZmV hmoUmè`m ~XbmZwgma

"EHy$U CËnmXZ IM©' ~XbVmo. OgOer CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV OmB©b VgVgm EHy$U CËnmXZ IM© dmT>Vmo.

darb AmH¥$Vr_Ü o "EHy$U pñWa IM©' d "EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' Xe©{dbo AmhoV. CËnmXZ ZJg§»`m {H$Vrhr

Agbr Var EHy$U pñWa IM© H$m`_ ahmV Agë`mZo EHy$U pñWa IM© XmI{dUmam dH«$ "X' Ajmbm g_m§Va

Amho. "EHy$U pñWa IM© dH«$' "Y' Ajmdarb q~XynmgyZ gwê$ hmoVmo. `mMm AW© CËnmXZ eyÝ` Agbo Varhr EHy$U

pñWa IM© H$amdmM bmJVmo.

"EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' Xe©{dUmam dH«$ da gaH$V Agbobm {XgVmo. `mMm AW© OgOgo CËnmXZ dmT>{dbo

OmVo. VgVgm "EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' dmT>V OmVmo. `mCbQ>, H$_r Ho$ë`mg Vmo H$_r hmoVmo. ~XbË`m IMm©Mm dH«$

Ama§ q~XynmgyZ gwê$ hmoVmo. `mMm AW© CËnmXZ eyÝ` am{hë`mg ~XbVm CËnmXZ IM©hr eyÝ`M ahmVmo.

"EHy$U pñWa IM©' (TFC) d "EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' (TVC) `m§Mr b§~ê$n ~oarO Ho$br AgVm "EHy$U IM©

dH«$' (TC) {_iVmo.

AmH¥$Vr2.4 (H$) _Üò Xe©{dë`mà_mUo "EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' (TVC) d "EHy$U IM©dH«$' `m_Yrb

b§~mVa gd©Ì gmaIoM Amho. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s, CËnmXZ {H$Vrhr H$_r qH$dm A{YH$ Ho$bo Jobo Var EHy$U pñWa

IM© H$m`_M ahmVmo. EHy$U IM©dH«$ Am{U EHy$U pñWa IM© H$m`_M ahmVmo. EHy$U IM©dH«$ Am{U EHy$U pñWa

IM© dH«$ `m_Yrb b§~mVa EHy$U ~XbVm IM© Xe©{dVmo.

AënH$mbmVrb gamgar pñWa IM© dH«$ (g.pñW.I.) (Short-Run Average Fixed Cost - AFC) :

EHy$U pñWa IMm©bm CËnmXZ ZJg§» oZo ^mJbo AgVm "gamgar pñWa IM©' g_OVmo. gamgar pñWa IM©

(TFC) åhUOo CËnmXZmÀ`m àË oH$ ZJm_mJo Ho$bm OmUmam IM© hmo . EHy$U pñWa IMm©Mr a¸$_ H$m`_ ahmV

Agë`m_wio CËnmXZ OgOgo dmT>V OmVo VgVgo gamgar CËnmZ IM© KQ>V OmVmo. Ë`m_wio gamgar pñWa IMm©Mm dH«$

S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr gaH$V AgVmo. Vo Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m d g_rH$aUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

AFC = TFC

X

g.pñW. I. =E. pñW. I.

EHy$U CËnm{XV ZJg§»`m

Y

O

j

CËnmXZ (Output)

IM©

(Cost)AFC

g.pñW.I.

X

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.5

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 58 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.5 _Ü o Xe©{dë`mà_mUo AFC dH«$ Imbr gaH$V Agbobm {XgVmo. H$maU OgVgo CËnm{XV

ZJ dmT>V OmVmV VgVgo hm IM© àË oH$ ZJmda hm IM© {d^mJbm OmVmo. VgoM "gamgar pñWa IM© dH«$' "Aj'

Am{U "A`' Ajm§À`m Odi OmVmo nU Ë`m Ajm§Zm Vmo H$YrM ñne© H$arV Zmhr. "gamgar pñWa IM©dH«$mMo'

AmUIr EH$ d¡{eï>ç åhUOo `m dH«$mdarb H$moUVmhr EImXm q~Xy KoVbm Am{U Ë`m q~XyZo gy{MV hmoUmè`m

gamgar pñWa IMm©bm Ë`m {~§XyZo Xe©{dboë`m CËnmXZ-ZJg§» oZo JwUbo Va JwUmH$ma Zoh_r EH$M oVmo. H$maU

"gamgar pñWa IM©' Am{U Ë`mà_mUo AgUmar ZJg§»`m `m§Mm JwUmH$ma Ho$ë`mg Amnë`mbm Zoh_r EHy$U pñWa

IMm©Mr a¸$_ gmaIrM {_iob. H$maU CËnmXZ {H$Vrhr H$_r-A{YH$ Ho$bo Var EHy$U pñWa IM© H$m`_ amhVmo.

Aem àH$maMm JwUY_© AgUmè`m dH«$mbm "b§~ Am`VmH¥$Vr AnmñV' (Rectangular Hypebola) åhUVmV.

AënH$mbmZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© dH«$ (Short-Run Average Variable Cost) :

EHy$U ~XbË`m IMm©bm CËnm{XV ZJg§» oZo mJbo AgVm "gamgar ~XbVm IM©-AVC' g_OVmo. mMmM

AW© CËnmXZmÀ`m àË oH$ ZJm_mJo H$amdm bmJUmam ~XbVm IM© hmo . CËnmXZ gd©gmYmaU CËnmXZ j_Von ªV

dmT>{dV Joë`mg gamgar ~XbVm IM© H$_r hmoV OmVmo. nU Ë`m gd©gmYmaU CËnmXZj_Vonojm A{YH$ CËnmXZ

Ho$ë`mg gamgar ~XbVm IM© A{YH$ doJmZo dmT>Vmo. H$maU {VWo "KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$bmMm' {Z`_ AZw dmg oVmo.

AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©À`m dH«$mdarb àË oH$ CËnmXZ nmVir hr Ama§ q~Xy (O) nmgyZ V`ma

hmoUmè`m "EHy$U ~XbË`m IM© dH«$m'À`m CVmamda V`ma hmoV AgVmo H$s, Or CËnmXZm`m {d{eï> (n`m©á) nmVirer

gwg§JV AgVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.6 (A) _Ü o X1 `m {R>H$mUr gamgar ~XbVm IM© 'Oa' `m aofoÀ`m CVmamZo XmI{dbm Amho.

CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.6 (A)

IM©

E. ~. I.

(TVC)Y

O X

a

X1 X2 X3 X4

bc

d

CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.6 (B)

Ag~I

(SAVC)

Y

O X

a

X1 X2 X3 X4

b c

d

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 59 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Va X2 `m {R>H$mUr gamgar ~XbVm IM© 'Ob' `m aofoÀ`m CVmamZo XmI{dbm Amho d Ë`mMà_mUo BVahr (X3, X4)

darb AmH¥$Vrdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, Ama§ q~XynmgyZ (O) {ZKUmar àË oH$ aofm d Ë`mMm CVma gmVË`mZo KQ>V

OmVmo. Omon`ªV 'C' `m q~XyV EHy$U ~XbË`m IM©dH«$mbm (TVC) 'OC' aofm ñne© H$aVo. Vmon ªV 'C' q~XyÀ`m

COì`m ~mOyg Ama§ q~XyVyZ gwê$ hmoUmè`m aofoMm (C) CVma dmT>V OmVmo. åhUyZM OgOgo CËnmXZ dmT>dbo OmVo

VgVgo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>V OmVo d "AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© dH«$' Imbr gaH$Vmo.

åhUOoM ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr A{YH$m{YH$ ZJg§»`m dmnê$ bmJë`mg, Á`mdoir gamgar CËnmXH$Vm

dmT>V OmVmo Ë`mdoir gamgar ~XbVm IM© H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVmo Am{U Á`mdoir ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr

gamgar CËnmXH$Vm H$_r hmoVo Voìhm gamgar ~XbVm IM© dmT>V OmVmo. Á`mdoir gamgar CËnmXH$Vm H$_mb AgVo

Ë`mdoir gamgar ~XbVm IM© {H$_mZ amhVmo. åhUyZ gamgar CËnmXH$Vm dH«$ CbQ> Ho$ë`mg Vmo gamgar ~XbË`m

dH«$mgmaIm {XgVmo.

Ooìhm CÚmoJg§ñWm {H$_mZ nmVirbm nmohMVo Voìhm g§ §Ì (Plant) pñWa d ~XbË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo n`m©á

à_mU dmnaVo (C). 'C' q~XynmgyZ nwT>o AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm dH«$ dmT>V OmVmo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.6 (B) à_mUo.

AënH$mbrZ gamgar EHy$U IM© (AgEI) (Short-Run Average Total Cost-SATC) :

AënH$mbrZ gamgar EHy$U IM© {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r EHy$U CËnmXZ IMm©bm CËnmXZ ZJg§» oZo (X) ^mJbo

OmVo. "EHy$U ~XbVm IM©' (TVC) d "EHy$U pñWa IM©' (TFC) `m§Mr ~oarO åhUOo "EHy$U IM©' (TC)

Agë`mZo "gamgar EHy$U IM©' (ATC) XoIrb "gamgar ~XbVm IM©' (AVC) d "gamgar pñWa IM©' (AFC)

`m§À`m ~oaOo~amo~a AgVmo.

gamgar EHy$U IM© =EHy$U IM©

=EHy$U pñWa IM© + EHy$U ~XbVm IM©

EHy$U ZJg§»`m EHy$U ZJg§»`m

= gamgar pñWa IM© + gamgar ~XbVm IM©

ATC = T

= TFC + TVC

= AFC + AVC

X X

gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV "gamgar ~XbVm IM©' (g~I - AVC) Am{U "gamgar pñWa IM©' (gpñWI

AFC) ho XmoÝhr IM© H$_rH$_r hmoV OmVmV. Ë`m_wio gamgar EHy$U IM©hr gwédmVrbm H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVmo. Z§Va

Ooìhm gamgar ~XbVm IM© dmTy> bmJVmo Am{U gamgar pñWa IM© _moR>çm doJmZo H$_r hmoD$ bmJVmo Ë`mdoir

gamgar EHy$U IM© H$_r H$_r hmoV amhVmo. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s, `m Q>ßß`mV gamgar pñWa IMm©V hmoUmar KQ>,

gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©V hmoUmè`m dmT>rnojm A{YH$ AgVo. na§Vw Z§Va CËnmXZ A{YH$m{YH$ Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo Va

gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©V \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> hmoVo d hr dmT>, gagmar pñWa IMm©V hmoUmè`m KQ>rÀ`m _mZmZo

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 60 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio "gamgar EHy$U IM© dH«$' da gaH$V OmVmo. åhUOo gamgar "EHy$U IM©dH«$' gamgar

~XbË`m IM© dH«$mà_mUoM gwédmVrbm Imbr CVaVmo. Z§Va Ë`mÀ`m "{H$_mZ qH$_VrMr' (Minimum Value)

nmVir JmR>mbr OmVo Am{U Z§Va da COdrH$S>o gaH$Vmo. åhUyZM gamgar EHy$U IM© dH«$ Odi Odi B§J«Or U

AmH$mamMm AgVo. ho Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.7 (A) _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo AënH$mbrZ gagar ~XbË`m IM© (SAVC) dH«$mà_mUoM

"gamgar EHy$U IM©' (ATC) dH«$hr AgVmo. AmH¥$Vr_Ü o CËnmXZmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr nmVirbm Ama§ q~XynmgyZ

{ZKUmè`m gai aofoÀ`m (Oa1Ob1) CVmamÀ`m ghmæ`mZo "EHy$U IM© dH«$mda' (TC) "gamgar EHy$U IM©' (ATC)

Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. "gamgar EHy$U IMm©Mm dH«$' gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©À`m dH«$mà_mUoM AgVmo. gwédmVrÀ`m

H$mim_Ü o "gagmar EHy$U IMm©Mm' (ATC) dH«$ KQ>V OmV Agë`mZo g§ §Ì (Plant) {H$_mZ CËnmXZ nmVir

(Minimum Oplimal level) (XM) n`ªV nmohMVmo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va bJoMM AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.7 (B) _Üò

XmI{dë`mà_mUo gagar EHy$U IMm©Mm dH«$ (ATC) da gaHy$ bmJVmo Am{U B§J«Or U AmH$mamà_mUo hm dH«$ {Xgy

bmJVmo. `mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, CËnmXZmVrb ~XbË`m à_mUm_wio CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo d "~XbË`m à_mUmMm

{Z`_' (Law of Variable Proportions) AZw dmg oVmo.

AënH$mbrZ gr_m§V IM© ({gI) (Marginal Cost - MC) :

gr_m§V IM© (gr.I.) hr g§H$ënZm AW©emór` {díbofUmV AË §V _hÎdmMr R>aVo. EHy$U CËnmXZ EH$

ZJmZo dmT>{dë`mg _yiÀ`m EHy$U IMm©V Or dmT> hmoVo Ë`mbm "gr_m§V IM©' (Marginal Cost) åhUVmV. ho

gyÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nwT>rbà_mUo -

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.7 (A)

TC (gI)Y

O X

a1

X1 X2 X3 X4

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.7 (B)

Y

O X

a

X1 X2 X3 X4

b c

d

b1

M

L

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 61 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

gr.I. = E. I.Z - E.I.Z

Z = ZJg§»`m, gr. I. = gr_m§V IM© Am{U E.I = EHy$U IM©

CXm. XmoZ ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r EHy$U 145 é. IM© oV Agob Am{U EH$ OmXm åhUOoM EHy$U VrZ

ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r EHy$U 160 é. CËnmXZ IM© oV Agob Va oWo,

gr_m§V IM© = 160 - 145 = 15 é.

gr_m§V IMm©Mo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eï>ç åhUOo hm IM© ñWra IMm©da Adb§~yZ ZgVmo. pñWa IM© CËnmXZmV

hmoUmè`m ~XbmZwgma ~XbV Zgë`mZo AënH$mimV CËnmXZ dmT>{dbo AgVm VoWo gr_m§V pñWa IM© hm àH$maM

ZgVmo. AënH$mimV \$ŠV ~XbVm IM© CÐ^d hmoVmo. AënH$mimV pñWa IM© {H$Vrhr Agbm Var AënH$mimV

Ë`mMm gr_m§V IMm©da n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.

nma§nm[aH$ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§V Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho H$s, AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IMm©Mo dH«$ - gamgar

~XbË`m IMm©Mm dH«$ (AVC), gamgar EHy$U IMm©Mm dH«$ (ATC), gr_m§V IM© (MC) B§J«Or U AmH$mamMo

AgVmV. H$maU ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_ AZw dmg oVmo. AënH$mim_Ü o pñWa g§ §Ì Agob Va Ë`m AdñWo_Ü o

CÚmoJg§ñWoÀ`m dmT>Ë`m IMm©~amo~a ~XbVm IM© {H$_mZ AgVmo. Ooìhm CÚmoJg§ñWm `m AdñWo_Ü o nmohMVo Ë`mdoir

g§ §ÌmMm n`m©á (nyU©nUo) dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM pñWa d ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mo n`m©á à_mU dmnabo OmVo.

gamgar IM© d g. gr_m§V IM© `m_Yrb g§~§Y (The relationship between ATC & AVC) :

"gamgar IM©' Am{U "gr_m§V IM©' åhUOo H$m` ho Aä`mgë`mZ§Va `m XmoÝhr IMm©_Ü o H$m` g§~§Y AgVmo

ho Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. gagar ~XbVm IM© hm gamgar EHy$U IMm©Mm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. H$maU ATC =

AFC + AVC AgVmo. Xmohr IMm©Mo dH«$ B§J«Or U AmH$mamMo AgVmV. Á`m doir "gr_m§V IM©' "gamgar

IMm©nojm' H$_r AgVmo. Ë`mdoir gagar IM© H$_r hmoV OmVmo Am{U Á`mdoir gr_m§V IM© gamgar IMm©nojm

A{YH$ AgVmo. Ë`mdoir gamgar IM© dmT>V AgVmo. hm gr_m§V-gamgar g§~§Y J{UVr gË` Amho.

gI d grI

Y

O XCËnmXZ

a

g

Z

gr.I.

g.I.AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.8

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 62 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.8 _Ü o g. I. hm AënH$mbrZ "gamgar IM©' dH«$ H$mT>bm Amho. Omon ªV AënH$mbrZ

"gr_m§V IM© dH«$' åhUOo gr.I. hm Imbr gaH$V AgVmo Voìhm gr. I. hm dH«$ AënH$mbrZ gamgar dH«$mImbr

åhUOoM g. I. dH«$mImbr ahmVmo. Vmon ªV "gamgar IM© dH«$' Imbr CVaV OmVmo. Ooìhm gr.I. hm dH«$ g. I.

dH«$mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm amhVmo. Ë`mdoir gamgar IM© dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV. VoWo "gamgar IM©' Am{U "gr_m§V

IM©' g_mZ ahmVmV. Ë`m q~Xyer "gamgar IM© H$_r hmoUo Wm§~Vo. "g' q~Xy åhUOo gamgar IM© dH«$mdarb {H$_mZ

nmVirda AgUmam {~§Xy hmo . gr_m§V IM© dH«$, gamgar IM© dH«$, gamgar IM© dH«$mÀ`m {H$_mZ nmVir-q~XyVyZ

N>oXyZ OmVmo. gamgar IM© H$moUË`m àH$mao ~XbV Amho qH$dm gamgar IM© dH«$mMr {Xem H$moUVr Amho `mdê$Z

gr_m§V IM© H$moUË`m àH$mao Agob qH$dm gr. I. dH«$mMr {Xem H$moUVr Agob `mg§~§Yr AmnU {ZpíMV Ago

{dYmZ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. gamgar IM© H$_r hmoV AgVmo qH$dm g. I. dH«$ Imbr gaH$V AgVmo. Ë`mdoir gr_m§V

IM© Ë`mhrnojm H$_r amhrb BVHo$M {ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm oB©b. gr_m§V IM© KQ>V Agob H$s dmT>V Agob ho

{ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm oUma Zmhr.

(II) {XK©H$mbrZ CËnmXZ IM©dH«$ (Long-run Cost of The Traditional Theory) :

qH$dm

CËnmXZ IMm©g§~§Yr AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§V (Modern Theory of Costs) :

gZ 1939 _Ü o Om°O© ñQ>rJba `m§Zr nma§nm[aH$ IM© {gÕm§Vmda AZoH$ Q>rH$m Pmë`m_wio Ago ñnï> Ho$bo

H$s, AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© dH«$mMm AmH$ma bjmV KoVm H$mhr CËnmXZ ZJg§» oÀ`m Q>ßß`mV Vmo ngaQ>

qH$dm ~ergmaIm AgVmo. Ë`m AmH$mamdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, g§ §ÌmMr (Plant) Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Ë`m g§ §Ìm_Ü o

(Plants) bd{MH$Vm am{hb ho nm{hbo OmVo. CËnmXZ IMm©_Ü o dmT> Z H$aVm H$mhr à_mUmV CËnXZmV dmT> H$aUo

Á`m g§ moJm_wio eŠ` hmoB©b Ago g§ §Ì CËnmXZg§ñWm {ZdS>Vo. Aem nÕVrZo CÚmoJg§ñWkm Amnë`m g§ §ÌmV

amIrd CËnmXZ j_Vm qH$dm CËnmXZ ZJg§» oV dmT> H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo g§ §Ì n[adV©{Z` ñdê$nmV R>odVmV.

CËnmXZ IMm©À`m AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§VmV AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IM© d {XK©H$mbrZ CËnmXZ IM© Agm \$aH$

H$aÊ`mV oVmo.

1. AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IM© (Short-run Costs) : AmYw{ZH$ gyú_ AW©emómV AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ

IMm©Mo gamgar ~XbVm IM© (Average Variable cost) d gamgar pñWa IM© (Average Fixe Cost) Ago XmoZ

n«H$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.

1) gamgar ~XbVm IM© (AVC) : AmYw{ZH$ {díbofUmZwgma gamgar ~XbVm IM© Xe©{dUmam dH«$

~erÀ`m AmH$mamMm AgVmo. hm dH«$ B§J«Or U AmH$mamMm Agbm Var Ë`mMm Imbrb ngaQ> ^mJ CËnmXZ

ZJg§» oÀ`m ~è`mM _moR>çm Q>ßß`mV ngabobm AgVmo. `m dH«$mMm ngaQ> ^mJ g§ §ÌmVrb (Plant) aMZm§VJ©V

amIrd j_Vm Xe©{dVo. ho Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo XmI{dVm oVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 63 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§VmZwgma AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XVm IM© dH«$ ImbÀ`m ^mJmV ngaQ>

amhVmo. Vmo "ON1' CËnmXZmnmgyZ Vo CËnmXZ "ON2' n ªV gmVË`mZo gmaIo amhmVo H$s Oo gdm©V H$_r CËnmXZ

nmVir Xe©{dVo.

nm§anm[aH$ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§VmZwgmaM AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§VmV gamgar pñWa IMm©Mo

ñnï>rH$aU AmT>iVo. gamgar pñWa IM© åhUOoM CËnmXZg§ñWoMr H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr dmñVd ñdê$nmMr gmYZ

Am{U H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr ì`dñWmnH$s` §ÌUm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Aem CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`mda Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m

Y

OX

Y

OXN1 N2

Ag~I

amIrd j_Vm

Reserve Capacity

Aën

H$mb

rZ g

amgar

~Xb

Vm I

M©

(SA

VC

)

CËnmXZ (Z) u

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.9

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 64 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

EHy$U IMm©bm CËnm{XV ZJ g§» oZo ^mJbo AgVm Amnë`mbm gamgar pñWa CËnmXZ IM© H$mT>Vm oVmo. gamgar

pñWa IM© {H$Vr Agmdm `mg§~§YrÀ`m {ZU© mda CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo AZoH$ {ZU© Adb§~yZ AgVmV. `m IMm©dê$Z

CËnmXZ ZJg§»`m d CËnmXZg§ñWoMm AmH$ma {ZpíMV hmoVmo. g§ moOH$mbm {OVŠ`m ZJg§» oMo CËnmXZ H$amd`mMo

Agob Ë`mZwgma g§ §ÌmMm (Machinery Sets) AmH$ma {ZpíMV H$amdm bmJVmo. àË`jmV Ano{jV gamgar CËnmXZ

nmVirnojm WmoS>r A{YH$ CËnmXZj_Vm Agboë`m g§`§ÌmMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. Aer amIrd CËnmXZj_Vm

R>odÊ`mMr H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) dñVyMr _mJUr h§Jm_r d ì`mnmaMH«$s` ñdê$nmMo ~Xb KSy>Z oV AgVmV Ë`mZwgma Amdí`H$ Vo

CËnmXZ ZJg§» oV ~Xb H$aUo eŠ` ìhmdo `mgmR>r g§ §ÌmV amIrd CËnmXZj_Vm R>odUo OéarMo AgVo.

2) g§ §ÌmÀ`m H$mhr ^mJm§Mr CËnmXZà{H«$ oV I§S> Z nSy> XoVm XwéñVr H$amd`mMr Agë`mg.

3) dmT>rd _mJUr à{VñnÜ`m©H$S>o OmD$ Z o `mgmR>r CËnmXZ §ÌUm g‚m R>odmdr bmJV Agë`mZo.

4) H$mhr §Ìgm_J«rMm R>am{dH$ _mJUrà_mUo nwadR>m hmoB©bM Ago Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV Mmby JaO

^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r `§Ìgm_J«rMr {OVH$s ZJg§»`m Amdí`H$ AgVo Ë`mnojm A{YH$ `§Ìgm_J«r ^mJdbr OmVo.

Ë`m_wio amIrd CËnmXZj_Vm R>odUo An[ahm © R>aVo.

5) ^{dî`H$mimV O_rZ AWdm B_maV `m§Mr JaO {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Ë`m IaoXr H$aÊ`mda _`m©Xm oVmV.

Ë`m_wio H$mhrdoim Ë`m Am{YM IaoXr H$ê$Z R>odUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

6) CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m g§KQ>Z nmVirda qH$dm àemgH$s` nmVirda H$mhr amIrd j_Vm AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV, {H$_mZ IMm©V CËnmXZ H$aUmao g§ §Ì C^maÊ`mnojm Á`m g§ §Ìm_wio A{YH$ n[adV©{Z`Vm qH$dm

bd{MH$Vm oD$ eHo$b qH$dm dñVyÀ`m ñdê$nmV JaOoZwgma WmoS>o\$ma ~Xb H$aUo Ë`mMà_mUo CËnmXZ V§ÌmV H$mhr

~Xb H$aUo Á`m g§ §Ìm_wio eŠ` hmoB©b Ago amIr j_Vm AgUmao g§ §Ì C^mabo OmVo.Y

O XN1 N2

g.pñW.I.AFC

gamg

ar pñ

Wa I

M© (A

FC

)

CËnmXZ (Z) u

g

~

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.10

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 65 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.10 _Ü o AënH$mimV CËnmXZ ZJg§»`m OmñVrV OmñV {H$Vr dmT>{dVm oB©b ho gdm©{YH$

_`m©Xm hr "~' `m q~XyZo Xe©{dbr Amho. "~' `m {R>H$mUr AënH$mbrZ {dñVmamdarb {Zanoj _`m©Xm {ZpíMV hmoVo.

VgoM gdm©V H$_r CËnmXZ _`m©Xm "g' `m {R>H$mUr Xe©{dbr Amho. nU hr {Zanoj _`m©Xm åhUVm oUma Zmhr.

H$maU AënH$mbrZ "~' m q~XyZo gy{MV hmoUmè`m {Zanoj _`m©Xon ªV CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aVm oVo. Ë`mgmR>r H$m_Jmam§Zm

OmJXm _mo~Xbm XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z OmXm Vmg H$m_ H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b. Aemdoir AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo g.

pñWa IM©dH«$ "~g' da gaHo$b. gamgar pñWa IMm©Mm dH«$ da gaH$bm Var nwÝhm Vmo Imbr gaH$Vmo. ho AmH¥$VrVrb

VwQ>H$ aofoZo Xe©{dbo Amho. "gamgar ~XbVm IM©' m_Ü o AmYw{ZH$ A§ebjr AW©emór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma g_m{dï>

Ho$bo OmUmao KQ>H$ na§namdmXr {díbofUmZwgma g_m{dï> Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m KQ>H$mà_mUoM AmhoV.

AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IM© {gÕm§VmVrb gamgar IM© (SAC in Modern Theory) :

AmYw{ZH$ {díbofUmZwgma AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© Xe©{dUmam dH«$ ~erÀ`m AmH$mamMm AgVmo.

hm dH«$ B§J«Or U AmH$mamMm Agbm Var Ë`mMm ngaQ> mJ CËnmXZ ZJg§» oÀ`m ~è`mM _moR>çm nÅ>çmV ngabobm

AgVmo. AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§VmVrb AënH$mimVrb gamgar ~XbVm IM© dH«$ H$em nÕVrMm AgVmo ho Imbrb

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o XmI{dbo Amho.

darb AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo "A~I' dH«$mÀ`m ngaQ> mJmV gr_m§V IM© AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbË`m

IMm©BVH$m Amho. ngaQ> ^mJmÀ`m S>mdrH$S>rb ^mJmV gr_m§V IM© AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©nojm H$_r

Agë`mZo "grI' dH«$ "Ag~I' dH«$mÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg amhVmo. AmH¥$VrVrb ngaQ> ^mJmÀ`m COdrH$S>rb

^mJmV _mÌ gr_m§V IM© AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©nojm A{YH$ Agë`mZo grI (MC) dH«$ Ag~I

(SAVC) dH«$mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg amhVmo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.11 _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo CËnmXZ AZ1, BVHo$ Ho$bo OmVo Ë`mdoir CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m g§ §ÌmMr

Y

O X

CËnmXZ

AgrI

(MC) Ag~I

(SAVC)

grI

(MC)

Ag~I = AgrI(SAVC = SMC)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.11

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 66 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

àñWm{nV j_Vm nyU©nUo dmnabr OmVo. AZ1 BVHo$ Omon ªV CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmB©b Vmon ªV gamgar EHy$U IM© gVV

KQ>V OmVmo. nU AZ1 nojm A{YH$ CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg gamgar EHy$U IM© dmT>V OmVmo.

Ë`mMà_mUo AmH¥$Vr_Ü o amIrd j_VoMm (ZZ1) ngaQ> ^mJ Á`m {R>H$mUr Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUr gamgar pñWa

IM© (AFC) d AënH$mbrZ gamgar IM© (SAC) g_mZ hmoVmV. nU amIrd j_VoÀ`m (ZZ1) AmYr d Ë`mZ§Va

Ë`m§Mo gd©gmYmaU H$m © Mmby AgVo. Ë`m_wio ho dH«$ ngaQ> ~ergma»`m AmH$mamMm dH«$ {ZpíMV H$aVmV.

AënH$mbrZ EHy$U IM© Imbrbà_mUo ñnï> H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

TC = TFC + TVC + Normal Profits

EHy$U IM© = EHy$U pñWa IM© + EHy$U ~XbVm IM© + gd©gmYmaU Z\$m

Ë`mZwgma,

TFC = H$m`_ ZmoH$am§Mo doVZ (A) àË`j CËnmXZmVrb H$m_Jma dJ© + (~) AàË`j (àemgH$s` +

(EHy$U pñWa IM©) Am°{\$g H$_©Mmar) + pñWa ^m§S>db H$_r H$aUo §Ìgm_J«r B. + g§ ÌmÀ`m XoI^mbrgmR>r

òUmam IM©

EHy$U ~XbVm IM©

(TVC) = H$ƒm _mb + Mmby §Ìgm_J«rÀ`m H$Om©Mm IM© + H$m_Jmamdarb IM© - Oo CËnmXZmÀ`m

à_mUmZwgma AgVmV (VXW©)

gd©gmYmaU Z\$m = A§Va{d^m{J` godm§À`mdarb g§Yr IM© qH$dm d¡H$pënH$ IM©

dmT>Ë`m CËnmXZm~amo~a pñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm A{YH$ narZo dmna, H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m¡eë`mV dmT>, H$ÀÀ`m

_mbmÀ`m dmnamVr H$_r Anì`` `m gd© H$maUm_wio AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© H$_r hmoVmo. Aem nÕVrZo

CËnmXZg§ñWoMo g§nyU© g§ §Ì A{YH$ H$m ©j_ d n`m©ánUo dmnabo OmVo.

{d{eï> à_mUmVrb CËnmXZmnojm A{YH$ ZJm§Mo CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© dmT>Vmo.

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o Ag~I dH«$mÀ`m ngaQ> ^mJmÀ`m COdrH$S>rb ^mJmdê$Z Vo ñnï> hmoVo. H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m_mÀ`m

VmgmVrb dmT>, CËnmXH$VoV KQ>, OmXm H$m_mJÔb OmXm _mo~Xbm, §ÌmMm A{YH$ dmna Ho$ë`mZo §ÌmÀ`m AWdm

~wH$ AÝ` XwéñVrÀ`m IMm©Vrb dmT> `m gd© H$maUm_wio AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©V dmT> KSy>Z oVo.

AënH$mbrZ gr_m§V IM© Am{U AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbVm IM© :

AmH¥$VrVrb amIrd j_VoMm Omo ngaQ> ^mJ Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUr AënH$mbrZ gr_m§V IM© = AënH$mbrZ

gamgar ~XbVm IM© (SMC = SAVC) Amho. `mMmM AW© CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m amIrd CËnmXZ j_VoÀ`m nÅ>çmV

gr_m§V IM©, gamgar ~XbVm IM© g_mZ AgVmV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 67 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

amIrd j_Vm ngaQ> ^mJmÀ`m COì`m d S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m gr_m§V IMm©À`m dH«$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gm_mÝ`

Ano{jV H$m © H$arV AgVo Vo AënH$mbrZ gamgar ~XbË`m IMm©Vrb MT>-CVma {ZpíMV H$aVo.

AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§VmVrb AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IMm©Mo gd© dH«$ EH${ÌV Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m

ghmæ`mZo Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

XrK©H$mbrZ IMm©g§~§YrMo AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§V (Long-run cost) :

XrK© H$mimV gd©M IM© ~XbVo AgVmV. XrK©H$mbrZ IMm©Mm dH«$ B§J«OrVrb L m AjamÀ`m AmH$mamà_mUo

AgVmo. CËnmXZ ZJg§» oV {XK©H$mikV OgOer dmT> Ho$br OmVo. VgVgm CËnmXZ à{H«$ oer g§~§YrV IM©

KAV OmVmo. \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg ì`dñWmnH$s` IMm©V dmT> hmoVo. nU CËnmXZ à{H«$ oer

g§~§YrV IMm©Vrb KQ> BVH$s àM§S> AgVo H$s, Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnH$s` IMm©Vrb dmT>rMo ghOJË`m à{VVmobZ

hmoD$Z OmVo. n[aUm_r CËnmXZ dmT>r~amo~a {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© KQ>Vmo. {XK©H$mbrZ IMm©Mo nwT>rb à_mUo

d{J©H$aU H$aÊ`mV oVo.

1) CËnmXZ IM© (Production Cost)

2) ì`dñWmnH$s` IM© (Managerial Cost)

3) CËnmXZ IM© (Production Cost)

CËnmXZ à{H«$ oer g§~§{YV CËnmXZ IM© gamgarZo gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV H$_r AgVmo. Z§Va CËnmXZmMo à_mU

dmTy> bmJbo H$s, gamgar IMm©Vrb KQ> H$_r hmoD$ bmJVmo. CËnmXZ à{H«$ oer àË`j g§~§{YV gamgar IMm©MmdH«$

L `m B§J«Or AjamÀ`m AmH$mamMm AgVmo. nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Vo Xe©{dVm oVo.

Y

O

XZ1Z0

gr.I.

(MC)

Ag~

I/A

grI

©

(SA

VC

/SM

C)

CËnmXZ u

g.I.

(AC)

Ag~I

(SAVC)

gr.I.CMC

SAVC=SMC

g{gI (AFC)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.12

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 68 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.13 _Ü o "XrgI' (LAC) hm dH«$ dê$Z Imbr COdrH$S>o gaH$bobm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio

Ë`mbm L Ajamà_mUo AmH$ma àmá hmoVmo. `m dH«$mbm L AmH$ma H$m oVmo `mMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo-

dñVwMo CËnmXZ _moR>o Ho$ë`mg CÚmoJ g§ñWobm Vm§{ÌH$ bm^ {_iVmV. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV ho bm^ A{YH$

n«_mUmV AgVmV. CËnmXZmMr EH$ {d{eï> nmVhr JmR>br AgVm eŠ` VodT>o gd© Vm§{ÌH$ bm^ CnbãY hmoVmV.

ho bm^ Á`mdoir {_iVmV Ë`mdoiMo CËnmXZà_mU {H$_mZ n`m©ßVà_mUo _mZbo OmVo. _moR>çm à_mUmdarb

CËnmXZm_wio nwT>rbàH$maMo Vm§{ÌH$ bm^ {_iVmV.

(1) CËnmXZ §ÌUoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ho$ë`m_wio H$mhr bm^ {_iVmV. A{YH$m{YH$ `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Ho$ë`m_wio

l_{d^mJUr gyú_ à_mUmda Adb§{~Vm oVo Am{U Ë`mnmgyZ AZoH$ bm^ {_iVmV. VgoM H$m¡eë`m_Ü o dmT>

hmoD$Z IM© H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

(2) CËnmXZmMo à_mU dmT>V OmD$Z CËnmXZg§ñWobm H$mhr EH$ {d{eï> AmH$ma àmá Pmbm AgVmZm

XwéñVrMm IM© H$_r hmoVmo.

(3) EImXr CËnmXZg§ñWm EH$mMdoir AZoH$ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVo. Ë`m CËnmXZg§ñWobm Á`m

H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr AWdm gmYZgm_wJ«rMr JaO ^mgVo Vmo H$ƒm _mb qH$dm gmYZ gm_wJ«r Vr CËnmXZg§ñWm ñdV:

V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ IMm©V ~MV hmoVo d gamgar IM© H$_r hmoVmo.

2) ì`dñWmnH$s` IM© (Managerial Cost) :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`dñWmnH$s` emó ~aoM {dH${gV Pmbo Amho. {d{eï> CËnmXZg§ñWoMo H$m © gwairVnUo

gwê$ amhÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> ñdê$nmMr `mo½` Aer g§KQ>ZmË_H$ qH$dm àemgH$s` Mm¡H$Q> Agmdr bmJVo. ì`dñWmnZ

Y

O

X

XrgI

(L

AC

)

CËnmXZ u

XrgI (LAC)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.13

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 69 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

V§ÌmV ~è`mM gwYmaUm hmoV AgyZ {Za{Zamù`m nmVirdarb ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r `mo½` Aer ì`dñWmnZ V§Ìo

AbrH$S>rb H$mimV {dH${gV Ho$br OmV AmhoV. bhmZ à_mUmdarb CËnmXZ, _Ü`_ à_mUmdarb CËnmXZ d

_moR>çm à_mUmdarb CËnmXZ `m§À`mer OwiUmar ì`dñWmnZ V§Ìo CnbãY AmhoV. CËnmXZ à{H«$ oÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m

H$mimV EH$m {d{eï> _`m©Xon ªV ì`dñWmnZ V§ÌmMm IM© KQ>V OmVmo. CËnmXZmMo à_mU A{YH$ Agë`mg gamgar

ì`dñWmnH$s IMm©V dmT> hmoD$ bmJVo. nU `m IMm©Vrb dmT>rMm doJ _§X AgVmo.

AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ IM© {gÕm§VmZwgma Ago ñnï> H$aVm oVo H$s, CËnmXZmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m à_mUm~amo~a Vm§{ÌH$

IMm©Vrb KQ> BVH$s _moR>r AgVo H$s, Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnH$s` IMm©Vrb Aënem g§ mì` dmT>rMo ghO à{VVmobZ

hmoVo. VgoM gamgar IM©hr KQ>Vmo qH$dm XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© pñWa amhVmo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.14 _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo àË oH$ doJdoJù`m H$mbI§S>mgmR>r AënH$mbrZ gamgar dH«$

doJdoJim H$mT>Vm oVmo. `m{R>H$mUr EHy$U IMm©V CËnmXZ à{H«$ oer àË`jmV g§~§{YV IM©, àemgH$s` IM©,

AÝ` pñWa IM© Am{U gd©gmYmaU Z\$m øm gd© KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. àM{bV Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ {dMmamV KoVm

Mma àH$maMr g§ §Ì CnbãY AmhoV, Ago J¥hrV Yaë`mg g§ §ÌmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m AmH$ma_mZm~amo~a gamgar IM© H$_r

Y

O

IM©

(C

ost

s)

2/3 j_Vm

pñWa LAC

{H$_mZ n`m©á à_mU

(Minimum Optimal Scale)

CËnmXZ g§»`m

(Quantity)

Q

SAC1

SAC2

SAC3

LMC

XrgI

LAC

X

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.14

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 70 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

hmoV OmVmo. àM{bV Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmZwgma CËnmXZ j_Von¡H$s 2/3 Vo 3/4 BVH$s j_Vm àË`jmV dmnabr OmVo.

`mdê$Z Ë`m g§ §ÌmMm n`m©ánUo dmna Ho$bm OmVo, Amho Ago g_OVo.

AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo àË oH$ g§ §ÌmÀ`m ~m~VrV "^ma KQ>H$' (Local Factor) Ë`m g§ §ÌmÀ`m EHy$U

j_VoÀ`m 2/3 BVH$m AgyZ àË oH$ AënH$mbrZ gamgar EHy$U IM© dH«$mdarb 2/3 j_VoMm q~Xy {ZpíMV

H$ê$Z Vo gd© {~§Xy OmoSy>Z XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM©dH«$ H$mT>Vm oVmo.

ApñVËdmVrb g§ §ÌmMr g§»`m \$ma _moR>r Amho Ago J¥hrV Yaë`mg AI§S>rV ñdê$nmMm XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar

IM©dH«$ H$mT>Vm oVmo. `m {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$mMr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo -

1. CËnmXZ ZJg§»`m \$ma _moR>r Agbr Var hm dH«$ daÀ`m ~mOyH$Co diV Zmhr. `mMmM AW© XrK©H$mbrZ

gagmar IM© H$_r hmoV OmD$Z {ñWamdÊ`mH$S>o H$b AgVmo.

2. XrgI dH«$ hm AgEI dH«$m§Mm doï>Z dH«$ ZgyZ Vmo AgEI dH«$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m "^ma KQ>H$' q~XyV N>oXyZ OmVmo.

darb AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© XrgI (LAC) gVV H$_r hmoV OmV Agë`mg

gr_m§V IM© dH«$ Zoh_r {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg AgVmo.

Y

O X

IM©

CËnmXZ

XrgI (LAC)

XrgI

Y

OX

{H$_mZ n`m©á à_mU

XrgI = XrgrIXrgI

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.15

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.16

N

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 71 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo g§ §ÌmMo {d{eï> {H$_mZ n`m©á à_mU qH$dm {H$_mZ n`m©á ZJg§»`m Agob Va

VodT>çm ZJg§» onojm A{YH$ CËnmXZ Ho$bo Joë`mg XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© pñWa am{hb. `m pñWVrV "ON'

BVHo$ CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmB©n ªV XrK©H$mbrZ gr_m§V IM©dH«$ XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$mÀ`m Imbr amhrb. Oa

"ON' nojm A{YH$ CËnmXZ Ho$ë`mg XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$ Am{U XrK©H$mbrZ gr_m§V IM© dH«$ EH$ê$n

hmoVrb.

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX (Glossary) :

1. \$bZ - AmXmZ d àXmZ `m§À`mVrb nañna g§~§Y

2. AmXmZ - CËnmXZ à{H«$ o_Ü o dmnabo OmUmao {d{dY KQ>H$ CXm. y_r, l_, ^m§S>db g§ moOH$

3. gamgar CËnmXZ - EHy$U CËnmXZmbm EHy$U CËnm{XV ZJg§» oZo ^mJbo AgVm oUmè`m JwUmoÎmambm

gamgar CËnmXZ åhUVmV.

4. gr_m§V CËnmXZ - EHy$U CËnmXZm_Ü o OodT>çm ZJg§Zo Zì`mZo â nS>Vo Ë`mbm gr_m§V CËnmXZ

åhUVmV.

5. g_-CËnÎmr - g_mZ CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm AgUmao doJdoJio AXmZ g_yh

2.5 ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Self Learning Questions) :

(A) [aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1. AmXmZ d àXmZ `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ymbm ............. åhUVmV.

(A) CËnmXZ (~) CËnmXZ \$bZ

2. {H$_mZ IM© KQ>H$ g_yh VÎd Am{U Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ~m~VrVrb ............. Cn`mo{JVoMo VÎd

`m§À`m_Ü o ~aoM gmå` Amho.

(A) g_-gr_m§V (~) KQ>Ë`m gr_m§V

3. {H$\$m`Vera CËnmXZnmVir JmR>Ê`mgmR>r gr_m§V IM© Am{U ............. g_mZ Agbo nm{hOo.

(A) gamgar IM© (~) gr_m§V àmár

4. BVa KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ EH$m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV ~Xb Ho$ë`mg CËnmXZmV Omo ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`mbm .............

åhUVmV.

(A) à_mU \$bZ {Z`_ (~) ~XbË`m à_mUmMm

5. {XK©H$mbrZ CËnmXZ IMm©Mm dH«$ ............. `m B§J«Or Ajamà_mUo AgVmo.

(A) U ( y) (~) L (Eb)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 72 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(~) nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. CÚmoJg§ñWm gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV _hmJ CËnmXZ KQ>H$mEodOr ñdñV KQ>H$ dmnaVo Ë`mbm H$m` åhUVmV?

2. EH$ g§ñWm AZoH$ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aVo Ë`mbm H$moUË`m CËnmXZ g§ñWm åhUVmV?

3. CËnmXZ \$bZ g§H$ënZm H$moUr _m§S>br?

4. AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m dH«$mMm AmH$ma H$gm AgVmo?

5. n`m©`VoMr pñWa bd{MH$Vm (CES) hr g§H$ënZm {H$Vr gmbr _m§S>br?

2.6 ñd §AÜ``Z n«ým§Mr CÎmao (Answer of Self Learning Questions) :


1. CËnmXZ \$bZ 2. g_-gr_m§V

3. gr_m§V àmár 4. ~XbË`m à_mUmMm

5. L (Eb)

(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. n`m©`Vm 2. ~hþ-dñVw

3. H$m°~-S>½bg 4. B§J«Or U

5. 1961

2.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` (Questions For Self Study) :

1. {H$_mZ IM© CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_yh g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

2. ~hþ-CËnmXZ g§ñWm H$em nÕVrZo CËnmXZ H$aVo Vo ñnï> H$am.

3. H$m°~-S>½bg `m§Mr CËnmXZ \$bZmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

4. CËnmXZ IMm©Mm nma§nm[aH$ IM© {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

5. CËnmXZ IMm©Mm AmYw{ZH$ IM© {gÕm§V AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$am.

2.8 jo{Ì` H$m`© (Field Work) :

^maVmVrb EImÚm ~hþ-CËnmXZ CÚmoJg§ñWoMo CËnmXZ H$m © H$em nÕVrZo MmbVo AmT>mdm ¿`m.

gGg

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 73 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

KQ>H$ 3

qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr(Price & Output Determination))

l C{Ôï>ço

l àñVmdZm

l {df` {ddoMZ

3.1 _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm© Am{U g_Vmob

1) àñVmdZm - AW©

2) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Mr d¡{eï>ço

3) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb qH$_V d CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr

4) g_wh g§VwbZ-gmYmaU Ñ{ï>H$moZ

5) M|~abrZMm n`m© r Ñ{ï>H$moZ

(A) AënH$mbrZ g_Vmob

(B) XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob

3.2 Aënm{YH$ma Am{U Ë`mVrb à{V_mZo

3.2.1 (A) Aënm{YH$mamMr d¡{eï>ço(B) Aënm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU

3.2.2 Ag§JU_V Aënm{YH$ma Am{U g§JU_V Aënm{YH$ma

(A) Ag§JU_V Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZo

1) Hw$Zm}Mo à{V_mZ

2) ~oaQ´>m°ÝS>Mo à{V_mZ

3) EOdW©Mo à{V_mZ

4) M|~abrZMo à{V_mZ

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 74 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

5) {dHw§${MV _mJUr dH«$

6) ñQ>°H$b~J©Mo à{V_mZ

(B) g§JU_V Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZo

1) H$mQ>}b Am{U _O©a

2) qH$_V ZoV¥Îd

3) AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr

3.3 H«o$Vm{YH$ma Am{U Ûm`m{YH$ma _ŠVoXmarVrb qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr

(A) H«o$Vm{YH$ma

(B) {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar

C{Ôï>ço :

1) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}À`m AW© Am{U d¡{eð>m§Mr _m{hVr H$aV oUo.

2) M|~abrZMm _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob Am{U n`m© r Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm Aä`mgm~m~V

_m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

3) Aënm{YH$mamMr d¡{eï>ço nmVmiyZ nmhUo.

4) Hw$Zm}, ~aS´>m°Ýg, EOdW©, M|~abrZ `m§À`m Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.

5) {dH§w$MrV _mJUr dH«$ Am{U ñQ>°H$b~J©À`m à_`mMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

6) H$mQ>©b, qH$_V ZoV¥Îd Am{U AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.

3.1 _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm© Am{U g_Vmob (Monopolistic Competition and Equilibrium)) :

1) àñVmdZm- AW© (Introduction & Meaning) :

gZmVZdmXr {dMmad§VmZr ~mOmaì`dñWoV _yë`{ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyU© ñnYm© Am{U _ŠVoXmar Aem XmoZ

Q>moH$mÀ`m àmê$nm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. 1920 n ªV _yë`{ZpíMVrgmR>r `m XmoZ n«mê$nm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago. _mÌ

hr XmoÝhr {ddoMZo dñVwpñWVrer {dg§JV Agë`mZo VgoM ì`mdhm[aH$ OJmV Vr bmJy nS>V Zgë`mZo ZdrZ àmê$n

V`ma H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.

1933 _Ü o àm. ES>dS>© M|~abrZ m§Mo 'The Theory of Monopolistic Competition' ho d gm¡. OmoZ

am°{~ÝgZ m§Mo 'The Economics of Imperfect Competition' ho J«§W àH$m{eV Pmbo. mZ§Va ZdrZ àmê$nmÀ`m

{dH$mgmg MmbZm {_imbr. AWm©V² `mVyZM nyU© ñnYm© Am{U _ŠVoXmar `m§Mm g§ moJ AgUmar "_ŠVoXmar wŠV

ñnYm©' (Monopolistic Competition) qH$dm AnyU© ñnYm© (Imperfect Competition) ho àmê$n CX`mg Ambo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 75 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Mm AW© :

àm. M|~abrZ `m§Mo _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Mo {ddoMZ åhUOo 20 ì`m eVH$mVrb gyú_bjr AW©emómVrb_mobmMo `moJXmZ åhUmdo bmJob. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "Ag§»` {dH«o$Ë`m§_Yrb g_mZ dmnamÀ`m _mÌ {^Þ d¡{eï>ço

AgUmè`m dñVy§À`m {dH«$s~m~VMr ñnYm© åhUOo _ŠVoXmar`wŠV ñnYm© hmo`.' Aem ñnY}V {dH$ë`mOmUmè`m dñVy `m Oar EH$_oH$m§g {ZH$Q>À`m n`m© R>ê$ eH$V Agë`m VargwÕm Ë`m g§nyU© n`m© r dñVy AgVZmhrV. _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}oMo Zo_Ho$ ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`m nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>çm§da àH$me Q>mHy$.

2) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Mr d¡{eï>ço (Features of Monopolistic Competition) :

_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V àm_w»`mZo Oar {dH«$sIM© Am{U dñVy oX hr bjUo AmT>iV Agbr, VargwÕm {VMrà_wI bjUo nwT>rbn«_mUo AmhoV.

(1) Ag§»` {dH«o$Vo / CËnmXZnoT>çm (Large number of sellers) : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ~mOmamV {dH«o$VoqH$dm CËnmXZnoT>çm§Mr g§»`m _moR>r AgVo. `m CËnmXZnoT>çm {d oXr ñdê$nmMo qH$dm {^Þ JwUd¡{eï>çm§Zr wŠVAgbobo CËnmXZ KoVmV. {dH«o$Vo Oar g§» oZo A{YH$ Agbo VargwÕm Ë`m§Mr g§»`m nyU©ñnY}Vrb {dH«o$Ë`m§À`mg§» oEdT>r àM§S> AgV Zmhr. AWm©V Ae {dH«o$Ë`m§_Ü o ~mOmamMr {d^mJUr hmoVo. Amnë`m dñVyÀ`m {dH«$s~m~V Vo_ŠVoXmamMr y{_H$m {Z^mdVmV d ñnY}V gh^mJr hmoVmV åhUyZM m ~mOmamg _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm© Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

(2) dñVy{^ÞVm (Product Differentiation) : `m ñnY}V àË oH$ CËnmXH$ Var g_mZ dmnamÀ`m dñVy§MoCËnmXZ H$arV Agbm VargwÕm Vmo Amnbr dñVy Amnë`m à{VñnÜ`mªÀ`m dñVynojm H$Q>mjmZo doJir R>odÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$aVmo. AWm©V Ë`m_wioM XmoZ CËnmXH$m§À`m dñVy EH$_oH$mg nyU© n`m© R>aV ZmhrV, Va Ho$di OdiMmn`m© R>aVmV. CËnmXZmMr ZJg§»`m Am{U XOm© `m§V {^ÞVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXH$ H$ƒm _mb, ì`mnma{MÝho(Trade Marks) Om{hamV, dñVyMo doï>U (packing), ñdm{_Ëd h¸$ `mV ~Xb AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo.

(3) _wŠV AmJ_Z d {ZJ©_Z (Free Entry and Free Exit) : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V CËnmXZnoT>çm§ZmCÚmoJmV àdoe H$aÊ`mMo VgoM Ë`mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` AgVo. Ooìhm ~mOmamV A{V[aŠV Z\$m àmáhmoVmo Voìhm ZdrZ noT>çm Ë`m CÚmoJmH$S>o AmH${f©ë`m OmVmV d VmoQ>m hmoV Agë`mg Ë`m CÚmoJm§VyZ ~mhoa nS>VmV.Aem àH$mao XrK©H$mimVrb CËnmXZnoT>çm§Mr g§»`m gVV ~XbV AgVo.

(4) {dH«$sIM© (Selling Cost) : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V àË oH$ CËnmXZ ~mOmamMm A{YH$m{YH$ {hñgmàmá H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. m ~mOmamVrb dñVy m EH$_oH$m§Zm {ZH$Q>V_ n`m© Agë`mZo hm {dH«$sIM© AË`mdí`H$~ZVmo. Aem doir CËnmXH$m§Zm {dH«$s à{V{ZYr Zo_Uo, àXe©Zo â{dUo, _mo\$V nyaH$ dñVy XoUo, Om{hamVr H$aUo,AmH$f©H$ ~{jgo d {dH«$s `moOZm Omhra H$aUo B. _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJVmo.

(5) XmoZ {^Þ _mJUr dH«$ (Different Demand Curves) : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V XmoZ _mJUrdH«$AgVmV. (A) H$mën{ZH$ _mJUr dH«$ (~) ~mOma _mJUr dH«$.

n{hë`m àH$maMm _mJUrdH«$ hm A{YH$ bd{MH$ AgVmo, H$maU oWo CËnmXZnoT>r Ago J¥hrV YaVo H$s

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 76 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m qH$_V ~Xbmg BVa à{VñnYu H$mhrM

à{VgmX XoV ZmhrV. AWm©V Aemdoir Vr noT>r qH$_V

H$_r H$ê$Z {dH«$s dmT>dy eH$Vo. _mÌ ~mOma _mJUr

dH«$ hm H$_r bd{MH$ (Abd{MH$) AgVmo, H$maU

oWo EH$m noT>rZo qH$_VrV ~Xb Ho$ë`mg BVa gd© noT>çm

Ë`mMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. AWm©V EH$m noT>rZo qH$_V H$_r

Ho$ë`mg BVa noT>çmgwÕm {H§$_V H$_r H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio

{dH«$s dmT>{dVm oV Zmhr. àñVwV AmH¥$Vr 3.1 (A)

_Ü o DD hm H$mën{ZH$ _mJUrdH«$ Amho Va D1 D1

hm ~mOma _mJUrdH«$ Amho. DD hm A{YH$ bd{MH$

Va D1D1 hm H$_r bd{MH$ Amho.

(6) ñdV§Ì qH$_V YmoaU (Independent Price Policy) : _ŠVoXmar`wŠV ñnY}V CËnmXZnoT>çm§Mr

g§»`m A{YH$ Agë`mZo EImÚm noT>rZo qH$_V H$_r Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm Ë`mÀ`m à{VñnÜ`mªÀ`m {dH«$sda ZJÊ` à^md

nS>ob. VgoM n«Ë oH$ noT>rbm ~mOmamV {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì qH$_V YmoaU Adb§~mdo bmJVo.

(7) g_yh g§H$ënZm (Concept of Group) : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V dñVw{^ÞVm AgVo. AWm©V àË oH$

ñnY©H$ ~mOmamV {Q>Hy$Z amhmÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. doJdoJù`m CËnmXH$m§À`m dñVy EH$_oH$m§g {ZH$Q>V_ n`m© Agë`mZo

AmnmngmVrb g§ mì` ñnYm© Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Vo EImXm g_yh AWdm g§K ñWmnZ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

(8) {ZH$Q>Mo n`m©` (Close substitute) : _ŠVoXmar`wŠV ñnY}V àËòH$ CËnmXH$ Amnë`m dñVyMo

doJionU OnV AgVmo. AWm©V nyU© ñnY}à_mUo `m dñVy EH${OZgr Zgë`mZo Ë`mV JwU{^ÞVm AmT>iVo. J«mhH$

qH$dm Cn^moŠVm Aem XmoZ {^Þ dñVy§_Ü o oX H$ê$ eH$Vmo. åhUyZ `m dñVy EH$_oH$m§g n[anyU© Zìho Va {ZH$Q>À`m

n`m© hmoD$ eH$VmV.

(9) A{V[aŠV j_Vm (Excess Capacity) :

_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V CËnmXZnoT>çm _hÎm_ Z\$m àmá

H$aÊ`mMm n« ËZ H$aVmV. AWm©V Ë`m§Zm {g. àm. = {g.

I. (MR = MC) m nmVirda CËnmXZ ¿`mdo bmJVo.

_mÌ `m CËnmXZnmVirg gamgar IM© (g.I.) hm

Ý yZV_ qH$dm H$_rV H$_r AgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~mOyÀ`m

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.1 _Ü o Xe©{dë`mà_mUo CËnmXZ {H$_mZ

IM© nmVirbm OQ1 EdT>o CËnmXZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

àË`jmV _mÌ Vmo OQ nmVirda CËnmXZ KoVmo. AWm©V

Y

X

dñVyM

r qH$

_V

D1

D

D

D1

O

AmH¥$Vr 3.1 : (A) {^Þ _mJUr dH«$

Y

IM

© d à

már

AR (g.àm.)

O

AmH¥$Vr 3.1 : (~) A{V[aŠV j_Vm

E

Q1Q

MR (gr.àm.)

CËnmXZ

AC (g.I.)

MC ({g.I.)

X

E1

_mJUr

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 77 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V QQ1 EdT>r A{V[aŠV j_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mbmM `m ñnY}Vrb Anì`` Agohr åhQ>bo

OmVo.

Aem n«H$mao _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V AmnUmg _ŠVoXmar Am{U nyU© ñnYm© `m XmoZ Q>moH$mÀ`m ~mOma §ÌUm§Mo

à{Vq~~ AmT>iVo. `m ñnY}V _ŠVoXmarMZo wŠV Agbobr ñnYm© Á`mg EH$m{YH$mar ñnYm© AgogwÕm åhQ>bo OmVo

Vr AmT>iVo. `m ~mOmamV Amnë`m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ d {dH«$sg§X^m©V àË oH$ CËnmXH$ hm _ŠVoXmaM AgVmo.

åhUyZM `m ñnY}g _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm© åhUVmV.

3) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb {H§$_V d CËnmXZ{ZpíMVr(Price & Output Determination under Monopolistic Competition) :

_ŠVoXmar`wŠV ñnY}Vrb ~mOma hm nyU© ñnY}Vrb ~mOmamnojm {^Þ Agë`m_wio Ë`mVrb qH$_V Am{U

CËnmXZ{ZpíMVr hr doJù`m àH$maMr AgVo. àË oH$ CËnmXH$mMm ~mOmamVrb {hñgm {^Þ Agë`mH$maUmZo Ë`mÀ`m

{dH«$sda dñVy§Mr qH$_V, dñVyMo ñdê$n Am{U Om{hamVtda Ho$bobm IM© `m ~m~tMm à^md nS>Vmo.

`m ñnY}Vrb g§VwbZ ho (A) AënH$mbrZ g§VwbZ d (~) XrK©H$mbrZ g§VwbZ Aem doJdoJù`m àH$mao

{dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVo.

(A) AënH$mbrZ g§VwbZ (Short-run Equilibrium) : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb AënH$mbrZ g§VwbZ

{ZpíMV H$aVmZm (gr. I. = gr. àm.) Aer pñWVr Amdí`H$ AgyZ g_VmobmZ§Va gr.I. h gr.à. ho gmÜ`

ìhmdo bmJob. AWm©V CËnmXH$ OoWo gdm©{YH$ Z\$m {_iVmo Ë`m nmVirn ªV (gr. àm. = gr. I. qH$dm MR =

MC) CËnmXZ KoVmo. AënH$mbrZ g§VwbZmV nwT>rb VrZ AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

(i) g. àm. = g. I. (gd©gmYmaU Z\$m)

(AR = AC)

(ii) g. àm. h g. I. (AgmYmaU Z\$m)

(AR h AC)

(iii) g. àm. g g. I. (VmoQ>m)

(AR g AC)

(i) dmOdr (gd©gmYmaU) Z\$m (Normal

Profit) : AënH$mimV CËnmXH$mMm A.g.I. (SAC)

Am{U g. àm. (A.R.) EH$gmaIo AgVmV. VoWogd©gmYmaU Z\$m {Z_m©U hmoB©b. AmH¥$Vr 3.2 _ÜòOQ `m CËnmXZ nmVirg (gr. àm. = gr. I.) AerpñWVr Amho. Ë`mM nmVirg A. g. I. d g. àm. hoR `m q~XyV g_mZ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio CËnmXH$mg Ho$digm_mÝ` Z\$m àmá hmoB©b d Ë`mg OP hr qH$_V {_iob.

X

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már

SAC

(A.g.I.)

O

AmH¥$Vr 3.2 : gd©gmYmaU Z\$m

E

Q CËnmXZ

SMC (A.gr.I.)

R

ARD (g.àm.)

MR (gr.àm.)

P

Y

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 78 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(ii) AdmOdr (gd©gmYmaU) Z\$m (Super-

normal Profit) : AënH$mimV CËnmXH$mbm

AgmYmaU Z\$m àmá hmoD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r g.àm.

hr g. I. nojm A{YH$ Agm`bm hdr. AWm©V Á`m

nmVirg gr. àm. = gr. I. Aer AdñWm Agob VoWo

g. àm. h g. I. Agë`mg CËnmXH$mg A{V[aŠV

qH$dm AgmYmaU Z\$m àmá hmoVmo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.3

_Ü o E `m q~XyV gr. àm. = gr. I. AgyZ OQ hr

CËnmXZ nmVir Amho. OR hr g. àm. Va QS hm g.I.

Amho.

Ë`m_wio EHy$U Z\$m = [g.àm. X ZJg§»`m] - [g.I. X ZJg§»`m]

= [QR X OQ] - [QS X OQ]

= OPRQ - OTEQ = TPRS

AWm©V AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.3 _Yrb N>m`m§{H$V ^mJ hm AgmYmaU Z\$m Xe©{dVmo.

(iii) VmoQ>m (Losses) : AënH$mimV Oa

CËnmXH$mMr qH$_V Ë`mÀ`m A.g.I (SAC) nojm H$_r

Agob Va Ë`mg VmoQ>m hmoD$ eH$Vmo. gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$Vr

H«$. 3.4 _Ü o QR hr g. àm. AgyZ QS hm g.I.

Amho. AWm©V EHy$U Z\$m = EHy$U àmár - EHy$U IM©

[g.àm. X ZJ] - [g.I. X ZJ]

= [QR X OQ] - [QS X OQ]

= OPRQ - OTSQ

na§Vw = OPRQ g OTSQ

AWm©V N>m`m§{H$V ^mJ PTSR hm CËnmXH$mMm

EHy$U VmoQ>m Agob.

AWm©V AënH$mbrZ g§VwbZmV _ŠVoXmar`wŠV ~mOmamVrb _mJUrdH«$ (g.àm./_m.) hm H$em àH$maMm

Amho `mda Ë`m noT>rg Z\$m hmoB©b H$s VmoQ>m ho Adb~yZ AgVo. XrK©H$mimV _mÌ noT>rg Ho$di gm_mÝ` Zâ`mdaM

Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJob. Ë`mM~amo~a AënH$mimV Ho$di d¡ {ŠVH$ n¡T>rVM g§VwbZ àmá hmoVo. _mÌ g_yhmMo

g§VwbZ XrK©H$mimVM eŠ` Amho.

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Q CËnmXZ

SMC (A.gr.I.)R

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SAC

(A.g.I.)AR/D

(g.àm./_mJUr)

MR (gr.àm.)

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AmH¥$Vr 3.4 : VmoQ>m

R

Q CËnmXZ

SMC (A.gr.I.)S

T

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P

E

SAC

(A.g.I.)AR/D

(g.àm./_mJUr)

MR (gr.àm.)

AgmYmaU Z\$m

VmoQ>m

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 79 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(~) XrK©H$mbrZ g§VwbZ (Long-run Equilibrium) : AënH$mimV EH$m d¡ {ŠVH$ CËnmXZ noT>rg

g§VwbZ gmÜ` hmoVo. _mÌ g§nyU© CÚmoJmg (OoWo AZoH$ noT>çm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo) g§VwbZ gmÜ` hmoVo Zmhr. VgoM

Oa AënH$mimV noT>rg A{V[aŠV Z\$m àmá hmoV Agob Va AZoH$ ZdrZ CÚmoJg§ñWm Zâ`mÀ`m A{^bmfoZo

~mOmamV àdoe H$aVrb. Ë`m_wio XrK©H$mimV dñVy§Mm nwadR>m dmTy>Z {H$_Vr H$_r hmoVrb d Ho$di gm_mÝ` Z\$m

àmá hmoB©b. Ë`mM~amo~a Á`m noT>çm§Zm VmoQ>m hmoV Agob Vo XrK©H$mimV Vmo CÚmoJ gmoS>Vrb. _mÌ XrK©H$mimVrb

CËnmXZ noT>çm§Mr g§»`m A{ZpíMV Agë`mZo A{YH$ n`m© CnbãY AgVmV. Ë`m_wio {XK©H$mbrZ _mJUrdH«$

hm A{YH$ bd{MH$ Agob.

XrK©H$mbrZ g§VwbZ n«má hmoÊ`mgmR>r gr.àm. = gr.I. = g.àm. = g.I. Aer pñWVr {Z_m©U ìhmdr

bmJob.

gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.5 _Üò XrK©H$mbrZg_Vmob XmI{dbm Amho. E `m q~XyV gr.àm. =Xr.gr.I. qH$dm LMR = LMC Aer pñWVr Amho.Va R `m q~XyV g.àm. = Xr.g.I. Aer pñWVr Amho.`mdoir CËnmXZ nmVir OQ Aer Amho. _mÌ_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V Agm g_Vmob hm Ý yZV_ Xr.g.I.AgVmZm Zìho, Va Ë`mnyduM gmÜ` hmoVmo.

EHy$U Z\$m = EHy$U àmár - EHy$U IM©= [g.àm. X ZJ] - [g.I. X ZJ]

= [QR X OQ] - [QR X OQ]

= OPRQ - OPRQ

= Zero

AWm©V Ho$di gm_mÝ` Z\$m àmá hmoVmo.

4) g_yh g§VwbZ gmYmaU Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Group Equilibrium / General Approach) :

àm. M|~aboZ `m§Zr _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V g_yhmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. na§Vw g_yh Am{U CÚmoJ (industry)

`m§V \$aH$ Amho. nyU© ñnY}V EH${OZgr dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ KoUmè`m noT>çm§Mm g_yh åhUOo CÚmoJ (industry) _mZbo

OmVo. AnyU© qH$dm _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V CËnmXZ{d{^ÞVm Agë`mZo "g_yh (Group) åhUOo g_mZ dmnamÀ`m

na§Vw JwU{d{^ÞVm AgUmè`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m noT>çm§Mm JQ> hmo ' Ago åhUVm oB©b. EH$m

JQ>mVrb qH$dm g_yhmVrb noT>çm§Mo CËnmXZ ho nañnam§g OdiMo n`m© hmoVrb. WmoS>Š`mV, g_yhmVrb dñVy§Mr

{VaH$g bd{MH$Vm A{YH$ Agob. CÚmoJm§V _mÌ Aem EH$mnojm AZoH$ JQ>m§Mm g_mdoe hmoB©b.

_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V àË oH$ CËnmXZnoT>rMo IM©MH«$, _mJUrdH«$ ho {^Þ ñdê$nmMo Agë`mZo dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr,

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AmH¥$Vr 3.5 : XrK©H$mbrZ g§VwbZ

Q CËnmXZ

LMC (Xr.gr.I.)

R

`

P

LAC

(Xr.g.I.)

AR/D

(g.àm./_m.)MR (gr.àm.)

E

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 80 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

àË`j CËnmXZ, d¡ {ŠVH$ noT>rÀ`m Zâ`mMo à_mU ho BVa à{VñnÜ`mªhÿZ {^Þ AgVo. Aem ì`mnH$ {^ÞVo_wioM

CËnmXZnoT>çm§Zm AmnAmngmV qH$_V d qH$_VoVa Aem XmoZ ñVamda ñnYm© H$amdr bmJVo. AWm©V àË oH$ CËnmXZnoT>rMo

YmoaU, Ë`mÀ`m à{VñnÜ`m©Mo YmoaU `m gdmªMo EH$_oH$m§da hmoUmao CbQ>gwbQ> n[aUm_ OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmg

g_yh g§VwbZ hr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgmdr bmJob.

àË oH$ CËnmXnoT>rMm IM© CËnmXZj_Vm, Ë`m§À`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr `m§V {^ÞVm Agë`m_wio g§nyU© g_yhmMm

EH$M g_mZ IM©dH«$ qH$dm àmárdH«$ {_i{dUo AdKS> hmoVo. AWm©V Ë`m_wioM g_yh g§VwbZ gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r

AmnUm§g H$mhr ~m~r J¥{hV Yamì`m bmJVrb.

J¥hrVHo (Assumptions) :

(1) g_mZ dmnamÀ`m na§Vw JwU{^ÞVo_wio EH$_oH$m§g ZOrH$Mo n`m© AgUmè`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m

CËnmXZnoT>çm `m g§» oZo A{YH$ AmhoV.

(2) àË oH$ CËnmXZnoT>rMm _mJUrdH«$ hm A{YH$ bd{MH$ ñdê$nmMm AgyZ àË oH$mMo qH$_Vr~m~VMo

YmoaU ñdV§Ì Amho.

(3) EImÚm d¡ {ŠVH$ CËnmXZnoT>rZo dñVyMo CËnmXZ qH$dm {VMr qH$_V mV ~Xb Ho$bm Va Ë`mMm n[aUm_

g§nyU© g_yhmda hmoVmo.

(4) gd© CËnmXZnoT>çm§Mm _mJUrdH«$ Am{U IM© dH«$ g_mZ AmhoV.

`m àH$aUmV M|~abrZZo _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb g§VwbZ XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r H$mën{ZH$ _mJUrdH«$ d ~mOma

_mJUrdH«$ Ago XmoZ {^Þ _mJUrdH«$ {dMmamV KoVbo AmhoV. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.6 _Ü o DD hm H$mën{ZH$ _mJUrdH«$

Va D1D1 hm ~mOma _mJUrdH«$ Amho. AWm©V g_yhmMm _mJUrdH«$ hm åhUOoM ~mOma _mJUrdH«$ qH$dm D1D1

Agob. AWm©V DD hm A{YH$ bd{MH$ ñdê$nmMm Agob, H$maU d¡ {ŠVH$ noT>r CËnmXZ{^ÞVo_wio Am{U dñVy

EH$_oH$m§g {ZH$Q>À`m n`m© Agë`m_wio Amnë`m dñVyMr qH$_V H$_r H$ê$Z {dH«$s dmT>dy eHo$b. _mÌ `m doir

BVa à{VñnYu Ë`m§À`m dñVy§Mr qH$_V ~XbUma ZmhrV Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho. Oa Ë`m§Zrhr qH$_V ~Xbbr Va

DD hm D2D2 Agm Imbr oB©b. g_yh g§VwbZ gmÜ` hmoVmZm ~mOmamVrb CËnmXZnoT>çm§À`m qH$_VrVrb ~Xb

Am{U CËnmXZnoT>çm§Mr g§»`m `mVrb ~Xb `mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.

AmH¥$Vr 3.6 _Ü o 'E' `m q~XyV AënH$mbrZ g§VwbZ gmÜ` Pmbo AgyZ N>m`m§{H$V ^mJ PERS EdT>m

A{V[aŠV Z\$m qH$dm AgmYmaU Z\$m àmá Pmbm Amho. AWm©V _hÎm_ Zâ`mÀ`m A{^bmfoZo CËnmXH$ dñVyMr

qH$_V H$_r H$aVmo H$maU Ë`mwio A{YH$ dñVy {dH$ë`m OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>Vo. Ago H$aVmZm _mÌ Vmo Amnbo

à{VñnYu Ë`m§À`m dñVy§Mr qH$_V H$_r H$aUma ZmhrV Ago J¥hrV YaVmo. na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ àË oH$ CËnmXH$

AerM H¥$Vr H$aV Agë`mZo DD hm ~mOma _mJUrdH«$ D2D2 Agm Imbr oVmo. AWm©V Ë`m_wio ZdrZ g_Vmob

E1 m q~XyV gmÜ` Pmbm Amho. E1 m q~XyV Xr.g.I. (LAC) Am{U D2D2 ho EH$_oH$m§g ñne© H$arV Agë`mZo

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 81 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ë`m§Mm MT> gmaIm Amho. dñVyMr qH$_V EdEr H$_r

Pmbobr Amho H$s CËnmXH$mbm Ho$di gm_mÝ` Z\$mM

àmá hmoD$ eH$Vmo Am{U XrK©H$mimV CËnmXZnoT>çm§Mr

g§»`m pñWa amhÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>Vo, H$maU Ho$di

gm_mÝ` Z\$m {_iV Agë`mZo gÜ`m ApñVËdmV

AgUmè`m noT>çm CËnmXZ gwê$ R>odVrb. _mÌ ZdrZ

noT>çm ~mOmamV àdoe H$aUma ZmhrV. VmËn`©,

XrK©H$mimV g_yh g§VwbZ gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r ~mOma

_mJUrdH«$ D1D1 Am{U H$mën{ZH$ _mJUrdH«$ D2D2

ho EH$_oH$m§g Á`m q~XyV D2D2 = LAC Aer pñWVr

Amho VoWo N>oXV Agbo nm{hOoV.

5) M|~abrZMm n`m© r Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Prof. Chambarlin's Alternative Approach) :

_ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb CËnmXZ d qH$_V {ZpíMVr hr M|~abrZÀ`m n`m© r à{V_mZmVyZhr g_OyZ KoVm

oB©b. `m n`m© r à{V_mZmV J«mø _mJUr dH«$ (Perceived Demand Curve) Am{U à_mUera _mJUr dH«$

(Proportional Demand Curve) Ago XmoZ _mJUrdH«$ dmnabo OmVmV. J«mø _mJUr dH«$ hm AÝ` noT>çm qH$dm

JQ> dñVyMr qH$_V H$m`_ R>odrV AgVmZm EH$ noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V H$_r H$ê$Z Ë`m CËnmXZmMr _mJUr dmT>{dVm

oVo ho Xe©{dVmo. VgoM AÝ` noT>çm qH$_Vr H$m`_ R>odrV Agë`mZo EH$ noT>r dñVyMr {H§$_V dmT>dyZ Ë`m dñVyMr

_mJUr H$_r H$ê$ eH$Vo. J«mø _mJUr dH«$ hm AÝ` noT>çm qH$_V ~XbV ZmhrV `m J¥{hVH$mda AmYm[aV Amho.

`mbmM H$mën{ZH$ (Imaginative) _mJUr dH«$ Agohr åhUVmV. _wimV g§nyU© ~mOmamV EH$m d¡ {ŠVH$ noT>rMm

{hgm hm ZJÊ` Agë`mZo, Aer noT>r H$ënZm H$aVo H$s

AmnU qH$_V ~Xbbr Va AÝ` noT>çm Ë`mH$S>o Xwb©j

H$aVrb. Xwgè`m àH$maÀ`m _mJUr dH«$mg à_mUera

_mJUrdH«$ Ago åhUVmV. hm _mJUr dH«$ ~mOmamVrb

gd© noT>çm§Zr qH$_V~Xb Ho$ë`mZo Amnë`m {dMmamYrZ

Agboë`m noT>rÀ`m CËnmXZmMr _mJUr H$er ~Xbob

Vo Xe©{dVmo. gmh{OH$M à_mUera _mJUrdH«$ hm J«mø

_mJUr dH«$mnojm H$_r bd{MH$ AgVmo. qH$_V Am{U

_mJUr `m§Mo à_mU ì`ñV Agë`mZo noT>rMm _mJUrdH«$

hm S>mdrH$Sy>Z-COdrH$S>o d dê$Z-Imbr OmUmam

AgVmo.

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AmH¥$Vr 3.7 : _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb _mJUr dH«$

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AmH¥$Vr 3.7 _Ü o DD1 hm à_mUera _mJUrdH«$ Va dd1 hm J«mø _mJUrdH«$ Amho.

(a) M|~abrZÀ`m n`m© r Ñ{ï>H$moZmVrb AënH$mbrZ g_Vmob (Short Run Equilibrium Under

Chamberlain's Alternative Approach) : M|~abrZÀ`m n`m© r Ñ{ï>H$moZmV CËnmXZnoT>r AënH$mimV Amnbo

CËnmXZ Am{U qH$_V H$er {ZpíMV H$aVo Vo nmhÿ m.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.8 _Ü o DD1 hm à_mera _mJUrdH«$ AgyZ Vmo déZ Imbr oVmo. n[aUm_r, gd© CËnmXZnoT>çm§Zr

dñVyMr qH$_V H$_r Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm gdmªZm gmaImM \$m`Xm hmoVmo. g_Om, gd© noT>çm àma§ r A q~XyV AmhoV.

noT>rMm J«mø _mJUr dH«$ hm à_mUera _mJUr dH«$mg A q~XyV N>oXyZ nwT>o OmVmo. hm _mJUrdH«$ à_mUera _mJUr

dH«$mnojm OmñV bd{MH$ Amho. àË oH$ noT>rMm ~mOma _mJUrVrb {hñgm OQ0 EdT>m Amho. VgoM àËòH$ noT>r

OP0 EdT>r qH$_V AmH$maVo. oWo J«mø _mJUr dH«$mMm {dMma H$aVm, àË oH$ noT>rbm dmQ>Vo H$s AmnU Oa OP0

nojm H$_r qH$_V AmH$mabr Ogo OP1 Va AmnU OQ1 EdT>o CËnmXZ KodyZ Amnbm Z\$m dmT>dy _mÌ AÝ` noT>çm

qH$_V pñWa R>odVrb Ago J¥{hV Yabo Amho. d0d10 `m J«mø _mJUr dH«$mer g§~§{YV gr_m§V àmár dH«$ (MR0)

hm gr_m§V IM© (MC) dH«$mg, T `m q~XyV N>oXVmo. `mdoir CËnmXZ OQ1 `m nmVirg Amho. åhUyZM Ooìhm J«mø

_mJUrdH«$ d0d1

0 hm à_mUera _mJUrdH«$mg (DD1) A `m q~XyV N>oXVmo Voìhm _hÎm_ Z\$m XoUmao CËnmXZ OQ1

`m nmVirda Amho. AWm©V noT>rg qH$_V H$nmV H$éZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ Kody eH$Ê`mg dmd Amho.

na§Vw àË oH$ noT>rMm Oa AgmM g_O Agob Am{U ñdV:Mm ñdV§Ì J«mø _mJUrdH«$ Agob Va, àË oH$

qH$_

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noT>r OP1 EdT>r H$_r qH$_V H$éZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ {dH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aob. na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ àË oH$ noT>r B m

q~XyV g_VmobmV amhrb d A{V[aŠV {dH«$sVrb Amnbm {hñgm {_idob. åhUOoM àË oH$ noT>r B q~XyV amhrb

Am{U OQ1

1 EdT>o CËnmXZ hmoB©b. n[aUm_r àË oH$ noT>rMm J«mø _mJUrdH«$ hm d0d1

0 EodOr d1d

11 Agm hmoB©b

d Vmo à_mera _mJUrdH«$mg 'B' q~XyV N>oXyZ nwT>o OmB©b. oWo gwÕm noT>rg Ago dmQ>V amhrb H$s AmnU OP1 nojm

qH$_V H$éZ AmUIr Z\$m H$_mdy eHy$. H$maU AÝ` noT>çm qH$_V pñWa R>odVrb. AÝ` noT>çm qH$_V pñWa

R>odVrb H$maU ZdrZ J«mø _mJUr dH«$mMm gr_m§V àmár (MR1) dH«$ hm gr_m§V IMm©À`m (MC) dH«$mnojm daÀ`m

nmVirV amhVmo. Aem àH$mao qH$_V H$_r H$ê$Z A{YH$ Z\$m H$_mdÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Aem nmVirn ªV gwê$ amhrb

H$s OoWo `mnwT>o qH$_V H$_r H$aÊ`mg dmdM amhUma

Zmhr. Agm AënH$mirZ g_Vmob nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr 3.9

_Ü o Xe{dbr Amho. AmH¥$VrV qH$_V ñnY}_wio J«mø

_mJUrdH«$ hm à_mUera _mJUrdH«$mg H q~XyV N>oXVmo.

òWo OQ3 ho CËnmXZ d OP3 hr qH$_V {ZpíMV hmoVo.

àËòH$ noT>r OQ3 EdT>o CËnmXZ KodyZ Ë`mMr {dH«$s

H$aVo. Aem àH$mao M|~abrZÀ`m n`m© r àVr_mZmV OoWo

MR = MC gmÜ` hmoVo (q~Xy J) Am{U OoWo XmoÝhr

_mJUrdH«$ DD1 Am{U D2D2 EH$_oH$m§g N>oXVmV

(q~Xy H) VoWo CËnmXZnoT>rMm g_Vmob {ZpíMV hmoB©b.

(b) Mo§~abrZÀ`m n`m© r à{V_mZmVrb XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob (Long - Run Equilibrium under

chamberlin's Alternative Approach) :

AënH$mimV noT>rg Am{W©H$ Z\$m {_idUo

eŠ` hmoVo _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V _wŠV AmJ_Z d

{ZJ©_Z Agë`mZo hm Am{W©H$ Z\$m nmhÿZ AÝ` AZoH$

noT>çm CÚmoJmV AmH${f©ë`m OmVrb. gmh{OH$M

~mOma_mJUr AmVm OmñV noT>çm§_Üò {d^mJbr

OmB©b. Am{U _mJUrdH«$ hm S>mdrH$S>o OmB©b.

à_mUera _mJUrdH«$ Ogm S>mdrH$S>o OmB©b VgmM

J«mø _mJUrdH«$gÕm S>mdrH$S>o OmB©b. hr à{H«$`m

Omon`ªV J«mø _mJUrdH«$ (d1d1) hm XrK©H$mbrZ

gamgar dH«$mg (LAC) g_mZ hmoV Zmhr Vmon ªV

gwê$ amhrb. nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr 3.10 _Ü o d1d1 hm

qH$_

V

O

AmH¥$Vr 3.9 : CËnmXZ

D

D1

Y

X

D2

D2

P3

Q3

G

H

MC AC

MR2

CËnmXZ

I

J

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Q

AmH¥$Vr 3.10 : CËnmXZ

Y

X

d2

CËnmXZ

D2

d2

D1 LMC

LAC

d1d2

D1MRD2

L

N

H

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¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 84 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

ZdrZ noT>çm§Mm CÚmoJmV àdoe hmoÊ`mnyduMm J«mø _mJUr dH«$ Amho. AÝ` noT>çm§À`m àdoem_wio Vmo S>mdrH$S>o

OmdyZ H q~XyV XrK©H$mbrZ (LAC) IM© dH«$mg ñne©Vmo. åhUOoM XrK©H$mimV CËnmXZ noT>rg Ho$di gm_mÝ`

Z\$mM àmá hmoVmo. Am{U hm gm_mÝ` Z\$m nmhÿZ AÝ` noT>çm AmJ_Z qH$dm {ZJ©_Zmg CËgwH$ AgUma ZmhrV.

åhUOoM XrK©H$mimV noT>rg gm_mÝ` Z\$m {_iyZ H m q~XyV A{V[aŠV j_Vm Agm XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob àñWm{nV

hmoVmo. Aem g_VmobmgmR>r nwT>rb XmoZ AQ>r nyU© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

(1) J«mø _mJUr dH«$ hm XrK©H$mbrZ IM© dH«$mg ñne© H$aUmam Agmdm. (d2d2 = LAC).

(2) à_mera _mJUrdH«$ (D2D2) hm J«mø_mJUr dH«$mg (d2d2) Am{U LAC dH«$mg EH$mM {~§XyV

N>oXUmam Agmdm.

darb XmoÝhrhr AQ>r AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.10 _Ü o H q~XyV nyU© hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio `m q~Xy§V XrK©H$mbrZ g_Vmob

àñWm{nV hmoVmo.

3.2 Aënm{YH$ma Am{U Ë`mVrb à{__mZo :

àñVmdZm (Introduction) :

Aënm{YH$ma ho EH$ ~mOmanoR>oMo ñdê$n AgyZ `m_Ü o _moOŠ`m noT>çm EH${OZgr dñVy qH$dm {d{^Þ{OZgr

dñVy CËnmXZ H$ê$Z {dH$V AgVmV. Aënm{YH$ma `m _amR>r eãXmMm B§J«Or ^mfoVrb n«{VeãX Oligopoly hm

Amho. Oligopoly hm eãX J«rH$ ^mfoVrb Oligos åhUOo Aëng§»` Am{U Polis åhUOo {dH«o$Vo `m eãXmnmgyZ

V`ma Pmbobm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV Oligopoly `m eãXmMm AW© Aëng§»`mH$ {dH«o$Vo Agm H$aVm oB©b. `mdê$Z

Aënm{YH$ma (Oligopoly) åhUOo ~mOmanoR>oVrb Aën{dH«o$Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ma Ago åhUVm oB©b. {dë`_ \o$bZa

(William Fellner) `m§À`m _Vo, Aënm{YH$ma `mMm AW© Aëng§»`m§H$mVrb ñnYm© Agm hmoVmo. H$maU

Aënm{YH$mamVrb Aëng§»` {dH«o$Vo AmnmngmV ñnYm© H$arV AgVmV.

àm. Om°O© pñQ>Jba `m A_o[aH$Z AW©emókmÀ`m _Vo, ""Aënm{YH$ma åhUOo Aer n[apñWVr H$s Á`mV

EImXr noT>r Amnbr ~mOmaZrVr H$mhr OdiÀ`m à{VñnYm©À`m àË`j ì`dhmamV ñWmnZ H$aVo.''

Û`m{YH$ma (Duopoly) ho Aënm{YH$mamMo EH$ {deof ñdê$n _mZbo OmVo. Û`m{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oV \$ŠV

XmoZM {dH«o$Vo AgVmV. Aënm{YH$mamÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm {dH$mg gd©àW_ à{gÕ \«|$M emók Hw$Zm} (Cournot) `m§Zr

1938 _Ü o Û`m{YH$mamÀ`m ñdê$nmV _m§S>bm. EZ. Q>r. ~oH$m°Z (N. T. Bacon) `m§Zr 1897 _Üò `m {dMmam§Zm

MmbZm {Xbr d Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ AW©emókm§Zr Aënm{YH$ma {gÕm§VmMo doJdoJù`m arVrZo {ddoMZ Ho$bo.

^maVr` Aënm{YH$mamMr CXmhaUo : Am°Q>mo_mo~mB©b CÚmoJ, A°ë w{_{Z`_ CÚmoJ, {g_|Q> CÚmoJ, amgm`{ZH$

CÚmoJ, ñQ>rb CÚmoJ, Q>mà CÚmoJ BË`mXr.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 85 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

3.2.1 (a) Aënm{YH$mamMr d¡{eï>ço (Features of Oligopoly) :

Aënm{YH$mamMr _w»` d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà_mUo {Xbobr AmhoV.

(1) Aëng§»` {dH«o$Vo (Few Firms) : Aënm{YH$mamV Aëng§»` {dH«o$Vo AgVmV. ho EH${OZgr

dñVyMm qH$dm {d{^Þ{OZgr dñVyMm nwadR>m H$arV AgVmV. Aënm{YH$mamV {H$Vr {dH«o$Vo AgVmV ho {ZpíMVnUo

gm§JVm oV Zmhr; na§Vw noT>çm§Mr g§»`m Aën AgVo. åhUOoM 2, 4, 6, 7 BË`mXr.

(2) nañnamdb§~rËd (Interdependence) : Aënm{YH$mamVrb {dH«o$Vo EH$_oH$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

Aënm{YH$mamV EH$m noT>rÀ`m {ZÊ`mMm Xwgè`m noT>rÀ`m {ZU© mda n[aUm_ hmoUo An[ahm © Amho H$maU noT>çm§Mr

g§»`m Aën AgVo. Aënm{YH$mamVrb EImÚm noT>rZo Oa Ë`mÀ`m qH$_V YmoaUmV, Om{hamVrV, CËnmXZ

YmoaUmV~Xb Ho$bm Va à{VñnYu noT>çm Ë`m§Mr à{V{H«$`m H$aVmV. Aënm{YH$mamVrb àË oH$ noT>rMo qH$_V Am{U

CËnmXZ YmoaU ho BVa noT>çm§Ûmao A_bmV Agboë`m {H§$_V YmoaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

(3) Om{hamV Am{U {dH«$sIM© (Advertising and Selling Cost) : Cn^moŠË`mg Amnë`m dñVyMr

_m{hVr H$ê$Z XoD$Z dñVyMr _mJUr H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aënm{YH$mamVrb gd©M noT>çm Om{hamV Am{U

{dH«$sIM© H$arV AgVmV. Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm dñVyÀ`m _mJUrMm {hñgm H$_r hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ qH$dm _mJUrMm

~mOmanoR>oVrb {hñgm dmT>mdm åhUyZ Vrd« à_mUmV Om{hamV Am{U {dH«$s IM© H$aVmV.

(4) EH$gma»`m AmH$mamMr H$_VaVm (Lack of Uniformity in Size) : noT>çm§Mm AmH$ma hm EH$gmaIm

ZgUo ho Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho. H$mhr noT>çm AmH$mamZo \$ma N>moQ>çm AgVmV, Va H$mhr

\$ma _moR>çm AgVmV. Aënm{YH$mamV noT>çm§À`m AmH$mamV {^ÞVm {XgyZ oVo.

(5) A{YH$ AÝ`moÝ` bd{MH$Vm (Greater Cross Elasticity) : Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm§Mr Ë`m§À`m

dñVy§~m~VMr AÝ`moÝ` _mJUr bd{MH$Vm A{YH$ AgVo. àËòH$ noT>r Ooìhm dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr_Üò AWdm

CËnmXZm_Ü o ~Xb H$aVo Voìhm Ë`m§À`m à{VñnYu noT>çm§Mm {H«$`m Am{U à{V{H«$`m `m§Mm OmUrdnyd©H$ {dMma

H$aVo.

(6) ñnYm© (Competition) : Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oVrb {dH«o$Ë`m§_Ü o Iar ñnYm© AmT>iyZ oVo. noT>çm_Ü o

H$Yr nyU© g§JZ_V AgVo. Va H$Yr H$Yr JioH$mny ñnYm© (cut throught competition) Agbobr AmT>iyZ oVo.

(7) A{ZpíMVVm (Uncertainty) : EH$m noT>rÀ`m EImÚm {d{eï> {ZU© mbm {VÀ`m à{VñnYu noT>rH$Sy>Z

H$moUË`m àH$maMo CÎma {_iob ho Aënm{YH$mamV gm§JUo \$mMa H$R>rU Amho. Aënm{YH$mamVrb CÎmam-àË wÎmamMr

{H«$`m hr ~w{Õ~imÀ`m (chess) Ioimà_mUo AgVo. Aem A{ZpíMV n[apñWVrV _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r

Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm doJdoJù`m Cnm`m§Mm Adb§~ H$aVmV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 86 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(8) noT>çm§À`m àdoemg ~§YZ (Barriers to Entry of Firms) : Aënm{YH$mamV, {dH«o$Ë`m§_Ü o \$ma

ñnYm© AgVo. `m_wio AënH$mimV noT>çm§À`m CÚmoJg_yhmVyZ ~mhoa OmÊ`mg qH$dm àdoemg ~§YZo ZgVmV. na§Vw

XrK©H$mimV _mÌ ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m àdoemda ~§YZo oVmV. Vr ~§YZo Imbrbà_mUo-

(A) _hmonT>çm§Zr Cn^moJboë`m {_Vì``Vm àË``.

(~) Amdí`H$ AmXmZmdarb Vm~m.

(H$) {ZdS>H$ A{YH$ma Am{U nadmZm BË`mXr.

(9) X§Vya _mJUrdH«$ qH$dm {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ (Kinky Demand Curve) : Aënm{YH$mamVrb

_mJUrdH«$mMo ñdê$n R>a{dUo BVHo$ gmono Zmhr. H$moUrhr {ZpíMVnUo CËnmXH$mÀ`m dV©ZmMr nÕV AmoiIy eH$V

Zmhr.

nyU©ñnY}V _mJUrdH«$ hm X Ajmg g_m§Va (AmS>dm) AgVmo. _ŠVoXmar_Ü o _mJUrdH«$ hm F$U AmH$mamMm

AgVmo ho {ZpíMV Amho. na§Vw Aënm{YH$mamV _mÌ _mJUrdH«$mMm AmH$ma gm§JUo AdKS> Amho. H$maU àË oH$

noT>rMo qH$_V qH$dm CËnmXZ YmoaU ho {VÀ`m à{VñnÜ`m©À`m à{V{H«$ oda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

AmH¥$Vr 3.11 _Ü o Y Ajmda dñVyMr qH$_V

Am{U X Ajmda dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ Xe©{dbobo Amho.

KDR hm A{YH$ bd{MH$ _mJUrdH«$ Amho Am{U

K1DR1 hm H$_r bd{MH$ _mJUrdH« $ Amh o.

Aënm{YH$mamVrb _mJUrdH«$ hm X§Vya qH$dm {dHw§${MV

AmH$mamMm AgVmo. OmS> aofoZo Xe©{dbobm KDR1 hm

Aënm{YH$mamVrb {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ Amho. `m

_mJUr dH«$mg D {~§XyV H$S>m qH$dm _moS> Amho. `m

pñWVrV dñVyMr qH$_V OP Am{U CËnmXZ OM EdT>o

AgVo. OP qH$_VrÀ`m darb _mJUr dH«$mMm mJ KD

A{YH$ bd{MH$ Amho Am{U OP {H$_VrÀ`m Imbrb

_mJUrdH«$mbm ^mJ DR1 H$_r bd{MH$ Amho.

(10) Aënm{YH$mamMr BVa d¡{eï>ço (Other Features of Oligopoly) : darb d¡{eï>çm§{edm`

AmUIr H$mhr d¡{eï>ço Aënm{YH$mamV AmT>iyZ oVmV.

(A) EH$m{YH$ma VÎdmMo ApñVËd AgUo.

qH$_

V

O

AmH¥$Vr 3.11 : {dHw§${MV _mJUr dH«$

K1

Y

XCËnmXZ

K

PD

R

R1

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¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 87 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(~) ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm àdoe gwb^ ZgUo.

(H$) J¡aZ\$m hoVyZo ApñVËd.

(b) Aënm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU (Classification of Oligopoly) :

Aënm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU doJdoJù`m AmYmao Ho$bo OmVo. Aënm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMm _w»` CÔoe

åhUOo, dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr Am{U CËnmXZ R>a{dÊ`mV Agm dJuH$aUmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Aënm{YH$mamMo {d{dY

àH$ma nwT>rbn«_mUo AmhoV.

(1) nyU© qH$dm ewÕ Aënm{YH$ma Am{U AnyU© qH$dm {d oXmË_H$ Aënm{YH$ma (Perfect or

pure Oligopoly and Imperfect or Differentiated Oligopoly) : Á`m Aënm{YH$mamV EH${OZgr dñVy§Mo

CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo Ë`mg nyU© Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV. åhUOoM nyU© Aënm{YH$mamVrb dñVy {d{^Þ{OZgr

ZgVmV.

Á`m Aënm{YH$mamV {d{^Þ{OZgr (dñVy {d oXZ) dñVyMo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo Ë`mg AnyU© Aënm{YH$ma

Ago åhUVmV. åhUOoM AnyU© Aënm{YH$mamVrb dñVy EH${OZgr ZgVmV.

(2) Iwbm Aënm{YH$ma Am{U ~§X Aënm{YH$ma (Open Oligopoly and close Oligopoly) : `m

àH$mamV Aënm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU _w»` H$ê$Z noT>çm§À`m àdoemda AmYmabobo Amho. Ooìhm Aënm{YH$mamV

ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm àdoe {_i{dUo ghOnUo eŠ` AgVo, Voìhm Ë`m Aënm{YH$mamg Iwbm Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV.

Ooìhm Aënm{YH$mamV ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm àdoe {_iÊ`mg m§S>db ~§YZo AgVmV Voìhm Ë`m Aënm{YH$mamg ~§X

Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV.

(3) A{^V_ê$n Aënm{YH$ma Am{U g§K{Q>V Aënm{YH$ma (Syndicated Oligopoly and

Orgainsed Oligopoly) : `m àH$mamV Aënm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z noT>çm§À`m g§KQ>Z Vrd«Voda

AmYmabobo Amho.

Ooìhm noT>çm Ë`m§À`m dñVy H|$Ðr` A{^V_ê$nmÛmao {dH$V AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m_Ü o _O~yV g§KQ>Z AgVo.

`m àH$mamg A{^V_ê$n Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV. na§Vw Ooìhm noT>çm_Ü o \$ŠV Am¡nMm[aH$ g§KQ>Z AgVo

Am{U noT>çm§Mr g§KQ>Zm dñVyMr qH$_V, CËnmXZ Am{U H$moQ>m R>a{dVo Ë`mg g§K{Q>V Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV.

(4) g§JZ_V Am{U Ag§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma (Collusive and Non-Collusive Oligopoly) : àm.

\«$sO _°Mbn `m§Zr noT>çm§À`m g§JZ_VmZwgma XmoZ àH$ma gm§{JVbobo AmhoV.

Ooìhm CÚmoJmVrb noT>çm§Mo Ë`m§À`m dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrÀ`m YmoaUm~m~V EH$_V Pmbobo AgVo Ë`mg g§JZ_V

Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m Aënm{YH$mamamV noTçm_Ü o qH$_V ñnYm© ZgVo. Ooìhm CÚmoJmVrb

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 88 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

qH$dm g_yhmVrb noT>çm§Mo Ë`m§À`m dñVyÀ`m {H$_Vr~m~V Am{U CËnmXZm~m~V H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo EH$_V qH$dm

g§JZ_V Pmbobo ZgVo Ë`mg Ag§JZ_V ({dZmg§JZ_V) Aënm{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$mamV doJdoJù`m

noT>çm§_Ü o JioH$mny ñnYm© (cut-throught competition) AgVo qH$dm noT>r ñdV§Ì YmoaU am~{dVo.

3.2.2 Ag§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma Am{U g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma :

(Non-Collusive Oligopoly & Collusive Oligopoly) :

Aënm{YH$mamV noT>çm§Mr g§»`m \$ma H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wio Oa EImÚm noT>rZo {VÀ`m CËnmXZmV qH$dm dñVyÀ`m

qH$_VrV ~Xb Ho$bm Va Ë`mMm n[aUm_ BVa noT>çm§À`m CËnmXZmda Am{U qH$_Vrda hmoVmo.

àm. _°Mbn `m§À`m _VmZwgma noT>çm§Mo AmnmngmVrb g§JZ_VmZwgma XmoZ _w»` àH$ma nS>VmV.

1. Ag§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mar (Non-Collusive Oligopoly) : àË oH$ doir Aënm{YH$mamV doJdoJù`m

noT>çm§_Ü o g§JZ_V Agob qH$dm Ag§JZ_V Agob ho Z¸$s gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ

{ZpíMVr XmoÝhrhr àH$mam_Ü o Amdí`H$ Amho. `m_Ü o Hw$Zm}, ~aQ´>mÝS>, EOdW©, M§o~abrZ, ñQ>°H$b~J© `m§À`m

à{V_mZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2. g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mar (Collusive Oligopoly) : Aënm{YH$mamV Ooìhm {dH«o$Ë`m§Mo AmnmngmV nyU©

g§JZ_V (EH$_V) AgVo Voìhm Q´>ñQ>, [a¨J, H$mQ>}b `mgma»`m g§ñWm V`ma hmoVmV.

(A) Ag§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZo (Non-Collusive Oligopoly Models) :

1) Hw$Zm}Mo Aënm{YH$mamMo à{V_mZ (Curnot's Model of Oligopoly) :

Ag§JZ_VmÀ`m Aënm{YH$mamV Hw$Zm} Am{U pñdPr `m§Zr _m§S>bobr à{V_mZo _hÎdmMr AmhoV. Hw$Zm} `mMo

à{V_mZ ho _`m©{XV Aënm{YH$mamMo AgyZ Ë`mV à{VñnYu noT>rMm n«{V{H«$`m dH«$ (Reaction curve) dmnabm

OmVmo. \«|$M AW©Vk Am°JñQ>rZ Hw$Zm} `mZo Û`m{YH$mamMo (Dupoloy) à{V_mZ 1838 _Ü o {dH${gV Ho$bo. _wiMo

à{V_mZ Oar Ho$di XmoZM CËnmXZ noT>çm§Mm dmna H$arV Agbo Varhr ho à{V_mZ XmoZnojm A{YH$ noT>çm§Zm bmJy

nS>Vo.

J¥{hVHo$ (Asumptions) :

(1) Hw$Zm}Zo Amnë`m à{V_mZmV XmoZ noT>çm [X d Y] `m EH$_oH$m§g ñnY©H$ AgyZ Ë`m g_mZ àH$maÀ`m

dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ Am{U {dH«$s H$aVmV.

(2) XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Mm gamgar IM© Am{U gr_m§V IM© hm eyÝ` nmVirda J¥{hV Yabm Amho.

(3) àË oH$ noT>r hr Amnë`m CËnmXZmMr nmVir {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Amnbr ñnY©H$ noT>r hr {VMo CËnmXZ

~XbUma Zmhr Ago J¥{hV YaVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 89 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(4) XmoÝhrhr CËnmXZnoT>çm A{YH$m{YH$ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm n« ËZ H$aVmV.

(5) XmoÝhr noT>çm§_Ü o H$gë`mhr àH$maMo g§JZ_V (collusion) hmoV Zmhr.

(6) àË oH$ noT>r Amnë`m ñnY©H$ noT>rÀ`m hmbMmbtda bj R>odyZ AgVo d Ë`mZwgma Amnbo {ZU© ~XbVo.

AmH¥$Vr 3.12 _Ü o AB hr aofm ~mOmamVrb EHy$U _mJUr Xe©{dVo Va OB ho A§Va X d Y `m XmoZ

noT>çm§Mo EHy$U CËnmXZ Xe©{dVo. Oa XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Zr _hÎm_ nmVirg (OB) BVHo$ CËnmXZ {dH$Ê`mMo R>a{dbo Va

~mOmamVrb qH$_V hr eyÝ` nmVirda oB©b. na§Vw da C„oI Ho$ë`mà_mUo àË oH$ noT>rMo Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMo C{Ôï>

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm eyÝ` {H§$_Vrg dñVy {dH$Uo AmdS>Uma Zmhr.

g_Om, AmnU Ago J¥{hV Yabo H$s X hr noT>r àW_ CËnmXZ KoVo. X Mo CËnmXZ OQ1 n ªV Amho. oWo

gr_m§V IM© hm eyÝ` Agë`mZo Q1 `m q~XyV gr.I. = gr.àm. (MC = MR) Aer pñWVr Agë`mZo g_Vmob

gmYbm OmB©b. X `m noT>rÀ`m CËnmXZmg OP1 EdT>r qH$_V {_iob. `mZ§Va Y hr noT>r, X noT>r Amnbo CËnmXZ

~XbUma Zmhr Ago _mZyZ ñdV: CËnmXZmg àma§ H$aVo. Y noT>rÀ`m CËnmXZmMm _mJUr dH«$ hm CB Agm Agob.

`m noT>rMo CËnmXZ CnbãY CËnmXZ j_VoÀ`m (Q1B) AY} åhUOoM Q1Q2 EdT>o Agob. Q1Q2 ho CËnmXZ EHy$U

CËnmXZ ( 1 ) qH$dm 25% EdT>oM Amho. Y noT>rÀ`m ~mOmamVrb àdoemg, X hr noT>r Amnbr n«{V{H«$`m XoB©b.4

O

AmH¥$Vr 3.12 : Hw$Zm}Mo à{V_mZ

Y

X

CËnmXZ

Q1 B

D

C

A

P1

P 2

X1 Q2X2

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 90 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

H$maU Y noT>rÀ`m àdoem_wio qH$_VnmVir OP1 nmgyZ OP2 n ªV H$_r. X hr noT>r Ago _mZVo H$s Y noT>r Amnbo

CËnmXZ nwÝhm ~XbUma Zmhr. åhUOoM Vo Q1Q2 EdT>oM amhrb. åhUyZ X hr noT>r, Y noT>rZo Z KoVboë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m

(Q2B) AY} CËnmXZ KoB©b. åhUOoM X noT>rMo EHy$U CËnmXZ ho (EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m) 62.5% EdT>o Agob.

(OQ1 = 50% +1/2 Q2B = 12.5%.) _mÌ Y noT>rÀ`m ~mOmamVrb àdoemZ§Va X noT>rMo CËnmXZ ho Ho$di

12.5% EdT>oM Agob. Xwgè`m \o$arV X Mo CËnmXZ 12.5% n ªV H$_r Pmë`mMo nmhÿZ Y noT>r Amnbo ñdV:Mo

CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aob. Y noT>r hr X noT>rZo Xwgè`m \o$arV CËnmXZ Z KoVboë`m ( 1 Q

2B) {hí`mEdT>o

4

CËnmXZ KoB©b. åhUOoM Vo EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m 6.25% EdT>o Agob.

Aem àH$mao XmoÝhrhr noT>çm ñnY©H$ noT>çm§À`m CËnmXZmg à{VH«$`m XoV amhVrb. hr à{H«$`m Omo n ªV àË oH$

noT>r ( 1 ) qH$dm 33% CËnmXZ nmVirg nmohmoMV Zmhr Vmon ªV gwê$ amhrb. EH§$XarV XmoÝhr noT>çm 2 (1/2+1/3)

3 3

qH$dm 66% n ªV CËnmXZ KoVrb.

Hw$Zm}À`m à{V_mZmVrb XmoZ noT>çm 2/3 CËnmXZ KoVrb. Aënm{YH$mamà_mUo Oa VrZ noT>çm AgVrb Va

Ë`m 3/4 qH$dm 75% EdT>o CËnmXZ KoVrb. OodT>r ñnY©H$ noT>çm§Mr g§»`m dmT>ob VodT>o Zâ`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoV

OmB©b d Vo A{YH$m{YH$ ñnYm©Ë_H$ hmoB©b.

Hw$Zm}Mo à{V_mZ ho AZoH$ JwU-Xmofm§Zr wŠV Ago

Amho. Hw$Zm}Zo H$moUVrhr noT>r ^yVH$mimnmgyZ H$mhrM

{eH$V Zmhr. VgoM eyÝ` nmVirdaMm gamgar IM© d

gr_m§V IM© hr J¥{hVHo$ AdmñVd dmQ>VmV. Hw$Zm}À`m

à{V_mZmVrb g_Vmob hm XmoÝhr noT>çm§À`m à{V{H«$`m

dH«$m§À`m EH$_oH$m§À`m N>oXÊ`mÀ`m nmVirg àñWm{nV

hmoB©b. XmoÝhr noT>çm§Mo à{V{H«$`m dH«$ g_OÊ`mgmR>r

AmnUmg ""g_-Z\$m dH«$ (iso-profit curve) g_OyZ

¿`mdm bmJob. g_ Z\$m dH«$ hm Ë`m noT>rÀ`m

CËnmXZmÀ`m {d{dY nmVù`m§Zm noT>rg àmá hmoUmam g_mZ

Z\$m Xe©{dVmo.'' AmH¥$Vr 3.13 _Ü o Agm g_-Z\$m

dH«$ Xe©{dbobm Amho.

AmH¥$Vr 3.13

Y

Y3

Y2

Y1

PX

X4X3X2X1

X Mo CËnmXZ

Y M

o CËn

mXZ

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 91 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Px hm X noT>rMm g_-Z\$m dH«$ AgyZ Vmo X1 Vo

X4 mn ªVÀ`m gd© CËnmXZ nmVù`m§Zm Px ømM g_mZ

Zâ`mMr nmVir Xe©{dVmo.

AmH¥$Vr 3.14 _Yrb Py hm Y noT>rMm g_-

Z\$m dH«$ AgyZ Vmo Y1 Vo Y3 n ªVÀ`m gd© CËnmXZ

nmVù`m§Zm Py ømM g_mZ Zâ`mMr nmVir Xe©{dVmo.

darb AmH¥$VrÀ`m _XVrZo AmnUmg X d Y `m XmoÝhr

noT>çm§Mo à{V{H«$`m dH«$ H$mT>Vm oVrb.

XmoÝhr noT>çm§Mo à{VH«$`m dH«$ EH$_oH$m§g OoWo N>oXVmV VoWo g_Vmob àñWm{nV H$gm hmoVmo Vo nwT>rb nmZmdarb

AmH¥$Vr 3.17 _Ü o Xe©{dbo Amho.

AmH¥$Vr 1.17 _Ü o X Ajmda X noT>rMr CËnmXZ nmVir Am{U Y Ajmda Y noT>rMr CËnmXZ nmVir

Xe©{dbobr Amho. AmH¥$VrVrb AB Am{U CD ho AZwH«$_o X noT>r d Y noT>rMo à{V{H«$`m dH«$ AmhoV. X noT>rMm

AB à{V{H«$`m dH«$ hm B noT>rÀ`m CËnmXZmVrb ~Xbm_wio A noT>rMr à{V{H«$`m H$m` Agob ho Xe©{dVmo. `mCbQ>

B noT>rMm CD à{V{H«$`m dH«$ hm A noT>rÀ`m CËnmXZmVrb ~Xbm_wio B noT>rMr à{V{H«$`m H$m` Agob ho Xe©{dVmo.

X noT>rÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎm_ Z\$m E {~§XyÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o Va Y noT>rÀ`m Ñï>rZo Vmo E q~XyÀ`m COdrH$S>o Agob. E `m

q~XyV XmoÝhr à{V{H«$`m dH«$ EH$_oH$m§g N>oXVmV d X3Y3 ho g_Vmob CËnmXZ {ZpíMV hmoVo. g_Om, X Zo X1 EdT>o

CËnmXZ KoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. ho CËnmXZ g_Vmobmnojm H$_r Amho. mbm à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ Y noT>rMr Y1 EdT>o CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr 3.14

Py

X2X1

X Mr CËnmXZ nmVir

Y M

o CËn

mXZ

Y3

Y2

Y1

AmH¥$Vr 3.15

X Mr CËnmXZ nmVir

Y

Y3

Y2

Y1

Yx3

XO

Y M

r CËn

mXZ

nmVi

r

Yx2

Yx1

AmH¥$Vr 3.16

X Mr CËnmXZ nmVir

Y

Y3

Y2

Y1

Yx1

XO

Y M

r CËn

mXZ

nmVi

r

Yx2

Yx3

X1 X2 X3

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 92 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

KoB©b. Ë`mg X Mr nwÝhm à{V{H«$`m hmoD$Z X noT>r X2 EdT>o CËnmXZ KoB©b. X2 bm à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r Y noT>r Y2

EdT>o CËnmXZ KoB©b. Aem àH$mao XmoÝhr noT>çm X d Y AZwH«$_o X3 d Y3 `m CËnmXZmÀ`m g_Vmob nmVirg

nmohMVrb.

à{V{H«$`m dH«$ Am{U Hw$Zm}Mm Û`m{YH$ma {gÕm§V :

Hw$ZmoÀ`m Û`m{YH$mamÀ`m g_ñòMo Cnm` AmnUmg XmoZ noT>rÀ`m à{V{H«$`m dH«$mÛmao {_i{dVm oVo. g_Om,

BVa gd© noT>çm§Mo CËnmXZ pñWa Amho Ago J¥hrV Yabo Va CËnmXZ à{V{H«$`m dH«$ AmnUmg noT>rMo _hÎm_

Zâ`mMo CËnmXZ Xe©{dVmo. noT>rMo _hÎm_ CËnmXZ ho dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U gr_m§V IM© `m§À`m g§VwbZm_wio (p

= MC) {ZíMV hmoVo. g_Om noT>rZo Oa p = MC `m nmVirnojm OmñV CËnmXZ KoVbo Va dñVyMr qH$_V hr

gr_m§V IMm©nojm (p g MC) H$_r hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio (p g MC) `m nmVirg H$moUVrhr noT>r CËnmXZ KoUma

Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio A noT>rMo _hÎm_ Z\$m CËnmXZ ho nwT>rb g_rH$aUmÛmao Xe©{dbo Amho.

QA =

QD - QB

2

=QD

- 1

QB2 2

AmH¥$Vr 3.17 : à{V{H«$`m dH«$ Am{U Hw$Zm}Mm Û`m{YH$ma

X Mr CËnmXZ nmVir

Y

Y1

E

O

Y M

r CËn

mXZ

nmVi

r

X1

Y

XX2 X3

B D

A

C

Y2

Y3

X Mm à{V{H«$`m dH«$

Y Mm à{V{H«$`m dH«$

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 93 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ë`mMà_mUo B noT>rMm CËnmXZ à{V{H«$`m dH«$ hm A noT>rÀ`m {Xboë`m CËnmXZ nmVirZwgma nwT>rbà_mUo

Xe©{dbm OmVmo.

QB =

QD - QA

2

=QD

- 1

QA2 2

darb A Am{U B noT>rÀ`m à{V{H«$`m dH«$mÀ`m g_rH$aUmdê$Z AmnUmg noT>rMo g_Vmob CËnmXZ {_iVo.

nwT>rb CXmhaUmdê$Z ho AmnUmg A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

g_Om, dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U gr_m§V IM© (P = MC) `m§À`m g§VwbZmZwgma nyU© ñnY}Vrb CËnmXZ 90

BVHo$ {ZpíMV hmoVo.

Ë`mZwgma darb XmoZ g_rH$aUo nwT>rbà_mUo {b{hVm oVrb.

QA =QD

- 1

QA2 2

=90

- 1

QA2 2

AmVm AmnU QA Mr qH$_V g_r 3.1 _Ü o dmnê$.

QA =QD

- 1

QA2 2

QA =90

- 1 90

- 1

QA2 2 2 2

QA = 45 - 1

45 - 1

QA2 2

QA = 45 - 22.5 +

1 QA

4

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 94 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

QA =1

QA = 22.54

3 QA = 22.5

4

QA = 22.5 / 3

4

QA = 22.5 / 4

3

QA = 30

AmVm 'B' noT>rMo CËnmXZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmg g_rH$aU 3.2 _Ü o QA = 30 dmnaVm oB©b.

QB =QD

- 1

QA2 2

=90

- 1

(30)2 2

QB =90

- 30

2 2

QB = 30

åhUOoM, QA = QB = 30

WmoS>Š`mV, XmoÝhrhr noT>çm àË oH$s 30 BVHo$ CËnmXZ KoVmV.

2) ~oaQ´>m©ÝS> à{V_mZ (Bertrand's Model) :

Omogo\$ bwB©g \«$mZH$moB©g ~aQ´>m©ÝS> (1822-1900) `m§Zr Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oVrb ~aQ´>m©ÝS> ñnY}Mo

à{V_mZ B. g. 1889 amoOr _m§S>bo. Ë`mnydu B. g. 1838 Hw$Zm} `m§Zr Û`m{YH$mamMm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm hmoVm.

~aQ´>m©ÝS> Am{U Hw$Zm}À`m à{V_mZmVrb _w»` \$aH$ åhUOo àË oH$ noT>r Ago J¥hrV YaVo H$s Amnbm à{VñnYu

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 95 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Amnbr qH$_V pñWa R>odob. Ë`mMm ñdV:À`m qH$_V {ZYm©aUmer H$mhr g§§~§Y R>odV Zmhr. àË oH$ noT>rÀ`m _mJUrdH«$ gmaImM AgVmo Am{U à{VñnYu Amnbr qH$_V pñWa R>odVmo `m J¥hrVmZwgma ñdV:Mm Z\$m _hÎm_ H$aUo hmCÔoe AgVmo.

ho à{V_mZ à{V{H«$`m dH«$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b. ~aQ´>m©ÝS>À`m n«{V_mZm_Ü o 'X' Ajmer ~{hJm}bAgUmè`m g_-Z\$m dH«$mnmgyZ à{V{H«$`m dH«$ V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. Á`mdê$Z Û`m{YH$mar noT>rMr qH$_V _moOVm oVo.

PB

OAmH¥$Vr H«$.3.18

à{V{H«$`m dH«$

PA

A'I

A3ח

A2ח

A1ח

B1ח

PB

OAmH¥$Vr H«$.3.19 PA

B'I

à{V{H«$`m dH«$

B2חB3ח

PB

O

AmH¥$Vr H«$.3.20

PA

A's à{V{H«$`m dH«$(reaction curve)

B's à{V{H«$`m dH«$(reaction curve)

450 Mr aofm

PB3

PB2

PB1

450

E

PA1 PA2 PA3

Y

X

Y Y

X X

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 96 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

A u PA u B u PB u A u PA2 u B u PB2 u A u PAe u B u PBe u e point

~aQ´>m©ÝS>À`m à{V_mZmV XmoZ noT>çm§À`m à{V{H«$`m dH«$mÀ`m N>oXV q~XyV pñWa g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo.

AmH¥$VrH«$. 3.20 _Ü o E q~XyV g_Om darb pñWa g_Vmob H$mhr H$maUm_wio ApñWa Pmbm Va Vmo XmoZ

noT>r_Yrb à{V{H«$ o_wio nwÝhm àñWm{nV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW©, g_Om A noT>r ~mOmanoR>oV PA1 BVH$s H$_r

qH$_V AmH$maV Agob Va B noT>r Ë`m§À`m dñVyMr qH$_V PB1 BVH$s {ZpíMV H$aob. H$maU ~aQ´>m©ÝS>À`m

J¥hrVH$mZwgma `m qH$_VrV B noT>rMm Z\$m _hÎm_ Agob Ooìhm A noT>r B noT>rMm à{VñnYu åhUyZ B noT>rÀ`m

darb qH$_V {ZpíMVog à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ Amnë`m dñVyMr qH$_V PA2 BVH$s dmT>dob. Aemdoir B noT>r gwÕm A

noT>rÀ`m m {ZU© mg à{VH$ma åhUyZ Amnë`m dñVyMr qH$_V dmT>dVo. AemnÕVrZo A noT>r Am{U B noT>r m§À`mVrb

à{V{H«$`m_wio Am{U ñnY}_wio dñVyMr qH$_V E q~XyV pñWa hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ~mOmanoR>oVrb pñWa g_Vmob E q~XyV

{ZpíMV hmoVmo. Ë`mZwgma A noT>r PAe BVH$s Am{U B noT>r PBe BVH$s dñVyMr qH$_V AmH$maVo. Ë`mMà_mUo

g_Om Oa A noT>r Am{U B noT>rZo Oa PAe Am{U PBe nojm OmñV qH$_V AmH$maë`mg gwadmV Ho$br Va XmoKm_Yrb

ñnYm©Ë_H$ à{V{H«$ o_wio qH$_VrV KQ> hmoD$Z ~mOmanoR>oVrb g_Vmob nwÝhm E q~XyVM gmYbm OmB©b.

Q>rH$m :

1) ~Q>m©ÝS>À`m à{V_mZmV noT>çm dV©Z ho ^moio ^m~S>onUmMo yVH$mimVrb AZw dmVZ H$mhrM {eH$V ZmhrV.

2) àË oH$ noT>r Amnbm Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU H$aVo nU CÚmoJmMm g§ wŠV Z\$m _hÎm_ hmoV Zmhr.

3) g§VwbrV qH$_V hr ñnYm©Ë_H$ qH$_V AgVo.

3) EOdW©Mo à{V_mZ (Edgeworth's Model) :

EOdW©À`m Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oVrb à{V_mZmZwgma àËòH$ doir pñWa g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo AgoZmhr. H$maU dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr øm gVV ~XbV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio g§JU_V gmYZo ho \$ma AdKS> AgVo.

J¥hrVHo$ :

1) àË oH$ noT>r hr Amnbr à{VñnYu noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V ~XbUma Zmhr Ago J¥¥hrV YaVo.

2) H$moUVrhr noT>r gdm©{YH$ Ago ñnYm©Ë_H$ CËnmXZ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

3) XmoÝhrhr noT>çmMo _hÎm_ CËnmXZ g_mZ AgVo.

4) dñVy øm EH${OZgr AgVmV.

5) Cn^moŠVo ho eŠ` {VVŠ`m H$_rV H$_r qH$_Vrbm dñVy IaoXr H$aÊ`mg àmYmÝ` XoVmV.

6) ì`dhma IM© ZgVmo.

EOdW©À`m _Vo `m à{V_mZmV gmo rgmR>r gr_m§V IM© Am{U pñWa IM© hm ewÝ` AgVmo, Ago J¥hrV YaboboAmho.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 97 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

darb AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.22 _Ü o X Ajmda S>mì`m ~mOyg 'A' noT>rMo CËnmXZ Am{U COì`m ~mOyg 'B'

noT>rMo CËnmXZ Xe©{dbobo Amho. Y Ajmda dñVyMr qH$_V XmI{dbobr Amho. dñVyMo ñnYm©Ë_H$ CËnmXZ ho EF

O

AmH¥$Vr H«$.3.22 (A)

P1

P 2

Y

X XE F

P

'A' noT>rMm_mJUr dH«$

'B' noT>rMm_mJUr dH«$

ñnYm©Ë_H$ CËnmXZ

'B' noT>rMo CËnmXZ'A' noT>rMo CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr H«$.3.22 (B)

O

Y

X XE F

P

qH$_V

qH$_V (P)

L G H M

'B' noT>rMo CËnmXZ'A' noT>rMo CËnmXZ

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BVHo$ AgVo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.22 (B) _Ü o EOdW©À`m _Vo, 'A' noT>r OL BVHo$ Am{U 'B' noT>r OM BVHo$OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ KoVo. XmoZ noT>rVrb g§JZ_VmZwgma dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMV Pmbobo Xe©{dboboAmho. g_Om, A noT>r OG BVHo$ dñVyMo ZJ CËnmXZ H$arV Agob Am{U B noT>r OH BVHo$ dñVyMo CËnmXZ KoV

Agob Va Ë`m dñVyMr qH$_V OP1 BVH$s {ZpíMV hmoVo. g_Om 'A' noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V OP1 dê$Z OP2 BVH$s

H$_r H$aV Agob Am{U 'B' noT>r Ë`mÀ`m dñVyMr qH$_V OP1 BVH$sM pñWa R>odV Agob Va 'A' noT>r hr 'B'

noT>rMo gd© Cn^moŠVo ñdV:H$S>o IoMyZ KoVo Am{U OL BVHo$ dñVyMo CËnmXZ KoVo. åhUOoM GL BVHo$ A{YH$Mo

CËnmXZ P1P2 BVH$s dñVyMr qH$_V H$_r H$ê$Z 'B' noT>rMo gd© Cn^moŠVo ñdV:H$S>o AmH${f©V H$aVo. Ë`m_wio 'B'

noT>r hr MF (åhUOoM EL) EdT>oM dñVyMo CËnmXZ KoVo.

Ë`mZ§Va 'B' noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V 'A' noT>rÀ`m dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vrnojmhr H$_r H$aVo Am{U 'A' noT>rMo gd©

Cn^moŠVo ñdV:H$S>o IoMyZ KoVo. dñVyMr qH$_V A Am{U B noT>r_Ü o H$_r H$_r H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gVV MmbyM

ahmVo Am{U gaVoeodQ>r A Am{U B noT>r Amnë`m dñVyMr qH$_V OP2 _Ü o pñWa R>odVmV. Ë`mZwgma A noT>r OL

BVHo$ CËnmXZ Am{U B noT>r OM BVHo$ CËnmXZ {ZpíMV H$aVmV.

EOdW©À`m _Vo, OP2 qH$_V hm pñWa n`m© r g_Vmob Zmhr. H$maU A noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V OP2 dê$Z OP1

n`ªV dmT>dy eH$Vo. Oa B noT>rZo Amnë`m dñVyMm qH$_Vr ~Xb Ho$bm Zmhr Va A noT>r ñdV:Mo J«mhH$ J_mdV Zmhr

Ogo B noT>rZo _hÎm_ CËnmXZmÀ`m doir J_mdbobo hmoVo.

Ooìhm A noT>r OP2 dê$Z OP1 n ªV dmT> H$aVo Voìhm B noT>r gwÕm dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> H$aob. H$maU BnoT>rg Amnbo J«mhH$ J_{dÊ`mMr {^Vr ZgVo.

Aem [aVrZo dñVyMr qH$_V hr OP1 Am{U OP2 `m§À`m Xaå`mZ gVV ~XbV AgVo. Ë`m_wioM àË oH$

doir pñWa g_Vmob gmYbm OmB©b Ago EOdW©Zm dmQ>V Zmhr.

4) Mo§~abrZMo Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZ (Chamberlin's Oligopoly Model) :

M|~abrZÀ`m _Vo, Oa gd© noT>çm§Zr _ŠVoXmar ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V àUmbr Adb§~br Va Aënm{YH$mamVpñWa g_Vmob gmYbm OmD$ eH$Vmo. gd© noT>çm øm EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV `mMr Oa Ë`m§Zm OmUrd PmbrAm{U Ë`mà_mUo H¥$Vr Ho$ë`mg CÚmoJmMm Z\$m _hÎm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

M|~abrZ ho _mÝ` H$aVmV H$s, Oa noT>çm§Zm Ë`m EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV m§Mr OmUrd hmoV Agob VaCÚmoJmMm g_Vmob EH$Va Hw$Zm}À`m åhUÊ`mà_mUo qH$dm ~aQ´>m©ÝS>À`m _Vmà_mUo gmÜ` hmoB©b.

àË oH$ noT>r hr ñdV§ÌVnUo H¥$Vr H$aVmV ho J¥hrV M|~abrZ ZmH$maVmV. M|~abrZÀ`m _Vo noT>çm øm EH$_oH$mdaAdb§~yZ AgVmV. `m§Mr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm AgVo. Ooìhm noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V qH$dm Ë`mMo CËnmXZ {ZpíMV H$aVoVoìhm Ë`mÀ`m `m {ZU© mÀ`m àË`j Am{U AàË`j n[aUm_m§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd AgVo.

M§o~abrZ Ago J¥hrV YaVmV H$s, noT>çm§À`m Ag§JU_Vm{edm` gwÕm _ŠVoXmar Cnm` (_hÎm_ Z\$m) {_iVmo.ì`dñWmnH$ ho g_OXma (kmZr) AgVmV H$maU AmnU EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ AmhmoV mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm VËH$mi

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hmoVo Am{U Ë`m§À`m wVH$mimVrb MwH$mVyZ Vo {eH$VmV Am{U Mm§Jë`m pñWVrMm Adb§~ H$aVmV. M§|~abrZMo

à_o AmnUmg A{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oV A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo g_Oy eHo$b.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.21 _Ü o ~mOmanoR>oMm _mJUr dH«$ hm H«$_mË_H$ AmH$mamMm 'DD' `m gai aofoZo Xe©{dbobm

Amho. gmo rgmR>r CËnmXZ ho IM© a{hV Xe©{dbobo Amho. gmo rgmR>r CËnmXZ ho IM©a{hV Xe©{dbobo Amho. g_Om

'A' noT>r gwadmVrg CËnmXZ KoV Agob Va Vr OF BVHo$ CËnmXZ KoB©b Am{U OPm BVŠ`m _ŠVoXmar qH$_Vobm

Ë`mMr {dH«$s H$aob. Hw$Zm}À`m J¥hrVmZwgma 'B' noT>r Ago J¥hrV YaVo H$s {VMm à{VñnYu Agbobr 'A' noT>r Ë`m§À`m

CËnmXZmV ~Xb H$aUma Zmhr. 'B' noT>rMm _mJUr dH«$ DE BVH$m Agë`mg Ë`mÀ`m AY} (1/2) CËnmXZ H$ê$Z

'B' noT>r _hÎm_ Z\$m {_idy eH$Vo. (WmoS>Š`mV 'B' q~XyV MR=MC=0 Aer n[añWVr AgVo.) åhUOoM FB

BVHo$ CËnmXZ 'B' noT>rÛmao KoVbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio EHy$U CÚmoJmMo ~mOmanoR>oVrb CËnmXZ OB BVHo$ Pmbobo AmT>iyZ

oVo. (A noT>rÛmao DF + B noT>rÛmao 'FB' = OB). Ë`m_wio dñVyMr qH$_V OP n ªV H$_r Pmbobo {XgyZ oVo.

`mdê$Z 'A' noT>rg g_OVo H$s, Ë`mMm à{VñnYu Agbobr 'B' noT>r hr 'A' noT>rZo KoVboë`m {ZU© mdê$Z Ë`m§Mr

CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mMo {ZU© KoV Amho. Ë`m_wio 'A' noT>r ñdV:Mo CËnmXZ OF dê$Z OA n ªV H$_r H$aÊ`mMm

{ZU© KoVo. åhUOoM OodT>o CËnmXZ 'B' noT>r KoV hmoVo. (FB) {VVHo$M CËnmXZ (åhUOoM OA) 'A' noT>r KoÊ`mMo

R>a{dVo. `m_wio CÚmoJmMo ~mOmanoR>oVrb CËnmXZ OF (FB + OA = OF) BVHo$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio dñVyMr qH$_V OP

dê$Z OPm n`ªV dmT>Vo. 'B' noT>rg darb {ZU© mMo ñdmJV H$aUo Am{U ho CËnmXZ XmoÝhrhr noT>rg mo½`M AgVo.

Ë`m_wio 'A' noT>rMo CËnmXZ AF Am{U 'B' noT>rMo CËnmXZ 'FB' (åhUOoM AF = FB) BVHo$ {ZpíMV hmoVo. Aem

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.4 : M|~abrZMo Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZ

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arVrZo àË oH$ noT>r hr `m ~mOmanoR>oV EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Zm _ŠVoXmar qH$_V {_iy eH$Vo.

`m à{V_mZmV dñVyMm CËnmXZ IM© hm g_mZ AgVmo, Ago J¥hrV Yaë`m_wio (IM© = 0) ~mOmanoR> hr A noT>r

Am{U B noT>r `m§À`mV g_à_mUmV {d^mJbr OmVo. (OA = AF).

5) {H§$_V VmR>aVm - {dHw§${MV qH$dm X§Vwa _mJUrdH«$ à{V_mZ : (Price Rigidity : Kinky Or Kinked Demand Curve Model) :

Aënm{YH$mamV dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àm_w»`mZo {dHw§${MV qH$dm X§Vwa

_mJUrdH«$mMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. Aënm{YH$mamV Oa qH$_V wÕ (price war) Zgob Va Xwgar pñWVr qH$_V

VmR>aVoMr (Price Rigidity) AgVo. qH$_V VmR>aVm åhUOo dñVyMr qH$_V XrK©H$mi pñWa amhUo Agm hmo .

{dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ {gÕm§Vm_Ü o ñnY©H$m§À`m à{V{H«$ oMr nÕV Imbrbà_mUo J¥hrV Yabr OmVo.

Aënm{YH$mamVrb àË oH$ noT>r Ago J¥hrV YaVo H$s Oa EImXr noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V àM{bV qH$_Vrnojm

H$_r AmH$maV Agob Va {VMo à{VñnYu `m ~XbmMm ñdrH$ma H$aVrb Am{U Ë`mà_mUo dñVyMr {H§$_V H$_r

AmH$maVrb. `mCbQ>, Oa {VM noT>r dñVyMr {H§$_V àM{bV {H§$_Vrnojm OmñV AmH$maV Agob Va à{VñnYu

qH$_V dmT>rg gh_V hmoUma ZmhrV.

Aënm{YH$mamV qH$_V VmR>aVo~m~V nwîH$i ñnï>rH$aU {Xbobo Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s à{gÕ ñnï>rH$aU Amho Vo

åhUOo {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ {gÕm§VmMo. {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ {gÕm§V ñdV§ÌnUo A_o[aH$Z AW©emók nm°b pñdPr

Am{U Am°Šg\$S>© AW©emók hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Zr _m§S>bobm Amho.

àm. nm°b pñdPr `m§Mo {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$mMo à{V_mZ : Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V

VmR>aVo~m~VMo ñnîQ>rH$aU àm. nm°b pñdPr `m§Zr {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ à{V_mZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV 1939 bm EH$m

boImV _m§S>bobo Amho. Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>rÀ`m _mJUrdH«$mg ~mOmanoR>oVrb àM{bV qH$_VrÀ`m {R>H$mUr

_moS> qH$dm H$S>m AgVo Vo qH$_V VmR>aVo~m~VMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVo.

J¥{hVHo$ (Assumptions) :

(1) noT>çm§À`m dñVy Aëng§»`mH$ AgVmV.

(2) EH$_oH$mg {ZH$Q>V_ n`m© AgVmV.

(3) dñVy {d oXrH$aU ZgVo.

(4) Om{hamV IM© ZgVmo.

(5) ~mOmanoR>oVrb àM{bV qH$_Vrg gd© {dH«o$Vo g_mYmZr AgVmV.

(6) Oa EImÚm noT>rZo dñVyMr {dH«$s dmT>Ê`mgmR>r qH$_V H$_r Ho$br Va BVa noT>çm qH$_V KQ> _mÝ`

H$aVrb.

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(7) Oa EImÚm noT>rZo dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV dmT> Ho$br Va BVa noT>çm qH$_V dmT> Z H$aVm àM{bV qH$_V

H$m`_ R>odVrb.

(8) n«Ë oH$ {dH«o$Ë`mMo dV©Z ho Ë`mÀ`m à{VñnYu {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m dV©Zmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

(9) gr_m§V IM© (MC) dH«$ hm gr_m§V àmár (MR) dH«$mÀ`m Cä`m ^mJm_YyZ OmUmam Agmdm.

darb J¥{hVH$mÀ`m AmYmao AmnU {dHw§${MV

_mJUrdH«$H$mMo ñnï>rH$aU AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.23 À`m

AmYmao H$ê$`m.

gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$VrV dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U IM©

X Ajmda Am{U Y Ajmda CËnmXZ Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

{dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ hm KDR `m AjamZo Xe©{dbobm

Amho. _mJUrdH«$mg D q~XyV H$S>m qH$dm _moS> Amho,

Ë`m q~XyV dñVyMr qH$_V OP1 Am{U CËnmXZ OM1

EdT>o Amho.

_mJUrdH«$mMm KD hm ^mJ A{YH$ bd{MH$

Amho Am{U DR ^mJ H$_r bd{MH$ Amho. Oa dñVy§Mr

qH$_V OP1 nojm OmñV dmT>br Va dñVy§Mr {dH«$s OM1

nojm H$_r hmoB©b. Ë`mMà_mUo Oa dñVyMr qH$_V OP1 nojm H$_r Pmbr Va dñVyMr {dH«$s OM1 nojm OmñV

hmoB©b. OP1 EdT>r dñVyMr qH$_V, gr_m§V IM© qH$_V (Margingal Cost Pricing) {Z`_mZwgma AmH$mabobr

Amho. H$maU E q~XyV MC (grI) dH«$ MR (gràm) dH«$mg grI = gràm

N>oXVmo.MC = MR

{dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ à{V_mZmV dñVyMr qH$_V, dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV ~Xb Pmbm qH$dm dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ

IMm©V ~Xb Pmbm Varhr ~XbV Zmhr, ho bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

(1) IMm©Vrb ~Xb Am{U qH$_V pñWaVm (Changes in Cost and Price Rigidity)

(2) _mJUrVrb ~Xb Am{U qH$_V pñWaVm (Changes in Deman and Price Rigidity)

(1) IMm©Vrb ~Xb (Changes in Cost) : dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©V ~Xb hmoD$ZgwÕm dñVyÀ`m {H$_VrV

pñWaVm AmT>iVo. `mMmM AW© CËnmXZIMm©V dmT> Pmbr qH$dm KQ> Pmbr Va dñVyÀ`m {H$_VrV ~Xb hmoV

Zmhr, ho AmnU nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.24 À`m AmYmao nmhÿ m. AmH¥$Vr_Ü o noT>rMm {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ KDR

`m AjamZo Xe©{dbobm Amho. noT>rÀ`m _mJUrdH«$mer g§b¾ Agm KABMR hm MR (gr_m§V àmár) dH«$ Amho.

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MC (grI)

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CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr 3.23 : {dHw§${MV _mJUr dH«$

MR (gràm)

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MC (grI) dH«$ MR (gràm) dH«$mg E q~XyV N>oVmo Ë`m{R>H$mUr dñVyMr qH$_V C Am{U CËnmXZ OM EdT>o

Amho.

(A) IMm©Vrb dmT> (Rising Cost) : dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©V dmT> Pmbr Va dñVyMr qH$_V pñWa

ahmV Zmhr, na§Vw Aënm{YH$mamV _mÌ Oa dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©V R>am{dH$ à_mUmV ~Xb Pmbm Varhr dñVyÀ`m

qH$_VrV H$mhrM ~Xb hmoV Zmhr.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.24 _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo g_Om CËnmXZIM© dmT>bm Va MC (gr_m§V IM©) dH«$m hm

MC (grI) dê$Z MC1 (grI1) n ªV darb ~mOybm OmVmo. MC1 (grI1) dH«$ MR (gràm) dH«$mg E1

q~XyV N>oVmo Ë`m{BH$mUr CËnmXZ OM Am{U dñVyMr qH$_V OP EdT>rM (pñWa) amhVo. Oa gr_m§V IM© A

{~§Xynojm OmñV dmT>V Agob Va MC (grI) dH«$ MR (gràm) dH«$mg KA ^mJm_Ü o N>oXob. Ë`m_wio dñVyMr

qH$_V dmT>ob Am{U {dH«$s KQ>ob. dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©Vrb dmT>r_wio Oa MC (grI) dH«$ hm MR (gràm)

dH«$mÀ`m AB ^mJm_Ü oM N>oXV Agob Va dñVyMr qH$_V pñWa amhVo.

(~) IMm©Vrb KQ>(Falling Cost) : dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©V KQ> Pmbr VargwÕm dñVyMr qH$_V pñWa

amhVo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.24 _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo, g_Om dñVyMm CËnmXZIM© KQ>bm Va MC (gr_m§V IM©) dH«$

MC (grI) dê$Z MC1 (grI1) n ªV ImbÀ`m ~mOybm OmVmo. MC2 (grI2) hm dH«$ MR (gràm) dH«$mg

AB `m ^mJm_ÜòM (C^m ^mJ) E2 q~XyV N>oXVmo Ë`m{R>H$mUr CËnmXZ OM Am{U dñVyMr qH$_V OP EdT>r

(pñWa) amhVo.

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AmH¥$Vr 3.24 : dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©Vrb ~Xb Am{U qH$_V pñWaVm

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 103 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

darb MM}dê$Z Ago g_OVo H$s Aënm{YH$mamV Oa noT>çm§_Ü o Ag§JZ_V Agob Va CËnmXZ IMm©V ~Xb

hmoD$ZgwÕm qH$_VrV pñWaVm {XgyZ oVo.

(2) _mJUrVrb ~Xb (Changes in Demand) : dñVyÀ`m _mJUr_Ü o ~Xb hmoD$ZgwÕm Aënm{YH$mamV

dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü o pñWaVm AmT>iVo. `mMmM AW© Oa dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV dmT> Pmbr qH$dm KQ> Pmbr

Varhr dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr.

(A) _mJUrVrb dmT> (Increase in Demand) : dñVyÀ`m _mJUr_Ü o Oa dmT> Pmbr Va dñVyMr

qH$_V pñWa Z amhVm Vr dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm OmñV AgVo. na§Vw Aënm{YH$mamV _mÌ dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV dmT>

hmoD$ZgwÕm qH$_V pñWa ahmVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.25 _Üò XmI{dë`mà_mUo

noT>rMm gwédmVrMm _mJUrdH«$ DR hm Amho. Ë`mÀ`mer

g§b¾ Agbobm MR (gr_m§V àmár) dH«$ KABMR

AjamZo Xe©{dbobm Amho. MR (gràm) dH«$ MC

(grI) dH«$mer E q~XyV N>oXVmo. `m pñWVrV _hÎm_

Z\$m Xe©{dUmao dñVyMo CËnmXZ OM Am{U qH$_V OP

EdT>r Amho.

g_Om, dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV dmT> Pmbr Ë`m_wio

noT>rMm _mJUrdH«$ COdrH$S>o K1D1R1 `m pñWVrV

Jobm. Ë`mÀ`mer g§b¾ AgUmam gr_m§V àmár dH«$ MR

(gràm) K1A1B1MR1 hm MC (grI) dH«$mg E1

q~XyV N>oXVmo. m pñWVrV _hÎm_ Z\$m Xe©{dUmao dñVyMo

CËnmXZ OM1 n`ªV dmT>Vo. VargwÕm dñVyMr qH$_V

OP (pñWa) EdT>rM amhVo.

(~) _mJUrVrb KQ> (Decrease in De-

mand) : dñVyÀ`m _mJUr_Ü o KQ> hmoD$ZgwÕm dñVyMr

qH$_V pñWa amhVo. AmH ¥ $Vr 3.26 _Üò

XmI{dë`mà_mUo noT>rMm gwédmVrMm _mJUrdH«$ KDR

hm Ë`mMmer g§b¾ Agboë`m `m (KABMR) MR

(gr_m§V àmár) dH«$mer E q~XyV N>oXVmo. `m pñWVrV

_hÎm_ Z\$m Xe©{dUmao dñVyMo CËnmXZ OM Am{U

qH$_V OP EdT>r Amho.

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AmH¥$Vr 3.25 : _mJUrVrb dmT> Am{U qH$_V pñWaVm

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MR

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R1

CËnmXZ

qH$_

V d

IM©

MC

MR2

(gràm.2)

R

K

K1

P

O

MR

(gràm.)

D

E

B

A

M

D2

A2 R

2E

2

B2

M2 CËnmXZ

AmH¥$Vr 3.26 : _mJUrVrb KQ>> Am{U qH$_V pñWaVm

Y

MR MR

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 104 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

g_Om, dñVyÀ` _mJUrV KQ Pmë`m_wio noT>rMm _mJUrdH«$ S>mdrH$S>o> K2D2R2 m pñWVrV Jobm. Ë`mÀ`mer

g§b¾ AgUmam gr_m§V àmár dH«$ MR (gràm.) K2A2B2MR2 hm MC (grI) dH«$mg E2 q~XyV N>oXVmo. `m

pñWVrV dñVyMo CËnmXZ OM2 n ªV KQ>Vo. VargwÕm qH$_V OP EdT>rM amhVo.

darb MM}dê$Z Ago g_OVo H$s, Aënm{YH$mamV Oa noT>çm§Mo Ag§JZ_V Agob Va _mJUrV ~Xb hmoD$ZgwÕm

dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV pñWaVm AmT>iyZ oVo.

{dHw§${MV qH$dm X§Vwa _mJUr {ddoMZmdarb Q>rH$m :

(Criticisms on Kinked Demand Curve) :

1) Aënm{YH$mamVrb _mJUrdH«$mg {dH§w$MZ oB©b ho {ZpíMV gm§JVm oUma Zmhr. Oa noT>çm qH$_V dmT>rMo

AZwH$aU H$arV ZmhrV nU qH$_V KQ>rMo H$aVmV ho J¥hrV àË``mg oV Zgë`mg {dHw§$MZ {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr.

2) {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ hm H$mën{ZH$ Amho. àË`jmV _mJUrdH«$ hm gd©Ì gmaIm CVma AgUmam qH$dm

F$UmË_H$ AgVmo.

3) {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ noT>rÛmao dñVyMr qH$_V H$em arVrZo pñWa R>odbr OmVo `mMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmo. na§Vw

àM{bV qH$_V H$er R>a{dbr OmVo Am{U Vr pñWa H$er amhVo `mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoV Zmhr.

4) g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mamV AmT>iUmè`m H$mQ>}b qH$_V ZoV¥Îdmgma»`m n[apñWVrMo ñnï>rH$aU {dHw§${MV

_mJUrdH«$ H$arV Zmhr.

5) {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$ {gÕm§V dñVy {d{^ÞVm AgUmè`m Aënm{YH$mamVrb qH$_V {ZpíMVVm gm§JV

Zmhr H$maU Aem àH$mam_Ü o g_Om EH$m noT>rZo dñVyMr qH$_V H$_r Ho$br Va à{VñnYu noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V H$_r

Z H$aVm J¡a qH$_V ñnY}Mm (Non Price Competition) Adb§~ H$ê$ eH$Vo.

6) {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$mg Oa OZVoMm àMbrV qH$_Vrg {damoY Agob, {dXoer ñnYm© Agob, ZdrZ

noT>çm§Mm àdoe Agob Aem pñWVrV dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr H$em pñWa amhVmV `mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoV Zmhr.

7) àm. pñQ>Jb m§À`m _Vo, Aënm{YH$mamV ~è`mMXm qH$_V pñWaVm AmT>iyZ oVo. na§Vw {dHw§${MV _mJUrdH«$

{XgyZ oV Zmhr.

6) ñQ>°H$b~J© Û`m{YH$mamMo à{V_mZ (Stackelberg Duopoly Model) :

ho à{V_mZ O_©Z AW©emók hoZ[aM dmoZ ñQ>°H$b~J© `m§Zr _m§S>bo. ho à{V_mZ Hw$Zm}À`m à{V_mZmMo

{dñVmarH$aU Amho. m à{V_mZmZwgma m ~mOmanoR>oVrb noT>rMm à{VñnYr hm Hw$Zm}À`m {gÕm§VmVrb J¥hrVmZwgma

à{VgmX XoVmo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Mm à{V{H«$`m dH«$ {ZpíMV H$aVm òVmo Am{U Ë`mZwgma Ë`m noT>rMm Z\$m _hÎm_

{ZpíMV Ho$bm OmVmo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.27 _Ü o A A B noT>çm§Mr g_-Z\$m dH«$ VgoM nañnam§Mo à{V{H«$`m dH«$

Xe©{dbobo AmhoV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 105 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

'A' noT>rMm Z\$m hm 'B' noT>rÀ`m à{V{H«$ oZwgma Am{U 'B' noT>rMm Z\$m hm 'A' noT>rÀ`m à{V{H«$ odê$Z

{ZpíMV hmoVmo. VgoM 'A' noT>r hr A q~XyV Z\$m _hÎm_ H$aUmao YA BVHo$ CËnmXZ KoVo. Voìhm 'B' noT>r {VÀ`m

à{V{H«$`m dH«$mZwgma XB BVHo$ CËnmXZ H$aVo. 'B' noT>r hr X1B BVHo$ CËnmXZ 'B' q~XyV KoVo Voìhm 'A' noT>r X1A

BVHo$ CËnmXZ {ZpíMV H$aVo. `m n[apñWVrV 'B' noT>r hr ZoV¥Îd H$aVo Am{U 'A' noT>r Ë`mg à{VgmX XoV nmR>monmR>

OmVo. Ë`m_wio 'B' noT>rMm Z\$m hm gmh{OH$M OmñV AgVmo.

g_Om, XmoÝhrhr noT>çm øm AmYw{ZH$ Am{U {dH${gV AgVrb Va XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Zm ZoV¥Îd H$amdo Ago

dmQ>Vo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm `m_wio A{YH$Mm Z\$m {_iy eH$Vmo. Aem n[apñWVrV ~mOmanoR>oV Ag_Vmob {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

`m n[apñWVrg ñQ>°H$b~J©Mm Ag_Vmob Ago åhUVmV Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ qH$_V wÕmV hmoVmo. hr n[apñWVr

Omon ªV EImXr noT>r ñdV:Vmbm `m ñnY}VyZ _mKma KoV Zmhr Vmon ªV gwê$M amhVo. AWdm Omon ªV `m XmoZ noT>çmV

g§JZ_V hmoV Zmhr Vmon ªV hm Ag_Vmob AgmM amhmVmo.

Aem n[apñWVrV XmoÝhrhr noT>çm Ë`m§À`m EH$_oH$m§À`m à{V{H«$ oZwgma EOdY© H$ama dH«$mÀ`m (Contract

Curve) Odi OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Am{U eodQ>r Ë`m§Mm g_Vmob hm EOdW© H$m°ÝQ´>mŠQ> dH«$mda Pmbobm {XgyZ

oVmo. Ë`m dH¦$mda XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Mm EHy$U g§ wŠV Z\$m hm _hÎm_ Pmbobm {XgyZ oVmo.ho AmnUmg nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr

H«$. 3.28 _Ü o AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

O

YB

YB1

YB

B

E

A

XA1XA

XA

A2חA2ח

A1ח

A4ח

B1ח

B2ח

B3ח

'A' noT>rÀ`m à{V{H«$`m dH«$

'B' noT>rMm à{V{H«$`m dH«$

Hw$Zm}Mm g_Vmob

u

u

u

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.27

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 106 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

XmoÝhrhr n§T>çm øm EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoÊ`mg gwadmV hmoVo. Oa àË oH$ noT>r

Xwgè`m noT>rg Xwb©j H$aV am{hbr Va qH$_V wÕ g§nwï>mV oUo AeŠ` hmoB©b Am{U XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Mr pñWVr dmB©Q>

hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio gm¡XmeŠVr Am{U gm_wXm{`H$ H$ama hm XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§À`m \$m`ÚmMm Agob. Ë`m_wio darb

AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo gm_w{hH$ H$ama hm XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Zm EOdW© dH«$mdarb q~XyZwgma A{YH$Mm g§ wŠV

Z\$m {_iVmo.

ñQ°H$b~J©Mo J{UVr CXmhaU :

_mJUr \$bZ - P = 100 - 0.5 (X1 + X2)

IM© - C1 = 5X1 Am{U C2 = 0.5 X2

2

à{V{H«$`m dH«$ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r -

PX1 - C1 = 95X1 - 0.5X1 = 1ח2 - 0.5X1X2

PX2 - C2 =100X2 - X = 2ח2

2 - 0.5X1X2

Am§{eH$ {dH$bOZwgma (Partial Derivatives) -

1ח% = 95 - X1 - 0.5X2 = 0%X1

O

B

X

'A' Mm à{V{H«$`mdH«$

'B' Mm à{V{H«$`m dH«$

Hw$Zm}Mm q~Xy

u

u

E

A

EOdW©

H$m°ÝQ´>çmŠQ>

dH«$

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.28

Y

'A' noT>r

'B' noT>r

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 107 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

2ח% = 100 - 2 X 2 - 0.5X1 = 0

%X2

à{V{H«$`m dH«$ \$bZ -

X1 = 95 - 0.5X2 u 'A' À`m à{V{H«$`m dH«$

X1 = 50 - 0.25 X1 u 'B' À`m à{V{H«$`m dH«$

B) g§JU_V Aënm{YH$mamVrb à{V_mZo (Collusive Oligopoly Models) :

Aënm{YH$mamV Ooìhm {dH«o$Ë`m§Mo nyU© g§JU_V AgVo Voìhm Q´>ñQ>, [a¨J, H$mZoa, H$mQ>ob `mgma»`m g§ñWm

V`ma hmoVmV.

1) H$mQ>}b ({dH«$` {Z`§ÌU g§K) Am{U _O©a (Cartel & Mergers) :

(i) nyU© g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma H$mQ>}b (Perfect Collusive Oligopoly / Cartel) :

(ii) AnyU© qH$dm Am¡nMm[aH$ g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma (qH$_V ZoV¥Îd) : (Imperfect Collusion

Oligopoly Price Leadership) :

(iii) nyU© g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma/ H$mQ>}b (Perfect Collusive Oligopoly / Cartel) : Ooìhm g§JZ_V

Aënm{YH$mamV dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr H$aVmZm H$moUË`mhr AS>MUr oV ZmhrV qH$dm doJdoJù`m

noT>çmV qH$_V {ZpíMVr Am{U CËnmXZm~m~V EH$_V AgVo Ë`m g nyU© g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma Amho. CËnmXZ

noT>çm§À`m `m g§JZ_VmÀ`m àH$mamn¡H$s H$mQ>}b (Cartel) hm EH$ àH$ma àM{bV Amho. H$mQ>}b XmoZ àH$maMo AmhoV :

(A) H|$ÐrH¥$V H$mQ>}b (Centralised Cartel)

(~) ~mOma {d^mJUr H$mQ>}b (Market Sharing Cartel)

(A) H|$ÐrH¥$V H$mQ>}b (Centralised Cartel) : Aem n[apñWVr_Ü o nyU© g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mamVrb

noT>çm CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr, qH$_V {ZpíMVr, Z\$m, {dH«$snÕV BË`mXr ~m~tMm {ZU© EH$m g§ñWoH$S>o qH$dm g§KQ>ZoH$S>o

XoVmV. Aer g§ñWm qH$dm g§KQ>Zm CËnmXH$m§ZrM {ZdS>bobr AgVo. hr g§KQ>Zm àË oH$ noT>rg CËnmXZmMm H$moQ>m

R>adyZ XoVo. hr g§KQ>Zm àË oH$ noT>rMm gm_y{hH$ bm^ H$gm A{YH$V_ hmoB©b `m ÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ H$arV AgVo.

Oa H$mQ>}b `m g§KAZoMo C{Ôï> gm_y{hH$ Z\$m _hÎm_ hmoB©b Ago Agob åhUOoM qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ

{ZpíMVr àíZmMm _ŠVoXmar {ZU©` Agm Agob H$s CÚmoJg§ñWog òUmam gr_m§V IM© hm gr_m§V àmár~amo~a

amhrb. (MC = MR).

darb VÎdmMo ñnï>rH$aU AmH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b. Aënm{YH$mamV Aëng§»`mH$

{dH«o$Vo (noT>çm) AgVmV. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.29 _Ü o ñnï>rH$aU gmono Omdo åhUyZ XmoZM noT>çm noT>r A d B {dMmamV

KoVë`m AmhoV. `m XmoZ noT>çm§Mr gr_m§V IM© dH«$ AZwH«$_o MC1 (grI 1) Am{U MC2 (grI 2) AmhoV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 108 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

gr_m§V àmárdH«$ Am{U gamga àmárdH«$ (_mJUrdH«$) AZwH«$_o MR (gràm) Am{U AR (gàm) AmhoV. CMC

(g§grI) hm dH«$ MC1 (grI 1) Am{U MC2 (grI 2) `m§Mr AmS>dr ~oarO XmIdUmam g§ wŠV gr_m§V IM©

dH«$ Amho. CMC (g§grI) hm dH«$ MR (gràm)

dH«$mg 'E' q~XyV N>oXVmo. Ë`mZwgma noT>rMo g_Vmob

CËnmXZ OM1 EdT>o Amho Am{U _hÎm_ Z\$m

dmT>{dUmar qH$_V OP1 EdT>r Amho.

AmVm OM1 EdT>çm EHy$U CËnmXZmMo

{d^mOZ g^mgX noT>çm§_Üò H$aÊ`mMm àíZ

H$mQ>}bg_moa nS>Vmo.

H$mQ> }b ~moS> © CËnmXZmMo {dVaU H$aV

AgVmZm àË oH$ noT>rMm MC (grI) dH«$ hm MR

(gràm) dH«$m~amo~a amhrb BVH$mM CËnmXZ H$moQ>m

V`ma H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr XoVo. mà_mUo noT>r AMO3

EdT>o CËnmXZ KoB©b Am{U noT>r 2B OM1 EdT>o

CËnmXZ KoB©b. åhUOoM H$mQ>}b (OM3 + OM2 =

OM1) BVHo$ H$mQ>}b KoB©b.

oWo EH$ Jmoï> bjmV R>odUo Oê$arMo Amho H$s Á`m noT>rMm CËnmXZ IM© H$_r AgVmo Ë`m noT>rg H$mQ>}b OmñV

CËnmXZ KoÊ`mg nadmZJr XoVo. åhUyZ Vr noT>r Ë`mà_mUmV Z\$m {_idob Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoV Zmhr. dñVwV:

EHy$U Zâ`mMo dmQ>n H$mQ>}bMo _Ü`dVu _§S>iM R>a{dVo. Va Aënm{YH$mamV H$mhr noT>çm§Zr {eñV §Jmg gwédmV

Ho$br Va H$mQ>}b VwQ>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUyZ _§S>img {ZU© \$ma H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdo bmJVmV.

(~) ~mOma {d^mJUr H$mQ>}b (Market Sharing Cartel) : ~mOma {d^mJUr H$mQ>}b hm nyU© g§JZ_V

Aënm{YH$mamVrb dñVyMr qH$_V R>adÊ`mMm ì`dhmamV {XgUmam EH$ àH$ma Amho. `m n«H$mamV dñVyMr qH$_V

{ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma EH$m g§ñWog {Xbobm AgVmo. hr g§ñWm dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aVmZm g§ñWog

_hÎm_ Z\$m {_iob AerM qH$_V R>a{dVo. åhUOoM gd© noT>çm§Mm EHy$U gr_m§V IM© hm EHy$U gr_m§V àmár~amo~a

amhrb. `m àH$mamV noT>çm§Zm OmñV à_mUmV ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo AgVo. Vo åhUOo qH$_V gmoS>yZ Xwgam H$moUVmhr

{ZU© noT>çm ñdV§ÌnUo KoD$ eH$VmV. CXm. dñVyMm XOm©, {dH«$sMo à`ËZ BË`mXr. dñVyMr Or qH$_V {ZpíMV

Pmbobr Amho Vr qH$_V H$mQ>}b gd© noT>çm§Zm AmH$mamd`mg gm§JVo. EHy$U CËnmXZmMo doJdoJù`m noT>çm§_Ü o Ho$bo

OmUmao {d^mOZ AmnU nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.30 À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$ê$`m.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.30 _Ü o \$ŠV XmoZM noT>çm XmI{dboë`m AmhoV Am{U XmoÝhrhr noT>çm g_mZ AmH$mamÀ`m

AmhoV. noT>çm§Zm CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV oUmam IM©gwÕm g_mZ Amho.

AmH¥$Vr 3.29 : H|$ÐrH¥$V H$mQ>}b

Y

qH$_

V d

IM©

OX

M3

E

CËnmXZ

M2 M1

P1

P

MC1

(grI1)MC2

(grI2) CMC

(g§grI)

AR/D

(gàm./_m)

MR (gràm.)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 109 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

XmoÝhr noT>çm§À`m _mJUr dH«$mMr AmS>dr ~oarO Ho$br AgVm AmnUmg ~mOmamMm _mJUrdH«$ {_iVmo. Vmo

Dm (~m_m) `m AjamZo Xe©{dbobm Amho. ~mOmamÀ`m _mJUrdH«$mer g§b¾ Agbobm gr_m§V àmár dH«$ D/MRm

(~mgràm) hm Amho.

Ë`mMà_mUo D/MRm hm àËòH$ noT>rMm

_mJUr dH«$gwÕm Amho Am{U D/MRm `m dH«$mer

g§b¾ Agbobm MR (gràm) hm noT>rMm gr_m§V

àmárdH«$ Amho. CÚmoJmMm (XmoÝhrhr noT>çm§Mm) g§ wŠV

gr_m§V dH«$ hm CMC (g§Ir`) `m AjamZo

Xe©©{dbobm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo MC (grI) Am{U

AC (gI) ho noT>rMo AZwH«$_o gr_m§V IM© d gamgar

IM© dH«$ AmhoV. ~mOmadmQ>n H$mQ>}bMr g§KQ>Zm

dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aVmZm _hÎm_ Z\$m ho C{Ôï>

{dMmamV YaVo. _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m

C{Ôï>mZwgma 'E' q~XyV g§ wŠV gr_m§VdH«$ (CMC

= ggrI) hm ~mOmamÀ`m gr_m§V àmár dH«$mg (D/

MRm = ~mgràm) N>oXVmo. m pñWVrV ~mOmanoR>oMm

g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo. Ë`mZwgma ~mOmamgmR>r wŠV

CËnmXZ_mÌm ON Am{U dñVyMr qH$_V OP BVH$s {ZpíMV hmoVo.

na§Vw H$mQ>}bV\}$ CÚmoJmÀ`m (industry) CËnmXZmMo g_mZ dmQ>n H$go Ho$bo OmVo? Ë`mgmR>r AmVm AmnU

Ago J¥hrV Yê$ H$s, D/MRm (~m/gràm) hm noT>rMm _mJUrdH«$ Amho Am{U MR (gràm) hm Ë`m noT>rer g§b¾

Agbobm gr_m§V àmár dH«$ Amho. noT>rMm MC (grI) dH«$ MR (gràm) dH«$mg E2 q~XyV N>oXVmo. `m pñWVrV

_hÎm_ Z\$m XoUmao noT>rMo CËnmXZ ON1 EdT>o Amho.

åhUOoM EHy$U _mJUrÀ`m AÜ`m© _mJUrEdT>o CËnmXZ (ON1

1 (ON)). CÚmoJmMo EHy$U CËnmXZ noT>rÀ`m

2

(ON1 X 2) EdT>çm CËnmXZm~amo~a Amho. ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m _mJUr dH«$mZo OP hr qH$_V {ZpíMV Ho$br Agë`m_wio

noT>çm hrM {H§$_V (OP) _mÝ` H$aVmV. noT>rÀ`m gr_m§V àmár (MR) dH«$mZo d gr_m§V IM© (MC) dH«$mZo R>aUar

qH$_VgwÕm E1 {~§XyZwgma SN1 hr OP ~amo~a Amho. (SN1 = OP1) `m pñWVrV n«ËòH$ noT>r ON1 BVŠ`m

CËnmXZmMr {dH«$s OP1 `m qH$_Vrbm H$aob Am{U àË oH$s P1SRC1 BVH$m Z\$m àmá H$aob.

noT>rMm Z\$m = [ n«már (R)] = [ IM© (C)]

PSRC1 = OP1SN1 = OC1RN1

AmH¥$Vr 3.30 : H$mQ>}b noT>rMo

CËnmXZ {d^mJUr

Y

dñVyM

r qH$

_V,

àmár

, I

M©

OX

N1

E

CËnmXZ

P1

MC (grI)

CMC (g§grI)

N

C1

C

E1

E2

SR

T

MAC (gI)

Dm (~m_m)

D/MRm (~mgràm.)

MR (gràm.)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 110 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Aem VèhoZo ~mOmamV g_mZ IM© AgUmè`m noT>çm AgVmZm dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMVr ~mOma {d^mJUr

H$mQ>}bÛmam Ho$br OmVo.

na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ CËnmXZmMo dmQ>n àm§Vr` VÎdmda Ho$bo OmVo. àË oH$ noT>rZo {d{eï> joÌmV {dH«$s H$aÊ`m~Ôb

H$mQ>}bV\}$ {e\$mag Ho$br OmVo. g§KQ>Zm \$ŠV qH$_V {ZpíMVrMr {e\$mag H$aVo. `m àH$mamV noT>çm§Zm H$mhr

AS>MUr oVmV. Ë`m åhUOo -

(1) H$mQ>}b hm EH$m{YH$mamMm àH$ma Amho. Ë`m_wio Á`m XoemV EH$m{YH$mamÀ`m {damoYm~m~V H$m`ÚmV

VaVwXr AmhoV Aem XoemV H$mQ>}bMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr.

(2) H$mhr XoemV H$mQ>}b ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va g^mgX noT>çm ñdmWm©Zo ào[aV hmoD$Z, H$mQ>}bMo {Z`_ _moS>VmV

Am{U BVa noT>çm§er àË`j AWdm AàË`jnUo ñnYm© H$aVmV. Aem_wio H$mQ>}bMr g§KQ>Zm g§nwï>mV oVo.

2) qH$_V ZoV¥Îd qH$dm AnyU© g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$ma :

(Price Leadership OR Imperfect Collusive Oligopoly) :

AnyU© qH$dm Am¡nMm[aH$ g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mamV noT>çm Amnbr g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$arV ZmhrV, Va Ë`mEodOr

g§JZ_V Z H$aVm nañnam§Vrb ñnYm© Zmhrer H$aVmV. `m àH$mamV EImXr noT>r gd© noT>çm§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$aVo Am{U BVa

noT>çm Ë`mMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio {Za{Zamù`m noT>çm§Vrb ñnYm© H$_r hmoVo. ñnYm© H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m `m

nÕVrg qH$_V ZoV¥Îd (Price Leadership) Ago åhUVmV.

Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oVyZ A{ZpíMVVm Xya H$aÊ`mMm qH$_V ZoV¥Ëd hm EH$ doJim àH$ma Amho. `mg Jwá

H$ama (tacit agreement) Ago gwÕm åhUVmV. `m àH$mamV doJdoJù`m noT>çm§_Ü o CKS>nUo g§JZ_V ZgVo.

qH$_V ZoV¥ËdmMo àH$ma (Types of Price Leadership) :

(A) H$_r CËnmXZ IM© AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Ëd (Price Leadership by Low Cost Firm)

(B) dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Ëd (Price Leadership by Dominant Firm)

(C) {ZX}eH$ noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Ëd (Barometric Price Leadership).

(A) H$_r CËnmXZ IM© AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Îd> (Price Leadership By Low Cost

Firm) : Aënm{YH$ma ~mOmanoR>oV AgUmè`m noT>çm§n¡H$s Oa EImÚm noT>rMm CËnmXZIM© H$_r Agob Va

Aem noT>rg {H§$_V ZoV¥Îd àmá hmoVo. BVa noT>çm§Zm qH$_V ZoV¥Îd noT>rZo R>a{dboë`m qH$_VrMoM AZwH$aU H$amdo

bmJVo. Aer noT>r H$_r CËnmXZIM© Agë`m_wio H$_r qH$_V AmH$maVo. `m qH$_Vrg BVa noT>çm§Zm Oar

_hÎm_ Z\$m {_iV Zgob VargwÕm Ë`m§Zm qH$_V ZoV¥Îd noT>rZo R>a{dboë`m qH$VrMm ñdrH$ma H$amdm bmJVmo.

AÝ`Wm Ë`m§Zm CÚmoJmVyZ ~mhoa nS>mdo bmJVo. qH$_V ZoV¥ÎdmVrb `m àH$mamMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m

AmYmao H$aVm òB©b.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 111 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr 3.31 _Ü o Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho

H$s ~mOmanoR>oV 'A' Am{U 'B' Aem XmoZ noT>çm

AmhoV Am{U Ë`m noT>çm EH${OZgr dñVy CËnmXZ

H$aVmV. na§Vw CËnmXZ IM© _mÌ doJdoJim Amho.

~mOmanoR>oMo dmQ>n EH$gmaIo H$aÊ`mg m XmoZ noT>çm

AmngmV gh_V AmhoV. 'A' noT>rMm CËnmXZIM©

H$_r Amho. OoWo MR (gràm) dH«$ MCA (grIA)

dH«$mer N>oXVmo Ë`m {R>H$mUr Ë`m noT>rg _hÎmZ Z\$m

{_iVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo dñVyMr qH$_VgwÕm {ZpíMV

hmoVo. 'B' noT>rg _hÎm_ Z\$m {_iV Zgob VargwÕm

hr qH$_V ñdrH$mamdr bmJVo.

AmH¥ $Vr_Üò DM (~m_m) dH« $ hm

~mOmanoR>oVrb EHy$U _mJUr Xe©{dVmo. D(S>) hm

dH«$ 'A' noT>rMm Am{U 'B' noT>rMm ì`{ŠVJV

_mJUrdH«$ Amho. MR (gràm) hm gr_m§V àmárdH«$

Amho. MCA (grIA) hm A noT>rMm gr_m§V IM© dH«$ Am{U MCB (grI~r) hm 'B' noT>rMm gr_m§V IM©dH«$

Amho. `m AmH¥$VrZwgma ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, 'A' noT>rMm CËnmXZ IM© H$_r Amho. åhUyZ 'A' noT>rg qH$_V ZoV¥Îd àmá

hmoVo. `m noT>rMm MC (gr_m§V IM©) dH«$ MR (gr_m§V àmár) dH«$mg E1 q~XyV N>oXVmo VoWo dñVyMr qH$_V OP1

Am{U dñVyMo CËnmXZ ON1 EdT>o Amho. OmñV IM© AgUmè`m 'B' noT>rMm MC (gr_m§V IM©) dH«$ Am{U MR

(gr_m§V àmár) dH«$ q~XyV N>oVmo VoWo dñVyMr qH$_V OP2 Am{U dñVyMo CËnmXZ ON2 EdT>o Amho. VWm{n qH$_V

wÕmMr {^Vr Am{U ~mOmanoR>oVyZ ~mhoa \o$H$bo OmÊ`mMm YmoH$m `m H$maUm_wio B noT>r, A noT>rZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m

dñVy§À`m qH$_VrMm Adb§~ H$aVo.

(B) dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Îd> (Price Leadership By Dominant Firm) : nmpíM_mË`

{dH$gZerb XoemV ~hþVm§erH$ê$Z dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMVr hr dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao hmoVo. dM©ñd AgUmè`m

noT>rMo CËnmXZ N>moQ>çm noT>çm§À`m EHy$U CËnmXZmnojmhr OmñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Aem noT>rg qH$_V ZoV¥Îd àmá hmoVo.

dM©ñd AgUmar noT>r Or qH$_V AmH$maob {VM qH$_V BVa noT>çm§Zm ñdrH$mamdr bmJVo. dM©ñd AgUmar noT>r

N>moQ>çm ñnY©H$m§Zm Xya H$aV ñdV:Mr _ŠVoXmar àmá H$ê$ eH$Vo. na§Vw Aem YmoaUmg H$mhr H$m`Xoera AS>MUr

AmhoV.

dM©ñd AgUmar noT>r _hÎm_ Zâ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ dñVyMr qH$_V R>a{dVo Am{U bhmZ noT>çm§Zm Ë`m§À`m

BÀN>oà_mUo dmQ>ob {VVHo$ ZJ {dH$Ê`mg nadmZJr XoVo. bhmZ noT>çm \$ŠV qH$_V KoUmè`m AgVmV Am{U Á`m

{R>H$mUr Ë`m§Mm gr_m§V IM© dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrEdT>m AgVmo VodT>o ZJ Ë`m {dH$VmV.

AmH¥$Vr 3.31 : H$_r CËnmXZ IM©

AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Îd

Y

dñVyM

r qH$

_V,

àmár

, I

M©

OX

N2 CËnmXZ

P2

MCB

(grI~)

N

D

P1

T

L

DE1

E2

N1

MR

S

MCA

(grIA)

Dm (~m_m)

(S>)

(gràm)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 112 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

dM©ñd AgUmar noT>r dñVyMo CËnmXZ Am{U qH$_V{ZpíMVr H$er H$aVo ho AmnU darb AmH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao

nmhÿ m. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.32 _Ü o Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho H$s dñVyMr EHy$U ~mOmanoR>oVrb _mJUr dM©ñd AgUmè`mnoT>rg _mhrV Amho. m{edm` ho gwÕm J¥hrV Yabo OmVo H$s dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rg bhmZ noT>çm§Mm g§ wŠV gr_m§V

IM© dH«$gwÕm _mhrV AgVmo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.32 (A) _Üò SS hm nwadR>m dH«$ Amho Am{U nwadR>m dH«$mMrAmS>dr ~oarO Ho$ë`mda AmnUmg MC (gr_m§V IM©) dH«$ {_iVmo. darb _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao dM©ñd AgUmè`m

noT>rMm _mJUr dH«$ AR AmnU H$mTy> eH$Vmo.

g_Om, dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rZo OP EdT>r qH$_V {ZpíMV Ho$br Va `m qH$_Vrg bhmZ noT>çm PE EdT>çm

dñVyMr {dH«$s H$aVrb Am{U hr {dH«$s EHy$U ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m _mJUr~amo~a Amho. Aem pñWVrV dM©ñd AgUmè`mnoT>rMr {dH«$s eyÝ` AgVo. dM©ñd AgUmar noT>r OP nojm OmñV qH$_V {ZpíMV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. AmVm AmnU

Ë`mnojm H$_r {H$_VrMm {dMma H$ê$`m.

g_Om, dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rZo OP1 EdT>r qH$_V {ZpíMV Ho$br Va P1T EdT>m nwadR>m bhmZ noT>çm§Ûmao

hmoB©b Am{U TC EdT>m nwadR>m dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rg H$amdm bmJob. H$maU ~mOmanoR>oVrb EHy$U _mJUrP1C EdT>r Amho.

P1C = P1T + TC

(EHy$U _mJUr = bhmZ noT>çm§Mm nwadR>m + dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rMm nwadR>m).

g_Om, dñVyMr qH$_V AmUIr H$_r Ho$br Va, OS {H§$_Vrg bhmZ noT>çm EH$mhr dñVyMm nwadR>m H$ê$

AmH¥$Vr 3.32 : dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Îd

Y

qH$_

V

OX

CËnmXZ

P

P1

P2

S

M

T

D S1

E

C

N

R

D1

qH$_

V

P1

P2

S

O QX

H

F

B

Y

P

A

MC grI

AR/D (gàm/_m)

(A) (B)

MR (gràm)

CËnmXZ

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 113 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

eH$V ZmhrV. åhUyZ `m qH$_Vrg (OS) ~mOmanoR>oVrb EHy$U _mJUr (SR) hrM dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rMr

_mJUr AgVo.

darb gd© _m{hVrdê$Z AmVm AmnUmg dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rMm _mJUrdH«$ {_iy eH$Vmo.

OP qH$_Vrg dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÀ`m dñVyg _mJUr eyÝ` Amho.

OP1 qH$_Vrg dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÀ`m dñVyg TC (P1F) EdT>r _mJUr Amho.

Am{U OP2 qH$_Vrg dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÀ`m dñVyg MN (P2B) EdT>r _mJUr Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo

OS EdT>çm qH$_Vrg ~mOmamVrb _mJUr hr dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÀ`m dñVyÀ`m _mJUrEdT>r Amho. SR = SA

EH$Xm H$m dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rMm _mJUrdH«$ {_imbm AR/D (gàm) H$s AmnU `mdê$Z MR (gràm)

dH«$ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rMm MR (gràm) dH«$ hm MC (grI) dH«$mg 'H' q~XyV N>oXVmo,

Ë`m{R>H$mUr dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÀ`m dñVyMr qH$_V OP1 Am{U CËnmXZ OQ (P1F qH$dm TC) EdT>o AgVo.

OP1 qH$_Vrg gd© bhmZ noT>çm§À`m dñVyMr {dH«$s P1T EdT>r AgVo Am{U dM©ñd AgUmè`m noT>rÀ`m dñVyMr

{dH«$s TC [P1F qH$dm OQ] EdT>r AgVo.

OP1 qH$_Vrg EHy$U {dH«$s P1T + TC = P1C EdT>r AgVo.

(C) {ZX}eH$ noT>rÛmao qH$_V ZoV¥Îd> (Barometric Price Leadership) : Oa EImXr noT>r gd© noT>çm§Zm

_mÝ` Agob Aer qH$_V R>adrV Agob Va Ë`mnoT>rg {ZX}eH$ noT>r Ago åhUVmV. hr {ZX}eH$ ZoVm noT>r H$moUË`mhr

noT>rda qH$_V {ZpíMVr~m~V gŠVr H$arV Zmhr. Á`mà_mUo dñVyÀ`m nwadR>çmV VgoM _mJUrV ~Xb hmoB©b

Ë`mà_mUo hr noT>r dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb H$arV AgVo. m àH$mamV qH$_V {ZpíMVr hr ~mOmanoR>oVrb n[apñWVrda

Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio qH$_V{ZpíMVr H$moUË`m VÎdmZwgma Ho$br OmVo ho Z¸$s gm§JVm oV Zmhr.

{ZX}eH$ qH$_V ZoV¥Îdm_Ü o Oa qH$_V ZoVm noT>rg BVa noT>çm§nojm ~mOmanoR>oVrb n[apñWVrMr

Mm§Jbr _m{hVr Agob Am{U ^{dî`H$mbrZ ~Xbm~m~V Vr noT>r OmJê$H$ Agob Va BVa gd© noT>çm

qH$_V ZoVm noT>rZo {H$_VrV KS>dyZ AmUboë`m ~Xbmg gh_V AgVmV.

{ZX}eH$ qH$_V ZoV¥Ëd H$moUVrhr noT>r H$ê$ eH$Vo. EH$M noT>r H$m`_ñdê$nr amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. EH$m H$mimV

EH$ noT>r ZoV¥Îd H$aVo Va Xwgè`m H$mimV Xwgar noT>r ZoV¥Îd H$aV AgVmZm {XgVo.

`m àH$mamV EH$ Jmoï> _mÌ {ZpíMV Amho Vr Aer H$s Or noT>r ~mOmanoR>oV OwZr, AZw dr Am{U VÁk Amho

{VM noT>r qH$_V ZoV¥Ëd H$arV AgVo.

3) AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr (Basing Point Price System) :

AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr ho à{V_mZ Ag§JU_V qH$_Vr ~amo~a hm°Q>obrJÀ`m à{V_mZmMo (Hotellings

Model) {dñVmarH$aU Amho.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 114 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbrMm dmna hm Aënm{YH$mamVrb Á`m noT>çm§Mo CËnmXZ EH${OZer AgVo Am{U

Á`m§Mm dmhVyH$ IM© hm OmñV AgVmo Aem ~hþVm§e noT>çm `m àUmbrMm dmna H$aVmV.

`m àH$aUmV AmnU Imbrb XmoZ AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbrMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

(i) EH$b AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr (The Single Basing Point System)

(ii) ~hþ{dY AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr (Multiple Basing Point System)

(i) EH$b AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr : Aënm{YH$mamVrb qH$_V g§JU_V à{V_mZmV ~hþVm§e noT>çm

øm EH$m gmYmaU {R>H$mUmg AmYma q~Xy åhUyZ _mÝ` H$aVmV Am{U gd© noT>çm Ë`m§Mm CËnmXZ IM© Ë`m AmYma

q~Xyda Am{U dñVy CËnmXZmÀ`m {R>H$mUmnmgyZ Vo {dVaUmÀ`m {R>H$mUmn ªVMm dmhVyH$ IM© H$idVmV.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.33 _Ü o 'A' ñWmZ (ZJar) ho Oa AmYma q~Xy åhUyZ {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mg, AmYmaq~Xy CËnmXZqH$_V hr AP BVH$s {XgyZ oVo. dñVyÀ`m {dVaUmMo {R>H$mU OgOgo dmT>V OmVo VgVer Ë`m dñVyMr qH$_V ~XbVOmVo. darb AmH¥$VrV PT hm dH«$ hm A§VamZwgma dñVyMr qH$_V H$er ~XbVo Vmo Xe©{dVmo. CXmhaUmW© 'E' ehamVrbnoT>r Ë`m§À`m ñWm{ZH$ J«mhH$m§Zm EG BVH$s dñVyMr qH$_V AmH$maZo, VgoM DL BVH$s qH$_V 'D' ehamVrb J«mhH$m§ZmAm{U B ehamVrb J«mhH$m§Zm BK BVH$s {H§$_V AmH$maVo. g_Om, dñVyMm CËnmXZ IM© hm E ehamV Am{U A `mAmYma q~XyV g_mZ Agob Va Ë`m noT>rg A Am{U C {R>H$mUÀ`m Xaå`mZ AdmOdr Z\$m {_iob.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+++

++++++++++++

+++++++

P1

qH$_V qH$_V

ñWmZ ({R>H$mU)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.33

TG

L

e RM

K

P

ABCDE

b

aD1

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 115 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

g_Om, E `m {R>H$mUÀ`m noT>rZo D {R>H$mUÀ`m J«mhH$mg dñVyMr {dH«$s Ho$ë`mg D1L BVH$m àVr ZJAdmOdr Z\$m Ë`m noT>rg Pmbobm {XgyZ oVmo H$maU Ë`mm hdmB© dmhVyH$ IM© hm P1R `m dH«$mZo Xe©{dbobm Amho.Aem AdmOdr Zâ`mg (Phantom Freight) Ago åhUVmV. A {R>H$mUÀ`m Amgnmg Agboë`m noT>çm§Mr Ë`m§À`mdñVy§Mr {dH«$s hr e q~XyÀ`m nbrH$S>ogwÕm hmoD$ eH$Vo. H$maU Ë`m§Mm {g_m§V IM© hm CËnmXZ IM© dOm dhmVyH$ IM©`mnojm H$_r Amho. E `m {R>H$mUÀ`m noT>rg Ë`m§À`m dñVy B {R>H$mUÀ`m J«mhH$mg {dH$Uo \$m`Xoera hmoB©b H$maU.

MC g (EP1 - KM)

(ii) ~hþ{dY AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr : AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr Zwgma Á`m noT>çm§Zr dñVyMr{dH«$s CËnmXZIM© Am{U dmhVyH$ IMm©nojm OmñV qH$_Vrg H$ê$Z AdmOdr Z\$m {_i{dbobm Amho. Vmo ~hþ{dYAmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbrZwgma H$_r hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aem nÕVrZo ~hþVm§er ~arO {R>H$mUo AmYma q~XyåhUyZ _mÝ` Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`m_wio Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm§Mr {dVaU qH$_V hr ~hþVm§e {R>H$mUÀ`m J«mhH$mggmaIrM AgVo. `m àUmbrZwgma darb AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo A {R>H$mUÀ`m dñVyÀ`m {dVaU qH$_VrMmdH«$ PT Am{U E {R>H$mUÀ`m dñVy {dVaU qH$_VrMm dH«$ P1R ho EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV Ë`m e q~XyV hr g_mZ{H§$_V Á`m noT>çm A Am{U E {R>H$mUmV AmhoV Aem noT>çm§Zm {ZpíMV hmoVo. Oo J«mhH$ e q~XyÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOygAmhoV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r {dVaU qH$_V hr P1R `m dH«$mdarb P1e `m ^mJmda {ZpíMV hmoB©b. VgoM Oo J«mhH$ eq~XyÀ`m COì`m ~mOyg AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r dñVyMr {dVaU qH$_V hr PT `m dH«$mÀ`m eP `m ^mJmda {ZpíMVhmoB©b. CXmhaUmW© Oa EImXr noT>r D {R>H$mUr AgVo Voìhm dñVyMr {dVaU qH$_V hr C {R>H$mUÀ`m J«mhH$mgmR>rCe BVH$s AgVo na§Vw Vr noT>r AdmOdr Z\$m (Phanton Freight)> åhUyZ ae BVH$m g_mdoe Ë`m qH$_VrV H$aob.g_Om, EImXr noT>r C m {R>H$mUr Agob Am{U ñWm{Z J«mhH$m§Zm dñVy {dH$V aob Va AdmOdr Z\$m (Phanton

Freight)> åhUyZ eb BVH$m A{YH$ AmH$mambm OmB©b. `mdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, {OVHo$ AmYma q~Xy dmT>VmV{VVŠ`m à_mmV n°ZWm°Z \$mB©Q> hiyhiy H$_r hmoV OmVo. OodT>çm à_mUmV {dH«o$Vo AgVrb VodT>çm à_mUmV AmYmaq~Xy gwÕm AgVrb Va gd© noT>çm EH$M Aer g_mZ qH$_V (EP1 = AP) AmH$maVrb Am{U Vr {dVaU qH$_Vhr gd© {dH«o$Ë`m§Mr gdm©V H$_r qH$_V Agob.

AmYma {~§Xy àUmbr_wio ñnYm© H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_wio noT>çmV qH$_V ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. gd© {R>H$mUr g_mZqH$_V {ZpíMV hmoVo Am{U àË oH$ Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>rMm {hñgm hm ZH$iV qH$dm ñnY}{edm` {ZpíMV hmoVmo.

3.3 H«o$Vm{YH$ma Am{U {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmarVrb qH$_V d CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr : (Price of Output Determination Under Monopsony & Bilaterial Monopoly)

(A) H«o$Vm{YH$ma/IaoXrXmamMr _ŠVoXmarV qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr : (Price output determination under Monopsony) :

~mOma åhUOo Á`m {R>H$mUr dñVyMo {dH«o$Vo Am{U J«mhH$ EH$_oH$mer OdirH$Vm Am{U _wŠV g§~§Y R>odVmV.~mOmamMo ñnY}dê$Z dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmV. Ë`m_Ü o J«mhH$ Am{U {dH«o$Ë`m§À`m g§» odê$Z ~mOmamMo dJuH$aU Ho$bo

OmVo. Ë`mV AmnU nm{hbo {H$ ~mOmamV Oa Aën {dH«o$Vo Am{U Ag§»` J«mhH$ AgVrb Va Ë`mg Aënm{YH$ma

Ago åhUVmV. Oa XmoÝhr ~mOyZo åhUOoM J«mhH$ Am{U {dH«o$Ë`m§Mr g§»`m EH$-EH$ AgVo Ë`mg {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 116 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Oa {dH«o$Ë`m§Mr g§»`m Ag§»` Am{U J«mhH$m§Mr g§»`m EH$ Agob Va Aem ~mOmamÀ`m

àH$mamg H«o$Vm{YH$ma qH$dm IaoXrXmamMr _ŠVoXmar Ago åhUVmV.

H«o$Vm{YH$ma åhUOo Agm ~mOma Á`m_Ü o J«mhH$m§Mr g§»`m EH$ AgVo.

AënH«o$Vm{YH$ma åhUOo ~gm ~mOma Á`m_Ü o J«mhH$m§Mr g§»`m Aën AgVo.

EH$ qH$dm Aën J«mhH$mH$S>o H«o$Vm{YH$mar eŠVr AgVo. åhUOoM J«mhH$ dñVyÀ`m qH$Vrda n[aUm_ H$aVmo.

H«o$Vm{YH$mar eŠVr_wio J«mhH$ qH$dm H«o$Vm dñVyMr IaoXr ñnYm©Ë_H$ ~mOmamVrb qH$_Vrnojm H$_r qH$_Vrbm

H$aVmo. CXm. Oa EImÚm dñVyMo Cn^moŠVo g§KQ>rV AgVmV qH$dm g_mOdmXr gaH$ma Am`mVrda {Z §ÌU R>odVo

qH$dm EImXm ì`ŠVr EImÚm dñVyMm dmna H$aVmo Á`m dñVyMr BVa H$moUmbmhr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo qH$dm {dH«|$ÐrV

^mJmVrb EH$ _moR>m H$maImZm Ë`m ^mJmVrb {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m l_rH$m§Mm EH$Q>m {dH«o$Vm AgVmo.

àmo\«o$ga bmB^m\$ñH$s `m§Zr Ho$bobr H«o$Vm{YH$mamMr ì`m»`m :

""H«o$Vm{YH$ma åhUOo Aer pñWVr H$s Á`m_Ü o EH$ J«mhH$ Omo Xwgè`m J«mhH$m§er CËnmXZmMr IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r

ñnYm© H$aV Zmhr Am{U Aer pñWVr Á`m_Ü o ZdrZ J«mhH$m§Zm àdoe ZgVmo.''

H«o$Vm{YH$mamVrb qH$_V {ZYm©aU ho _ŠVoXmarVrb qH$_V {ZYm©aUmgmaIoM Amho. Ogo _ŠVoXmar_Ü o {dH«o$Vm

{dH«$sgmR>r R>odboë`m dñVyÀ`m _mÌodê$Z Vmo qH$_Vrda à^md nmS>V AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo H«o$Vm{YH$margwÕm Ë`mÀ`m

IaoXrVyZ nwadR>m qH$_Vrda {Z §ÌU R>odV AgVmo.

_ŠVoXmar_Ü o _w»` CÔoe Zâ`mMo _hÎm_rH$aU H$aUo hm AgVmo Va H«o$Vm{YH$mam_Ü o _w»` CÔoe A{YŠ`mMo

_hÎm_rH$aU H$aUo hm AgVmo.

O

Y

X

Pc

ME

S = AE

APm

E

MU

Q*m Qc

CËnmXZ (ZJg§»`m)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.34

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 117 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.34 _Ü o X Ajmda ZJg§»`m _moObr Amho Am{U Y Ajmda qH$_V _moObr Amho.

H«o$Vm{YH$mamMm gamgar IM© dH«$ hm ~mOma nwadR>m dH«$ AgVmo. (S = AE) gamgar IM© dH«$ dmT>V OmUmam

Agë`m_wio gr_m§V IMm©Mm dH«$ (MC) Ë`m§À`mda Amho. Ooìhm gr_m§V IM© (M1C1) dH«$ gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVm

(MU) dH«$mg N>oXVmo Ë`m {R>H$mUr H«o$Vm{YH$mar Q*m EdT>o ZJ IaoXr H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo _moObobr qH$_V

P*m EdT>r AgVo.

(B) {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmarV qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr : (Price & output determination under Bilateral Monopoly) :

Á`m ~mOmanoR>oV EH$M noT>r Am{U EH$M Cn^moŠVm AgVmo Ë`mg {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar Ago åhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©,

g_Om Xoem_Ü o Oa EH$M noT>r Vm§ã`mMo (copper) CËnmXZ KoV Agob Am{U Xwgar EH$M noT>r Ë`mMm dmna H$arV

Agob Va Vm§ã`mÀ`m (copper) `m ~mOmanoR>og {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar Ago åhUVm oB©b.

J¥hrVHo$ :

1) noT>r EH$mM dñVyMo CËnmXZ KoVo.

2) n`m© r dñVy CnbãY ZgVmV.

3) _ŠVoXma hm EH$b CËnmXH$ AgVmo.

4) ~mOmanoR>oV EH$M J«mhH$ (H«o$Vm{YH$ma) AgVmo. (Single Monopsorist)

5) XmoÝhr EH$b CËnmXH$ Am{U EH$b J«mhH$ ho _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

{Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmarV qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr :

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.35 _Ü o {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmarV qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ H$go {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo Vo Xe©{dbobo

Amho. X Ajmda CËnmXZ Am{U Y Ajmda dñVyMr qH$_V Xe©{dbobr Amho. D hm _ŠVoXmar noT>rMm _mJUr dH«$

Am{U MR hm gr_m§V àmár dH«$ Xe©{dbobm Amho. AmH¥$VrVrb MC/s hm dH«$ _ŠVoXmar noT>rMm gr_m§V IM© dH«$

qH$dm nwadR>m dH«$ Amho. ME hm J«mhH$m§Mm gr_m§V IM© dH«$ AgyZ Vmo KZmË_H$ AmH$mamMm Amho. H$maU OgOer

J«mhH$mMr _mJUr dmT>Vo VgVgo Ë`mbm Ë`m dñVybm OmñV qH$_V _moOmdr bmJVo. Dlonv hm dH«$ J«mhH$m§Mr

gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVm Xe©{dVmo. ~mOmanoR>oVrb g_Vmob {gÕm§VmZwgma E q~XyV noT>rMm gr_m§V IM© dH«$ (ML) Am{U

gr_m§V àmár dH«$ (MR) EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV Ë`m_wio OP1 BVH$s qH$_V Am{U OM1 BVHo$ CËnmXZ {ZpíMV

hmoVo. na§Vw H|$Ðm{YH$mamMm (IaoXrXmamMr _ŠVoXmar) g_Vmob B q~XyV H$s OoWo gr_m§V IM© dH«$ (ME) hm _mJUr

dH«$/gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ (D/mu) `m§Zm N>oXVmo Ë`m_wio Vmo OW1 BVHo$ CËnmXZmMo ZJ OP2 BVŠ`m qH$_Vrg

IaoXr H$aVmo H$maU nwadR>m dH«$/gr_m§V IM© dH«$mdarb (MC/s) A q~XyZwgma qH$_V hr OP2 BVH$s Xe©{dbr

OmVo. Ë`m_wio _ŠVoXmar noT>r Am{U H«o$Xm{YH$ma (IaoXrXma _ŠVoXma) `m§À`mV dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr~m~V Agh_Vr

hmoVo. _ŠVoXma OP1 BVH$s qH$_V AmH$maVmo Va H«o$Xm{YH$ma hm OP2 BVH$sM {H§$_V AmH$maVmo Va Ho«$Xm{YH$ma hm

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 118 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

OP2 BVH$sM qH$_V XoU`mg V`ma AgVmo. Ë`m_wio P1P2 BVH$m \$aH$ `m XmoZ noT>çmV {XgyZ oVmo. g¡Õm§VrH$

Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ dñVyMr qH$_V hr gm¡XmeŠVrda (Bargaing) Adb§~yZ AgVo. OodT>çm à_mUmV H«o$Xm{YH$ma

(IaoXrXmar _ŠVoXma) gm¡XmeŠVr H$aob VodT>çm à_mUmV dñVyMr qH$_V hr OP2 À`m Odi Agob Am{U Oa

_ŠVoXmamMr gm¡XmeŠVr OmñV Agob Va dñVyMr qH$_V hr OP1 À`m Odi Agob. `m gm¡XmeŠVr_wio (Bar-

gaining) dñVyMr qH$_V hr P1P2 À`m _Ü oM {ZpíMV hmoB©b. Oa _ŠVoXmar noT>r Am{U H«o$Xm{YH$mamVrb noT>r Oa

EH$Ì Amë`m Va Ho«$Vm{YH$mar noT>rMm MC/s dH«$ hm gr_m§V IM© dH«$ ~ZVmo. Ë`m_wio EH$ÌrH$aUmZ§Va noT>rMm

_hÎm_ Zâ`mMm g_Vmob 'F' q~XyV gmYVmo. H$maU MC/s dH«$ hm D/mv dH«$mg F q~XyV N>oXVmo. Ë`mZwgma

dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmV OQ1 n ªV dmT> hmoVo Am{U g_Vmob qH$_V OP3 BVH$s {ZpíMV hmoVo.

ñdmÜ`m` 3 :3.1 ~hþn`m© r àíZ :


1) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm© hr .................. Amho.

(A) nyU© ñnYm© (~) AnyU© ñnYm©

2) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Mr g§H$ënZm ................. `m§Zr _m§S>br.

(A) Amë\«o$S> _me©b (~) ES>dS>© M|~abrZ (H$) S>odrS> [aH$mS>m}

O

P1

ME

MC/s

P3

B

AmH¥$Vr H¦$. 3.35 : {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar

P2

CËnmXZ

qH$_V

S

F

EA

N1 M1 Q1

D/mu

Y

X

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 119 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

3) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb àË oH$ noT>r hr ............. AgVo.

(A) ñdV§Ì (~) ñdmdb§~r (H$) nañnamdb§~r

4) H$mën{ZH$ _mJUr dH«$ hr g§H$ënZm ................ à{V_mZmV oVo.

(A) M|~abrZ (~) {hŠg (H$) _me©b (S>) darb gd©

5) g_yh ho .................. ~mOmanoR>oMo d¡{eï> Amho.

(A) _ŠVoXmar (~) Aënm{YH$ma (H$) _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnYm© (S>) darb gd©

CÎmao : 1) ~ 2) ~ 3) H$ 4) A 5) H$

(~) nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

1) àË oH$ noT>r _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V Amnbo CËnmXZ {^Þ R>odVo.

2) ~oamoOJmar hm _ŠVoXmarVrb Anì`` AgVmo.

3) noT>r Á`m nmVirg CËnmXZ KoVo Am{U Á`m nmVirg Kody eH$Vo `mVrb \$aH$mg A{V[aŠV j_Vm

åhUVmV.

4) {dH«$s IM© åhUOoM CËnmXZIM© hmo .

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a 4) MyH$

3.2 ~hþn`m© r àíZ :


1) Aënm{YH$mamMr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ .................. `m§Zr _m§S>br.

(A) A°S>_ ñ_rW (~) Oo. E_². Ho$Ýg (H$) Am°JñQ>rZ Hw$Zm}

2) Aënm{YH$mamVrb _mJUrdH«$ Agm AgVmo .................

(A) A{ZpíMV (~) {ZpíMV (H$) X Ajmg g_m§Va

3) Hw$Zm}À`m à{V_mZmVrb noT>çm§Mr g§»`m ............. EdT>r AgVo.

(A) XmoZ (~) VrZ (H$) nmM

4) Aënm{YH$mamVrb qH$_V VmR>aVoMo à{V_mZ ................ `m§Zr _m§S>bo.

(A) E. Q>r. ~oH$m°Z (~) Am°JñQ>rZ Hw$Zm} (H$) nm°b pñdPr

5) Ooìhm qH$_V {Z{üVr Am{U CËnmXZ m~m~V noT>çm§_Ü o gh_Vr AgVo Voìhm Ë`mg ..................

åhUVmV.

(A) nyU© g§JZ_V (~) AnyU© g§JZ_V (H$) qH$_V ZoV¥Îd

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 120 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

6) à{V{H«$`m \$bZ (Reaction Function) hr g§km ............. à{V_mZmer {ZJS>rV Amho.

(A) Hw$Zm} (~) H$mQ>}b (H$) Jo_ {gÕm§V (S>) darb gd©

7) g_ Z\$m dH«$ (ISO Profit Curve) hr g§km ................ à{V_mZmer {ZJ{S>V Amho.

(A) Hw$Zm} (~) H$mQ>}b (H$) ñQ>°H$b~J© (S>) darb n¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr

8) .................. à{V_mZmV dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr ZoV¥ÎdnoT>r H$aVo.

(A) M|~abrZ (~) {dHw§${MV _mJUr dH«$ (H$) qH$_V ZoV¥Îd (S>) H$mQ>}b

CÎmao : 1) H$ 2) A 3) A 4) H$ 5) A 6) A 7) H$ 8) H$


1) Aënm{YH$mamV noT>çm§Mr g§»`m Aën AgVo.

2) Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm ñdV§Ì Am{U ñdmdb§~r AgVmV.

3) Hw$Zm}À`m à{V_mZm§Vrb noT>çm EH$_oH$m§er g§JZ_V H$aVmV.

4) H$mQ>}b hm g§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mamMm àH$ma Amho.

5) qH$_V ZoV¥Îd H$aUmar noT>r hr ^{dî`m~m~VMm AMyH$ A§XmO KoV AgVo.

6) qH$_V wÕmV àË oH$ noT>r à{VñnYu noT>rZo qH$_V H$_r Ho$ë`mg AmnUhr qH$_V H$_r H$aVo.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) MyH$ 4) ~amo~a 5) ~amo~a 6) ~amo~a

3.3 ~hþn`m© r àíZ :


1) .................. ~mOmanoR>oV EH$M J«mhH$ AgVmo.

(A) H«o$Vm{YH$ma (~) _ŠVoXmar (H$) H$m`m{YH$ma (S>) darb n¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr

2) ................. ~mOmanoR>oV EH$M J«mhH$ Am{U EH$M {dH«o$Vm AgVmo.

(A) H«o$Vm{YH$ma (~) {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar (H$) Aënm{YH$ma (S>) _ŠVoXmar

CÎmao : 1) A 2) ~


1) H«o$Vm{YH$mamV EH$M CËnmXH$ AgVmo.

2) {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmarV EH$ J«mhH$ Am{U EH$ {dH«o$Vm AgVmo.

CÎmao : 1) MyH$ 2) ~amo~a

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 121 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

1. _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}Vrb d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr ?

2. g_yh g§VwbZ Q>rn {bhm.

3. M|~abrZMm n`m© r Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnï> H$am.

4. Hw$Zm}Mo à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

5. ~aQ´mÝS>Mo à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.>

6. EOdW©Mo à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

7. M|~a{bZMo à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

8. {dHw§$MrZ _mJUr dH«$ ñnï> H$am.

9. ñQ>°H$b~J©Mo à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

10. H$mQ>o©bda Q>rn {bhm.

11. qH$_V ZoV¥Îd à{V_mZmMr MMm© H$am.

12. AmYma q~Xy qH$_V àUmbr ñnï> H$am.

13. H«o$Vm{YH$mamVrb {H§$_V d CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr ñnï> H$am.

14. Ûm`m{YH$mar _ŠVoXmarVrb qH$_V d CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr `mda MMm© H$am.

Aä`mgmgmR>r g§X © J«§W :

1. Kreps, David M. (1990) : A Course in Microeconomic Theory,

Princton University Press, Princeton.

2. Koutsoyiannis A. (1979) : Modern Microeconomics (2nd Edition),

Macmillan Press, London.

3. Layard P.R.G. and (1978) : Microeconomics Theory, McGraw Hill,

A. W. Alters New Your.

4. Sen A. (1999) : Theory and Applications,

Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

5. Stigler G. (1996) : Theory of Price (4th Edition),

Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

6. Varian H. (2000) : Microeconomic Analysis, W. W. Norton,

New Yourk.

gGg

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 122 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

KQ>H$ 4

noT>r Am{U {dVaUmMo n`m©`r {gÕm§V

4.0 C{Ôï>ço

{df` {ddoMZ

4.1 gr_m§V {díbofUmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ

4.2 ~m_wbMo {dH«$s àmár _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ

4.3 {dë`_gZMo ì`dñWmnH$s` {ZU© KoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` à{V_mZ

4.4 _°argMo ì`dñWmnH$s` CnH«$_ à{V_mZ

4.5 nyU© IM© qH$_V {Z`_

4.6 ~oZMm _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§V

4.7 Zd gZmVZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ - gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V

4.8 {Z:eof CËnmXZ à_o

4.9 Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm

4.10 Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr Am{U KQ>H$m§Mm dmQ>m


`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmV AmnUmg,

1. gr_m§V {díbofUmg§~§Yr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

2. noT>rÀ`m ì`dñWmnH$s` {gÕm§VmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

3. AW©emómVrb {H§$_V {ZYm©aUmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVrMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

4. {dVaUmÀ`m Zd gZmVZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Aä`mgUo.

5. n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm, Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr Am{U KQ>H$m§À`m dmQ>çmg§~§Yr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

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4.1 gr_m§V {díbofUmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ :

1939 nmgyZ 10 (Ten) gZmVZr {gÕm§Vmda Q>rH$m hmoD$ bmJbr d Vo AñdrH$ma hmoD$ bmJbo. {deofV:

Ë`mVrb gr_m§V dV©UyH$ {Z`_mda Q>rH$m hmoD$ bmJbr.

1939 _Ü o B§½b§S>_Ü o hmob Am{U {hM `m AW©Vkm§Zr na§namJV _yë`{ZpíMVr {gÕm§VmÀ`m C{Udm g_moa

AmUë`m. A_o[aHo$_Ü o 1940 `m eodQ>r, boñQ>a _°Mbn, Am°{bìha, Jm°S>©Z d {\$S>_U `m§Zrhr `m {gÕm§Vmda

Q>rHo$g gwédmV Ho$br.

ZdgZmVZdmXr / gr_m§VdmXr (Neo classical) {dMmam§Mo _yb yV AmYma :

1) g§ moOH$ Mhm CËnmXH$ g§ñWoMm _mbH$ AgVmo.

2) CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo C{Ôï> ho Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU AgVo.

3) Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aUmMo C{Ôï> ho gr_m§V VÎdmZo gmY Ho$bo OmVo. (MC = MR)

4) CËnmXZ g§ñWog {VMm ñdËdmMm _mJUr dH«$ d IM© \$bZ _mhrV AgVo.

5) AënH$mbr d XrK©H$mbrZ IM© dH«$ hm U AmH$mamMm AgVo.

6) ZdrZ CËnmXZ g§ñWmMm ~mOmamVrb àdoe nyU© ñnY}V _wŠV _ŠVoXmarV àdoe Zmhr, _ŠVoXmar wŠV ñnY}V

_`m©{XV AgVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a AënH$mimV Z{dZ CËnmXZg§ñWm àdoe AeŠ` AgVmo. _mÌ XrK©H$mimV Vmo Iwbm

AgVmo.

7) CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo XrK©H$mbrZ Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU ho C{Ôï> AgVo. àË oH$ doir (MC = MR) (gr_m§V

IM© = gr_m§V àmár) ho VÎd bmJy hmoVo.

1) EH$ _mbH$s g§ moOZ : gr_m§VH$s {díbofUmV CËnmXZ g§ñWoMr _mbH$s d ì`dñWmnZ ho doJdoJio

ZgyZ CËnmXZg§ñWm hm EH$ ì`ŠVr _mbH$s AgVmV Ago åhQ>bo. _mÌ ho J¥hrV AdmñVddmXr Amho Aer Q>rH$m

Ho$br OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ OJmV CËnmXZg§ñWm hr Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~m~ Pmbobr Amho. Ë`m_wio _mbH$s d ì`dñWmnZ ho

doJio Pmbobo AmhoV. ì`dñWmnH$ \$ŠV Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aUmMmM {dMma H$arV ZgyZ Vo BaVhr {dMma H$aVmV.

2) Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aUmMo C{Ôï> : Xwgar Q>rH$m åhUOo Aer H$s, CËnmXZg§ñWm Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU gmÜ`

H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV H$maU Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Amdí`H$ kmZ, _m{hVr d j_Vm ZgVo. CËnmXZg§ñWm§Zm Ë`m§Mm _mJUr dH«$

d IM© dH«$ {ZpíMVnUo _mhrV ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vo gr_m§V IM© gr_m§V àmár (MC = MR) gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$V

ZmhrV.

ì`dñWmnH$s` {gÕm§Vm_Üò ~mC_ob `m§Zr Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aUmda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm CËnmXZg§ñWm {dH«$s

_hÎm_rH$aU H$aVmV Ago åhQ>bo Va _¡{Xg `m§Zr ì`dñWmnH$ g§Vw{bV d¥Õr Xa gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV

Ago åhQ>bo. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo, gr_m§VdmXr {díbofUmVrb d¡pídH$ {ddoH$erbVm (Global retionality)

gmÜ` H$aVm oV Zmhr. H$maU CËnmXZ g§ñWmH$S>o nyU© _m{hVrMm A^md, nyU©doi d ì`dñWmnH$mMr AnyU© j_Vm

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 124 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AgVo. CËnmXZg§ñWm g_mYmZH$maH$ Z\$m (Satistoetory Profit) d g_mYmZH$maH$ d¥Õr (Satistatory Growth)

gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. H$mhr AW©Vkm§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZg§ñWm§Mm à_wI CÔoe hm Ë`m§Mo XrK©H$mbrZ ApñVËd

A~m{YV R>odÊ`mMm AgVmo. AbrH$S>rb H$mimVrb AZoH$ {dMmad§V ho CËnmXZ g§ñWmMo C{Ôï> ho Z{dZ àdoe

{Z~ªYrV (Prevention of newentrant) H$aÊ`mMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZg§ñWm Amnë`m {H§$_Vr Aem R>odVmV

H$s Ë`m_wio Z{dZ CËnmXZg§ñWm§Mm àdoe hmoD$ Z o.

A{ZpíMVVoÀ`m H$mimVrb dV©UyH$ : gr_m§VdmXr {díbofUmÀ`m _Vo, CËnmXZg§ñWog {VÀ`m IM© \$bZ

d _mJUr \$bZmMr nyU© _m{hVr AgVo Ago J¥{hV Yabo Amho. _mÌ Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm Ë`mÀ`m

IMm©~Ôb d _mJUr~Ôb nyd© _m{hVr ZgVo Ago bjmV Ambo d Ë`m A{ZpíMV n[apñWVrVM {ZU© KoVmV.

n«Ë`jmV ^{dî`mVrb KQ>Zm§Mr eŠ`Vm hr ì`{ŠV{Zï> nÕVrZo {ZpíMV hmoVo. Ë`m KQ>Zm `m doi, n`m©daU d

Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§Zr à^m{dV hmoVmV. {d{dY CËnmXZ g§ñWm§H$S>o `m Jmoï>r {^Þ {^Þ AgVmV.

gr_m§VdmXr {gÕm§VmMo ñWm¡{VH$ ñdê$n : na§namJV {gÕm§Vm_Ü o doihr VrZ nÕVrZo nm{hbr OmVo.

AënH$mi d XrK©H$mi, AënH$mi hm {H$Vr H$mbmdYrMm AgVmo d XrK©H$mi {H$Vr H$mbmdYrMm AgVmo ho

{ZU© à{H«$ oV R>admdo bmJVo. Vmo {ZpíMV ZgVmo. Xwgao åhUOo CËnmXZ g§ñWoH$S>o Agm H$mhr H$mbmdYr AgVmo

Ë`mV Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU hmoUo. {Vgao åhUOo _mZdr doioMo {díbofU d CËnmXZmer VwbZmË_H$[aË`m H$go Amho.

darb {díbofUmdê$Z Ago bjmV oVo H$s, gr_m§VdmXr {díbofU ho ñWm¡{ZH$ {díbofU Amho. KoVbobo {ZU© ho

VmËnwaVo ñdV§Ì AgVmV. Mmby H$mimV KoVbob {ZU© yVH$mimZo à^k{dV Pmbobo AgVmV d Ë`m_wio {dî`mVrb

{ZU© hr à^m{dV hmoVmV. {ZU© mMo ho nañnamdb§~Z na§namJV _yë` {gÕm§VmV Xyb©{jV Ho$boobo Amho.

CËnmXZg§ñWm§Mm ~mOmamVrb àdoe : na§namJV {gÕm§VmV àË`j àdoe Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Vmo {^Þ

~mOma ì`dñWoV {^Þ AgVmo. Xwgar ~m~ åhUOo ~mOmamVrb Z{dZ CËnmXZg§ñWm§Mo àdoe XrK©H$mimV hmoVmV. nyU©

ñnYm© d _ŠVoXmar`wŠV ~mOmamV _wŠV àdoe AgVmo. _mÌ CËnmXZg§ñWm g§K (Cartels) `m_Üò Oa EImXr

CËnmXZg§ñWm g§Km_Ü o oD$ BpÀN>V Agob Va àdoe {Xbm OmVmo.

gr_m§VVoMo VÎd : na§namJV {gÕm§VmV CËnmXZg§ñWm§Mo {ZU© ho gr_m§VVoÀ`m VÎdm§Zr hmoVmV. (MC=MR)

CËnmXZ g§ñWm Amnë`m CËnmXZ _mÌoMr {ZpíMVr AemM {R>H$mUr H$aVo Á`m {R>H$mUr gr_m§V IM© (MC) dH« $ d

gr_m§V àmár dH«$ (MR) EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV. _mÌ `m gr_m§VVoÀ`m VÎdmda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo H$s, Z\$m

_hÎm_rH$aU ho CËnmXZg§ñWoMo EH$_od C{Ôï> Amho. _mÌ CËnmXZg§ñWm {VÝhr _hÎm_rH$aU (~mC_ob) g§Vw{bV

d¥Õr _hÎm_rH$aU (_°[ag) d _`m©Xm qH$_V (goÝg) `mH$S>o ho VÎd Xyb© H$aVo.

hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Zr {Q>H$m H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo H$s, CËnmXZ g§ñWm Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` Z

H$aVm Ë`m ñdV§Ì H$m © H$aV AgyZ qH$_V {ZpíMVr hm MC = MR `m VÎdmZo H$aV ZgVmV. CËnmXZg§ñWm hm

Ë`m§À`m à{VñnÜ`m©À`m à{V{H«$`m {dMmamV Z KoVm Ë`m AënH$mbrZ d XrK©H$mbrZ _hÎm_rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVmV.

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1948 _Ü o Om°S>©Z `m AW©Vkm§Zr hr gr_m§VdmXr {díbofUmda Q>rH$m Ho$bobr Amho. Ë`m§Mo _Vo, dmñV{dH$

Am¡Úmo{JH$ OJV ho Iyn Jw§VmJw§VrMo AmhoV d _mJUr d IM© {ZpíMVrMo Mbo (Variables) ho AZoH$ AmhoV.

Ë`mM~amo~a CËnmXZg§ñWm AZoH$ YmoaUmMm Cn`moJ _mJUr d IM© {ZpíMVrÀ`m doir H$aVo. CËnmXZg§ñWm `m

yVH$mimVrb AZw dmdê$ZM `mo½` {ZU© KoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. H$maU Am{W©H$ g§aMZoV doimodoir ~Xb hmoVmV.

gr_m§VdmXr {díbofU bmJy Z hmoÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo A{ZpíMVVm hmo . AZw dOÝ` nwamì`mdê$Z Ago

bjmV oVo H$s, CËnmXZg§ñWm qH$_V {ZpíMVr H$aVmZm gamgar IMm©Mm Adb§~ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, gr_m§VdmXr

qH$_V {ZpíMVrbm `mo½` n`m© åhUOo qH$_V {ZpíMVrMm gamgar IM© {Z`_.

darb àH$mao gr_m§VdmXr {díbofUmda AZoH$ AW©Vkm§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$boë`m AmhoV.

4.2 Aënm{YH$mar noT>rMo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mU :

Aënm{YH$mar noT>rMo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU n«{V_mZ ho Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZmg n`m© r Agbobo EH$

à{V_mZ Amho. ho à{V_mZ A_o[aH$Z AW©emók S>ãby, Oo. ~mC_ob m§Zr _m§S>bo. ~mC_ob m§Zr ì`dgm{`H$ à wËd

Agboë`m ì`dgm{`H$ g§KQ>Zm§À`m ~Ôb ho à{V_mZ _m§S>bo d {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU ho EH$ dmñV{dH$ à{V_mZ

Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho. ~mC_ob m§À`m _Vo, ì`dñWmnH$ ho Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aUmnojm {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aUmda

H$gm â XoVmV ho Xe©{dbo Amho. `m à{V_mZm_Ü o ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m y{_Ho$da OmñV â {Xbobm Amho.

~mC_ob `m§À`m _Vo, {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU åhUOo \$ŠV CËnmXZmMm ^m¡{VH$ AmH$ma (Physical Volume)

ZgyZ Vo CËnmXZmÀ`m {dH«$sVyZ {_imbobm EHy$U _hgyb _hÎm_rH$aU hmo`. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo à{V_mZ _hgyb

_hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ (Revenue Maximisation Model) åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ì`dgm{`H$

g§YAZoÀ`m ^{dî`mVrb dmT>rgmR>r Zâ`mMr qH$_mZ ñdrH$mhm © nmVir Or H$s ì`dñWmnH$mZo gmÜ` H$aUo JaOoMo

AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnH$ {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aUmÀ`m à`ËZmV AgVmV d Ë`mgmo~V _hgyb _hÎm_rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm

à`ËZ H$aVmV. ~mC_ob `m§À`m _Vo Zâ`mMr qH$_V ñdrH$m © nmVir {ZpíMV H$aUo hr _w»` {díbofUmË_H$

AS>MU Amho d Vr XrK©H$mimV R>a{dbr OmVo. Mmby H$mimVrb noR>m§À`m {dñVmamgmR>r A{O©V Z\$m hm _hÎdmMm

AgyZ Vmo g§ m{dV ^mJ IaoXrXmamgmR>r AmH${f©V H$aUmam Agbm nm{hOo.

~mC_ob `m§Zr Amnë`m {díbofUmVyZ CËnmXZ noT>rMo C{Ôï> ho {H$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xm ho C{Ôï> g_moa R>oD$Z

_m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Zr Aënm{YH$mar noT>rH$Sy>Z qH$_V CËnmXZ {ZpíMVrMo {díbofU Ho$bo

Amho. ho {díbofU Om{hamV IMm©gmo~V, AmXmZ àXmZ g§ moJ {ZdS>rZwgma d CËnmXZmÀ`m qH$_Vrda daH$S>

(overhead) IMm©À`m ~XbmMo n[aUm_ `m ~m~VrV _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho.

1) {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ - CËnmXZmMr OmhramV IMm©{edm` qH$_V CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr :

àW_V: ~mC_ob `m§Mo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ EH$ dñVy CËnmXZ g§ñWm Or H$s Om{hamVrda IM© H$arV

Zmhr Aem CËnmXZ g§ñWo~Ôb {díbofU nmhÿ. `m_Ü o CËnmXZg§ñWm Mmby H$mimVrb qH$_V-CËnmXZ {ZU© mMo

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n[aUm_ {dMmamV KoV Zmhr. CËnmXZg§ñWm Ago J¥{hV YaVo H$s, {H$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xm ho nyU©V: Am{U mJYmaH$m§À`m

CËnmXZ g§ñWobm {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m Anojmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. CËnmXZ g§ñWoZr hr {H$_mZ Z\$m nmVir Aem

nmVirda gmÜ` Ho$br nm{hOo H$s, mVyZ mJYmaH$mg g_mYmZr R>odVm oB©b d Ë`m~amo~a Amnë`m CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m

^mJmMr qH$_V eoAg© ~mOmam_Ü o H$_r hmoÊ`mnmgyZ Wm§~dVm oB©b.

darb AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo àm. ~mC_ob `m§Mo {dH«$s qH$dm EHy$U _hgyb _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ g_OyZ

gImob nÕVrZo KoVm oVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.1 _Ü o OX Ajmda EHy$U CËnmXZmMo _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho d OX Ajmda EHy$U _hgyb,

EHy$U IM© d EHy$U Z\$m (én`m_Ü o) _mnZ Ho$bobm Amho. TR hm EHy$U _hgyb d TC hm EHy$U IM© dH«$ Amho.

EHy$U IM© dH«$ hm Ama§ q~XyVyZ {ZKVmo. åhUOoM AmH¥$Vr_Ü o XrK©H$mbrZ IM© _hgyb pñWVr Xe©{dbr Amho.

TP hm EHy$U Z\$m dH«$ AgyZ gwadmVrg Vmo dmT>Vm AgyZ Z§Va KQ>V hmoV OmVmo. EHy$U Z\$m hm {d{dY nmVirda

EHy$U _hgyb d EHy$U IM© `m_Yrb A§Va Amho. `m_wio EHy$U Z\$m hm TR EHy$U _hgyb d TC EHy$U IM©

`m_Yrb CÜd©Jm_m A§VaZo _moObo OmVo.

Ooìhm CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo Ü o _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dUo AgVo Voìhm Vmo DA EdT>o CËnmXZ H$aVo. H$maU CËnmXZg§ñWm

hr TP `m dH«$mdarb gdm}ƒ q~Xyda AgVo. _mÌ àm. ~mC_ob `m§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZg§ñWm hr Z\$m _hÎm_r H$aU

H$arV ZgyZ Vr {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU H$aVo. `m_wio Vr Amnbo CËnmXZ OC `m nmVirda {ZpíMV H$aVo. Oo OA `m

nmVirnojm OmñV Amho. OC `m CËnmXZ nmVirg EHy$U {dH«$s _hgyb hm CR2 EdT>m Amho Omo H$s _hÎm_ Amho.

Y

O

E

R1 R2

TC

Total Cost

Minimum Profit line

H

KLm

A B C DTotal Profit Curve

TP

Output

CËnmXZ

EHy$U àmár TR

EHy$U IM© TC

EHy$U Z\$m TP

(é. _Ü o) (in Rupees)

Total Revenue

h

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.1

X

EHy$U àmár

EHy$U IM©

TR

Ý yZV_ Z\$m aofm

EHy$U Z\$m dH«$

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 127 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

`m CËnmXZ nmVirg CËnmXZ g§ñWm hr EdT>m Z\$m {_i{dVo Omo H$s Vmo AJmoXaÀ`m gmÜ` Zâ`mnojm (AH nojm)

H$_r Amho. `mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, OC ho {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZ OA `m Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZmnojm

OmñV Amho. àm. ~mC_ob `m§À`m H$Vo, CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Mo Üò` ho EHy$U {VÝhr _ghÿb _hÎm_rH$aU ho {H$_mZ

Z\$m _`m©XoV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. OM hr CËnmXZ nmVir {H$_mZ EHy$U Z\$m nmVir AgyZ CËnmXZg§ñWog

Vr gmÜ` H$amd`mMr Amho. Ë`m_wio AmH¥$Vr_Üò ML hr {H$_mZ Z\$m aofm V`ma Pmbr Amho. {H$_mZ Z\$m aofm

ML hr EHy$U Z\$m dH«$mg E `m q~XyV N>oXVo. `mdoir CËnmXZg§ñWm hr OB EdT>çm CËnmXZmMr {dH«$s H$aVo.

`m CËnmXZ nmVirg EHy$U _hgyb BR1 EdT>m hmoVmo Omo H$s CR2 nojm H$_r Amho. _mÌ BR1 hm _hÎm_ gmÜ`

H$aÊ`m`moJ _hgyb AgyZ `m {R>H$mUr {H$_mZ Z\$m nmVir gmÜ` Ho$bobr Amho. CËnmXZg§ñWm {H$_mZ Z\$m

nmVir ON EdT>o CËnmXZ H$ê$Zhr gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$Vo. _mÌ DN `m nmVirg EHy$U _hgyb hm Iyn H$_r Amho.

`m_wio CËnmXZg§ñWm ON hr CËnmXZ nmVir CËnmXrV H$aUma Zmhr. OB hr CËnmXZ nmVir OA `m Z\$m

_hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZ nmVirnojm OmñV Amho d OC `m {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU nmVirnojm H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio

Aënm{YH$ma CËnmXZ g§ñWmMo g§VwbZ ho OB `m CËnmXZ nmVirg hmoVo d Ë`mgmo~V OM / BE hr {H$_mZ

Z\$m nmVir hmoVo.

`mdê$Z AmnUmg Ago bjmV oVo H$s, {H$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xm nmVirgmo~V EHy$U {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ

ho OmñV CËnmXZ XoVo d qH$_V H$_r R>odÊ`g _XV H$aVo. EHy$U {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU dñVyMr à{V_mZmV qH$_Vr

H$_r AgVo. H$maU CËnmXZ OmñV AgVo d _mJUr dH«$ d gamgar _hgyb dH«$ hm Imbr CVaË`m AmH$mamMm

(downword sloping) AgVmo. Ooìhm Z\$m hm _hÎm_ AgVmo Voìhm gr_m§V IM© hm gr_m§V àmár~amo~a Agbm

nm{hOo. `mdoir CËnmXZ dmT>ë`mg EHy$U {dH«$s (àmár) dmT>Vo.

OB `m CËnmXZ nmVirg qH$_V AmH$mabr OmVo d Vr EHy$U àmár

= BR1 EdT>r AgVo.

CËnmXZ OB

2) {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ - n`m©á Om{hamV IM© :

AmnU ho OmUVmo H$s, Aënm{YH$mar CËnmXZ g§ñWm ~mOma n[apñWVrV CËnmXZg§ñWm \$ŠV qH$_VrV ñnYm©

H$aV ZgyZ Ë`m Om{hamV IM©, CËnmXZmVrb ~Xb d J«mhH$m§Zm Xo Ho$boë`m {deof godm `m_Ü ohr ñnYm© H$aVmV.

J¡a qH$_V ñnY}Mo OmhramV IIM© ho EH$ _w»` àH$ma Amho. `m {díbofUm_Ü o AmnU Aënm{YH$mar CËnmXZ

g§ñWoÀ`m n`m©á OmhramV IMm©~Ôb {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV. _hÎdmMm àíZ hm Amho H$s, CËnmXZ g§ñWm Amnbo

C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr à_mUmV OmhramV IM© H$aVo? n`m©á OmhramV IM© XmoÝhr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _hÎdmMm

Amho. EH$ åhUOo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU d Xwgao Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU. nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo `mMo {díbofU

H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.2 _Ü o OmhramV IMm©Mo OX Ajmda _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho d EHy$U IM©, EHy$U àmár

Am{U EHy$Z Z\$m hm OY Ajmda _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho. ~mC_ob `m§Zr `m~m~V EH$ _hÎdmMo J¥hrV _m§S>bo Amho

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 128 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Am{U Vo åhUOo CËnmXZg§ñWoH$Sy>Z OmhramV IM© dmT>{dbm AgVm gX¡d ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. _mÌ EH$m

{d{eï> q~XyZ§Va hr {dH«$s_Yrb dmT> KQ>Ë`m XamZo dmT>Vo.

`mVyZ Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s Om{hamV IMm©Vrb dmT>r\$b EHy$U _hgyb dmT>Vmo.

AmH¥$VrVrb EHy$U àmár dH«$ hm EHy$U àmárVrb ~Xb Om{hamVrVrb ~XbmZo à^m{dV hmoVmo. OD hm dH«$

45 A§emMm AgyZ Om{hamV IM© Xe©{dVmo. AmH¥$VrV BVa IM© ho pñWa AgyZ \$ŠV OmhramV IM© hmM ~XbVm

IM© Amho. TR d TC `mVrb \$aH$m_YyZ EHy$U Z\$m dH«$ PP1 hm H$mT>bobm Amho. Ooìhm CËnmXZg§ñWm Z\$m

_hÎm_rH$aUmMm {dMma H$aVo Voìhm Vr OA1 EdT>m OmhramV IM© H$aVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr Z\$m dH«$ hm Ë`mÀ`m

gdm}ƒ q~XyV AgVmo. Vmo q~Xy åhUOo M. Ooìhm PP1 ho {H$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xm dH«$ AgVmo d CËnmXZg§ñWm EHy$U

_hgyb _hÎm_rH$aUmMm {dma H$aVo Voìhm Vr DA2 EdT>m OmhramV IM© H$aVo. Omo OA1 nojm OmñV Amho. CËnmXZ

g§ñWm Ooìhm _hgyb _hÎm_rH$aUmMm {dMma H$aVo Voìhm Vr OmhramV IM© OmñV H$aVo.

{dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ, pñWa IMm©Vrb ~Xb d {H§$_Vr :

~mC_ob `m§Zr {ñWa IM© d daH$S> (Dverhead Cost) IM© `mVrb ~XbmMo qH$_Vrda KoUmao n[aUm_mMo

{díbofU Ho$bo Amho. na§namJV {gÕm§V ho Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU VÎdmZwgma qH$_V {ZpíMVr Ho$br OmVo d `m_Ü o

XrK©H$mbrZ daH$S> IM© ho CËnmXZmZwgma ~XbV ZgVmV d Ë`mVrb ~Xbm_wio dñVyMr qH$_V ~XbV ZgVo. _mÌ

àË`jmV daH$S> (overhead) IMm©Vrb ~Xbm§Mm qH$_VrVrb ~Xbmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ooìhm CËnmXZ g§ñWm

Y

O A1

T

S

Total Profit Curve

TR

Optimal Advt.outlay with sales & profit maximisation

_hÎm_ {dH«$s d Z\$m Am{U n`m©á Om{hamV IM©

Cost

Revenue &

Profit

Total Revenue

Curve

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.2

PA1

H

MK

P1

C

D

Total Cost Curve

Advt.Cost

Om{hamV IM©

X

EHy$U _mJUr dH«$

IM©, àmár

Am{U Z\$m

EHy$U IM© dH«$

EHy$U Z\$m dH«$

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 129 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

{H$_mZ Z\$m nmVirg _hÎm_ {dH«$s nmVir g§VwbZ q~XyV AgVo. Voìhm Oa daH$S> IMm©V dmT> Pmbr AgVm

EHy$U IM© dmT>Vmo d Ë`mMm n[aUm_ CËnmXZg§ñWoMm Z\$m {H$_mZ Z\$m nmVirÀ`m Imbr OmVmo. Aem doir

g§VwbZ CËnmXZ nmVir gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZg§ñWm CËnmXZmV KQ>H$ H$aVo d {dH«$s qH$_V dmT>dVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.3 _Ü o EHy$U Z\$m dH«$ hm EHy$U IM© d EHy$U _hgyb `mVyZ V`ma Ho$bobm Amho.

OPm ho {H$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xm aofm Amho d g§VwbZ ho OS `m CËnmXZ nmVirV Pmbo Amho. `mdoir Z\$m

_hÎm_ H$aUmè`m CËnmXZg§ñWoMo g§VwbZ OM `m CËnmXZ nmVirg hmoVo.

P1P2 EdT>r daH$S> (overneal cost) IMm©V dmT> Pmbr AgVm, `mdoir EHy$U Z\$m dH«$ hm ImbÀ`m

nmVirda ñWbm§V[aV hmoVmo d Vmo P2P1

2 Agm hmoVmo. hm P2P1

2 dH«$ VwQ>H$ aofoZr Xe©{dbm Amho. `m ZdrZ EHy$U

Z\$m dH«$mda Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZ nmVir _mÌ OM EdT>rM Amho. _mÌ `mdoir {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU

CËnmXZg§ñWm _mÌ Amnbo CËnmXZ nyduÀ`m OS m CËnmXZnmVirnojm H$_r H$ê$Z OS1 EdT>o H$aVmV. m nmVirg

Ë`mZm {H$_mZ Z\$m gmÜ` H$aVm oVmo.

`mM AmH¥$VrÛmao _hm_§S>i CËnÞ H$amMo qH$_V d CËnmXZ `mdarb n[aUm_hr Aä`mgVm oVmV. _hm_§S>i

CËnÞ H$a åhUOo Agm H$a H$s Omo gmd©O{ZH$ _`m©{XV H§$nZrÀ`m Zâ`mda AmH$mabm OmVmo. AmH¥$Vr_Ü o P1P2

ho A§Va _hm_§S>i CËnÞ H$a Xe©{dVo. _hm_§S>i CËnÞ H$a ho EHy$Z Z\$m dH«$mMr C§Mr H$_r H$aVmV d CËnmXZg§ñWm

Y

O

Pm

CËnmXZ (Output)

EHy$U Z\$m(Total

Profit)

R

P1

X

P2

R1

P11

P12

S1M S

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.3

pñWa IMm©Vrb dmT> hr CËnmXZ nmVir

H$_r H$aVo d qH$_V dmT>{dVo

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 130 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Aemdoir m dH«$mÀ`m Cƒ q~XydaVr g§VwbZ gmYVmV. Ooìhm _hm_§S>i CËnÞ H$a dmT>Vmo Voìhm {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU

H$aUmar CËnmXZg§ñWm qH$_V dmT>dVo d CËnmXZ H$_r H$aVo d `mVyZ {H$_mZ Z\$m nmVir JmR>Vo. Ooìhm H$a

dmT>VmV Voìhm CËnmXZg§ñWm qH$_V dmT>rMr àoaUm KoVo d CËnmXZ H$_r H$aVo. `mVyZ Zâ`mVrb ZwH$gmZ ^ê$Z

H$mT>Vo.

{dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ d J¡a qH$_V ñnYm© :

`m à{V_mVZmVyZ ~mC_ob `m§Zr CËnmXZg§ñWm Joa qH$_V ñnYm© H$aVmV Ago Xe©{dbo. OmhramVrda Ho$bobm

OmñVrMm IM© hm {dH«$sMo ^m¡{VH$ n[aUm_ dmT>{dVmo d `mVyZ EHy$U _hgyb dmT>Vmo. _mÌ qH$_V H$_r Ho$ë`m_wio

EHy$U _hgyb dmT>VmoM Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr.

qH$_V KQ>rMo Zâ`mdarb n[aUm_ ho OmñV A{ZpíMV AgVmV, Ooìhm `mVyZ EHy$U _hgyb dmT>V Zmhr.

~hþg§»` doim `mVyZ Z\$m H$_r hmoVmo. H$maU CËnmXZmVrb dmT> hr qH$_VrVrb KQ>r_wio Pmbobr AgVo d `mVyZ

EHy$U IM© dmT>Vmo. Xwgè`m ~mOyZo {dMma Ho$bm AgVm Ago {XgVo H$s, OmhramV, CËnmXZmVrb ~Xb d gwYmarV

godm `mMr Z\$m j_Vm hr g§e`rV Amho. _mÌ Ë`m§Mo {dH«$sdarb n[aUm_ ho AZwHy$b d {ZpíMV AgVmV. `m_wio

~mC_ob `m§Mo _Vo, OmhramV, gwYm[aV godm B. Mo {dH«$sdarb n[aUm_ ImÌrbm`H$ AgVmV. _mÌ ~è`mM doim

Ë`m§Mr Z\$m j_Vm _mÌ g§e`rV AgVo. m_wio CËnmXZg§ñWm m J¡a qH$_V ñnYm© H$aVmV d mVyZ {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU

gmÜ` H$aVmV.

{dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZmdarb Q>rH$m :

~mC_ob `m§À`m _Vo, {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZmV qH$_Vr H$_r AgVmV d {dH«$s OmñV AgVo. H$maU

Á`m qH$_V CËnmXZ nmVirg gr_m§V _hgyb hm eyÝ` AgVmo VoWo EHy$U _hgyb hm _hÎm_ AgVmo. {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU

à{V_mZmV {H$_mZ Z\$m nmVirg Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZmnojm CËnmXZ OmñV AgVo d qH$_V H$_r AgVo.

OmñVrMo CËnmXZ d H$_r qH$_Vr `mMo bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmda AZwHy$b n[aUm_ {XgyZ oVmV. {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU

à{V_mZmV OmñVrMm OmhramV IM© Ano{jV Amho. H$maU CËnmXZg§ñWm J¡a qH$_V ñnYm© H$aV AgVmV.

~mC_ob `m§À`m _Vo, AënH$mbrZ XrK©H$mbrZ qH$_V {ZpíMV _V oX Agy eH$VmV H$maU AënH$mimV

CËnmXZ {dñVmamda _`m©Xm oVmV. Ë`m_wio _hgyb hm dmT>Vmo. Ooìhm qH$_Vr dmT>VmV, nU XrK©H$mimV OmñVrMm

~mOma {hñgm Amnë`mH$S>o R>odÊ`mgmR>r qH$_Vr H$_r R>odë`m OmD$ eH$VmV.

eo\$S>© `m§À`m _Vo, Aënm{YH$mar CËnmXZ g§ñWoMm _mJUr dH«$ hm ~mH$Xma AgVo. Ooìhm ~mH$ hm OmñV

AgVmo Voìhm EH$mM CËnmXZ nmVirg EHy$U _hgyb ({dH«$s) d EHy$Z Z\$m _hÎm_ hmoVmV. _mÌ hm°{H$Ýg `m§À`m

_Vo, eo\$S>© `m§Mo åhUUo `mo½` Zmhr, Á`mdoir CËnmXZg§ñWm J¡a qH$_V ñnYm©, CXmhaUmW©. OmhramV, CËnmXZ

dñVy oX B. Adb§~ H$aVmV. dmñV{dH$Vm CËnmXZg§ñWm J¡a qH$_V ñnYm© Adb§~ H$aVmV.

hm°H$sÝg `m§À`m _Vo, ~mC_ob `m§Mo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZg§ñWm `m gd©gmYmaUnUo Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 131 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

CËnmXZg§ñWonojm OmñV CËnmXZ H$aVmV d OmñVrMr OmhramV H$aVmV. _mÌ ho A_mÝ` Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, Ooìhm

EH$M CËnmXZ ~ZdUmar CËnmXZ g§ñWm AgVo Voìhm Vr Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZ g§ñWoMr VwbZm{df`r _hÎm_rH$aU

CËnmXZ g§ñWoer H$aVm {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZg§ñWm hr Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZg§ñWoEdT>oM CËnmXZ H$_r

CËnmXZ qH$d VodT>oM CËnmXZ H$aVo d OmhramV IM© gwÕm VodT>mM OmñVrMm qH$dm H$_rhr H$aVo, ho gd© _mJUrÀ`m

à{VgmXmda Adb§~yZ AgVo d à{VgmX OmhramV IMm©er qH$dm {H§$_Vrer AgVmo. hm¡H$sÝg m§À`m _Vo, ~hþCËnmX

CËnmXZ g§ñWm `m AmOÀ`m wJmV ñWm¡{VH$ à{V_mUmZwgma CËnmXZ H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

darbà_mUo Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m Joë`m Agë`m Var ~mC_ob `mMo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ ho Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU

à{V_mZmg EH$ _hÎdnyU© n`m© r à{V_mZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo d AmnUmg dmñVddmXmH$S>o ZoVo. `m à{V_mZ

ì`dñWmnH$s` dV©UyH$ d àoaUmhr AmnUmg g_OyZ oVo. `m à{V_mZmZwgma OmhramV IM© hm gwÕm CËnmXZmVrb

EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. ~mC_ob `m§Zr, qH$_V {gÕm§Vm_Ü o {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZmMr

_m§S>Ur H$ê$Z _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xbobo Amho.

4.3 {dë`_gZ `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s` ñdoÀXm{ZU© à{V_mU :

Amo. B©. {dëg_gZ `m§Zr ì`dñWmnH$s` {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ì`dñWmn hr ñd §{hV (self inter-

est) d ñdV:Mo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ _hÎm_ ~XÊ`mZo ào[aV Pmbobo AgVmV. ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z Cn`mo{JVm _hÎm_rH$aU

C{Ôï> ho H$aoÎma Z\$m `m _`m©XoV AgVo. H$aoÎma Z\$m hm OmñV Agbm nm{hOo OoUoH$ê$Z ^mJYmaH$m§Zm ñdrH$m ©

bm^m§e d Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mg AS>MU oD$ Z o. ì`dñWmnH$ ho ñd §{hVmZo ào[aV AgyZ

Vo ñdV:Mr Cn`mo{JVm _hÎm_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m emoYmV AgVmV. ho \$ŠV _moR>çm ì`dgm{`H$ g§ñWm_Ü oM eŠ` Amho.

OoWo _mbH$s Am{U ì`dñWmnZ ho dJio AgVo.

""_mbH$s Am{U ì`dñWmnZ H$m © {dbJrH$aU ho CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo ñd §{hV gmÜ`

H$aÊ`mg nadmZm XoVo. Ooìhm Vo CËnmXZg§ñWoda n[aUm_H$maH$ {Z §ÌU Mmby R>odVmV. {deofV: H$moUË`mhr doir

Z\$m hm ñdrH$m © nmVirda Agob, Ooìhm CËnmXZg§ñWm dmOdr d¥ÕrXa gmÜ` H$aVmV, mJYmaH$m§Zm Iwe R>odUmam

bm^m§e XoVmV Voìhm ì`dñWmnH$ ho Ë`m§Mr eŠVr {ZpíMVnUo {Z_m©U H$aVmV.'' - Cohen Cyert

ì`dñWmnH$s` Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ :

{dë`_gZ `m§À`m _Vo, ñd §{hV emoYUmè`m ì`dñWmnH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ Imbrb ~m~tda Adb§~yZ

AgVo.

1) doVZ d BVa _m¡ÐrH$ bm^ : ì`dñWmnH$mMr Cn`mo{JVm R>adUmam hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

`mÛmao ì`dñWmnH$mMm ImOJr IM© d OrdZ_mZ XOm© {ZpíMV hmoVmo.

2) ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m : ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m {Z §ÌUmV

OodT>o OmñV bmoH$ H$m © H$aVrb VodT>r ì`dñWmnH$mMm XOm© OmñV AgVmo. OodT>m OmñV ZmoH$adJ© ì`dñWmnH$m§ m

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 132 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

{Z §ÌUmV H$m © H$aVmo VodT>r ì`dñWmnH$m§Mo doVZ OmñV AgVo d Ë`mM~amo~a BVa _m¡{ÐH$ bm^hr OmñV AgVmV.

{dë`_gZ `m§À`m _Vo, ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV H$m_ H$aUmao ZmoH$adJ© d ì`dñWmnH$m§Mo doVZ `mV OdiMm

g§~§Y AgVmo.

3) ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm (Monogerial Slack) : ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm åhUOo JaO Zgboë`m

ì`dñWmnH$s` nydm©no{jVVm CXm. AmbremZ gwg‚m H$m`m©b`, AmbremZ H$ma, _moR>o IMm©Mo ImVo B. hmo . darb

Jmoï>r `m H$m ©j_ d n[aUm_H$maH$ H$m`m©gmR>r Amdí`H$ ZgVmV. `m§Mm g_mdoe CËnmXZ IMm©V hmoVmo.

4) ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m ñdoÀN>m{ZU© Jw§VdUyH$ IMm©Mm AmdmH$m : ì`dñWmnH$ Amnë`m ñdV:À`m

{ZU©`mZo H$mhr g§gmYZo IM© H$ê$ eH$VmV. `m Jw§VdUyH$ IMm©_Üò `§Ìgm_J«r ~XbÊ`mMm g_mdoe ZgVmo,

ñdoÀN>m{ZU© Jw§VdUyH$ IM© åhUOoM ì`dñWmnH$m§Mm g§gmYZmda Agbobm Vm~m hmo .

{dë`_gZ `m§À`m à{V_mZmVrb - àË`j Z\$m, ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$m d à{Vdo{XV Z\$m `m g§H$ënZm :

1) dmñVd (àË`j) Z\$m (Actual Profit) - (ח) : àË`j Z\$m åhUOo Agm Z\$m H$s, Omo A{O©V

Ho$bobm EHy$U _hgyb (R) CUo CËnmXZ IM© (C) d ZmoH$amda Ho$bobm IM© (S)

- R - C - S = ח

R = EHy$U {dï>r _hgyb

C = CËnmXZ IM©

S = ZmoH$amda Ho$bobm IM©

2) à{Vdo{XV (H$i{dbobm) Z\$m (Reported Profit) - (חR) : àË`j Z\$m d JaO Zgbobm

ì`dñWmnH$s` IM© (Manegerial Slack) `m§Vrb \$aH$mg à{Vdo{XV Z\$m åhUVmV.

M - ח = T ח

T = à{Vdo{XV Z\$mח

àË`j Z\$m = ח

M = ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm

Ooìhm, ח = R - C - S - d

T = R - C - S - M Ago AgVo Voìhmח

3) {H$_mZ Z\$m (Minimum Profit) - (חo) : {H$_mZ Z\$m åhUOo Agm Z\$m H$s Omo H$a âë`mZ§Va

{e„H$ amhVmo. mVyZM mJYmaH$m§Zm g_mYmZr R>odÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$m§Zr bm^m§e {Xbm nm{hOo. Oa mJYmaH$m§Zm

nwaogm bm^m§f {_imbm Zmhr Va Vo ^mJm§Mr {~ÝQ>r H$aVmV d `mVyZ CËnmXZ g§ñWoda BVam§Mr _mbH$s oÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnH$mg ^mJYmaH$m§Zm nwaogm bm^m§e {Xbm nm{hOo. nwaogm bm^m§e Zmhr {Xbm Va

ì`dñWmnH$mMr Zm¡H$ar gwa{jVVm YmoŠ`mV oVo. ñdV:Mr Zm¡H$ar gwa{jVVm R>odÊ`mgmR>r d nwaogm bm^m§f dmQ>n

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 133 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$mg à{Vdo{XV Z\$m (Reported Profit) hm OmñV R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$maU `mVyZM

H$a d bm^m§e dmQ>n Ho$bo OmVmV.

o + Tח = Tח

4) ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$m (חD) (Discretionary Profit) : àË`j Z\$m `mVyZ {H$_mZ Z\$m d H$a dOm

Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñdoÀN>m{YZ Z\$m {e„H$ AgVmo.

o - Tח - ח = D ח

D = ñdoÀN>m{YZ Z\$mח

àË`j Z\$m = ח

o = {H$_mZ Z\$mח

T = gaH$mabm {Xbobm H$a

5) ñdoÀN>mYrZ Jw§VdUyH$ (ID) (Discretionary Investment) : à{Vdo{XV Zâ`mVyZ {H$_mZ Z\$m d H$a

dOm Ho$bo AgVm ñdoÀN>mYrZ Jw§VdUyH$ {_iVo.

o - Tח - Rח = D ח

R = à{Vdo{XV Z\$mח

o = {H$_mZ Z\$mח

T = gaH$mar H$a

à{Vdo{XV Z\$m (חR) àË`j H$a (ח) `mVrb A§Va ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVo_wio dmT>Vo.

Ooìhm ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm eyÝ` AgVmV Voìhm,

AgVo d ח = Rח

D = ID A AgVoח

ì`dñWmnH$s` Cn`mo{OVm _hÎm_rH$aU :

ì`dñWmnH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ

U = UCS, M, ID

U = Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ

S = Zm¡H$amdarb _m¡{ÐH$ IM© (ì`dñWmnH$mghrV)

ID = ñdoÀN>mYrZ Jw§VdUyH$

darb Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ {H$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xoda AmYm[aV Amho.

{dë`_gZ `m§À`m à{V_mZmV qH$_V ho CËnmXZmMo Zm¡H$amdarb IMm©Mo d _mJUr ñWmZm§VamMo \$bZ Amho.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 134 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

P = P (X, s, e)

P = qH$_V \$bZ

X = {Xboë`m H$mbmdYrVrb CËnmXZ nmVir

s = Zm¡H$amdarb IM©

e = _mJUr ñWmZm§VaU

AmH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï>rH$aU :

{dë`_gZ `m§Mo à{V_mZ gmYonUmZo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm `m eyÝ` J¥hrV Yaë`m

AgVm.

UM = 7 (S, ID)

ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm eyÝ` AgVm à{Vdo{XV Z\$m hm àË`j Zâ`m~amo~a AgVmo.

darb gyÌ 3 _Ü o

ID = ח - חo - T

Ago AgVm AmnUmg Imbrb ì`dñWmnH$s` \$bZ {_iVo.

UM = 7 [ S, ( ח - חo - T) ]

Cn`mo{JVm _hÎm_rH$aU,

UM = 7 [ S, ( ח - חo - T) ]

g§~§YrV AgVo : 1ח j חo + T

Y

O H$_©Mmar IM© Staff Expenditure

ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$mDiscrentionary

Profit

(oח)

X

U3

U2

U1

ì`dñWmnZmMo Cn`mo{JVm g_d¥Îmr dH«$AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.4

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 135 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.4 _Ü o ì`dñWmnH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm g_d¥Îmr dH«$ Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ Xe©{dVmV. Vo U1 U2 U1

Ago AmhoV. ñdoN>mYrZ Z\$m hm OY Ajmda d Zm¡H$amdarb IM© hm OX Ajmda _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho.

ì`dñWmnH$s` g_d¥Îmr dH«$ hm Zm¡H$amdarb IM© d ñdoÀN>mYrV Z\$m `mMo {d{dY g§ moJ Xe©{dVm. Á`mVyZ

ì`dñWmnH$mg g_mZ g_mYmZ {_iVo. ho g_d¥Îmr dH«$ Ama§ q~Xyer ~{hJm}b AgyZ ñdoÀN>mYrZ Zâ`mer Zm¡H$amdarb

IMm©Mm gr_m§V à{VñWmnZ Xa Xe©{dVm d Vmo KQ>Vm Amho.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.5 _Ü o Z\$m Am{U Zm¡H$ardarb IM© `mVrb ~mOmamVrb g§~§Y Xe©{dbm Amho. CËnmXZ

dmT>r~amo~a Ooìhm Zm¡H$amdarb IM© dmT>Vmo Voìhm AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.5 (A) _Ü o ñdÀN>oYrZ Z\$m dmT>Vmo Ago Xe©{dbobo

Amho. S1 m q~XyÀ`m nwT>o _mÌ ñdoÀN>m{YZ Z\$m H$_r hmoVmo. Ooìhm ZmoH$amdarb IM© hm 'C' q~XyÀ`m nwT>o OmVmo Voìhm

ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$m hm CUo hmoVmo. Ooìhm Zm¡H$amdarb IM© hm 'B' {~§Xynojm H$_r d 'C' {~§Xynojm OmñV AgVmo. Voìhm

qH$_mZ Z\$m _`m©Xm (חo) AQ> gmÜ` hmoV Zmhr.

ì`dñWmnH$mMr g§VwbZ nmVir emoYÊ`mgmR>r AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.5 _Yrb 'B' `m ^mJm_Üò ì`dñWmnH$mMo

g_d¥Îmr dH«$ d ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$m dH«$ Xe©{dbo AmhoV. 'E' `m q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr ì`dñWmnH$ Ë`m§Mr Cn`mo{JVm

_hÎm_ H$aVmV. ì`dñWmnH$ ho Zm¡H$amdarb IM© S* n`ªV dmT>{dVmV d S*E EdT>m ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$m H$_mdVmV.

g§VwbZ q~Xy `m _hÎm_ Z\$m nmVirnojm ImbÀ`m ~myg Amho d `m {R>H$mUr Zm¡H$amdarb IM© hm OmñV Amho. ho

OmñVrMm Zm¡H$amdarb IM© hm ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m Cn`mo{JVm \$bZm_wio hmoVmo. g§VwbZ ho H$m`_V: Z\$m d Zm¡H$amdarb

IM© dH«$mÀ`m KQ>mÀ`m/CVaË`m ^mJmV hmoVo. `mdê$Z Ago bjmV oVo H$s, ì`dñWmnH$mMr ng§Vr hr OmñVrÀ`m

Y

O

H$_©Mmar IM©Staff Expenditure

ñdoÀN>mYrZ Z\$m dH«$Discretionary Profit Curve

Dis

cren

tionan

y P

rofi

t

( חo)

X

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.5

S1B C

max ח

max ח

(A) (B)

B

Y

O X

C

U1

U2

U3

max ח S*

ñdoÀN

>mYrZ

Z\$

m

H$_©Mmar IM©Staff Expenditure

noT>rMo g§VwbZEquilibrium of Firm

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 136 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Zm¡H$amdarb IMm©g AgVo. {dë`_gZ `m§À`m à{V_mZmVrb Zm¡H$amdarb IM© hm Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZ

g§ñWonojm OmñV AgVmo. Ë`mVyZ Ago {XgVo H$s, {dë`_gZ mMo à{V_mnZm_Ü o Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZg§ñWonojm

daMr CËnmXZmMr nmVir H$_r qH$_V nmVir, H$_r Zâ`mMr nmVir {XgyZ oVo.

nyU© ñnYm© wŠV ~mOmam_Ü o {dë`_gZ `m§Mo Cn`mo{JVm _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ ho Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU CËnmXZ

g§ñWogmaIo n[aUm_ Xe©{dVo. _mÌ _ŠVoXmar qH$dm Aënm{YH$mar ~mOmam_Ü o {dë`_gZ `m§À`m à{V_mZmZygma

OmhramV IM©, ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm (Managerial stock) AmbremZ H$m`m©b`, à{Vð>rV H$ma dmhUo B. IM©

OmñV Agë`m_wio CËnmXZ IM© dmT>Vmo d `m_who qH$_Vr daÀ`m nmVirda gaH$VmV.

{dë`_gZ `m§Zr, AZoH$ àm`mo{JH$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z ho à{V_mZ _m§S>bo Amho d `mÛmao qH$_V d CËnmXZ

{ZpíMVrMo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho. {dë`_gZ `m§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZ g§ñWmMm H$am_Yrb ~Xb, Zm¡H$amdarb IM©

dmT> d ì`dñWmnH$s` g¡bVm `m§À`m~ÔbMr à{V{H«$`m hr VoOrÀ`m H$mim_Ü o d _§XrÀ`m H$mim_Ü o doJdoJir

AgVo. _§XrÀ`m H$mimV `m_Ü o KQ> Ho$br OmVo d darð> nmVirdarb ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m doVZmVhr ~Xb Ho$bo

OmVmV. {dë`_gZ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m à{V_mZmg qH$_V d CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr H$aVmZm \$ŠV ì`dñWmnH$s`

ñdoÀN>m{ZU©`mMm {dMma Ho$bm. _mÌ Ë`m~amo~aM Zm¡H$amdarb IMm©Mr nmVir d ì`dñWmnH$s` gmo`rgw{dYm

`m§Mmhr {dMma Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m§Zr ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m ñdoÀN>m{ZU© mMr BÀN>m d ñdoÀN>m{ZU© mMr g§Yr `m_Ü o

\$aH$ Ho$bobm Amho. CÚmoJmMm g§Ho$XU Xa (Concentration rutio int he industry) àdoemdarb {Z~ªY (Burriers to

entry) `mda ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m ñdoÀN>m{ZU© g§YrMo _moO_mn Adb§~yZ AgVo Ago åhQ>bo ho OodT>o OmñV VodT>r

ñdoÀN>m{ZU© g§Yr OmñV AgVo. ì`dñWmnH$mMo _§S>imVrb (Board) à{V{Z{YËd OodT>o OmñV VodT>o ì`dñWmnH$mZm

H$m © H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` OmñV AgVo. _mÌ Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo ho A`mo½` Amho.

{dë`_gZ `m§Mo à{V_mZ ho Aënm{YH$mar ~mOmamVrb CËnmXZg§ñWm_Yrb d¡amMo (rivalary amongs firm)

{díbofU H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© Amho. Aer Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo. {dë`_gZ `m§Zr Aënm{YH$mar CËnmXZg§ñWmMo

nañnamdb§~Z `mMmhr qH$_V d CËnmXZ {ZpíMVr_Ü o {dMma Ho$bobm Amho.

darb gd© ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm AmnUmg Ago åhUVm oVo H$s, {dë`_gZ `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s`

ñdoÀN>m{ZU© à{V_mZ ho dñVyÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ _yë` {ZpíMVr~ÔbMo EH$ _hÎdnyU© à{V_mZ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

4.4 _°arg `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s` CnH¥$V à{V_mZ :

_°arg m§Mo A Model of the Managerial Enteriprise ho Quarterly Journal of Economics (1963)

_Ü o àH$m{eV Pmbo. _°arg `m§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZg§ñWoMo C{Ôï> ho g§Vw{bV d¥ÕrXa _hÎm_rH$aU ho AgVo. `m_Ü o

CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmMm _mJUr d¥ÕrXa d ^m§S>db nwadR>çmMm d¥ÕrXa `mMo _hÎm_rH$aU Ano{jV Amho.

g = gD = gc

g = g§Vw{bV d¥Õr Xa

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 137 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

gD = CËnmXZmMm _mJUr d¥ÕrXa

g1= ^m§S>db nwadR>çmMm d¥ÕrXa

g§Vw{bV d¥ÕrXa gmÜ` H$aÊ`m_Ü o CËnmXZ g§ñWo_wio XmoZ _`m©Xm AgVmV.

1) CnbãY ì`dñWmnH$s` g§K d H$m¡eë` _`m©Xm

2) {dÎmr` _`m©Xm

(i) H$O© à_mU (Debt Ratio) (D/A) H$Om©Mo EHy$U _mb_Îmoer Agbobo n«_mU

(ii) VabVm à_mU (Liquidity Ratio) (L/A) ho à_mU åhUOo EHy$U _mb_Îmoer Agbobo Vab

_mb_Îmm à_mU.

(iii) à{VYmaU à_mU (Retesion Ratio) (ח/1ח) EHy$U Zâ`mer A{O©V Zâ`mMo à_mU.

darb {VÝhr {dÎmr` _mnH$mÀ`m AmYmao ì`dñWmnH$m§Mr ZmoH$ar gwa{jVVm {ZpíMV hmVo. Ooìhm ì`dñWmnH$mZo

hr R>adbobr à_mUo `mo½` _`m©XoÀ`m ~mhoa OmVmV Voìhm CËnmXZ g§ñWoda BVam§H$Sy>Z Vm~m {_i{dbm OmVmo d

Ë`mdoir ho ì`dñWmnH$hr ~Xbbo OmVmV d `mVyZ ZmoH$ar gwa{jVVm YmoŠ`mV oVo.

g§Vw{bV d¥Õr _hÎm_rH$aUm_mJrb n[apñWVr :

ì`dñWmnH$ _mJUr d¥Õr Xa d ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥Õr Xam§Mo _hÎm_rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV H$maU Vo

ñdV:Mo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ _hÎm_rH$aU d _mbH$m§Mo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ _hÎm_rH$aU gmÜ` H$aVmV. _°[ag `m§À`m

AJmoXaÀ`m {díbofUm_Ü o ì`dñWmnH$ d _mbH$ `m§Mo {hVg§~§Y nañna{damoYr AgVmV Ago {díbofU Ho$bo

Amho.

ì`dñWmnH$ ñdV:Mo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ _hÎm_ H$aVmZ doVZ, D$Om© d ZmoH$ar gwa{jVVm `mH$S>o nmhVmV. Va

_mbH$, Ë`mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ _hÎm_ H$aVmZm Z\$m, m§S>db nwadR>m, CËnmXZmMm AmH$ma, ~mOmamVrb ñdV:Mm

{hñgm d CËnmXZg§ñWoMm ~mOmamVrb Mohamd Zmd `m§H$S>o nmhVmV. XmoKm§Mr Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ _hÎm_rH$aU ho

CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m AmH$mamda Adb§~yZ AgVo Ago _°[ag åhUVmV. ~mC_ob `m§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZg§ñWoMm AmH$ma

CËnmXZ nmVir, m§S>db nwadR>m, {dH«$s _hgyb d ~mOma {hñgm mÛmao _mnZ Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo. m_wio ì`dñWmnH$

ho g§Vw{bV d¥ÕrXamg _hÎd XoVmV d `mVyZ XrK©H$mbrZ d¥Õr _hÎm_rH$aUmg _hÎd XoVmV.

_°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, ì`dñWmnH$ ho CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m {Zanoj (Absoulte) AmH$ma _hÎm_rH$aU Z H$aVm Vo

CËnmXZ g§ñWoMm d¥ÕrXa _hÎm_rH$aUmMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. _°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, ì`dñWmnH$ Cn`mo{JVm \$bZmVrb

KQ>H$ CXm. doVZ, XOm© d A{YH$ma (Salories, stutus, power) ho CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m _mJUr d¥ÕrXamer

_moR>çm à_mUmda g§~§{YV AgVmo. mVyZ Ago bjmV oVo H$s ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm OmñVrMo doVZ, _mZgÝ_mZ d A{YH$ma

ho OmñV AgVrb Va CËnmXZg§ñWoMm d¥ÕrXa hm doJdmZ AgVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 138 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

ì`dñWmnH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ :

UM = 7 (GD, S)

UM = ì`dñWmnH$mMr Cn`mo{JVm

GD = CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmMr _mJUr d¥Õr Xa

S = ì`dñWmnH$mMr Zm¡H$ar gwa{jVVm _mnZ

_mbH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ :

Uowners = 7 (Gc)

Gc = ^m§S>db nwadR>çmMm d¥ÕrXa

_°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dbnwadR>çmMm d¥ÕrXa hm ì`dñWmnH$ g§KmÀ`m {ZU© j_Vodarb _`m©XoZr {ZpíMV

hmoVmo. ì`dñWmnH$m§Mr Zm¡H$ar gwa{jVVm hr H$O©-_mb_Îmm à_mU (D/A) A (L/A) A (ח/1ח) `m§À`m ^mam§H$sV

gamgar (weighted average) `m§Zr {ZpíMV hmoVo. `m {VÝhr à_mUmdê$Z ì`dñWmnH$mMo {dÎmr` YmoaU {XgyZ

òVo.

CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo g§VwbZ :

CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m dñVyMm _mJUr d¥ÕrXa hm Imbrb XmoZ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmo. (1) ZdrZ dñVyMo

CËnmXZ qH$dm ApñVËdmV Agboë`m dñVyMo ZdrZ dñVy_Üò ê$nm§VaU. ì`dñWmnH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ

Imbrbà_mUo {bhbo OmVo.

UM = 7 (GD)

_mbH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm \$bZ ho \$ŠV Zâ`mda Adb§~yZ ZgyZ Vo ^m§S>db nwadR>çmÀ`m d¥Õrda Adb§~yZ

AgVo.

UO = 7 (GC)

UO = _mbH$mMr Cn`mo{JVm

GC3 = ^m§S>db nwadR>çmMm d¥ÕrXa

Ooìhm _mJUr d¥ÕrXa _hÎm_ d ^m§S>db nwadR>m Xa _hÎm_ AgVmo Voìhm g§VwbZ hmoVo.

GD = GC = _hÎm_rH$aU (Maximum)

CËnmXZ g§ñWm g§VwbZ :

nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.6 _Ü o _mJUr d¥Õr dH«$ d ^m§S>db nwadR>m dÕrdH«$ Xe©{dbo Amho. OY Ajmda

_mJUrd¥Õr d ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥ÕrMo _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho. d OY Ajmda {d{dYrH$aU XamMo _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho.

gD1 _mJUr d¥Õr dH«$ hm gC1 nwadR>m d¥ÕrdH«$mg A q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr, gD2 hm _mJUrd¥Õr dH«$ gD2 nwadR>m d¥Õr

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 139 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

dH«$mg 'B' q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr gD3 hm _mJUr d¥Õr dH«$ gC3 `m nwadR>m d¥Õr dH«$mg 'C' q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr gD4 hm

_mJUr d¥Õr dH«$ gC4 `m nwadR>m d¥Õr dH«$ 'D' `m q~XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr N>oXVmo d ho gd© q~Xy OmoS>bo AgVm AmnUmg

g§VwbrV d¥Õr dH«$ {_iVmo. Vmo AD Agm Amho. CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo g§VwbZ ho g§Vw{bV d¥Õr XamÀ`m gdm}ƒ q~XyV

hmoVo Vmo q~Xy hm 'B' {~§Xy Amho. 'B' {~§XyÀ`m {R>H$mUr GD = GD = g* hr pñWVr _hÎm_ d¥ÕrXa Xe©{dVo.

dñVyMm _mJUr d¥Õr Xa (GD) :

dñVyÀ`m _mJUrMm d¥ÕrXa hm dñVyMm {d oXrH$aU Xamda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. CXm. nyU©V ZdrZ dñVyMm

g_mdoe Omo H$s ñnY©H$mgmR>r OdiMm n`m© r Zmhr d Ë`m~amo~aM ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z ZdrZ dñVyMm g_mdoe, Omo

AñVrËdmV Agboë`m BVa CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m dñVybm OdiMm n`m© Amho. Xwgam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo ZdrZ

CËnmXZmMo ~mOmamV eñdr ZdrZ CËnmXZmMo ~mOmamVrb eñdr mJ_Y ho {d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa, dñVyMr qH$_V,

OmhramVrdarb IM© d emoY d g§emoYZmdarb IM© `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio _mJUr d¥ÕrXa \$bZ

Imbrbà_mUo {bhbo OmVo.

GD = 7 (d, k)

d = {d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa

k = Z{dZ dñVy CËnmXZmMo AèñdrVoMo à_mU

_mJUrVrb d¥Õr Xa (GD) :

dñVyÀ`m _mJUrVrb d¥ÕrXa hm {d{dYrH$aU Xa d d eñdr ZdrZ dñVyMo CËnmXZ k `mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

Y

O

{d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa(Rate of diversification )

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.6

X

D

d*

C

B

A

gC4 (m4)

d

gD

gC

gC3 (m3)

gD = gC

gC2 (m2)

gC1 (m1)

gD1 (m1)

gD2 (m2)

gD3 (m3)

Balanced growth curve

gD4 (m4)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 140 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

ORate of Diversification

{d{dYrH$aUmMm Xad

gD

gd = 7 (d) m

O

Rate of Diversification

{d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa

d

gD

gd = 7 (d) m1

gd = 7 (d) m2

gd = 7 (d) m3

d1

(A) (B)

g3

g2

g1

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.7 _Ü o dñVyMo _mJUr d¥Õr \$bZ Xe©{dbo Amho. OX Ajmda {d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa OY

Ajmda _mJUrVrb d¥ÕrMo _mnZ Ho$bobo Amho. AmH¥$VrVrb A `m ^mJmV gamgar Z\$m Xa pñWa J¥{hV Yabm

AgyZ Ogo {d{dYrH$aU Xa dmT>Vmo Vgo _mJUr d¥ÕrXa dmT>Vo, Ago gd = 7 (d) m `m dH«$mZo Xe©{dbo Amho.

AmH¥$VrVrb 'B' `m ^mJm_Ü o _mJUr d¥Õr dH«$ hm ImbÀ`m ~mOyg ñWmZm§VarV Pmë`mMo Xe©{dbo Amho. Ooìhm

gamgar Z\$m Xa (m) hm dmT>Vmo Voìhm _mJUr d¥ÕrXa ImbÀ`m ~mOyg ñWmZm§VarV hmoVmo d `mVyZ _mJUr d¥Õr d

gamgar Z\$m Xa `mV F$UmË_H$ g§~§Y Agë`mMo {XgVo. d1 `m {d{dYrH$aU Xamg {H$_Vr pñWa AgyZ gamgar

Z\$m Xa (m) ImbÀ`m nmVirda AgVmZm Ooìhm Om{hamVrdarb IM© dmT>{dbm OmVmo (A) d g§emoYZ {dH$mg

(RD) IM© dmT>{dbm OmVmo Voìhm _mJUr d¥Õr Xa hm gdm}ƒ AgVmo d Vmo åhUOo g3 hm hmo`. AmH¥$Vr_Üò (g3 h

g2 h g1) Aer pñWVr {XgVo.

^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥ÕrXa (GC) :

EImÚm m§S>dbr CËnmXZ g§ñWoMm m§S>db nwadR>çm_Ü o pñWa _mb_Îmm, _mbgmR>m, AënH$m{bZ _mb_Îmm

d amoI amIrd m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _°[ag m§À`m _Vo, m§S>db nwadR>çmMm _w»` _mJ© åhUOo CËnmXZg§ñWoMm Z\$m

Omo n«{VYmaU Omo ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z R>a{dbm OmVmo Vmo AgVmo. d[að> ì`dñWmnH$ Ë`m§Zm Ano{jV Agbobo Z\$m

à{VYmaU à_mU R>ady eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm ^mJYmaH$m§Zm Iwf R>odÊ`mgmR>r g_mYmZH$maH$ bm^m§fmMo dmQ>n Ho$bo

nm{hOo. Ë`mVyZ ^mJmMr qH$_V H$_r hmoUma Zmhr. Ago Zmhr Ho$ë`g Ë`mMr ZmoH$ar gwa{jVVm YmoŠ`mV oVo.

Zâ`m~amo~aM ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥Õr hr ZdrZ ^mJ gwê$ H$aUo d ~±H$mH$Sy>Z KoVë`m OmUmè`m H$Om©da Adb§~yZ

AgVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.7

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 141 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥Õr Adb§~yZ Agbobm n{hbm KQ>H$ åhUOo H$O©-_mb_Îmmà_mU, Z\$m à{VYmaU

à_mU d VabVm à_mU Oo H$s ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z R>a{dbo OmVmV. Xwgam KQ>H$ åhUOo ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥ÕrXa hm

A{O©V Ho$boë` gamgar Z\$m Xamda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

M - P - C - (A) - (RD)

M = gamgar Z\$m A§Va

P = dñVyMr qH$_V

C = à{VZJ OmhramVrMm gamgar IM© (A)

RD = g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg H$m }

_°arg `m§À`m _Vo, dñVyMr qH$_V d IM© hm à{VZJ {Xbobm d pñWa J¥hrV Yabm AgVm gamgar Z\$m A§Va

ho OmhramVrdarb IM© d emoY d {dH$mgmdarb IMm©er F$UmË_H$ AgVmo. Ooìhm OmhramV d g§emoYZ d {dH$mgmda

OmñV IM© Ho$bm AgVm gamgar Z\$m hm H$_r AgVmo.

{Vgam KQ>H$ åhUOo ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥Õr ho {d{dYrH$aU Xamda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. {d{dYrH$aU Xa OodT>m

OmñV VodT>m ^m§S>dbnwadR>m Xa OmñV AgVmo.

à{VdoioMm Z\$m hm Imbrb XmoZ Jmoï>rda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. gamgar Z\$m A§Va d {d{dYrH$aU Xa Z\$m

\$bZ Imbrbà_mUo {b{hbo OmVo.

(m, d) 7 = ח

GD = GC = G _hÎm_ (Maximum)

O

Rate of Diversitication

gC = 7 (d) m a

X

gC

gC = 7 (d) m a

O

Rate of Diversitication

7 (d, m) a

X

gC(A) (B)

_mJU

rMr d

¥Õr

(Gro

wth

of

Dem

ond)

d

m4

m3

m2

m1

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.8

{d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa {d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 142 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.8 _Ü o A ^mJm_Ü o {dÎmr` gwa{jVVm JwUm§H$ (a) d gamgar Z\$m Xa (m) ho pñWa

AgVmZm gC = 7 (d) m a `m dH«$mÛmao ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥ÕrXa d {d{dYrH$aU Xa `mVrb g§~§Y Xe©{dbm Amho.

AmH¥$VrVrb B `m ^mJm_Ü o gamgar Z\$m Xa ho Mb ~XbVo J¥hrV Yabo AgVm d¥ÕrXa hm {d{dYrH$aU d

gamgar Z\$m XamMo gyÌ hmoVo. (gC = 7 (d, m) a Ooìhm gamgar Z\$m Xa hm OmñV AgVmo Voìhm m§S>db nwadR>m d¥Õr

Xa ho (m1 g m2 g m3) Ago AgVmV.

_°arg `m§À`m _Vo, ^m§S>db nwadR>m d¥Õr Imbrb VrZ KQ>H$m§Zr à^m{dV hmoVo. (1) ì`dñWmnH$ms {dÎmr`

YmoaUo, (2) gamgar Z\$m Xa d (3) {d{dYrH$aU Xa.

_°arg `m§Mo ^m§S>db nwadR>çm~ÔbMm nyU© à{V_mZ ho Imbrbà_mUo gyÌ ê$nmZo AmnUmg {bhVm oVo.

gD = 7, (m, d) - (_mJUr d¥Õr gwÌ)

Z\$m gyÌ - (m, d) 74 = ח

gC = a [ 74 (m, d) ] - ^m§S>db nwadR>m gwÌ

a I a* - gwa{jVVm _`m©Xm gwÌ

gD = gC - g§Vw{bV d¥Õr g§VwbZ pñWVr

_°arg `m§À`m à{V_mZmVrb Mb gmYUo :

_°arg `m§Zr Imbrb VrZ gmYZo {Xbo AmhoV.

(1) {dÎmr` gwa{jVVm JwUm§H$ (Financial Security coefficient

(2) {d{dYrH$aUmMm Xa (Rate of Diversification)

(3) gamgar Z\$m A§Va (Average Profit Margin)

{dÎmr` gwa{jV JwUm§H$ {ZdS> hr ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m {dÎmr` YmoaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. {dÎmr` gwa{jVVm

JwUm§H$ (a) hm H$O© _mb_Îmm à_mU, VabVm à_mU d Z\$m à{VYmaU à_mUm§Mr ^mam§H$sV gamgar (weighted

aveage) AgVo. ì`dñWmnH$ ho {VÝhr à_mU ~XbyZ d¥ÕrXamg à^m{dV H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ooìhm ì`dñWmnH$ _moR>çm

à_mUmda H$O} KoVmV Voìhm d¥Õr dmT>Vo _mÌ `mdoir {XdmiImoar hmoÊ`mMrhr ^rVr AgVo. VabVm à_mU H$_r

Agob Va OmñV à_mUmV {ZYr Jw§V{dbm OmVmo d Cƒ d¥ÕrXa gmÜ` Ho$bm OmVmo. _mÌ Iyn H$_r Agbobo VabVm

à_mUm_wio {XdmiImoar hmoD$ eH$Vo. ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z Z\$m à{VYmaU à_mU ho _hÎdnyU© YmoaUmË_H$ gmYZ

åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. ^m§S>db nwadR>çmMm Z\$m hm _hÎdnyU© _mJ© g_Obm OmVmo. OmñV à_mUmV A{O©V Z\$m

Agob Va CËnmXZg§ñWoMr d¥Õr OmñV hmoVo. _mÌ OmñV Z\$m åhUOo H$_r bm^m§e. `mVyZ ì`dñWmnZmMr Zm¡H$ar

gwa{jVVm YmoŠ`mV oVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 143 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

_°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, dñVyMr qH$_V hr pñWa Amho. Ë`m_wio qH$_V ho gmYZ Zmhr. _°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, qH$_V~Xbmg {_iUmam ñnY©H$m§Mm à{VgmX hm A{ZpíMV AgVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a ì`dñWmnH$mH$S>o à{VñnÜ`m©À`meŠVrgmYZm (Sterngth) ~Ôb AnyU© _m{hVr AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnH$ ho qH$_V Z ~XbVm dñVyMr _mJUrdmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r OmhramVrda OmñV IM© H$aVmV. _°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, à{VZJ CËnmXZ IM© hm pñWa AgVmo. VmoYmoaUmË_H$ KQ>H$ ZgVmo. Ooìhm qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZ IM© hm pñWa AgVmo. Ë`mdoir gamgar Z\$m A§Va hoOmhramV IMm©V ~Xb H$ê$Z d g§emoYZ d {dH$mgmda IM© H$ê$Z à^m{dV H$aVm oVo. Ooìhm OmhramVrda OmñVIM© Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm Z\$m A§Va H$_r AgVo.

_°arg à{V_mZmVrb Q>rH$m :

_°arg `m§Zr Ë`mÀ`m à{V_mZmg pñWa IM© d pñWa qH$_V g§aMZm J¥hrV Yabr Amho. _mÌ `mMo {díbofUHo$bo Zmhr. Ag§JZ_V Aënm{YH$mamVrb CËnmXZg§Mo nañnamdb§~Z `m§Mo {díbofU H$aÊ`mV Vo Anèr R>aboAmhoV Aer Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo.

_°arg `m§Zr CËnmXZ g§ñWoMr d¥Õr {d{dYrH$aUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo Ago åhQ>bo _mÌ Ë`m§Zr ñnY©H$mH$Sy>ZhmoUmè`m à{VgmXmH$S>o Xyb©j Ho$bo. EM. Q>mD$Zg|S> `m {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo, Cn^moŠË`mMm Cn^moŠË`mMr _mJUrà^m{dV H$aÊ`mMo A_`m©X à^md Q>mHy$ eH$V ZmhrV. _°[ag `m§À`m _Vo, CËnmXZg§ñWoÀ`m d¥ÕrMo à_wI H$maUåhUOo ZdrZ dñVyMm g_mdoe Á`mg OdiMm n`m© CnbãY ZgVmo. _mÌ à{VñnYu CËnmXZg§ñWoH$Sy>Z `mgà{VgmX {XbmOmVmo. XrK©H$mimV ZdrZ CËnmXZo à{VñnYu CËnmXZg§ñWmH$Sy>Z ~mOmamV AmUbo OmVmV. _°[ag`m§À`m à{V_mZmMm OmñV â hm CËnmXZg§ñWm§Mm ñdV:Mm g§emoYZ d {dH$mg {d^mJ AgVmo. _mÌ ~è`mMemCËnmXZg§ñWmH$S>o Agm {d^mJ ZgVmo. Ë`m BVa CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zr Ho$boë`m Zd{Z{_©Vr©Mo AZwH$aU H$aVmV d Ë`m§ZmnoQ>§Q> dmnamMo _mZYZ XoVmV. `mMo {díbofU _°[ag `m§Zr Amnë`m à{V_mZmV Ho$bobo Zmhr.

g_mamon :

_°arg m§Mo à{V_mZ EH$ _hÎdmMo à{V_mZ _mZbo OmVo. H$maU m à{V_mZmV ì`dñWmnH$s` YmoaU AmIVm§Zm{dÎmr` YmoaUmMm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. ho VrZ àH$maMo à_mUmdê$Z bjmV oVo. ho {VÝhr à_mU H$go AgmdoV hoì`dñWmnH$ R>a{dVmV d ho Ë`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. {dÎmr` à_mU ~XbÊ`m_mJo ^mJYmaH$m§Mrbm^m§fmMr _mJUr n[aUm_ H$aVo. ì`dñWmnH$mMm YmoH$m ñdrH$maÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm yVH$mimVrb dV©UyH$sdê$ZR>aVmo. yVH$mimVrb AZw d Mm§Jbo AgVrb Va ì`dñWmnH$ OmñV YmoHo$ KoD$ eH$VmV.

_°[ag m§À`m à{V_mZmV ì`dñWmnH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm _hÎm_rH$aU d _mbH$mMo Cn`mo{JVm _hÎm_rH$aU gmÜ`H$aVm oVo Ago {díbofU Amho. Ë`m_wio ho à{V_mZ EH$ _hÎdmMo à{V_mZ _mZbo OmVo.

4.5 nyU© IM© qH$_V nÕV qH$dm dmT>rd _yë` VÎd : (Full-Cost Pricing Method OR Make-up Pricing Principle) :

nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmV gamgar IM© qH$_V {gÕm§V (Average Cost Pricing) qH$dm ì``m{YŠ`

{gÕm§V (Cost-plus theory) Ago gwÕm åhQ>bo OmVo. ì`mdhm[aH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ dñVyMr qH$_V hr dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZ

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 144 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

IMm©nojm H$_r Zgmdr. qH$_V {ZpíMVrV ~hþVoH$ {ddoMZo gr_m§V {ddoMZm§da Am{U Z\$m _hÎm_oda AmYmabobr

AgVmV. na§Vw Z{OH$À`m H$mimV _hÎm_ Zâ`mÀ`m {edm` BVa C{Ôï>o gwÕm _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio nyU©

IM© qH$_V {gÕm§V EH$ {deof VÎd Amho. H$maU ho VÎd gr_m§V {díbofUmV n`m© åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. nyU© IM©

qH$_V {gÕm§VmMm {dH$mg Am°Šg\$C© {dÚmnrR>mMo àmÜ`mnH$ hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Zr 1939 _Ü o Am{U Ë`mZ§Va

àmÜ`mnH$ A°ÝS´>çyO (Andrews) `m§Zr _m§S>bm Amho.

nyU© IM© {H§$_V {gÕm§Vm~m~VMr àm. hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Mr {__m§gm :

Am°Šg\$S>© {dÚmnrR>mMo ZmdmObobo àmÜ`mnH$ hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Zr gr_m§V {díbofUmda àIa Q>rH$m

Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr dmñV{dH$ pñWVrMo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r 38 CnH«$_m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. `m Aä`mgmV 38

CnH«$_m§À`mn¡H$s 33 CËnmXH$, 3 {M„a ì`mnmar Am{U 2 ~m§YH$m_ ì`mdgm{`H$ hmoVo. `m AÜ``ZmÀ`m {ZîH$fm©V

Ë`m§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aVmZm ~hþVoH$ noT>çm _hÎm_ bm^ {_i{dÊ`mMm H$YrM

à`ËZ H$arV ZmhrV Ë`mEodOr noT>çm g_mYmZ H$maH$ Z\$m AWdm dmOdr Z\$m àmá H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

åhUyZ dñVyMr qH$_V R>a{dVmZm nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMm AWdm gamgar IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm

OmVmo.

nyU© IM© åhUOo H$m`?

nyU© IMm©V nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.

i) gamgar àË`j IM© qH$dm gamgar ~XbVm IM© (AVC)

ii) gamgar pñWa IM© (AFC)

iii) dmOdr Z\$m qH$dm bm^ A§Va (ח) (gd©gmYmaUnUo 10%)

åhUyZ dñVyMr qH$_V gyÌê$nmZo nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm oB©b :

P = AVC + AFC + (10%) ח

àm. hm°b Am{U {hM `m§À`m _Vo nyU© IMm©Zwgma qH$_Vr R>aÊ`mMr H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV :

1) _hÎm_ Z\$m àmá hmoV Agë`mg à{VñnYuÀ`m AmJ_ZmMr ^rVr AgVo.

2) gr_m§V {ddoMZm~Ôb ì`mnmè`m§Zm {deof kmZ ZgVo.

3) dñVybm EH$ {d{eï> _yë` AgVo. Ë`m_wio VoOr qH$dm _§Xr `m XmoÝhr H$mimV ho _yë` dgyb H$aÊ`mMr

CËnmXH$mMr àd¥Îmr AgVo. `m _yë`mgM nyU© IM© qH$_V åhQ>bo OmVo.

4) BVa H$maUo :

a) noT>çm§Mo Iwb g§JZ_V

b) dñVyÀ`m [H§$_VrVrb d¥Õr Am{U KQ> `m§À`mVrb A{ZpíMVVoMm n[aUm_

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 145 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

c) ì`mdgm{`H$ Z¡{VH$Vm

d) XrK©H$mbrZ IM© Am{U _mJUrMm A§XmO

e) Cn^moŠË`m§À`m A{^ê$Mr OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm A^md

àm. hm°b Am{U {hM `m§À`m _Vo darb H$maUo nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmÀ`m dmnamg g_W©Zr` AmhoV.

nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMo ñnï>rH$aU :

àm. hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Zr nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmZm àm. pñdPr `m§À`m {dHw§${MV

_mJUr dH«$mMm AmYma KoVbobm Amho. dñVyMr àM{bV qH$_V hr dñVyÀ`m nyU© IMm©dê$Z R>aVo Am{U Ë`m

qH$_VrÀ`m nmVirg _mJUr dH«$mg {dHw§$MZ AgVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.9 _Ü o X Ajmda CËnmXZmMo

n[aUm_ Am{U Y Ajmda dñVyMr qH$_V d IM©

Xe©{dbobm Amho. AmH¥$VrVrb AC Am{U KDC ho

AZwH«$_o gagar IM© dH«$ Am{U {dHw§${MV _mJUr dH«$

AmhoV. noT>r OM1 CËnmXZmÀ`m n[a_mUmg OP

1 BVH$s

dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aVo. noT>r à{bV OM1

CËnmXZmMo n[a_mU Am{U OP1 BVH$s dñVyMr qH$_V

{ZpíMV H$aVo. noT>r àM{bV OM1 CËnmXZmMo n[aUm_

OP1 qH$_Vrg {dH$Vo H$maU mgmR>r oUmam EHy$U IM©

+ dmT>mdm `m§Mr ~oarO DM1 BVH$s AgVo. Ë`m_wio

OP1 `m qH$_Vrg KDC `m _mJUr dH«$mg D q~XyV

{dHw§$MZ Pmbo Var Ho$di {dHw§$MZ Amnbr OmJm ~XbVo.

na§Vw qH$_VrV _mÌ VmR>aVm qH$dm n[aÑT>VmM AmT>iyZ

òVo.

àm. hm°b Am{U {hM `m§Zr dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrVrb

n[aÑT>Vo~m~V VrZ AndmX gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

1) dñVyMr _mJUr Agë`mg qH$_V dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

2) _§XrÀ`m H$mimV EImXm CËnmXH$ Oa dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV KQ> H$arV Agob Va BVa CËnmXH$m§ZmgwÕm

{H§$_VrV KQ> H$aUo ^mJ nS>Vo.

3) Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm_wio CËnmXZ IMm©V ~Xb Pmë`mg {H§$_VrV ~Xb KSy>Z oD$ eH$Vmo. na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ

g§ moOH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m _mÌm Am{U qH$_V ~Xbmg ghOmghOr V`ma ZgVmo.

OX

Y

P1

K

D

AC

C

M1

CËnmXZmMo n[a_mU

qH$_

V d

IM©

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.9 : nyU© IM©

qH$_V {gÕm§V- àm. hm°b Am{U {hM

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 146 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§Vm~m~VMr àm. A°S´>çyO `m§Mr {__m§gm :

àm. A°S´>çyO m§Zr nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm n[anì``m§H$Z A§Va (Costing Margin) hr

g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. àm. A°S´>çyO `m§Mr n[anì``m§H$Z A§Va hr g§H$ënZm àm. hm°b Am{U {hM `m§À`m dmT>rd ì``

g§H$ënZoer {_iVr-OwiVr Amho. n[anì``m§H$Z A§Va ho gd©gmYmaUnUo CËnmXZmÀ`m KQ>H$mdarb IMm©g g_m{dï>

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ewÕ Zâ`mMm EH$ ñWa {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AgVo.

nwT>rb gyÌmÀ`m AmYmao AmnUmg dmT>mdm _yë` _moOVm oB©b.

M = P - AVC

AVC

dñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r darb gyÌmV AmnUmg ~Xb nwT>rbà_mUo H$amdm bmJVmo.

M (AVC) = P - AVC

P = M (AVC) + AVC

P = AVC (1 + M)

darb gyÌmZwgma

P = dñVyMr qH$_V

M = dmT>mdm

AVC = gamgar ~XbVm IM©

CXmhaU : g_Om EImÚm noT>rMm gamgar ~XbVm IM© 200 én o Amho Am{U noT>r ewÕ Zâ`mMm EH$ ñWa

{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Oa dmT>dm 0.20 (20%) BVH$m {ZpíMV H$aVo. Va Vr noT>r dñVyMr qH$_V {H$Vr AmH$maob?

P = AVC (1 + M)

P = 200 (1 + 0.20)

P = 200 (1.20)

P = 240

àm. A°S´>çyOÀ`m {gÕm§VmVrb J¥hrVo (Assumptions) :

1) dñVyMr qH$_V gamgar Xa ZJmdarb IMm©À`m ~amo~a AgVo.

2) ~XbË`m KQ>H$m§Mo _yë` pñWa amhV Agë`mZo gamgar IM© ~è`mM CËnmXZ _mÌon ªV pñWa amhÿ eH$Vmo

Am{U `m pñWa IMm©da AmH$mabo OmUmao EH$ {d{eï> n[aì``m§H$Z A§Va {d{eï> _`m©Xon ªV pñWa AgVo.

3) dñVyMr qH$_V IaoXrXmam§À`m _mJUrda Am{U ~mOmamÀ`m ñdê$nmda Oar Adb§~yZ Agbr Var EH$m

_`m©Xon ªV pñWa amhV AgVo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 147 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

àm. A°SçyOÀ`m nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao H$aVm oB©b.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.10 _Ü o X Ajmda CËnmXZmMo

n[aUm_ Am{U Y Ajmda dñVyMr qH$_V d IM©

Xe©{dbobm Amho. D1D

1 hm _mJUr dH«$ Amho.

AmH¥$VrVrb AC d MC dH«$ ho AZwH«$_o gamgar IM©

d gr_m§V IM© dH«$ AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm AmH$ma {S>egmaIm

Amho. A d B m Xaå`mZ AC = MC XmoÝhr dH«$ g_mZ

Agë`m_wio Vo EH$mM aofoZo Xe©{dbobo AmhoV. g_Om

noT>r OM1 BVHo$ CËnmXZmMo n[aUm_ KoV Agob Va

noT>rg OM1 CËnmXZmÀ`m _mÌm KoÊ`mgmR>r R

1M

1

BVH$m CËnmXZ IM© oB©b. + E1R

1 n[aì``m§H$Z A§Va

{_iyZ E1M

1 BVH$m nyU©ì`` hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio dñVyMr

qH$_V OP1 BVH$s AmH$mabr Vmo. åhUOoM OP =

E1M

1.

noT>r OP BVŠ`mM qH$_Vrg dñVyMr A{YH$

{dH«$s H$ê$ eH$Vo na§Vw Aer dñVyMr {dH«$s Ë`m dñVyÀ`m_mJUrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. AmH¥$VrVrb D

1D

1 _mJUrdH«$mZwgma OP

1 qH$_VrVrb noT>r OM

1 BVŠ`m

CËnmXZmÀ`m n[aUm_mMr {dH«$s H$aVo. Aem n[apñWVrV dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb hm _mJUrVrb ~Xbm_wio ZhmoVm Vmo àË`j Am{U AàË`j KQ>H$mVrb {H§$_VrÀ`m ~Xbm_wio hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§Vmdarb Q>rH$m (Limitations) :

1) nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§V hm _mJUrMr ~mOy {dMmamV KoV Zmhr. {gÕm§VmV \$ŠV IM© Am{U WmoS>çmà_mUmV bm^XamMmM {dMma H$aVmo. CÚmoJg§ñWoZo Cn^moŠË`m§À`m BÀN>m gwÕm {dMmamV ¿`m`bm nm{hOoV.

2) nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§V hm ~mOmanoR>oV AgUmar ñnYm© nyU©nUo dJiVmo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm H$moUË`mhrdñVyMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Ë`m dñVyg AgUmè`m à{VñnYu dñVy§Mm gwÕm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.

3) àË`j ì`dhmamV AZoH$ noT>çm g_mZ dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVrb Va H$moUË`m noT>rÀ`m IMm©MmAmYma ¿`mdm hr AS>MU oVo.

4) nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§VmMm Adb§~ qH$_V {ZpíMVrgmR>r ZgyZ qH$_V wÕ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.ho `m {gÕm§VmV ñnï> Ho$bo Zmhr.

5) àm. H$mohoZ `m§À`m _Vo, ~hþVm§er noT>çm _yë` AZwH$aUerb (Point Follower) AgVmV. Ë`m ñdV:

_yë` R>a{dV ZgVmV.

O X

Y

P1

M1

CËnmXZmMo n[a_mU

qH$_

V d

IM©

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.10 : nyU© IM©qH$_V {gÕm§V- àm. A°S´>çyO

D1

E2

E1

MC

AC

D1

R2

R1

A B

M2

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 148 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

6) dmT>mdm _yë` pñWa AgVo Ago _mZUo MyH$ Amho H$maU pñ\$VrÀ`m pñWVrV Vmo dmT>Vmo Va Anpñ\$VrÀ`m

pñWVrV Vmo H$_r hmoVmo.

7) nyU© IM© qH$_V {gÕm§V AZw d{gÕ Agbm Var AZoH$ noT>çm gm§JV Agbobo YmoaU Am{U AmMaUmV

AmUV Agbobo YmoaU `mV \$ma _moR>m \$aH$ AgVmo. AZoH$ doim ~hþVm§er noT>çm gm§JVmV H$s Ë`m _hÎm_ Z\$m

{_i{dV ZmhrV. na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ H$aVmV.

4.6 ~oZMm _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§V (Bain's Limit Pricing Theory) :

_ŠVoXmar Am{U Aënm{YH$mamÀ`m na§namJV {gÕm§VmZwgma àñWm{nV noT>çm ZdrZ noT>çmMm g§ mì` àdoe

Am{U Ë`m§Mr dV©UyH$ Am{U à{V{H«$`m `m~m~V OmñV H$miOr H$arV ZmhrV. nyU© ñnYm© Am{U _ŠVoXmar wŠV

ñnY}À`m à{V_mZm§_Ü o n«ñWm{nV noT>çm ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m àdoem_wio qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZmda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm

Aä`mg H$aVmV. na§Vw H$Zm}, ~Q´>>mªS>, EOdW© Am{U M|~abrZ `m§Mr na§namJV Aënm{YH$mamMr à{V_mZo ~§XrñV

à{V_mZo AmhoV. H$maU m à{V_mZm_Ü o ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm n«doe {Xbm OmV Zmhr. Aënm{YH$mamÀ`m m à{V_mZm_Ü o

noT>çm§Mr g§»`m pñWa J¥hrV Yabobr Amho, \$ŠV à{VñnYu noT>çm§À`m Mmbrdarb àñWm{nV noT>çm§À`m à{V{H«$`m

ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. AbrH$S>rb H$mim_Ü o ~Zo, gm`bm°g b°{~Zr, A°S´>çyg, _moXr{JbmZr, OJXre ^JdVr

`m§À`m _Vo, Aënm{YH$mar ~mOmam_Ü o àñWm{nV noT>çm§Mo qH$_V Am{U CËnmXZmg§~§YrMo {ZU© ho \$ŠV ZdrZ

noT>çm§À`m àË`j àdoemda Adb§~yZ ZgVmV Va g§ mì` àdoemda gwÕm Adb§~yZ AgVmV. m AW©emókm§Zr EH$

_hÎdmMm _wÔKm CnpñWV Ho$bm Amho Vmo åhUOo Aënm{YH$mar noT>çm§Mm AënH$mbrZ Z\$m _hÎm_ hmoV Zmhr Va

Ë`mEodOr `m noT>çm ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m g§ mì` àdoemMm {dMma H$ê$Z XrK©H$mimV Z\$m _hÎm_ H$gm H$aVm oB©b

`mMm {dMma H$aVmV. `mg§X^m©V Oo. Eg. ~oZ `m§Zr Amnë`m 'A Note on pricing in Monopoly and Oli-

gopoly' (1949) Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a 'Barriers to New Competition' `m nwñVH$m_YyZ _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§V

_m§S>bm. Ë`mZwgma noT>çm AënH$mbrZ Zâ`mMo _hÎm_rH$aU H$arV ZmhrV H$maU AënH$mbrZ A{Vàgm_mÝ`

Zâ`m_wio ZdrZ noT>çm AmH${f©V hmoVrb Aer rVr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {XK©H$mbrZ Zâ`m_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmV

KQ> hmoVo. ~oZÀ`m _Vo, Aënm{YH$mam_Ü o noT>çm AënH$mbrZ Zâ`mMo _hÎm_rH$aU H$aUmar qH$_V AmH$maV

ZmhrV Va Ë`mEodOr CÚmoJm_Ü o ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$_r qH$_V AmH$maVmV. ~oZÀ`m _Vo, g§ mì`

àdoemMr {^Vr m _hÎdmÀ`m H$maUm_wio g§JZ_Vr` Aënm{YH$mam_Yrb noT>çm _ŠVoXmar qH$_V AmH$maV ZmhrV.

~oZMm _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§V g§JZ_Vr` Aënm{YH$mamer g§~§YrV Amho. `m {gÕm§VmMr H|$Ðr` H$ënZm

åhUOo _`m©Xm qH$_V hmo`. _`m©Xm qH$_V åhUOo Aer Cƒ qH$_V Á`mMr àñWm{nV noT>çm§Zm ZdrZ

noT>çm§Zm àdoemgmR>r AmH${f©V Z H$aVm AmH$maVm oVo. Xwgè`m eãXm§V _`m©Xm qH$_V åhUOo àdoe à{V~§Y

H$aUmar qH$_V hmo .

J¥hrVo :

1) àñWm{nV noT>çm Am{U g§ mì` noT>çm§À`m dñVy EH${OZgr AgVmV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 149 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

2) g§JZ_Vr` Aënm{YH$mam_Ü o noT>r XrK©H$mbrZ Z\$m _hÎm_ H$aÊ`mMm n« ËZ H$aVo.

3) _mJUr dH«$ {Xbobm Amho Am{U pñWa Amho.

4) pñWa _mJUr dH«$mer g§~§{YV {g_m§V àmár dH«$ Amho.

Aënm{YH$mar noT>çmg_moa _`m©Xm qH$_V {H$Vr R>odmdr OoUoH$ê$Z ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm àdoe à{V~§Y hmoB©b hr

g_ñ`m AgVo. ~oZÀ`m _Vo _`m©Xm qH$_VrMo {ZYm©aU nwT>rb KQ>H$m_wio hmoVo.

a) g§ mì` àdoerV noT>çm§Mm IM©.

b) CÚmoJmÀ`m CËnmXZmMr _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm.

c) ~mOmamMm AmH$ma åhUOoM dñVygmR>r Agboë`m _mJUrMr _mÌm.

d) CÚmoJmVrb àñWm{nV noT>çm§Mr g§»`m

e) XrK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$mMr nmVir Am{U AmH$ma.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.11 _Ü o DD hm g§JZ_Vr` Aënm{YH$mamMm ~mOma _mJUr dH«$ Amho Am{U MR hm

g§~§{YV gr_m§V àmár dH«$ Amho. g_Om LACEF

hm g§JZ_Vr` Aën{YH$mamVrb àñWm{nV noT>çm§Mm {XK©H$mbrZ

gamgar IM© dH«$ Amho. Oa àñWm{nV noT>çm§Mm {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© (LACEF

) hm ñWra Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a

OX

Y

CËnmXZ

qH$_V

D1

D

H

A

G

J

P1=C

2

C1

Q1

Q2

MR

B

E

e=1LAC

PF

LACEF

D1

MR

eg1

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.11 : ~oZMm _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§V

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 150 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

{XK©H$mbrZ gr_m§V IM© (LMC) AgVmo. Oa g§JZ_Vr` Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm§Mo Ü o AënH$mbrZ Z\$m

_hÎm_ H$aUo Agob Va Amnbr qH$_V {ZpíMVr hr àñWm{nV noT>çm§Mm gamgar IM© dH«$ LACEF

(=LMCEF

)

Am{U gr_m§V IM© dH«$ MC `m§À`m N>oXZq~Xyer g§~§{YV AgVo. AënH$mbrZ Z\$m _hÎm_ H$aUmar qH$_V PM

~amo~a AgVo. Or _ŠVoXmar qH$_V AgVo. na§Vw hr AënH$mbrZ Z\$m _hÎm_ H$aUmar PM

hr g§ mì` àdo{eVm§À`m

{XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IMm©nojm (LACPF

) OmñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio PM

hr qH$_V ZdrZ noT>çm§Zm CÚmoJm_Ü o àdoemgmR>r

AmH${f©V H$aVo. ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m àdoem_wio àñWm{nV noT>çm Amnbm ~mOma _mJUrVrb ^mJ J_mdVmV Ë`m_wio

_mJUr dH«$ S>mdrH$S>o gaH$Vmo. CÚmoJm_Ü o ZdrZ noT>rÀ`m àdoem_wio àñWm{nV noT>çm Amnë`m dñVyÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m

nmVir ~m~VrV A{ZpíMVVoMm gm_Zm H$aVmV.

Oa àñWm{nV noT>çm§Zr PL {h g§ mì` àdo{eV noT>çm§À`m {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$m~amo~a AgUmar

qH$_V AmH$mabr Va Ë`m§À`m dñVyMr {dH«$s Q2 EdT>r hmoVo. àñWm{nV noT>çm {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© (LAC

ED)

nojm OmñV AgUmè`m qH$_Vrbm gwÕm Z\$m àmá H$aVmV. Oa gamgar CËnmXZ IM© PL ~amo~a Agob Va g§ mì`

noT>çm CÚmoJm_Ü o àdoe H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m R>odV ZmhrV. Oa Ë`m§Zr CÚmoJmV àdoe Ho$bm Va dñVyÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT>

hmoB©b, ~mOma _mJUr dH«$ {Xbobm Agë`m_wio dñVyMr {H§$_V gamgar CËnmXZ IMm©nojm H$_r hmoB©b. åhUyZ

g§ mì` àdo{eVm§À`m àdoemZ§VaMr qH$_V {h gamgar IMm©nojm H$_r AgVo. Oa g§ mì` noT>çm§Zr CÚmoJmV àdoe

Ho$bm Va Ë`m§Zm ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$amdm bmJVmo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm amoIÊ`mgmR>r àñWm{nV noT>çm PL qH$_V AmH$maVmV.

åhUyZ PL {h qH$_V _`m©Xm qH$_V AgVo. Or qH$_V àñWm{nV noT>çm ZdrZ noT>çm§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm AmH$mê$

eH$VmV. _`m©Xm {H§$_Vrbm àñWm{nV noT>çm g§ mì` noT>çm§Zm ZmH$maVmV Am{U Z\$m {_idVmV. na§Vw Zâ`mMo

A§Va à{VZJ C1P

L qH$dm C

1C

2 ho _ŠVoXmar qH$_V AmH$mê$Z {_idboë`m Zâ`mÀ`m A§Vamnojm H$_r AgVo.

_`m©Xm qH$_V hr ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m àdoe à{V~§Ymer g§~§{YV Amho. _`m©Xm qH$_Vrbm àñWm{nV noT>çm§Zr

{_i{dbobm EHy$U Z\$m C1C

2AB EdT>m AgVmo. Omo AënH$mbrZ _hÎm_Z\$m C

1P

MHE nojm H$_r AgVmo. `m

{R>H$mUr àñWm{nV noT>çm WmoS>çm AënH$mbrZ Zâ`mMm Ë`mJ H$aVmV.

~oZÀ`m _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§VmVrb _hÎdmMm _wÔm Agm Amho H$s, ~oZZo Amnë`m ñnï>rH$aUmV Agm à`ËZ

Ho$bm Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü o CÚmoJmVrb H$mhr Aënm{YH$mar noT>çmMo {ZarjU Ago Amho H$s, noT>çm Amnbr qH$_V

nmVir hr _mJUr dH«$mdarb Á`m {R>H$mUr _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm Á`m{R>H$mUr EH$H$ Amho Aem {R>H$mUr R>odVmV.

AmH¥$VrV Oa g§ mì` noT>çm§Mm gamgar IM© OJ Agob Va _`m©Xm qH$_V Ë`m nmVirda R>adbr OmVo. `mZ§Va

nwÝhm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s, OJ qH$_V AgVmZm DD1 `m _mJUr dH«$mMr bd{MH$Vm hr EH$nojm H$_r AgVo.

Omo _mJUr dH«$mÀ`m _Ü`q~XyÀ`m Imbr AgVmo. Ë`m~amo~a `m {H§$_Vrbm gr_m§V àmár eyÝ` AgVo. ~oZÀ`m

_VmZwgma Aënm{YH$mar noT>çm§Zm ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m àdoemg à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r OJ nmVirda _`m©Xm qH$_V

{ZYm©[aV H$amdr bmJVo. H$maU hr nmVirgwÕm Ë`m§À`m gamgar IM© C1 nojm OmV Amho Am{U `m qH$_Vrbm gwÕm

Ë`m§Zm Z\$m {_idVm oVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 151 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

~oZÀ`m _`mXm qH$_V {gÕm§VmMm AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm _wÔm åhUOo Oa ~mOma _mJUr Am{U IM© pñWVr

`m _ŠVoXmar qH$_V hr _`m©Xm qH$_Vrnojm bhmZ AgUmar Agob (PMgP

L) Va Aënm{YH$mamVrb noT>çm

_ŠVoXmar qH$_V pñdH$maVrb. AënH$mbrZ Zâ`mMo _hÎm_rH$aU H$aVrb H$maU `mVyZ àdoemg à{V~§Y hmoB©b

Am{U {XK©H$mbrZ Z\$mgwÕm _hÎm_ hmoB©b.

àdoemgmR>rMo AS>Wio Am{U _`m©Xm qH$_V :

'Barriers to Entry' `m 1965 _Ü o à{gÕ Ho$boë`m H$m`m©_Ü o ~oZZo Aënm{YH$mar noT>çm ñnYm©Ë_H$

qH$_Vrnojm OmñV qH$_V H$m AmH$maVmV `mMo ñnï>rH$aU {Xbobo Amho. ~oZÀ`m _Vo, _`m©Xm qH$_V hr ñnYm©Ë_H$

qH$_Vrnojm OmñV R>odm`bm nm{hOo. H$maU àdoemgmR>r {Z~ªY AgVmV. ~oZÀ`m _`m©Xm qH$_V {díbofUm_Ü o

ZdrZ noT>çm àdoe H$ê$ eH$VmV. Voìhm ZdrZ noT>çm Á`m CÚmoJmV àdoe H$ê$ BpÀN>VmV Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ CËnmXZ j_Vm

{Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo Or `mnydu CËnmXZmV dmnabr OmV Zgo.

`mM~amo~a ~oZ `m§Zr "àdoemMr AQ>' {h g§H$ënZm _m§S>br.

àdoemMr AQ> åhUOo àñWm{nV noT>çm Á`m A§VamZo ñnYm©Ë_H$ qH$_Vrnojm OmñV qH$_V AmH$maVmV Á`m_wio

ZdrZ noT>çm§À`m àdoemg à{V~§Y hmoVmo.

gwÌ ê$nmZo hr AQ> nwT>rb Amho.

E =

PL - PC

PC

E = àdoemMr AQ>

PL = _`m©Xm qH$_V

PC = ñnYm©Ë_H$ qH$_V

PC = LAC

darb g_rH$aU PL gmR>r gmoS>dbo Va

PL = PC (1 +E)

~oZZo AZoH$ àH$maMo n«{V~§YmË_H$ AS>Wio gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

1) dñVy {d oXZmMm AS>Wim.

2) àñWmnrV noT>çMm gmnoj IM© bm^.

3) AZw_mnr AZwHw$bVm.

4) gwédmVrg _moR>çm ^m§S>dbmMr Amdí`H$Vm.

5) {H«$`m{eb qH$dm n`m©á CËnmXZmMr {H$_mZ nmVir.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 152 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

4.7 gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V (Marginal Productivity Theory) :

CËnmXZmÀ`m àË oH$ KQ>H$m§Zm {_iUmam _mo~Xbm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕVm _m§S>bm Amho.

gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmMr _yi H$ënZm ga ES>dS>© doñQ> (Sir Edwared West) Am{U S>o{dS> [aH$mS>m}

(David Ricardo) m§À`m {bImUmV AmT>iyZ oVo. S>o{dS> [aH$mS>m} m§Zr {b{hboë`m {àpÝgnb Am°\$ nm°{bQ>rH$b

BH$m°Zm°_r (Principles of Political economy) m à{gÕ nwñVH$mV y_rMm {hñgm ñnï> H$aVmZm _m§S>bobo Amho.

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {gÕm§VmMm doJmZo {dH$mg {dH$ñQ>rS> (Wickstid) S>m°. _me©b (Dr. Marshall)

`m§Zr B§½b§S>_Ü o Ho$bm. Va ñQw>Q>©dwS> (Sturt Wood), Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$ (J. B. Clark) m§Zr A_o[aHo$_Ü o (U.S.A.)

Va dm°bamg (Walras), ~°amoZ (Barone) `m§Zr wamon I§S>mV Ho$bm. gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmMr g{dñVa MMm©

àm. Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$ `m A_o[aH$Z AW©emókm§Zr {àpÝgnëg Am°\$ BH$m°Zm°_r (Principles of Economy) `m

nwñVH$mV 1899 _Üò Ho$bobr Amho. àm. ŠbmH©$À`m à{VnmXZmZwgma àËòH$ {ddoH$s g§`moOH$ _hÎm_

Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r l{_H$m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoEdT>o doVZ XoVmo. gmÜ`m ^mfoV hm {gÕm§V

gm§Jm`Mm Va Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, CËnmXZmÀ`m àË oH$ KQ>H$mMm _mo~Xbm Ë`mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoEdT>m

AgVmo. {ZXmZ Ver àd¥Îmr AgVo.

gr_m§V àmár CËnmXH$Vm = CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr qH$_V

(Marginal Revenue Productivity) = (Factor Pricing)

gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoMm AW© : CËnmXZmMo AÝ` KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ EH$m KQ>H$mÀ`m n[a_mUmV EH$m

ZJmZo dmT> Ho$ë`m_wio EHy$U CËnmXZmV hmoUmar {Zìdi dmT> åhUOo Ë`m KQ>H$mMr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm

hmo`.

àm. Oo. ~r. ŠbH©$ (Prof. J. B. Clark) : `m§À`m _Vo àË oH$ {ddoH$erb ^m§S>dbXma _hÎm_ Z\$m

{_imdm m CÔoemZo _Owam§Zm Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoEdT>r _Owar XoVmo qH$dm _Owar Xa {Xbobm Agob Va l{_H$m§Mr

g§»`m EdT>r R>odVmo H$s Ë`m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm àMbrV _OwarXam~amo~a Agob.

S>m°. Aë\«o$S> _me©b (Dr. Alfred Marshall) : `m§À`m _Vo doVZ gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a AgVo nU

gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vodê$Z R>aVo Ago Zmhr H$maU doVZ Xa hm l{_H$m§À`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmÀ`m g§VwbZmZo R>aVmo. Oa

nyU©ñnYm© Am{U XrK©H$mimMo {ddoMZ Agob Va gd© CÚmoJmV Agbobo doVZXa g_mZ hmoVmV d Vo gr_m§V

CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a AgVmV. S>m°. _me©bÀ`m _VmZwgma ŠbmH©$Mo {ddoMZ AnyU© Amho. H$maU `m {ddoMZmV \$ŠV

_mJUrMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho na§Vw nwadR>çmMm {dMma Ho$bobm Zmhr.

àm. ñQ>mo{Zà d hoJ (Prof. Stonier and Hague) : `m§À`m _Vo `m {gÕm§VmZwgma H$moUË`mhr CËnmXH$

KQ>H$m§Mm _mo~Xbm Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZ j_Vo~amo~a AgVmo. (The price of any factor of production

depends on its marginal productivity.)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 153 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

`m {gÕm§Vmdê$Z nwT>rb {ZîH$f© {ZKVmV -

(1) àË oH$ CËnmXH$ KQ>H$mbm {_iUmam _mo~Xbm hm Ë`mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a AgVmo.

(2) EImÚm CËnmXH$ KQ>H$mMm _mo~Xbm Ë`mZo CËnmXZmV Ho$boë`m dmT>rda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

(3) EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm doJdoJù`m Cn`moJm_Ü o gmaIrM AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo

EH$mM Cn`moJmV dmnaÊ`mV Amboë`m doJdoJù`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm g_mZ AgVo.

(4) EH$m {d{eï> n[apñWVr_Üò CËnmXZ KQ>H$mg {_iUmam _mo~Xbm hm Ë`mÀ`m gamgar d gr_m§V

CËnmXZmBVH$m AgVmo.

(5) CËnmXZmÀ`m àË oH$ KQ>H$m_Ü o CËnmXH$Vm AgVo åhUyZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$mg _yë` AgVo.

(6) EImÚm CËnmXZ KQ>H$m_wio CËnmXZmV OodT>r a nS>Vo Ë`mÀ`m _yë`mnojm A{YH$ _mo~Xbm Ë`m KQ>H$mg

CËnmXH$ Úm`bm V`ma hmoUma Zmhr.

(A) Oo. ~r. ŠbH©$Mm CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V (J. B. Clark's Marginal Productivity theory):

Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$ `m A_o[aH$Z AW©emókmZo {d{dY boIm_Ü o {d^mOZmMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V {Xbm Amho.

na§Vw ŠbmH©$Zo Z§Va nyU©ñdê$nmV hm {gÕm§V gmYZ g§nÎmrMo {d^mOZ (Distribution of Wealth) `m nwñVH$mV

{Xbm Amho.

Oo. ~r. ŠbH©$À`m {gÕm§VmMr J¥hrVHo$ (Assumptions)

(1) AW©ì`dñWm pñWa Agmdr.

(2) bmoH$g§»`m pñWa Agmdr.

(3) l{_H$m§Mo KQ>H$ EH${OZgr AgmdoV.

(4) ^m§S>dbmMo ZJ {d^mOZerb AgVmV.

(5) V§ÌkmZ Z ~XbUmao Agmdo.

(6) l{_H$ Am{U ^m§S>db `m§Mo KQ>H$ J{Verb AgmdoV.

(7) KQ>H$ ~mOmamV nyU© ñnYm© Agmdr.

ñnï>rH$aU (Explanation) : àË oH$ CËnmXH$ Ë`mÀ`m m§S>dbmMm Cn`moJ Aem nÕVrZo H$aob H$s Ë`m_wio

Ë`mg _hÎm_ Z\$m àmá hmoB©b. ho C{Ôï> {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXH$ {Xboë`m m§S>dbmZwgma OmñVrV OmñV l{_H$m§Mm

Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVmV. Ooìhm CËnmXH$ {Xboë`m m§S>dbmV OmñVrV OmñV l{_H$ Cn`moJmV AmUVmo Voìhm l{_H$m§Mr

gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm KQ>V OmVo. hr n[apñWVr CËnmXH$mMm g_Vmob gmYbm OmB©b VoWn ªV Mmby ahmVo. Ooìhm

doVZXa l{_H$m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a AgVmo Aem pñWVrV CËnmXH$mMm g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 154 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H$. 4.12 _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo, X

Ajmda l{_H$m§Mo KQ>H$ Am{U Y Ajmda gr_m§V

CËnmXH$Vm d doVZ Xe©{dbobo Amho. MP dH«$ hm

l{_H$m§Mr KQ>Vr CËnmXH$Vm Xe©{dVmo.

Oa àMbrV doVZ Xa hm OW Agob Va ON

KQ>H$m§Zm amoOJma {_iVmo. g_Om Oa doVZ Xa OW1

(BN1) Agob Va NN1 BVŠ`m l{_H$mÀ`m KQ>H$m§Zm

amoOJma {_iUma Zmhr.

~oamoOJma Agbobo l{_H$ H$_r doVZmV H$m_

H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoVrb Ë`m_wio OW BVHo$ doVZ {ZpíMV

hmoB©b. Oa doVZ Xa OW2 Agob Va NN2 BVŠ`m

l{_H$ KQ>H$m§Zm A{YH$ amoOJma {_iob. l{_H$m§Mm

nwadR>m pñWa Agë`m_wio l{_H$m§À`m _mJUrV ñnYm©

{Z_m©U hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio doVZmV OW2 dê$Z OW BVH$s

dmT> hmoB©b. WmoS>Š`mV Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$À`m _Vo, ON

BVŠ`m l{_H$m§Zm OW BVHo$ doVZ Úmdo bmJob, åhUyZ Oa l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m {Xbobr Agob Va doVZ Xa hm

Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$Voda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

(~) _me©b-{hŠgMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V (Marshall-Hicks Marginal Productiv-

ity Theory) : Aë\«o$S> _me©bÀ`m _VmZwgma doVZ Xa hm _Owam§Mm nwadR>m Am{U _Owam§Mr _mJUr `m§À`mda

Adb§~yZ AgVmo. _me©bÀ`m _VmZwgma doVZ Xa {ZpíMVr hr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm g§H$ënZoZwgma H$aUo MwH$sMo

Amho, H$maU gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm hr \$ŠV l{_H$m§À`m _mJUrMr ~mOy ñnï> H$aVo. Oa doVZXa {Xbobm Agob Va

CËnmXH$ BVŠ`m _Owam§Zm amoOJma XoD$ eH$Vmo H$s OoWo _Owar Xa Am{U _wOam§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm g_mZ AgVo.

Oa doVZ Xa doJdoJim Agob Va _Owam§Mm amoOJma hm Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZ _yë`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

åhUyZ _me©bÀ`m _Vo, doVZXa d gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vodê$Z AmnUmg l{_H$m§Mm _mJUrdH«$ {_iVmo. l{_H$m§Mm

nwadR>m dH«$ hm S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o daVr OmUmam AgVmo. Á`m {BH$mUr l{_H$m§Mm _mJUrdH«$ Am{U l{_H$m§Mm

nwadR>mdH«$ N>oXVmV Ë`m {BH$Ur doVZ Xa {ZpíMV hmoVmo. åhUyZ _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m dH«$mZo {ZpíMV Ho$bobm doVZ

Xa hm gr_m§V CËnmXZ _yë`m~amo~a AgVmo. (Value of Marginal Physical Product).

nwT>rb nmZmdarb AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.12 _Ü o l{_H$m§Mo KQ>H$ ho X Ajmda Am{U doVZ Xa Y Ajmda

Xe©{dbobo AmhoV. DD hm l{_H$m§Mm _mJUrdH«$ Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vodê$Z R>a{dbobm Amho. SS hm S>mdrH$Sy>Z-

COdrH$S>o daÀ`m ~mOyg OmUmam l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>mdH«$ Amho, H$maU OgOgo doVZ dmT>Vo Ë`mà_mUo l{_H$m§Mr

OX

Y

l{_H$m§Mo KQ>H${g

_m§V

CËnm

XH$V

m d d

oVZ B

N1 N2N

MPW2

W

W1

A

C

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.12 : ŠbmH©$Mm gr_m§V

CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 155 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

OX

YdoV

ZXa

S

N1

W1

W

W2

A B

MI

Y

~oamoOJmar

A{YH$ _mJUr

l{_H$m§Mo KQ>H$O

X

Y

doVZX

aN

1

R

VMP (gr.C._w.)

l{_H$m§Mo KQ>H$

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.13 : _me©b-{hŠgMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V

g§»`m dmT>V AgVo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.13 (A) _Ü o XmI{dë`mà_mUo E q~XyV SS Am{U DD dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm

N>oXVmV Ë`m_wio l_ ~mOmamV ON1 BVŠ`m l{_H$m§Zm OW BVHo$ doVZ {_iVo.

Oa doVZ Xa hm OW Agob Va l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>m (W1B) hm l{_H$m§À`m _mJUrnojm (W1A) OmñV

AgVmo. Ë`m_wio AB BVŠ`m à_mUmV ~oamoOJmar {Z_m©U hmoVo. ~oamoOJmar_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m ñnY}_wio doVZ Xa

OW1 dê$Z OW n ªV H$_r hmoVmo. [ OW = (DD = SS) = E ] Oa doVZ Xa OW2 Agob Va l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>m

(W2L) hm l{_H$m§À`m _mJUrnojm (W2M) H$_r AgVmo. Ë`m_wio LM BVŠ`m à_mUmV A{YH$ _mJUr {Z_m©U

hmoVo. l_ ~mOmanoR>oV nwadR>m H$_r Am{U _mJUr OmñV Agë`m_wio CËnmXH$mV ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`m_wio doVZ

XamV OW2 dê$Z OW BVH$s dmT> hmoVo. (OW = (DD = SS) = E)

Oa OW BVH$m doVZ Xa Agob Va AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.13 (B) _Üò XmI{dë`mà_mUo CËnmXH$ ON1 BVŠ`m

l{_H$m§Zm amoOJma {_idyZ XoB©b. H$maU ON1 BVŠ`m amoOJmamg doVZXa hm gr_m§V CËnmXZ _yë`m~amo~a AgVmo.

nyU©ñnY}V H$m ©aV AgUmar noT>r _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r doVZ Xa hm gr_m§V CËnmXZ _wë`mEdT>mM R>odVo.

_me©b Am{U {hŠg `m§À`m _VmZwgma doVZXa d Ë`mMà_mUo BVa KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_VrgwÕm Ë`m§À`m _mJUr

Am{U nwadR>çmda Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mr qH$_V {h Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZ _yë`mEdT>r AgVo.

4.8 {Z:eof : CËnmXZ g_ñ`m - dmQ>çmÀ`m ~oaoOoMm àíZ :(Product Exhaustion Theorem - The 'Adding Up' Problem) :

KQ>H$ qH$_V Am{U CËnÞ {d^mOZm_Ü o H$mhr {gÕm§VmMr â nS>br. Ë`m_Ü o gd©àW_ pñWa CËnmXZ

(A) (B)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 156 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr Am{U Am{WªH$ I§S> d A^mgr I§S> m g§~§{YV g§H$ënZm oVmV. Ë`mZ§Va doVZ {^ÞVm R>a{dUmao/

{ZYm©[aV H$aUmao _w»` KQ>H$ `m§Mr â nS>br Am{U eodQ>r CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m dmQ>çmg§~§Yr "{Z:eof CËnmXZ

g_ñ`m' `mMr â nS>br.

{Z:eof CËnmXZ g_ñ o_Ü o 1930 À` eodQ>r KQ>H$ qH$_VrÀ`m {ZYm©aUm_Ü o gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmZwgma

Oa Pmbo V _wb y _m§OUrMr g_mZVm nyU© hmoB©b H$m `m g_ñ og§~§Yr {ddmX {Z_m©U Pmbm.

dñVyMo _yë` ho l_mMm IM© Am{U ^m§S>dbmMm IM© `m§À`m ~oaOo~amo~a AgVmo.

dñVyMo=

l_mdarb+

^m§S>dbmdarb

_yë` IM© IM©

[ PQ ]=

[ WL ] + [rK]

`m g_mZVo_Ü o KQ>H$m§À`m dmQ>çmMr ~oarO EH$H$ AgVo.

darb g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg [ PQ ] Zo ^mJyZ

1 =[WL]

+rk

PQ PQ

1 =l_mMm

+^m§S>dbmMm

dmQ>m dmQ>m

`mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mo~Xë`m_wio dñVyMo _yë` {Z:eof hmoVo. CËnmXZ = CËnÞ

g_mZVm gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m KQ>H$ qH$_VrMo {ZYm©aU gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmÀ`m gmømZo

H$aVm oVo H$m? hm àíZ/g_ñ`m Amho. `m g_ñ oMo CÎma Ago Amho H$s, Oa àË oH$ CËnmXH$ KQ>H$mbm Ë`mÀ`m

gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXZmZwgma _mo~Xbm {Xbm Va EHy$U ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXZ {Z:eof hmoVo. åhUyZM Oa,

Q = (MPPL) L + (MPPK ) K

darb g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg P Zo JwUyZ

PQ = (MPPL . P) L + (MPPK . P) K

na§Vw (MPPL . P) = l_mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXZmMo _yë`

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 157 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(MPPK . P) = ^m§S>dbmÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXZmMo _yë`

PQ = CËnmXZmMo _yë`

åhUyZ darb g_rH$aUmdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s Oa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZmÀ`m _yë`m~amo~a

_mo~Xbm {Xbm Va CËnmXZmMo EHy$U _yë` {Z:eof hmoVo. åhUOoM gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m

dmQ>çmMr ~oarO XwéñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Vo.

1. ybaMm {Z:eof CËnmXZmMm à_o (Eule's Product Exhoustion Theorem) :

J{UVrVk {bAmoZhmS>© ybaZo {Z:eof CËnmXZmMm à_o CËnmXZ \$bZm_Ü o pñWa à_mU \$b AgVmV Ago

{gÕ Ho$bo Amho. ybaZo CËnmXZ \$bZ ho aofr` EH${OZgr AgVmV Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.

ybaÀ`m _Vo pñWa à_mU \$bmÀ`m CËnmXZ \$bZm_Ü o -

Q =Q

L +Q

.KL K

`mVQ

= MPPL = l_mMr gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$VmL

Q= MPPK = ^m§S>dbmMr gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vm

K

åhUOoM gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V pñWa CËnmXZ \$b hr {deof ~m~ AgVmZm ~oaOoÀ`m dmQ>çmMr AQ>

nyU© H$aVmo.

l_mMm+

^m§S>dbmMm= 1

dmQ>m dmQ>m

2. ŠbmH©$ - {dH$ñQ>oS> - dmbag `m§Mm {Z:eof CËnmXZmMm à_o :

ŠbmH©$ - {dH$ñQ>oS> - dmbag `m§À`m _Vo, gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmMr nyV©Vm hmoÊ`mgmR>r EH${OZgr

CËnmXZ \$bZ `m J¥hrVmMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.

Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Oa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$VoZwgma _mo~Xbm {Xbm Va KQ>H$m§Mr

EHy$U _mo~Xbm hr {XK©H$mbrZ ñnYm©Ë_H$ g_Vmobm_Ü o EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m _yë`mÀ`m ~amo~a {Z:eof hmoVmo.

{XK©H$mim_Üò noT>çm U AmH$mamÀ`m {XK©H$mbrZ gamgar IM© dH«$mÀ`m Ý yZV_ {~§Xybm CËnmXZ H$aVmV

Am{U åhUyZ ybaMm à_o nyU© hmoVmo. ŠbmH©$ - {dH$ñQ>oS> - dmbag `m§À`m _Vo, {Z:eof CËnmXZmMm à_o hm

\$ŠV aofr` CËnmXZ \$bZmgmR>r Cn`moJr Z hmoVm gd© àH$maÀ`m CËnmXZ \$bZmgmR>r Cn`moJr hmoVmo.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 158 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.14 À`m gmømZo `m à_o mMr {gÕVm nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

g_Om, AW©ì`dñWoV n g_mZ JwUY_© AgUmè`m noT>çm AmhoV. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.14 (A) _Ü o EH$m noT>rMo

CËnmXZ Xe©dbo Amho. MPPL hm dH«$ l_mMr gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vm Xe©{dVmo. g_Om, noT>r l_mMo OL ZJ

d O_rZrMo H$mhr ZJ dmnaVo. àË oH$ noT>rMo EHy$U CËnmXZ OMEL Amho.

Oa àË oH$ l{_H$mbm Ë`mÀ`m gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$VoZwgma _mo~Xbm {Xbm Va ^m¡{VH$ doVZ OA = LE

AgVo Am{U EHy$U doVZ OAEL `m aoIm§H$sV ^mJmEdT>o AgVo. åhUOoM OAEL ho l_mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mÀ`m

ñdê$nmV oUmao EHy$U gr_m§V m¡{VH$ CËnmXZ Amho qH$dm noT>rÀ`m EHy$U CËnmXZmVrb m¡{VH$ _mÌoÀ`m ñdê$nmVrb

l_mMm dmQ>m Amho. AME ho {e„H$ ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXZ ho y_r `m pñWa KQ>H$m§Mm _mo~Xbm Xe©dVo.

hm {Zdmgr I§S> hm y_rMm EHy$U gr_m§V CËnmXZ Amho åhUOoM y_rMm EHy$U CËnmXZmVrb dmQ>m Amho ho

{gÕ H$amdo bmJob. `mdê$Z {Z:eof CËnmXZ à_o àñWm{nV hmoVmo.

AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U CËnmXZ ho n noT>À`m CËnmXZm~amo~a AgVo.

n noT>çm§Mo= n.OMEL ...(1)

EHy$U CËnmXZ

g_Om, AW©ì`dñWoV AmUIr EH$m noT>rMr a nS>br gd© (n + 1) noT>çmH$S>o OL EdT>o l_ AmhoV. åhUyZ

EHy$U l_ n (OL) EdT>o AgVo. `mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, àË oH$ noT>rbm H$_r l{_H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm nS>Vo.

åhUOo OL EdT>o l{_H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm nS>Vo.

O

M

M^m¡{VH$

CËnmXZ

E

l_

A

L

B

A

C D

E

LLL1O

l_

^m¡{VH$

CËnmXZ

(A) (B)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.14

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 159 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(n + 1) (OL1) = n (OL)

OL1 = n (OL - OL11) = n (LL1) ...(2)

AmH¥$Vr (2) dê$Z àËòH$ noT>rMo ZdrZ CËnmXZ OMCL1 EdT>o hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s OBCL1 ho ^m¡{VH$ doVZ

Am{U BMC hm {Zdmgr I§S> Amho.

1. AW©ì`dñWoMo EHy$U ZdrZ CËnmXZ -

(n + 1) noT>çm§Mo= (n + 1) OMCL1 = n (OMCL1) + OMCL1 ...(3)

EHy$U CËnmXZ

2. AW©ì`dñWoM gwédmVrMo CËnmXZ -

n noT>çm§Mo= n (OMCL) = n (OMCL1) + n (L1CEL) ...(4)

EHy$U CËnmXZ

H$maU OMEL = OMCL1 + L1CEL

3. AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmV Pmbobm ~Xb -

l_mMr gr_m§V= (3) - (4)

CËnmXH$Vm

= [ n (OMCL1) + OMCL1] [n (OMCL1) + n (L1CEL) ]

= OMCL1 - n (L1CEL) ...(5)

na§Vw OMCL1 = BMC + OBCL1 Am{U L1CEL = L1CDL - CDE

hr _yë o gr_H$aU (5) _Ü o R>odyZ,

l_mMr gr_m§V= BMC + OBCL1 - n (L1CDL) + n (CDE)

...(6)

CËnmXH$Vm

na§Vw OBCL1 = n (L1CDL) ...(7)

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 160 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

g_rH$aU (2) dê$Z,

OBCL1 = (OB) (OLL1) = (OB) n (LL1) = n [ (OB). (CD) ]

OB = CL,

L OBCL1 = n [ (CL1) (CD) ]

L OBCL = n [ L11 (DL) ]

g_rH$aU (7) g_r _Ü o R>odyZ,

l_mMr gr_m§V= BMC + OBCL1 - OBCL1 + n (CDE)

CËnmXH$Vm

Oa n uV Va eodQ>Mm KQ>H$ eyÝ` hmoVmo.

L

y_rMr gr_m§V= BMC =

^m§S>dbmMm {Zdmgr I§S>

...(8)

CËnmXH$Vm

L EHy$U CËnmXZ =l_mMm

+^y_rMm

dmQ>m dmQ>m

OMCL1 = OBCL1 + BMC

4.9 Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm (Elasticity of Technical Substitution) :

KQ>H$m§À`m n`m© Vm bd{MH$VoMr g§H$ënZm ga Om°Z Ama. {hŠg `m§Zr 'The Theory of Wages' `m

nwñVH$mV _m§S>br.

Oa KQ>H$m§À`m {H§$_VrV dmT> Pmbr Va noT>çm OmñV _hmJ AgUmè`m AmXmZmbm n`m© åhUyZ ñdñV

AmXmZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVrb. Aem àH$maÀ`m _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m dV©Zm_wio K/L ho JwUmoÎma ~XbVo Am{U

Ë`m_wio KQ>H$m§À`m VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>çm_Ü o ~Xb hmoVmo. m ~XbmMm AmH$ma KQ>H$ qH$_VrVrb ~Xbm_wio m§S>db-

l_ JwUmoÎmam_Ü o Omo à{VgmXmË_H$ ~Xb hmoVmo. Ë`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. AemàH$maMm à{VgmX _moOÊ`mMm

_mnH$ n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm Amho.

n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm åhUOo KQ>H$ qH$_V JwUmoÎmamV Pmboë`m ~Xbm_wio KQ>H$ g§» oÀ`m JwUmoÎmamV Pmbobm

eoH$S>m ~Xb hmo .

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 161 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm = KQ>H$ g§ñWoÀ`m JwUmoÎmamV Pmbobm eoH$S>m ~Xb

KQ>H$ qH$_VrÀ`m JwUmoÎmamV Pmbobm eoH$S>m ~Xb

n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm åhUOo K/L JwUmoÎmam_Ü o hmoUmam eoH$S>m ~Xb Am{U l_ d ^m§S>dbmÀ`m gr_m§VrH$

n`m© Vm Xam_Ü o (MRTSLK) hmoUmam eoH$S>m ~Xb `m§Mo JwUmoÎma hmo .

[[[[[ =d (K/L) / (K/L)

d (MRTSLK) / MRTSLK

n`m©`Vm bd{MH$Vm [[[[[ {g½_m `m AjamZo Xe©dVmV.

AmXmZm§À`m nyU© ~mOmam_Ü o Ooìhm noT>r MRTS Am{U KQ>H$ qH$_V JwUmoÎma g_mZ AgUmam g§ moJ {ZdS>V

Agob Voìhm noT>r g§VwbZ AdñWoV AgVo.

MRTSLK =W

r

MRTSLK - l_-^m§S>dbmMm gr_m§VrH$ Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm Xa

w - doVZ Xa (wage rate)

r - ì`mOXa (rate of interest)

[[[[[ - n`m© Vm bd{MH$Vm

åhUyZ, [[[[[ =d (K/L) / (K/L)

d (w/r) / (w/r)

n`m© Vm bd{MH$VoMo {MÝh ho Zoh_r KZmË_H$ AgVo. H$maU A§e Am{U N>oXm_Ü o hmoUmam ~Xb g_mZ{XeoZo AgVmo. Oa w/r JwUmoÎma dmT>bo Va l_ hm ^m§S>dbmnojm VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm _hmJ hmoB©b Am{U Ë`m_wionoT>çm l_mbm n`m© åhUyZ m§S>dbmMm dmna H$aVrb. åhUyZ K/L JwUmoÎmamV dmT> hmoB©b. mCbQ> w/r JwUmoÎmamVKQ> Pmbr Va Ë`m_wio K/L JwUmoÎmamV KQ> hmoVo.

n`m© Vm bdH${MH$VoMo _yë` eyÝ` Vo AZ§VÀ`mXaå`mZ AgVo.

Oa [[[[[ = 0 Ago Va KQ>H$m§Mo n`m© rH$aU AeŠ` AgVo. ^m§S>db Am{U l_mMm dmna pñWa à_mUmV hmoVmoAm{U g_ CËnmXZ dH«$mMm AmH$ma H$mQ>H$moZmgmaIm hmoVmo.

Oa [[[[[ = V Agob Va KQ> nyU© n`m© r AgVmV. g_ CËnmXZ dH«$ gai aofr` F$UmË_H$ CVmamMm AgVmo.

Oa 0 g [[[[[ g V Agob Va KQ>H$m§Mo n`m© rH$aU EH$m {d{eï> _`m©Xon ªV AgVo. g_ CËnmXZ dH«$Ama§ q~Xyer ~hrJm}b AgVmV.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 162 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo Oa [[[[[ Mo _yë` OmñV Agob Va ^m§S>db (K) Am{U l_ (L) `m§À`mVrb n`m© Vm OmñV

AgVo.

4.10 Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr Am{U KQ>H$m§Mm dmQ>m :

CËnmXZ V§Ìm_Ü o qH$dm V§ÌkmZm_Ü o gmVË`mZo ~Xb hmoVmV Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ \$bZ ho pñèa Z amhVm ~XbUmao

AgVo. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>db l_ JwUmoÎma (K/L) Am{U n`m© Vm bd{MH$VoV ~Xb hmoVmo. åhUyZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVrMm

KQ>H$m§À`m dmQ>çmda hmoUmam n[aUm_ {dMmamV KoUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.

Vm§{ÌH$ àJVrMo dJuH$aU VrZ àH$mam_Ü o H$aVm oVo.

1) {ZîH«$s` Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr

2) ^m§S>db YZrH$aU Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr qH$dm ^m§S>db àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr

3) l_ YZrH$aU Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr qH$dm l_ àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr

nwT>rb AmH¥$Ë`m AZwH«$_o Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVr Xe©{dVmV -

Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr_wio g_ CËnmXZ dH«$ ImbÀ`m ~mOybm gaH$VmV. Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr_wio {Xbobr CËnmXZ nmVir

JmR>Ê`mgmR>r AmXmZm§À`m KQ>H$m§À`m g§ moJmMr H$_r _mÌoV Amdí`H$Vm nS>Vo. darb VrZhr AmH¥$Ë`m_Ü o X, X'

Am{U X" ho g_ CËnmXZ dH«$ g_mZ CËnmXZ nmVir Xe©{dVmV. OR {h aofm pñWa ^m§S>db l_ JwUmoÎma Xe©dVo a,

b, c ho q~Xy Vm§{ÌH$ àJV Pmë`mZ§Va {Xboë`m pñWa ^m§S>db l_ JwUmoÎmambm CËnmXZ Xe©{dVmV.

(A) {ZîH«$s` Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr : Oa ^m§S>db - l_ JwUmoÎma (K/L) pñWa Agob Va {g_m§VrH$ Vm§{ÌH$

n`m© Vm Xa (MRTSLK) pñWa amhVmo. na§Vw g§VwbZmÀ`m doir MRTSLK = W

AgVo. åhUOoM Ooìhm Vm§{ÌH$ àJVrr

{ZîH«$s` AgVo Voìhm ^m§S>db-l_ JwUmoÎma (K/L) Am{U doVZXa-ì`mOXa JwUmoÎma (W/r) gwÕm ~XbV Zmhr.

Ë`mM~amo~a KQ>H$m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>m gwÕm ~XbV Zmhr.

K

O L

R

c

b

a

X"

X'

X

K

O L

R

c

b

a

X"

X'

X

K

O L

R

c

b

a

X"

X'

X

{ZîH«$s` Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVr ^m§S>db àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVr l_àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVr

(A) (B) (C)

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.15

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 163 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(B) ^m§S>db àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr : Oa ^m§S>db - l_ JwUmoÎma (K/L) AgVmZm gr_m§VrH$ Vm§{ÌH$

n`m©`Vm Xa (MRTSLK) KQ>V OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g§VwbZmÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgVmZm Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr_wio doVZXa - ì`mOXa

JwUmoÎma (W/r) KQ>V OmVo. åhUOo m§S>db-l_ JwUmoÎma (K/L) pñWa AgVmZm doVZXamÀ`m (W) VwbZoV ì`mOXamV

(r) dmT> hmoVo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ KQ>H$ dmQ>çmÀ`m JwUmoÎmamV KQ> hmoÊ`mda hmoVmo.

ZdrZ gwadmVrMm

KQ>H$ dmQ>m=

(W/r)' g

KQ>H$ dmQ>m

JwUmoÎma (K/L) JwUmoÎma

`mdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s l_mÀ`m dmQ>çm_Ü o KQ> hmoVo Am{U ^m§S>dbmÀ`m dmQ>çm_Ü o dmT> hmoVo.

(C) l_ àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr : ^m§S>db l_ JwUmoÎma (K/L) pñWa AgVmZm gr_m§VrH$ Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm

Xa dmT>V OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g§VwbZmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr_wio doVZXa - ì`mOXa JwUmoÎma (W/r) JwUmoÎma dmT>V

OmVo. åhUOoM ^m§S>db-l_ JwUmoÎma pñWa AgVmZm doVZXamÀ`m (r) VwbZoV ì`mOXam_Ü o (W) dmT> hmoVo Ë`mMm

n[aUm_ åhUyZ KQ>H$ dmQ>çmÀ`m JwUmoÎmamV KQ> hmoÊ`mda hmoVmo.

ZdrZ gwadmVrMm

KQ>H$ dmQ>m=

(W/r)' h

KQ>H$ dmQ>m

JwUmoÎma (K/L) JwUmoÎma

`mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr AgVmZm l_mÀ`m VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>çm_Ü o dmT> hmoVo. {ZîH«$s`

Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr AgVmZm l_mMm VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>m ~XbV Zmhr. ^m§S>db àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr AgVmZm l_mÀ`m

VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>çmV KQ> hmoVo. `mCbQ>, l_ àYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr AgVmZm ^m§S>dbmÀ`m VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>çmV KQ>

hmoVo. {ZîH«$s` Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr AgVmZm ^m§S>dbmMm VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>m ~XbV Zmhr. ^m§S>dbàYmZ Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr

AgVmZm ^m§S>dbmÀ`m VwbZmË_H$ dmQ>çm_Ü o dmT> hmoVo.

ñdmÜ`m` :

1. gr_m§V {díbofUmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ n[ajU H$am.

2. ~m_wb `m§Mo {dH«$s _hÎm_rH$aU à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

3. {dë`_gZ `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s` {ZU© KoÊ`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

4. _°arg `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s` CnH«$_ à{V_mZ ñnï> H$am.

5. nyU© IM© qH$_V {Z`_ ñnï> H$am.

6. ~oZMm _`m©Xm qH$_V {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 164 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

7. gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ n[ajU H$am.

8. ybaMm {Z:eof CËnmXZ à_o ñnï> H$am.

9. Vm§{ÌH$ n`m© Vm bd{MH$VoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

10. Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVr Am{U KQ>H$m§Mm dmQ>m `mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.

Aä`mgmgmR>r g§X © J«§W :

1. Kreps, David M. (1990) : A Course in Microeconomic Theory,

Princton University Press, Princeton.

2. Koutsoyiannis A. (1979) : Modern Microeconomics (2nd Edition),

Macmillan Press, London.

3. Layard P.R.G. and (1978) : Microeconomics Theory, McGraw Hill,

A. W. Alters New Your.

4. Sen A. (1999) : Theory and Applications,

Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

5. Stigler G. (1996) : Theory of Price (4th Edition),

Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

6. Varian H. (2000) : Microeconomic Analysis, W. W. Norton,

New Yourk.

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Xya {ejU H|$Ð Part I Sem I Micro... · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya {ejU H|$Ð gyú_cjr Am{W©H$ {dícofU (Micro Economic Analysis) (e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ) E_. E. ^mJ-1