Paradigmatic Standpoints

of

Master’s and Doctoral THESIS

Saud Mossa Alsalahi

Professional Doctorate Candidate

TESOL, Exeter University

26th. April 2015

:سؤال

كم عدد طرق البحث؟

ومن يحدد اختيارك لطريقة جمع بيانات بحثك؟

للبـــاحثينإضاءات مهــــمة

Crotty language _____________ practical language!!!!

بــــحـــثـــيـــةإضــــــــــــــاءات

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة

. يجب أن يلم بكل ما كتب عن موضوعة من بحوث مهمة: القراءة الواسعة1.

الدقة التامة في فهم أراء الغير 2.

.أال يؤخذ أراء الغير على أنها حقيقة مسلم بها، أن يقر ما يتضح صحته3.

.أن تنتج الرسالة ابتكارا وتضيف جديدا4.

.األسلوب، األدلة، الجمل والعبارات: التأثير في قارئهأن يكون البحث قوي 5.

.إجراءات البحثو الدراية العلمية بتصميم 6.

Research Development

1- Scientific Research

2- social Research

Researcher deals with:

1- Field

2- Archive

3- Lab

Who is a researcher?

A researcher perceives his/her personality differently from

other writers by being:

C……

S…..

To be a qualified researcher in academia:

- B

- D

- C

RESEARCH PARADIMS

what is Research?

What are Paradigms?

Research Contested Areas: dilemma, wars, mixed, multi,

compatibility, incompatibility, rigidity, Research catchment area

justifications, theories, practices, perspectives,

الباحث يتبناه الذي اإلطار أومعرفة الخلفية الفلسفية للبحث إلى تحتاج وتحليلها البيانات وجمع البحث تصميم إن.

Research Paradigm

الباحث يجب أن ينطلق من رؤية محددة، و واضحة فيما يتعلق بالنموذج(Paradigm)، أو

ألنها تُزود الباحث بالفلسفات، و النظريات، و المناهج، و األدوات (Worldview)رؤية العالم

األساسية التي تدعم نموذج بحثه، و بالتالي تُسهم في نجاح عملية البحث عموما، و

تحقيقه لألهداف المنشودة بشكل خاص

(Burrell & Morgan, 1985; Myers, 2000)

WHY?

As a back up

As a judgment

As a benchmark

As a justification

As a guideline

Do we study them as a matter of Choice or

Obligation?

Research Paradigms

Topic

Aim

Paradigm

Critical Interpretivist Positivist/Scientific

paradigm

Ontology

Epistemology

Methodology

Method

•Prove, refute, measure, examine, investigate, evaluate

•Explore, understand, discover, recognize, find out, identify

•Criticize, improve, develop, emancipate

Patients in hospitals do not eat 30 million meals every year

POSITIVIST

POSITIVIST

Aim • Prove, refute, measure, examine, investigate, evaluate…..

Ontology

• Reality is singular(one truth), apart from the researcher (external reality, detached from the researcher and the participants(independent of them). Realism

Epistemology

• Objectivist; researcher is independent from that being researched; Value free and un-biased, objectivism.

Methodology

• Experimental studies, Quasi-experimental, correlational, Survey(Cross-sectional studies, Longitudinal studies)

Method • Closed Questionnaire, structured interview,………

Researcher

• Neutral

Terminology

• Hypothesis, validity, reliability, quantitative, variables, randomized control trial, causality, random sampling, generalization

INTERPRETIVIST

Aim • Explore, understand, discover, recognize, find out, identify …….

Ontology

• Reality is multiple( multiple perspectives of truth) and constantly changing (through the interpretations of participants and the researcher. Reality is socially constructed. (Relativism)

Epistemology

• Researcher interacts with that being researched; Value-laden and biased, Constructivism, Subjectivism.

Methodology

• Case Studies, Ethnography, Grounded Theory………..

Method

• Open-ended Interview, open-interview, observation, documents, audio-visual materials,……

Researcher

• A respectful listener or observer

Terminology

• Trustworthiness, triangulation, credibility, dependability, qualitative, purposive sampling

INTERPRETIVIST

CRITICAL

Aim • Criticize, improve, develop, emancipate, change, challenge,

Ontology

• Reality is constructed and affected by power.

• Reality has been interpreted in ways that preserve structures of dominance. (critical idealism)

Epistemology

• Subjectivist (socially constructed & Emancipatory….

Methodology

• Action Research, Critical ethnography, Critical discourse analysis

Method • Critical interview, critical observation, critical discourse,……..

Researcher

• A social activist

Terminology

• power relationships, social justice, resistance, innovation, domination, oppression, emancipation

CRITICAL

Positivist Interpretivist Critical

Aim:

Prove, refute, measure, examine, investigate, evaluate…..

Explore, understand, discover, recognize, find out, identify …….

Criticize, improve, develop, emancipate, change, challenge, elevate, raise awareness..

Ontology: what is the nature of reality?

- Reality is singular(one

truth), apart from the researcher (external reality,

detached from the researcher and the participants(independent of them)

Reality is multiple( multiple perspectives of truth) and constantly changing (through the interpretations of participants and the researcher. Reality is socially constructed.

Reality is constructed and affected by power. Reality has been interpreted in ways that preserve structures of dominance.

Epistemology: How do we know about reality?

Objectivist; researcher is independent from that being researched; Value free and un-biased, objectivism.

Researcher interacts with that being researched; Value-laden and biased, Constructivism, Subjectivism.

Subjectivist (socially constructed & Emancipatory….

Methodology: (Approach to knowledge)

•Experimental •Quasi-experimental •correlational • Surveys

•Case Studies • Ethnography • Grounded Theory

• Action Research • Critical ethnography • Critical discourse analysis

Method: (Instruments &Tools)

Closed-Questionnaire, structured interview,………

Open-ended Interview, observation, documents, audio-visual materials,……

Critical interview, critical observation, critical discourse,……..

Role Of Researcher: Neutral A respectful listener or observer

A social activist

Related Terminology:

Hypothesis, validity, reliability, quantitative, variables, randomized control trial, causality, random sampling, generalization

Trustworthiness, triangulation, credibility, qualitative, purposive sampling

power relationships, social justice, resistance, innovation, domination, oppression, emancipation

Research Paradigm Map

Research Design

Data Collection

Method

Methodology

Area of Research

Research Questions

Interpretivist

Case Study

NNEST and NEST in

Teaching English as a FL

Do policy recruitments in the university prefer native

or non-native English teachers? And why?

Do Saudi female students prefer native or non-native

English teachers? And why?

Do Saudi female students perceive any differences in

teaching practices between native and non-native

English teachers? If yes, what are they? If no, why?

observation

s,

students’

reflective

interviews

Multi-methods design

Research Paradigm

http://www.iier.org.au/iier16/mackenzie1.gif

Research Structure

Introduction

Nature of the problem

Research gap

Rationale for the study

Significance of the study

Contribution to knowledge

Research questions/hypothesis

Structure/ organization of the thesis

Context of the study:

Description of the context of the study

Cultural issues

Educational issues

Socio-economic issues

Political issues

Description of the population of the study

Any relevant information that illuminates the

background of the study

Literature review

Theoretical constructs in the research

questions

Research studies relevant to your topic-

Be critical not descriptive

Formulate a conceptual framework as a

result of your review of theories and

practices in the area of your study

Methodology

Research theoretical framework

Research questions

Research design + theoretical justification Research

methods + theoretical justification Research

procedures: sampling and data collection methods

Research Design: (con…. expl..,explo…,mi….,mu..)

Validity and reliability=Credibility and

trustworthiness

Ethical dimensions

Challenges and Limitations of the study

Results and discussion

The main research questions are answered in this

chapter

Your analysis is supported by data: quantitative and

qualitative

Discussion and interpretation to be added at this level

Conclusion

Summary of main findings

Implications Recommendations

Suggestions for further research

Personal reflection on the thesis journey

Alston, M., & Bowles, W. (2003). Research for social workers: An introduction to methods (2nd ed.).

London; New York: Routledge.

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.):

Cengage Learning.

Babbie, E. R. (2010). The practice of social research (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage

Learning.

Blaikie, N. (2010). Designing social research: The logic of anticipation. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (1985). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. London: Heinemann.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.).

Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process.

London: SAGE Publications.

Dawson, C. (2002). Practical research methods: A user-friendly guide to mastering research techniques and projects. Oxford: How To Books.

Thanks

سعود بن موسى الصالحي

Twitter:

@saudedu

Email:

saudedu@hotmail.com