Medical Terminology

F Basic word structure F Root F Prefixes F Suffixes

F Terms pertaining to the body

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Word analysis

Root foundation of the word Suffix word ending Prefix word beginning Combining vowel vowel (usually o)

that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root.

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Three general rules

1. 2. combining vowel (o)

suffix vowel gastr/itis not gastr/o/it is

3. combining vowel 2 gastr/o/enter/o/logy

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HEMATOLOGY

HEMAT / O / LOGY

Root

Blood

Suffix

Study of

Combining vowel

Hematology = study of the blood5

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR / O / CARDI/ O / GRAM

Root

electricity

Root

heart

Suffix

record

Combining vowel

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Electrocardiogram = record of the electricityin the heart

EPIGASTRITIS

EPI / GASTR / ITIS

Suffix Prefix

Above

Root

Stomach inflammation

Epigastritis = Inflammation of above stomach

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Prefixes

Negative prefixes

a- not, without apneaan- anemiaab- away from abnormaldys- bad, painful, dyspepsia

difficult, abnormal

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PrefixesPrefixes of number

bi- two bicuspidtri- three tricuspidmulti- many multifactors

Prefixes of degree or size

hyper- excessive hyperplasiamacro- large macroblast

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PrefixesPrefixes of location

ec- out, outside ectopic pregnancyecto-en- in, within endoscopeendo-epi- above epidermistrans- across transplantperi- surrounding pericardium

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PrefixesPrefixes of time and order

pro- before prognosisretro- behind, retroperitoneal

backwardsub- below, under subtherapeutic

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Prefixes of attitude anti- against antidotecontra- against contraindicationsyn- together synergist

Prefixes

Prefixes of speed

brady- slow bradycardiatachy- fast tachypnea

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PrefixesPrefixes of color

albin/o white albinismanthrac/o black (as coal) anthracosischlor/o green chlorophyll cirrh/o tawny yellow cirrhosiscyan/o blue cynaosiseosin/o rosy eosinophilerythr/o red erythrocyte

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PrefixesPrefixes of color

jaund/o yellow jaundiceleuk/o white leukodermalute/o yellow corpus luteummelen/o black melenocytepoli/o gray polimyelitisxanth/o yellow xanthoma

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Suffixes

Noun suffixes-algia pain myalgia-cyte cell erythrocyte-ectomy excision nephrectomy-emia blood condition leukemia-genesis forming pathogenesis-gram record electroencephalogram-itis inflammation bronchitis

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Suffixes

Noun suffixes-megaly enlargement acromegaly-oma tumor, mass, swelling

hepatoma

-pathy disease conditionadenopathy

-penia deficiency leukopenia-therapy treatment chemotherapy

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Suffixes

Noun suffixes-er person radiographer-ist specialist nephrologist-ic, -ical pertaining to neurological

-ole little, small arteriole-ule venule-y condition, process

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SuffixesNoun suffixes = condition-ation constipation-cytosis abnormal condition of cells thrombocytosis-ema empyema-emia blood condition uremia-ia pneumonia-iasis abnormal condition cholelithiasis-osis -usually abnormal nephrosis-pathy disease condition adenopathy-uria urine condition proteinuria-y acromegaly

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Suffixes

Adjective suffixes-ac, -iac cardiac-al, -eal peritoneal-ar pertaining to tonsillar-ary pulmonary-ic chronic-oid reseamble adenoid

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Plurals

1. a -ae : vertebra vertebrae2. -is -es : pubis pubes3. -ix, -ex -ices : apex apices 4. -on a : ganglion ganglia5. -um a : ovum ova6. -us I : nucleus nuclei7. Others : anomalyanomalies, biopsy

biopsies, adenomaadenomata20

Exercise 1 Pancytopenia

Nocturia

Arthralgia

Anisocytosis

hematochezia21

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Exercise 1 Pancytopenia

Nocturia

Arthralgia

Anisocytosis

hematochezia

Pan / cyt / o / penia

Noct / uria

Arthr / algia

Anis / o / cyt / osis

Hemat / o / chezia

Term pertaining to the body

Planes of the body

Digestive system

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frontal (coronal)

Sagittal (lateral)

Transverse (cross-sectional)

Anterior (ventral)

Superior

Inferior

Posterior (dorsal)

Proximal

Distal

lateralMedial

Planes of the body

Nervous system

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ventricle of the brain

mening/o ; meningi/o

cerebr/o ; encephal/o

myel/o

Nervous system --algiaalgia excessive sensitivity to painexcessive sensitivity to pain --esthesiaesthesia nervous sensation (feeling)nervous sensation (feeling) --paresis paresis slight paralysisslight paralysis --plegiaplegia paralysisparalysis --lepsylepsy seizureseizure --phasiaphasia speech speech -- kinesiakinesia ; ; --kinesis kinesis movementmovement

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Exercise 2 Nacrolepsy

Meningoencephalitis

Neuralgia

Electroencephalography

aphasia 27

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Exercise 2

Nacr / o / lepsy

Meningo /encephal / itis

Neur / algia

Electro /encephal / o / graphy

a / phasia

Nacrolepsy

Meningoencephalitis

Neuralgia

Electroencephalography

aphasia

HomeHighlightNarcolepsy

HomeHighlightNarc

Cardiovascular system Cardiovascular system

atri/o

ventricul/o29

Cardiovascular system Cardiovascular system

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angi/oangi/o ; vas/o ; ; vas/o ; vascul/ovascul/o vessel vessel aort/oaort/o aorta aorta arter/oarter/o ; ; arteri/oarteri/o artery artery ather/oather/o plaque plaque (fatty substance)(fatty substance)

arthr/oarthr/o jointjoint thromb/othromb/o clotclot coron/ocoron/o heart heart phleb/ophleb/o ; ; ven/oven/o veinvein

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Digestive system

esophag/o

pharyng/oor/o ; stomat/o

gastr/ohepat/o

splen/o

duoden/o

cholecyst/o

pancreat/ojejun/o

ile/o

append/o ; appendic/ocec/o

epiglott/o

col/o ; colon/o

an/orect/o

sigmoid/o

Digestive system

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AnorexiaAnorexiaAn / orexia = lack of appetite

AphthousAphthous stomatitisstomatitisInflammation of the mouth with small ulcers

Jaundice (Jaundice (IcterusIcterus) ) Yellow-orange coloration of the skin or other tissues

due to high bilirubin level in the blood Flatus Flatus

The presence of gas in both the stomach and the intestine

AscitesAscitesAbnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

AscitesAscites33

Digestive system

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HematocheziaHematocheziaBright, fresh, red blood discharged from the rectum

MelenaMelenaBlack, tarry stool; feces containing blood

SteatorrheaSteatorrheaFat in the stool

Constipation Constipation Difficult, delayed elimination of feces

Diarrhea Diarrhea Frequent, loose, watery stools

Respiratory system

trache/o

pneum/o

nas/o ; rhin/o

bronch/o ; bronchi/o

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Respiratory system

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Auscultation Auscultation Percussion Percussion -pnea breathing -osmia smell EmpyemaEmpyema

Em/py/ema = collection of pus (in the pleural cavity)

EpitaxisEpitaxisNose blood ()

HemoptysisHemoptysishem/o/ptysis = splitting of blood ()

pleur/o ; -thorax

PneumothoraxPneumothorax

Accumulation of air or gas gathers in the lung37

Atelectasis ()

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Pulmonary resection 39

Urinary system

ureter =

urethra = 40

Urinary system azot/o nitrogen azotemia lith/o stone nephrolithiasis noct/i night nocturia olig/o scanty oliguria py/o pus pyuria ren/o kidney renal ischemia ur/o urine uremia -uria urination anuria

urine condition hematuriaglycosuria

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Blood system chrom/ochrom/o color coagul/ocoagul/o clotting erythr/o red leuk/o white hem/o ; hemat/o blood myel/o bone marrow -blast immature cell -cytosis abnormal condition of cells

(slight increase in cell numbers)42

Blood system -emia blood condition -penia deficiency -penia deficiency -philia increase in cell numbers -poesis formation -stasis stop Leukemia

Leukocytosis43

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Musculoskeletal system

arthro/o joint chondr/o cartilage oste/o bone spondyl/o vertebra ten/o ; tendin/o tendon rheumat/o watery flow calc/o ; calci/o calcium orth/o straight

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Musculoskeletal system

fracture sudden breaking of a bone

osteomalacia (rickets)softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone

osteoporosis decrease in bone density (mass)

osteomyelitisinflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

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Skin

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adip/o ; lip/o fat derm/o ; dermat/o skin hidr/o- ; diaphro/o- sweat ichthy/o scaly, dry (severe) xer/o dry (mild) kerat/o hard, horny tissue myc/o fungus onych/o nail pil/o hair steat/o fat

Lesions, Symptoms, and Abnormal Conditions Lesions, Symptoms, and Abnormal Conditions

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Psychiatry

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psych/o mind iatr/o treatment anxi/o uneasy, distressed hallucin/o hallucination () hypn/o sleep ment/o mind phil/o attraction to -mania obsessive preoccupation -phobia fear -phoria feeling, bearing

Psychiatry Amnesia Amnesia

Loss of memory

Apathy Apathy Absence of emotion; lack of interest or emotional

involvement

Kleptomania Kleptomania Klepto = steal

Photophobia Photophobia Fear of light

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Exercise 3

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Exercise 3

Pharmaco / phobia = pharmacophobia

Pan /cyto / penia = Pancytopenia

Colon / ectomy = Colonectomy

Electro / cardio / graphy = Elecardiography

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Medical Abbreviations C/C, CC chief complaint.C/O care of; complains ofD/H drug historyF/H, FH family historyH/O history of.M/H medical historyO: objectivePE physical examinationPH past historyPI present illnessPPH past pertinent historyR/O, RO rule outR/T related toS&S signs and symptoms.S/P status postS/S, SAS signs and symptoms. Syn SAS.SH social historySx signs and symptomsvs vital signs

ABW actual body weight.BSA body surface areaBW body weight, body waterIBW ideal body weightIDW ideal body weightTBSA total body surface areawt weight

/y/o years oldyr yearht height

w/ withw/a when awakew/o without

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BP blood pressure;

bpm beats per minuteBT body temperatureCPE complete physical examinationI&O intake and output (as for fluids)NK not knownNKA no known allergiesNKD no known diseaseNKDA no known drug allergiesO&E observation and examinationPP&A palpation, percussion and auscultationPR pulse rateRT rectal temperatureULQ upper left quadrant.

URQ upper right quadrant54

/ acid-base ratio. CBC complete blood count.A/G albumin/globulin ratio CK creatine kinase

ABG arterial blood gas CLT clotting time

AFB acid fast bacillus CT computerized tomography

AG anion gap ECG electrocardiogram (also EKG)

ALP alkaline phosphatase EEG electroencephalogram

ALT alanine aminotransferase (formerly SGPT). ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

AP alkaline phosphatase FBC full blood count

AST aspartate aminotransferase (formerly SGOT) FBS fasting blood sugar

BST blood serologic test G/O gas and oxygen

BUN blood urea nitrogen Hb hemoglobin

BUN/CR blood urea nitrogen/creatine ratio HbA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin A1.

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HCT Hct, hct, ht, hematocrit. SGPT Serum glutamic-pyruvictransaminase. See: ALT

hgb hemoglobin. Syn: Hb, HGB STS serological test for syphilis

IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein U urea, urology, unknown

LFT liver function tests U&E urea and electrolytes.

MFT muscle function test U/A, UA urinalysis

PBS postprandial bood sugar UBG urobilinogen

PFT pulmonary function tests US ultrasound

PPT partial thromboplastin time VBG venous blood gas

PT prothrombin time VC vital capacity

RBC red blood cells/count VEF ventricular ejection fraction

RU routine urinalysis. VLDL very low density lipoprotein

SGOT serum glutamic-oxalacetictransaminase. See: AST

XR x-ray

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a beforeac ante cenam, before meal/s.

AM ante meridiem, before noon.

ASAP as soon as possiblebid bis in die, twice a day.

BIN bin, twice a nightD, d dayD/A date of admissionD/C discharge,discontinue.

DOB date of birthh.s. hora somniOD once dailypc post cenam, after meals.

prn pro re nata (as needed)

tid three times a day (Latin ter in die).

UTD up to date

CHA congenital hypoplastic anemia

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate

IDA iron deficiency anemia.INR International Normalized Ratio

(standard of care for the management of anticoagulation).

MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHCmean corpuscular hemoglobin

concentration

MCVmean corpuscular/cell volume (a

parameter of red blood cells)

PCV packed cell volume (hematocrit)

RDW red cell distribution width

CVSAHD atherosclerotic heart disease PVST paroxysmal supraventricular

tachycardiaAHF acute heart failure PVT paroxysmal ventricular

tachycardiaAMI acute myocardial infarction RF rheumatic feverAV atrioventricular RVH right ventricular hypertrophy.AVB atrioventricular block RVMI right ventricle myocardial

infarctionAVRT atrioventricular reentrant

tachycardiaRVT renal vein thrombosis

CAD coronary artery disease SAH subarachnoid hemorrhageCO cardiac output SV stroke volumeCVA cerebrovascular accident

(stroke).SVA supraventricular arrhythmia

CVD cerebrovascular disease SVE upraventricular extrasystoleCVD cardiovascular disease SVI stroke volume indexCVI cerebrovascular insufficiency SVT supra ventricular tachycardiaCVS cardiovascular system VF ventricular fibrillation,

ventricular flutterDVT deep vein thrombosis VHD ventricular heart diseaseHT hypertension. VPC ventricular premature

contractions.LVH left ventricular hypertrophy VT ventricular tachycardia.PIV peripheral intravenous (line) VTE venous thromboembolismPST paroxysmal supraventricular

tachycardiavv varicose veins 58

GI

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APE acute pulmonary edemaCOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseaseCOPE chronic obstructive pulmonary

emphysemaCP chest painERV expiratory reserve volumeFEF forced expiratory flowFEV forced expiratory volumeFEV1 forced expiratory volume in one

secondLL left lungLLL lower left lobe (lung)

LRT lower respiratory tractLRTI lower respiratory tract infectionPEFR peak expiratory flow ratePTU pneumothoraxURI upper respiratory tract infectionURTI upper respiratory tract infection

CAH chronic active hepatitisCAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal

dialysisCLD chronic liver diseaseDU duodenal ulcerGBD gallbladder diseaseGERD gastroesophageal reflux diseaseHBV hepatitis B virusHCV hepatitis C virusIBD inflammatory bowel diseaseIBS irritable bowel syndromeIP intra-peritonealL&S liver and spleenN&V, N/V nausea and vomiting.

N/V/D/C nausea/vomiting/diarrhea/constipationPU peptic ulcerUC ulcerative colitis, urine culture

ARF acute renal failure

BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy

CF cystic fibrosis

CRF chronic renal failure

ESRD end stage renal disease

ESRF end stage renal failure

GFR glomerular filtration rate.

HD hemodialysis

RBF renal blood flow.

RRF residual renal function.

UPT urinary pregnancy test

UTI urinary tract infection 60

ReferenceChabner DE. The language of medicine 6th edition. W.B.Saunders

Company, Philadelphia, 2001.

Medical dictionary (software).

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Medical TerminologyWord analysisThree general rulesHematology = study of the bloodElectrocardiogram = record of the electricity in the heartEpigastritis= Inflammation of above stomachPrefixesPrefixesPrefixesPrefixesPrefixesPrefixesPrefixesSuffixesSuffixesSuffixesSuffixesSuffixesExercise 1Exercise 1Term pertaining to the bodyNervous systemNervous systemExercise 2Exercise 2Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular systemDigestive systemDigestive systemDigestive systemRespiratory systemRespiratory systemAtelectasis ()Urinary systemUrinary systemBlood systemBlood systemMusculoskeletal systemMusculoskeletal systemSkinPsychiatryPsychiatryExercise 3Exercise 3