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8/18/2019 Opening Fundacion YPF 2014(2)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/opening-fundacion-ypf-20142 1/13
Instructor: Dr. Carlos Torres-Verdín
Argentina, Octubre 2014
Evaluación de FormacionesConvencionales
y no Convencionales
INSTRUCTOR:
Carlos Torres-Verdín, Ph.D.Professor
Zarrow Centennial Professorship inPetroleum Engineering
Department of Petroleum and GeosystemsEngineering
The University of Texas at Austin
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~cefe/index2.html
8/18/2019 Opening Fundacion YPF 2014(2)
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Wells and Well-Logging Tools
Well Logging Tools
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Well Logging Tools
Formation
Tester
6
Formation Evaluation: Key Products
• Fluid Storage (Reserves)
• Speed of Flow (Permeability)
• Uniformity of Flow (Capillary
Pressure and
Relative
Permeability)
• Production Decline with Time
• Recovery Factor
• Net‐to‐Gross
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WHAT IS A WELL LOG?
8
Different Tools:
Different Physics,
Different
Volumes
of
Investigation
8/18/2019 Opening Fundacion YPF 2014(2)
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9
Rock Physics
• Laboratory Rock Physics
• In‐Situ Rock Physics
• Electrical conductivity, dielectric
properties, magnetic properties
• Elastic properties
• Nuclear properties
• Magnetic resonance properties
• Pressure and
fluid
flow
• Fluid properties, electrolyte diffusion
Physical contrast
enhancement
Effective‐medium
properties of porous
media
10
Heterogeneity and Upscaling
C o r e = 9 6 c m
P l u g = > 3 . 8 c m
G R =>
3 0 c m
N e u t r o n
=> 3 0 c m
S o n i c =>
1 5 ‐1 0 0 c m
I n d u c t i o n=> 3 0 ‐1 2 2 c m
R E S O L U T I O N A N D
D E P T H O F I N V
E S T I G A T I O N
N M R => 2 3 ‐ 7 6 c m
D e n s i t y=>
2 0
c m
8 cm
1.2‐3.8 cm
23 cm
23 cm
25 ‐ 228 cm
13 cm
60 cm
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Interpreting a Well Log is in some ways
similar to solving a SUDOKU puzzle!!
BALANCE and CONSERVATION constraints are important!
Integrated Formation
Evaluation
COREDATA
PETROPHYSICSMEASUREMENT PHYSICS,
CHEMISTRY, and
FLUID PROPERTIES
GEOLOGY
COREDATA
PETROPHYSICSMEASUREMENT PHYSICS,
CHEMISTRY, and
FLUID PROPERTIES
GEOLOGY
8/18/2019 Opening Fundacion YPF 2014(2)
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Pore scaleCore plug scale
Stratum scale
Bedding scale Well logs
THE ROAD FROM THE MICRO-SCALE TO WELL LOGS …
SEM ( m)1 cm
THIN SECTIONS
CORES
6 in
6-12 in
Pore scaleCore plug scale
Stratum scaleBedding scale
Well logs
… THE ROAD FROM WELL LOGS TO THE MACRO-SCALE
CROSS-WELL (1-10 m) 6-12 in
SEISMIC DATA(10-50m)
VSP (5-15 m)
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What does the trained eye see?
Resistivity Gamma
RayDensity
Porosity
Logging
Tool
The Reverse Process
Resistivity Gamma
RayDensity
Porosity
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OUTCROP ANALOGUES CORE SCALE
PORE SCALE SEM SCALE
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Reserves and Producibility
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SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS
CONCERNING THE ORGANIZATION
OF THIS COURSE
1. Porosity, TOTAL and EFFECTIVE, e
2. Moveable Hydrocarbon Saturation, Seh
3. Thickness of Flow Units, Net Pay, Thickness (ft)
4. Areal Extent (Acreage), Area (acres)
5. Recovery Factor, R
6. Fluid Volumetric Expansion Factor at SurfaceConditions, Exp
Reserves = [ e] x [Seh] x [thickness] x [ Area] x [R] x [Exp]
Units = STB [Stock-Tank Barrels]/7,758 (Oil)
Estimation of in-Place Hydrocarbon Reserves
Key Parameters:
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1. Effective Porosity
2. Irreducible Water Saturation
3. Capillary-Bound Water
4. Absolute Permeability
5. Permeability Anisotropy
6. Capillary Pressure
7. Relative Permeability
8. Wettabil ity
9. Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) Fluid Properties
10.Wettability Alterations
Estimation of Reservoir Producibili ty
Key Parameters:
Remark: Most of these parameters are not available from well-logs; rock-
core measurements and fluid samples are commonly used to estimate them.
1. Quality Control of Well Logs and Rock-Core Data: ToolCalibration, Caliper, Differential Caliper, Cable Tension,Cable Speed, Temperature, Delta Density, Depth Control,Relative and Absolute Location Control, etc.
2. Assessment of Borehole Environmental Variables (Mud
Type, Mud Logs, Mud Properties, Paper-Filter Test, BitSize, Borehole Size, Temperature, etc.)
3. Environmental Corrections (and de-Corrections!),Relative Size of Environmental Corrections (Low- andHigh-Porosity Formations), and InterpretationCorrections.
4. Assessment of Mud-Filtrate Invasion and Identificationof Porous and Permeable Units
Basic Well-Log Interpretation Sequence
Sequential Steps (I):
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5. Siliciclastic, Carbonate, Naturally Fractured, or MixedRock Sequence? Sedimentary Environment!
6. Assessment of Lithology and Lithology Proportions.
7. Simple Density Porosity Estimation Based on MudFiltrate.
8. Fluid Correction of Density Porosity based on NeutronPorosity; Correlation with Sonic Porosity.
9. Assessment of Archie’s Parameters: Rock-CoreMeasurements
10.Assessment of the Electr ical Resist ivi ty (SaltConcentration) of Connate Water (is it constant withdepth?)
Basic Well-Log Interpretation Sequence
Sequential Steps (II):
11.Assessment of In-Situ and Moveable HydrocarbonSaturation: Clean Sand Model, Shaly Sand Model(Simandoux, Dual-Water, Waxman-Smits, etc.),Carbonate Model.
12.Assessment of Effective Porosity and Effective
Hydrocarbon Saturation: Iteration between porosity andhydrocarbon saturation!
13.Calculation of In-Place Hydrocarbon Reserves.
14.Estimation of Irreducible Water Saturation and AbsolutePermeability.
15.Correlation with Rock-Core Measurements.
16.Uncertainty Analysis and Error Bounds.
Basic Well-Log Interpretation Sequence
Sequential Steps (III):