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S U M M A R Y & R e f e R e n c e SS o c i e t y

EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT

V.V. NikiforovMecHanisM of corruPtion: Personal and Party levelsThe author offers to consider moral and psychological human features when studying the phenomena of cor-ruption. As the personality possesses negative properties, the author offers not only to form anti-corruption regulations, but also to develop the moral education of society at the state level. It will provide smaller tendency to corruption behavior at the personal level, and it will create the intolerant relation to the corruption in the society. Also it is proved that mutual responsibility of the political parties and their members can increase the efficiency of the anti-corruption actions. The political parties have to interfere with corruption actions of their members, and the members of the parties shouldn’t dare to reduce the authority of their parties by their own unseemly acts.Key words: anti-corruption regulation, bribe, conscientious worker, corruption behavior, corruption, moral edu-cation, moral imperative, political party, the «color» revolution, transformation of values.

References[1] Anti-heroes from the party in power. Article in list «genre». No comments [Antigeroi ot partii vlasti. Stat’ya

v «zhanre» spiska. Bez kommentariev] // Soviet Russia [Sovetskaya Rossiya]. 2012, December 27.[2] Akhmetzhanova K. In St. Petersburg found cultural property of the ex-minister of Moscow area [V Peterbur-

ge nashli kul’turnoe dostoyanie eks-ministra Podmoskov’ya] // Komsomol’skaya pravda. 2014, October 15.[3] Balmer R. Election campaign of Sarkozy was paid by Gaddafi? [Izbiratel’nuyu kampaniyu Sarkozi oplachival Kad-

dafi?] // InoPressa. 2014, November 21. URL: http://www.inopressa.ru/article/13Mar2012/diepresse/sarko1.html[4] Baryshev R. As to us to win against corruption [Kak nam pobedit’ korruptsiyu] // The Anti-corrupt official

[Antikorruptsioner]. 2008, № 1.[5] Bogdanov E.N., Zazykin V.G. Psychological aspects of formation of a corruption orientation of the personal-

ity [Psikhologicheskie aspekty formirovaniya korruptsionnoi napravlennosti lichnosti] // Applied legal psy-chology [Prikladnaya yuridicheskaya psikhologiya]. 2013, № 1, pp. 15–22.

[6] Fight against corruption in China [Bor’ba s korruptsiei v Kitae] // Stop Otkat. URL: http://stopotkat.net/ar-ticles/view/19210

[7] Fight against corruption in Russia went on a trifle [Bor’ba s korruptsiei v Rossii poshla po melochi] // Iz-vestiya. 2014, November 15.

[8] Military prosecutors will check legality of amnesty of Serdyukov [Voennye prokurory proveryat zakonnost’ amnistii Serdyukova] // ВВС Russian service. URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2014/04/140421_serdyukov_amnesty_questioned

[9] Vanyukhina N.V., Grigor’eva O.V., Shevtsov A.M. Psychological prerequisites of corruption [Psikhologicheskie predposylki korruptsii] //Actual problems of economy and right [Aktual’nye problemy ekonomiki i prava]. 2010, № 4, pp. 16–26.

[10] Supreme Court: 9,5 thousand people are condemned for corruption in 2013 [Verkhovnyi sud: za korruptsi-yu v 2013 godu osuzhdeny 9,5 tys. chelovek] // TASS – Russian News agency. URL: http://itar-tass.com/ob-schestvo/955893

[11] In Spain within anti-corruption operation tens officials [V Ispanii v ramkakh antikorruptsionnoi operatsii arestovany desyatki chinovnikov] // The Favourites for all [Izbrannoe dlya vsekh]. 2014, November 12. URL: http://world.lb.ua/news/2014/11/12/285758_ispanii_ramkah_antikorruptsionnoy.html

[12] Gushchin E. Fight against corruption in Spanish [Bor’ba s korruptsiei po-ispanski] // Komsomol’skaya prav-da. 2014, October 28.

[13] Deulin D.V. Economic accentuation of the personality as problem of formation of mercenary motivation of crimes [Ekonomicheskaya aktsentuatsiya lichnosti kak problema formirovaniya korystnoi motivatsii prestu-plenii] // Bulletin of Moscow university of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia [Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii]. 2014, № 6, pp. 274–280.

[14] Kamyshev D. How to win against corruption: «Road map» on fight against corruption [Kak pobedit’ kor-ruptsiyu: «Dorozhnaya karta» po bor’be s korruptsiei] // Vedomosti. 2012, June 6.

[15] Kashevarova A. «Yevtushenkov bought stolen» [«Evtushenkov kupil vorovannoe»] // Izvestiya. 2014, November 17.[16] Levin M.I., Tsirik M.L. Corruption as object of mathematical modeling [Korruptsiya kak ob»ekt matemat-

icheskogo modelirovaniya] // Economy and mathematical methods [Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody], v. 34. 1998, № 3, pp. 40–62.

[17] Mikhailov S.A. Journalism of countries of Northern Europe [Zhurnalistika stran Severnoi Evropy]. St. Pe-tersburg, Mikhaylov V.A. publishing house [Izd-vo Mikhailova V.A.]. 2003, З66 p. URL: http://evartist.nar-od.ru/text14/46.htm#_ftnref14

[18] Morozov V.A., Morozova S.O. Social and psychological determinata of anti-corruption behavior in activity of staff of the state organization [Sotsial’no-psikhologicheskie determinaty antikorruptsionnogo povedeniya v deyatel’nosti sotrudnikov gosudarstvennoi organizatsii] // The Human capital [Chelovecheskii capital]. 2014, № 3, pp. 160–166.

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[20] Ogorodnikova P. Vandals are dear [Vandaly nynche dorogi] // The Nevsky time [Nevskoe vremya]. 2014, November 12.

[21] Panchenko P.N. Argument of acceptance of emergency measures of approach to corruption [Argumentatsiya prinyatiya ekstrennykh mer nastupleniya na korruptsiyu] // Legal equipment [Yuridicheskaya tekhnika]. 2013, № 7–1, pp. 36–47.

[22] Parkhomenko S.A. Model of the agency relations as the teoretiko-empirical instrument of anti-corruption reforming in system of public administration [Model’ agentskikh otnoshenii kak teoretiko-empiricheskii instrument antikorruptsionnogo reformirovaniya v sisteme gosudarstvennogo upravleniya] / Abstract of the thesis of the candidate of sociological sciences. Moscow, 2006.

[23] Polyanskii V.V. Political and legal aspects of fight against corruption in system of the public power (Part 2) [Politiko-pravovye aspekty bor’by s korruptsiei v sisteme publichnoi vlasti (Chast’ 2)] // The Bases of the economy, managements and the rights [Osnovy ekonomiki, upravleniya i prava]. 2013, № 6, С. 110–114.

[24] Rose-Ackerman S. Corruption and Government. Causes, Consequences, and Reform [Korruptsiya i gosu-darstvo. Prichiny, sledstviya, reformy] / Transl. by O.A. Alyakrinskij. Moscow, Logos, 2003, 356 p.

[25] Rybalkin D.A. About the education of an anti-corruption position of the personality [O vospitanii antikor-ruptsionnoi pozitsii lichnosti] // Bulletin of the Kazan’ state university of culture and arts [Vestnik Kazansk-ogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul’tury i iskusstv]. 2014, № 1, pp. 80–82.

[26] Satarov G.A. Corruption relations: agency model and adjacent approaches [Korruptsionnye otnosheniya: agentskaya model’ i smezhnye podkhody] // Social sciences and present [Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremen-nost’]. 2004, № 2, pp. 60–69.

[27] Sil’chenkova S.V. Experience of fight against corruption in foreign countries [Opyt bor’by s korruptsiei v zarubezhnykh stranakh] // Creative heritage of A.S. Posnikov and present [Tvorcheskoe nasledie A.S. Pos-nikova i sovremennost’]. 2014, № 8, pp. 38–43.

[28] Smirnova L.N. Personal punishments for corruption and return of the stolen assets: legislation and practice of the People’s Republic of China [Lichnye nakazaniya za korruptsiyu i vozvrashchenie pokhishchennykh aktivov: zakonodatel’stvo i praktika KNR] // Bulletin of the Tver state university. Series: Economy and management [Vestnik Tverskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Ekonomika i upravlenie]. 2014, № 3, pp. 21–34.

[29] Subetto A.I. Power of the capital and global imperialism [Kapitalokratiya i global’nyi imperialism]. St. Peters-burg, Asterion, 2009, 571 p.

[30] Tarasyan A.G. The comparative analysis of dynamics of corruption before adoption of the Federal law «About corruption counteraction» [Sravnitel’nyi analiz dinamiki korruptsii do i posle prinyatiya Federal’nogo za-kona «O protivodeistvii korruptsii»] // Science and education: economy and economy; business; right and management [Nauka i obrazovanie: khozyaistvo i ekonomika; predprinimatel’stvo; pravo i upravlenie]. 2011, № 5, pp. 110–113.

[31] Uil’yamson O.I. Economic institutes of capitalism: firms, markets, «relational contracting» [Ekonomicheskie instituty kapitalizma: firmy, rynki, «otnoshencheskaya kontraktatsiya»] / Sc. ed. by V.S. Kat’kalo. St. Peters-burg, Lenizdat , 1996, 702 p.

[32] The federal law of December 25, 2008 N 273-FZ «About corruption counteraction» (with changes and addi-tions) [Federal’nyi zakon ot 25 dekabrya 2008 g. N 273-FZ «O protivodeistvii korruptsii» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami)] // GARANT. URL: http://base.garant.ru/12164203/#ixzz3FqdzLjqr

[33] Khramkin A.A. Corruption stability of system of the government and municipal procurements in Russia (preliminary data of 2008) [Korruptsionnaya ustoichivost’ sistemy gosudarstvennykh i munitsipal’nykh za-kupok v Rossii (predvaritel’nye dannye 2008 goda)] // The Government and municipal procurements – 2008. Collection of reports of the III All-Russian practical conference seminar [Gosudarstvennye i munitsipal’nye zakupki – 2008. Sbornik dokladov III Vserossiiskoi prakticheskoi konferentsii-seminara]. Moscow, Law [Yurisprudentsiya], 2008, pp. 145–157.

[34] Tsagarelli Yu.A. System detection of lie as effective remedy of fight against corruption [Sistemnaya detektsiya lzhi kak effektivnoe sredstvo bor’by s korruptsiei] // Karelian scientific magazine [Karel’skii nauchnyi zhur-nal]. 2013, № 4, pp. 111–115.

[35] Eggertsson T. Economic Behavior and Institutions [Ekonomicheskoe povedenie i instituty] / Tr. with Engl. Moscow: Business [Delo], 2001, 408 p.

[36] Yashlavskii A. «Corruption scandal of a century» in China: withdrew billions of dollars from the ex-minister of public safety and his relative [«Korruptsionnyi skandal veka» v Kitae: u eks-ministra obshchestvennoi bezopasnosti i ego blizkikh iz’yali milliardy dollarov] // Moskovskii komsomolets. December 6, 2014. URL: http://www.mk.ru/politics/article/2014/03/30/1006013-korruptsionnyiy-skandal-veka-v-kitae-u-eksministra-obschestvennoy-bezopasnosti-i-ego-blizkih-izyali-milliardyi-dollarov.html

[37] 50 officials and businessmen of Spain the First is detained on the case of corruption [50 chinovnikov i biz-nesmenov Ispanii zaderzhano po delu o korruptsii] // The first Anti-corruption mass media [Pervoe Antikor-ruptsionnoe SMI]. 2014, Novemder 12. URL: http://pasmi.ru/archive/114013

E.A. VasilievaModernization of Bureaucracy: tHe eXPerience of cHina and russiaThe article deals with the genesis of the state service as a social institution in China. It is defined, that values and norms of bureaucracy is paternalism, isolation, professional criterion for the appointment, strict formal hierarchy

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and absolute loyalty to a leader. The Russian state service is based on the same normative base, what typical to the monarchy. Being a social institution, it demonstrates the flexibility on to the influence for the formal structure and stability of the normative structure. Administrative reform, which is based only on changes in the structure and functions of Executive authorities, does not improve the efficiency of public administration. Only changing the principles of organization of interaction between officials and encourage responsibility and initiative can meet the needs of public administration in the modern social state.Key words: bureaucracy, social institution, state service, administrative reform, values, public administration.

References:[1] Akimova E.Yu. Problem of definition of criteria of an assessment of professional and personal features of

public servants [Problema opredeleniya kriteriev otsenki professional’nykh i lichnostnykh osobennostei go-sudarstvennykh sluzhashchikh] // Topical issues of public service: Materials of a round table (on October 25, 2012). Rybinsk branch of a RANEPA [Aktual’nye voprosy gosudarstvennoi sluzhby: Materialy kruglogo stola (25 oktyabrya 2012 goda). Rybinskii filial RANKHiGS]. URL: http://xn----8sbbkwclxdxfjh7cye.xn - p1ai/? page_id=1314 (18.05.2013)

[2] Brockhaus D. A., Efron I.A. New encyclopedic dictionary. Vol. 14 [Novyi entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. T. 14]. Saint Petesburg, printing house Brockhaus-Efron joint-stock company [tipogr. aktsionernogo obshchestva «Brokgauz-Efron»], 1913, pp. 413–419.

[3] Vinogradov A.V. Chinese modernization model. Searches of new identity [Kitaiskaya model’ modernizatsii. Poiski novoi identichnosti.]. Moscow, NOFMO, 2008, 363 p.

[4] Grei J. G. History of Ancient China [Istoriya Drevnego Kitaya]. Moscow, Сenterpoligraf [Tsentrpoligraf], 2006, 605 p.

[5] Confucius. Life. Doctrine. Thoughts. Sayings. Aphorisms [Konfutsii. Zhizn’. Uchenie. Mysli. Izrecheniya. Aforizmy]. Minsk, Modern word [Sovremennoe slovo], 1998, 379 p.

[6] Confucius. Judgments and conversations. Lun Yu [Konfutsii. Suzhdeniya i besedy. Lun’ Yui]. Saint Peters-burg, Kristall publishing house [Izdatel’skii dom «Kristall»], 2001, 188 p.

[7] Korneeva M. Yu. Sociological diagnostics of system of values of the public and municipal servants by method of socratic dialogue [Sotsiologicheskaya diagnostika sistemy tsennostei gosudarstvennykh i munitsipal’nykh sluzhashchikh metodom sokraticheskogo dialoga] // Messenger of the Volgograd state university. Ser. 7 [Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. 7,], Philosophy [Filosofiya]. 2011, № 1 (3), pp. 142–147.

[8] Lugvin S. B. Chinese the state bureaucracy as result of transformational processes of Ancient Chinese society [Kitaiskaya gosudarstvennaya byurokratiya kak rezul’tat transformatsionnykh protsessov drevnekitaiskogo obshchestva] // Messenger GGTU of P. O. Sukhy [Vestnik GGTU im. P.O. Sukhogo]. 2000, № 3, pp. 89–95.

[9] Nepomnin O. E. Istoriya of China. XX century [Istoriya Kitaya. XX vek]. Moscow, Institute of oriental stud-ies of the Russian Academy of Sciences [Institut vostokovedeniya RAN], Kraft +, 2011, 736 p.

[10] Rybakov V. M. Chinese bureaucracy of the period of Tan (618–907) on materials of historical and legal sources [Kitaiskaya byurokratiya perioda Tan (618–907 gg.) po materialam istoricheskikh i yuridicheskikh istochnikov: avtoref. dis. … d-ra ist. nauk]. Saint Petersburg, 2009, 43 p.

[11] Sociological analysis of a problem of motivation of work of public servants [Sotsiologicheskii analiz problemy motivatsii truda gosudarstvennykh sluzhashchikh] // Public service [Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba]. 2013, № 1, pp. 31–35.

MARKET ENVIRoNMENT

V.N.RudchenkotHe concePt service quality Measuring in tHe Hotel coMPleXAt the present stage of economic science development there is no single approach which allows to comprehensively as-sess the quality of services of the hotel complex. As a consequence it is not possible to fully assess the level of customer satisfaction. The concept of the services quality measuring, proposed in this paper, considers not only the shortcom-ings of existing methods, but also it is based on the use of economic, social, and mathematical sciences achievements. However, the main goal, which aimed this study is to set the detection level of the services quality compliance as for the institutional mission and also up to the national and international standards of hotel services quality.Key words: the quality of services, hotel, tourism, customer satisfaction, comprehensive assessment, quality stand-ards.

References:[1] Alexandrova A. Y. International tourism [Mejdynarodniy turism]. Moscow, Aspekt Press, 2001, 180 p.[2] Vasiliev V.A., Kalandarishvili W. N., Novikov, C. A., Odinokov S. A. Quality Management and certification.

Intermet Engineering [Upravlenie kachestvom I sertificazia. Intermet Inginiring]. Moscow, Intermet In-zhiniring 2002, 416 p.

[3] Druzhinin V.V., Kantorow D.C. Systems Engineering [Sistemotechnika]. Moscow, Publishing house “Radio communications” [Radio I sviaz], 1985, 200 p.

[4] Zajko N.N., Bizi Y.C., Ataman A.C. Pathological physiology [Patologicheskaia fisiologia], 5th ed. Moscow, Pressinform, 2008, 640 p.

[5] The international organization for standardization [Megdynarodnaia organizacia po standartisazii]. URL: http://www.iso.org/iso/ru/home/standards/management-standards/iso_9000.htm (18.09.2014)

[6] Lyapina, I.Y., Ignatieva T.L., Bezrukova S.V. Industrial base of hotels and tourist complexes [Idustriania basa gostiniz I turistskix kompleksov]. Moscow, Academy, 2009, 272 p.

[7] Oxford dictionary. URL: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/quality (8.09.2014)

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20�[8] Roglev Kh.I. Fundamentals of hotel management [Osnovy gostinichnogo menedgmenta]. – Kostroma, Con-dor, 2009, 408 p.

[9] Sergeyev I.V. Enterprise economy [Economica predpriatia]. Moscow, Finance and statistics, 2000,560 p.[10] Shipunov V.G., Kishkel’ E.N. Fundamentals of management activities [Osnovi ypravlencheskoy deiatelnosty].

Moscow, Higher school, 2000, 233 p.[11] Ran W.X., Omar R. Service recovery activities and customer satisfaction: Mediating role of justice dimen-

sions // A case study of China Asian Social Science. 2014, № 10(18), pp. 253–261.[12] Núñez-Serrano J.A., Turrión J., Veláбquez F.J. Are stars a good indicator of hotel quality? Assymetric in-

formation and regulatory heterogeneity in Spain // Tourism Management. 2014, № 42, pp. 77–87. – doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.004

[13] Tang T.-W. Becoming an ambidextrous hotel: The role of customer orientation International // International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2014, v. 39, pp. 1–10.

[14] Lee Y.-K., Jeong Y.-K., Choi J. Service Quality, Relationship Outcomes, and Membership Types in the Hotel Industry: A Survey in Korea // Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 2014, v. 19(3), pp. 300–324.

[15] Saleem H., Raja N.S. The impact of service quality on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and brand image: Evidence from hotel industry of Pakistan // Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2014, v. 19(5), pp. 706–711.

D.V. Goloveshko, E.M. Streletseffective aPPlication of organizational MecHanisM of governMent control and ManageMent is in funeral industry of sPainIn the article basic advantages of application of organizational mechanism of government control and manage-ment are examined by funeral industry in Spain. The attained results and possibilities of application of this mechanism of management are analyzed in Russia.Key words: government control and management, organizational mechanism, funeral industry, funeral business, ritual services.

References:[1] Yuz’kov L.P. Social and state and legal aspects of management [Sotsial’nyi i gosudarstvenno-pravovoi aspekty

upravleniya]. Kiev, Lybid’, 1972, 48 p.[2] Cuentas Anuales del Grupo Consolidado 2005 e Informe de Auditoria. Funespaсa – Madrid.: Funespaсa,

2006. – 89 p.[3] Funespaсa. URL: http://www.funespana.es[4] Resumen del Informe Anual 2013. 2014, 38 p. URL: http://www.funespana.es/uploads2008/Resumenin-

formeanual2013.pdf

HISToRy AND THE PRESENT

A.A. KulichkovMajor trends in tHe study of tecHnology and ornaMentation coMB-Pottery neolitHic volga-don interfluveThe present work is devoted to the study of the history of comb- pottery Neolithic in the Volga- Don interfluve. Studies conducted her B.S. Zhukov, M.E. Foss, A.J. Bryusov, V.P. Levenko, V.M. Rauschenbach, A.T. Sinyuk, V.V. Sidorov, A.V. Engovatovoy, Y.B. Tzetlin and many others. As a result, two viewpoints taken shape. Proponents of the first believe that the earliest pottery completely covered pit ornament with a gradual increase in the propor-tion of comb ornament. At a later stage is made so-called «redkoyamochnaya» ceramics when patching pattern is not continuous areas on its surface and forming geometric designs that are interspersed neornamentirovannymi portions. According to the second view, the early stage of comb-ceramics is characterized by extensive use of non-pit, and comb ornament, later the latter’s share is gradually declining, giving way first . Later stage, as well as the supporters of the first viewpoint is presented with ceramics redkoyamochnoy ornamentation.Key words: Neolithic, comb-ceramics, parking, stratigraphy, ornament, container.

References:[1] Bryusov A.Ya. Sketches on stories of tribes of the European part of the USSR during a neolytic era [Ocherki

po istorii plemen evropeiskoi chasti SSSR v neoliticheskuyu epokhu]. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR [AN SSSR], 1952, 263 p.

[2] Bryusov A.Ya. Eastern Europe in III thousand BC. (Ethnogenetic sketch) [Vostochnaya Evropa v III tys. do n.e. (Etnogeneticheskii ocherk)] // Soviet archeology [Sovetskaya arkheologiya]. 1965, № 2, pp. 47–56.

[3] Danilenko V. N. Neolit of Ukraine [Neolit Ukrainy]. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1969, 257 p.[4] Gukov B. S. To a question of a stratigraphy and culture of the neolytic parking near the village of Lyalovo of

the Moscow district [K voprosu o stratigrafii i kul’ture neoliticheskoi stoyanki bliz s. L’yalovo Moskovskogo uezda] // Russian the anthropological magazine. Vol. XVI [Russkii antropologicheskii zhurnal. T. XVI.]. 1927, release 1–2 [vyp. 1–2], pp. 58–75.

[5] Gukov B. S. The theory of chronological and territorial modifications of some neolytic cultures of Eastern Europe according to studying of ceramics [Teoriya khronologicheskikh i territorial’nykh modifikatsii neko-torykh neoliticheskikh kul’tur Vostochnoi Evropy po dannym izucheniya keramiki] // Ethnography [Etno-grafiya]. 1929, № 1, pp. 54–77.

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[6] Kraynov D. A. Chronological framework of the Neolithic of Upper Volga area [Khronologicheskie ramki neolita Verkhnego Povolzh’ya] // KSIA. 1978, release 153 [vyp. 153], pp. 57–62.

[7] Kuftin B. A. Neoliticheskaya the parking near the village of Lyalovo of the Moscow district [Neoliticheskaya stoyanka vblizi s. L’yalovo Moskovskogo uezda] // Russian the anthropological magazine. T. 15 [Russkii antro-pologicheskii zhurnal. T. 15]. 1926, release 1–2 [vyp. 1–2], pp. 89–94.

[8] Levenok V.P. Dolgovsky parking and its value for a Neolithic periodization on the Top Don [Dolgovskaya stoyanka i ee znachenie dlya periodizatsii neolita na Verkhnem Donu] // MIA. Paleolith and Neolithic of the USSR, T. 5 [MIA. Paleolit i neolit SSSR. T. 5]. 1965, № 131, pp. 223–251.

[9] Levenok V.P. The Neolithic of the Top Don and its place among neolytic cultures of a forest–steppe zone of the European part of the USSR [Neolit Verkhnego Dona i ego mesto sredi neoliticheskikh kul’tur lesostepnoi zony evropeiskoi chasti SSSR] // [Avtoref. kand. diss]. Leningrad, 1969, 19 p.

[10] Neprina V. I. Neolit of the patching-edge ceramics in Ukraine [Neolit yamochno-grebenchatoi keramiki na Ukraine], Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1976, 151 p.

[11] Raushenbakh V. M. Neolytic parking of Upper Klyazma [Neoliticheskie stoyanki Verkhnei Klyaz’my] // Ar-chaeological collection. Works GIM. Release of XXII [Arkheologicheskii sbornik. Trudy GIM. Vyp. XXII]. Moscow, Goskultprosvetizdat, 1953, pp. 7–18.

[12] Raushenbakh V. M. Tribes of lyalovsky culture [Plemena l’yalovskoi kul’tury] // The Oka pool during an era of a stone and bronze. Works GIM. Release 44 [Okskii bassein v epokhu kamnya i bronzy. Trudy GIM]. Moscow, Soviet Russia [Sovetskaya Rossiya], 1970, pp. 35–78.

[13] Sidorov V. V. Lyalovsky culture in the western part of Volga-Oka Entre Rios [L’yalovskaya kul’tura v zapad-noi chasti Volgo-Okskogo mezhdurech’ya. Avtoref. dis. … kand. ist. nauk.]. Moscow, 1986, 22 p.

[14] Sidorov V. V. Multilayered parking of the Upper Volga pool Varos and Yazykovo [Mnogosloinye stoyanki Verkh-nevolzhskogo basseina Varos i Yazykovo] // Multilayered parking of Upper Volga area [Mnogosloinye stoyanki Verkhnego Povolzh’ya]. Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences news agency [IA RAN], 1992, pp. 4–113.

[15] Sinyuk A.T. Naseleniye of the basin of Don in the Neolithic era [Naselenie basseina Dona v epokhu neolita]. Vo-ronezh, Publishing house of the Voronezh university [izdatel’stvo Voronezhskogo universiteta], 1986, 179 p.

[16] Sinyuk A.T., A.Yu. Settlement Lipetsk lake [Poselenie Lipetskoe ozero]. Lipetsk, Lipetsk publishing house [Lipetskoe izdatel’stvo], 2000, 160 pages, ill.

[17] Urban YU.N. To a question of early neolytic complexes in the Kalinin Volga region [K voprosu o ran-neneoliticheskikh kompleksakh v Kalininskom Povolzh’e] // Eastern Europe during an era of a stone and bronze: the collection of articles [Vostochnaya Evropa v epokhu kamnya i bronzy: sb.st.], Moscow, Science [Nauka]. 1976, pp. 64–70.

[18] Foss M. E. The most ancient history of the North of the European part of the USSR [Drevneishaya istoriya severa evropeiskoi chasti SSSR] // MIA. 1952, № 29, 280 p.

[19] Tsetlin Yu.B. Periodization of the Neolithic of Upper Volga area [Periodizatsiya neolita Verkhnego Povolzh’ya]. Moscow, News agency of Academy of Sciences of the USSR [IA AN SSSR], 1991, 195 p.

[20] Tsetlin Yu.B. Neolit of the center of East European Plain: figuration of ceramics and technique of a periodi-zation of cultures [Neolit tsentra Russkoi ravniny: ornamentatsiya keramiki i metodika periodizatsii kul’tur]. Tula, Griph and K [Grif i K.], 2008, 352 p.

[21] Engovatova A.V. Ancient hunters and fishers of Moscow area. On materials of the multilayered settlement of an era of a stone and bronze – Voymezhnoye 1 [Drevnie okhotniki i rybolovy Podmoskov’ya. Po materialam mnogosloinogo poseleniya epokhi kamnya i bronzy – Voymezhnoye 1]. Moscow, Russian Academy of Sci-ences news agency [IA RAN], 1997, 283 p.

[22] Engovatova of A.V. Hronologiya of the Neolithic era of Volga-Oka Entre Rios [Khronologiya epokhi neolita Volgo-Okskogo mezhdurech’ya] // Tver archaeological collection. Release 3: the collection of articles [Tver-skoi arkheologicheskii sbornik. Vyp. 3: sb.st.]. Tver, Tver regional museum of local lore [Tverskoi oblastnoi kraevedcheskii muzei], 1998, pp. 238–246.

D.A. BessudnovaBout tHe defense caPaBility of tHe livonia on tHe eve of tHe initial Period of tHe livonian WarThe item of this article is the problem of defense capability of the Livonian lands before and during the initial period of the Livonian War, which was a turning point in the history of the Russian state. Materials of State Secret Archive of Prussian heritage in Berlin are used in this paper. The documents in question contain valuable information about the course and nature of the war as well as the defense organization measures. It is important to note that there are presented business documents not for everyone, that’s why they are much more objective in comparison with narrative sources. Furthermore it is worth to note that these materials were not translated into Russian until this time, and so they are little-known for Russian science. Information obtained from the archives suggests common in the national historiography concept of the weak defense capability of Order lands in the beginning of the war and the complete inactivity of Order leaders is not justified. These documents contain information about the complex defensive measures launched by the Order in the first period of the war, but unexpected ineffectual, because of the rapidity of the January campaign, the Livonians misconception about the nature of the conflict took place, as well as the complex system of Livonian army mobilization required a significant amount of time for the implementation.Key words: Livonian war, Livonia, Russia, Moscowia, Livonian Order, Ivan IV the Terrible.

References:[1] Arbuzov L.A A short history of Liflyandiya’s history, Estlyandiya and Kurland [Ocherk istorii Liflyandii,

Estlyandii i Kurlyandii]. Saint Petersburg, 1912, 302 p.[2] Bessudnov D. A. Beginning of the Lebanese war in light of the Lebanese ambassadorial diaries of 1557

[Nachalo Livonskoi voiny v svete livonskikh posol’skikh dnevnikov 1557 g.] // Odissos. Actual problems of his-

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20�tory, archeology and ethnology [Odissos. Aktual’nye problemy istorii, arkheologii i etnologii]. Odessa, TOV Success [TOV Udacha], 2012, pp. 540–542.

[3] Bessudnova M. B. The prehistory of the Livonsky war: continuation of the diary of the Lebanese Embassy of 1557 to Moscow in the Swedish state archive [K predystorii Livonskoi voiny: prodolzhenie dnevnika livonskogo posol’stva 1557 g. v Moskvu v Shvedskom gosudarstvennom archive] // Studia Slavica Et Balcanica Petropolitana. Saint Petersburg, Publishing house of Saint Petersburg State University [Izdatel’stvo SPbGU], 2012, pp. 153–171.

[4] Zimin A.A., Horoshkevich A.L. Russia Ivan the Terrible’s time [Rossiya vremeni Ivana Groznogo]. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 1982, 184 p.

[5] Zutis Ya. Essays of the historiography of Latvia: Baltic-German historiography [Ocherki po istoriografii Latvii: pribaltiisko-nemetskaya istoriografiya]. Riga, Latgosizdat, 1949, P.1, 259 p.

[6] The complete collection of Russian chronicles [Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei. T 13]. Vol 13, Moscow, YARK, 2000, 544 p.

[7] Popov V. E., Filyushkin A.I. Russian -lebanese contracts of 1554 [Russko-livonskie dogovory 1554 g.] // Stu-dia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. Saint Petersburg, IATs of Saint Petersburg State University [IATS SPbGU], 2010, № 1, pp.109–130.

[8] Collection of materials and articles of the history of Baltic region [Sbornik materialov i statei po istorii Prib-altiiskogo kraya]. Vol. 2, Riga, 1879, 618 p.

[9] Solovyov S. M. Istoriya’s nightingales of Russia since the most ancient times [Istoriya Rossii s drevneishikh vremen]. Moscow, Soсekgiz, 1960, Vol. 3, 814 p.

[10] Filyushkin A.I. Discourses of the Livonian War [Diskursy Livonskoi voiny] // Ab imperio: The theory and his-tory of nationalities and nationalism in the former Soviet Union [Ab imperio: Teoriya i istoriya natsional’nostei i natsionalizma v postsovetskom prostranstve]. Saint Petersburg, Publishing house of Saint Petersburg State University [Izdatel’stvo SPbGU], 2001, № 4, pp. 43–80.

[11] Readings at the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities. [Chteniya v imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostei Rossiiskikh]. Book. 4, Moscow, 1846, 304 p.

[12] Shaskolsky I.P. Russian-Livonian negotiations and the issue of the Livonian tribute [Russko-livonskie per-egovory 1554 g. i vopros o livonskoi dani] // International relations of Russia till XVII century [Mezhdunar-odnye svyazi Rossii do XVII v.]. Moscow, Publishing house of Academy of Sciences of the USSR [Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR], 1961, pp. 376–399.

[13] Bienemann F. Geschichte Livlands in den Jahren 1558–1562. Bd. 2, Riga, 1865–1868, pp. 29–104.[14] Geheimes Staatsarchiv preuβischer Kulturbesitz, XX, HA HBA.[15] Rasmussen K. Die Livlдndische Krise. 1554–1561. Kobenhavn, Universitetsforlaget, 1973, 241 p.[16] Renner J. Livlдndische Historien 1556–1561. Zum ersten Mal nach der Urschrift hrsg. von Peter Karstedt.

Lьbeck, Schmidt-Rцmhild, 1953, 150 p.[17] Riksarkivet, Livonica I, vol. 24, Livo-Moscovitica.[18] Schirren C. Quellen zur Geschichte des Untergangs livдndischer Selbstдndigkeit. Bd. 2, Reval, 1861–1862,

pp. 98–167.[19] Sennig A. Beitrдge zur Heeresverfassung und Kriegsfьhrung Altlivlands zur Zeit seines Untergangs, Jena,

1932, 170 p.

A.A. PetrovasPanisH suBject («tHe sPanisH case») in tHe neWsPaPer «st. PetersBurg vedoMosti» in 1856-1857The article is devoted to the history of the Russian-Spain relations in 1856-1857. «The Spanish case» held in 1856-1857, a prominent place on the pages of the oldest newspaper of the Russian Empire «St. Petersburg Vedomosti», which in this period from a purely academic turned into a social-political. In the materials published in this newspaper, reflected the Russian view on the political situation in this Iberian country, attempts to make changes in the foreign policy of Spain, made its political elite in the presence of a disagreement on the Spanish question between England and France, and changes in Russian foreign policy after the Crimean war. Particularly great attention in the Russian media has been paid to the lighting of the recovery process of the Russian - Spanish dip-lomatic relations, suspended in 1833 due to the recognition by the Russian side heritable Isabella on the Spanish throne, and to the formation of a new phase in relations between the two countries.Key words: Spain, Russia, Alexander II, Isabella II, foreign policy, Russian-Spanish relations, the Russian press.

References:[1] Alekseev M.P. Sketches of history of the Spanish-Russian literary relations of the XVI-XIX century [Ocherki

istorii ispano-russkikh literaturnykh otnoshenii XVI–XIX v.]. Leningrad, Publishing house Leningrad Uni-versity, 1964, 216 p.

[2] Anikeeva N.E. Vedyushkin V.A. Volosyuk O.V. Mednikov I.Yu., Pozharskaya S.P. Istoriya of foreign policy of Spain [Pozharskaya S.P. Istoriya vneshnei politiki Ispanii]. Moscow, International relations [Mezhdunarod-nye otnosheniya], 2013, 504 p.

[3] Bagno V.E. «Letters from Russia» as a literary monument [«Pis’ma iz Rossii» kak literaturnyi pamyatnik] // Huan Valera. Letters from Russia, the Translation from S. Nikolaeva’s Spanish [Khuan Valera. Pis’ma iz Rossii, Per. s isp. S.Nikolaevoi]. St. Petersbug, Servantes fund [Fond «Servantes»], 2001, pp. 5–26.

[4] Yesin of B. E. History of the Russian journalism of the XIX century, the 3rd edition [Istoriya russkoi zhur-nalistiki XIX v.]. Moscow, Publishing house of MSU [Izd-vo MGU], 2008, 303 p.

[5] Chancellor A.M. Gorchakov. 200 years since birth. Collection of reports and documents. Edition E.M. Pri-makov, I.S. Ivanov, Yu.V. Ushakov [Kantsler A.M. Gorchakov. 200 let so dnya rozhdeniya. Sb. dokladov i dokumentov]. Moscow, International relations [Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya], 1998, 406 p.

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[6] Russia and Spain. Documents and materials. 1667–1917. In 2 t. T.II. 1800–1917. Selection of documents and comments: S. P. Pozharskaya and A.I. Saplin [Rossiya i Ispaniya. Dokumenty i materialy. 1667–1917. V 2-kh t. T.II. 1800–1917]. Moscow, Monuments to historical thought [Pamyatniki istoricheskoi mysli], 1997, 344 p.

[7] Russians in Spain: Book the first. A century of XVII – eyelids of XIX [Russkie v Ispanii: Kniga pervaya. Vek XVII – vek XIX] / The Originator and the comment V.G. Ginko. Moscow, Rudomino, 2012, 720 p.

[8] Savvina A.N. House Vonlyarlyarskogo at Blagoveshchensky Bridge [Dom Vonlyarlyarskogo u Blagoveshchen-skogo mosta] // Petersburg readings 98/99 [Peterburgskie chteniya 98/99]. St. Petersburg, Publishing house «Petersburg institute of the press» [Izd-vo «Peterburgskii institut pechati»], 1999, pp. 248–252.

[9] Sanktpeterburgsky sheets. The newspaper political and literary published at Imperial academy of Scienc-es. Tenants M. D. Olkhin and A.N. Ochkin. Edition A.N. Ochkin [Sanktpeterburgskie vedomosti. Gazeta politicheskaya i literaturnaya, izdavaemaya pri Imperatorskoi akademii nauk]. St. Petersburg, Printing house of Imperial academy of Sciences [Tipografiya Imperatorskoi akademii nauk], 1856, № 1-285, 1622 p.

[10] Sanktpeterburgsky sheets. The newspaper political and literary published at Imperial academy of Scienc-es. Tenants M. D. Olkhin and A.N. Ochkin. Edition A.N. Ochkin [Sanktpeterburgskie vedomosti. Gazeta politicheskaya i literaturnaya, izdavaemaya pri Imperatorskoi akademii nauk]. St. Petersburg, Printing house of Imperial academy of Sciences [Tipografiya Imperatorskoi akademii nauk], 1856, № 1-282, 1494 p.

[11] Juan Valera. Letters from Russia. Translation from S. Nikolaeva’s Spanish [Pis’ma iz Rossii. Per. s isp. S. Nikolaevoi]. St. Petersburg, Servantes fund [Fond «Servantes»], 2001, 440 p.

[12] Cherkasov P.P. Graf de Morni – Napolйon III’s ambassador in St. Petersburg (1856–1857) [Cherkasov P.P. Graf de Morni – posol Napoleona III v Sankt-Peterburge (1856–1857)] // Modern and contemporary history [Novaya i noveishaya istoriya]. 2011, № 5, pp. 208–231.

[13] Belбdiez Navarro E. Dos espaсoles en Rusia. El marques de Almodуvar 1761–1763 y don Juan Valera 1856–1857. Madrid, Prensa Espanola, 1969, 223 p.

[14] Bravo-Villasante C. Vida de Juan Valera. Madrid, Magisterio espaсol, 1974, 312 p.[15] Menchen M.T. La neutralidad Espaсola ante la Guerra de Crimea // Cuadernos de Historia Moderna y

Contemporanea / Ed. Univ.Compl. Madrid, 1983, № 4, pp. 79–117.

M.F. Polynov«tHe soviet side Was PerManently Making great concessions…». tHe gorBacHev’s Policy of nuclear disarMaMent.1985–1991The article examines the M.S. Gorbachev’s policy of nuclear disarmament and his negotiations with the rep-resentatives of the United States – Ronald Reagan in Geneva, 1985, in Reykjavik, October 1986, and George W. Bush, July 1991. The considerable attention is paid to the analysis of negotiations of Gorbachev on intermedi-ate-range missiles and shorter-range missiles, inadequate concessions of the Soviet leader which he did to Ameri-cans for the sake of signing of the contract on elimination of this class of missiles. It is noted also, as the contract signed on July 31, 1991 about reduction of strategic ballistic arms, was based on the Soviet concessions.Key words: nuclear disarmament, weapon, intermediate-range missiles and shorter-range missiles, ballistic missilery, M.S. Gorbachev, R. Reagan, G. Bush, Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington DC, Moscow, Soviet-American negotiations.

References:[1] Akhromeev S.F., Korniyenko G. M. Eyes of the marshal and diplomat. A critical view of foreign policy of the

USSR till 1985 [Glazami marshala i diplomata. Kriticheskii vzglyad na vneshnyuyu politiku SSSR do i posle 1985 goda]. Moscow, International relations [Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya], 1992, 318 p.

[2] In the Politburo of the Central Committee of CPSU … On records of conversations of Anatoly Chernyaev, Vadim Medvedev, Georgy Shakhnazarov (1985–1991) [V Politbyuro TSK KPSS… Po zapisyam besed Ana-toliya Chernyaeva, Vadima Medvedeva, Georgiya Shakhnazarova (1985–1991)]. Moscow, Gorbachev Fund [Gorbachev-Fond], 2008, 800 p.

[3] Visit of the Secretary general of the Central Committee of CPSU M. S. Gorbachev to the United States of America. December 7-10, 1987. Documents and materials [Vizit General’nogo sekretarya TSK KPSS M.S. Gorbacheva v Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki. 7–10 dekabrya 1987 goda. Dokumenty i materially]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1987, 120 p.

[4] Gorbachev of M. S. Life and reforms. In 2 volumes [Zhizn’ i reformy. V 2 knigakh]. Moscow, News [Novosti], 1995, Book 1 [Kniga 1], 597 p; Book 2 [Kniga 2], 656 p.

[5] Grinevsky O. A. The fracture. From Brezhnev to Gorbachev [Perelom. Ot Brezhneva k Gorbachevu]. Mos-cow, Olma-Press. Education [Olma-Press. Obrazovanie], 2004, 624 p.

[6] Gromyko Anat. A. Andrey Gromyko. In labyrinths of the Kremlin. Memoirs and reflections of the son [An-drei Gromyko. V labirintakh Kremlya. Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya syna]. Moscow, IPO «Author» [IPO «Avtor»], 1997, 254 p.

[7] Dobrynin A.F. Strictly confidential. The ambassador in Washington at six U.S. Presidents (1962-1986) [Sug-ubo doveritel’no. Posol v Vashingtone pri shesti prezidentakh SSHA (1962–1986 gg.)], Moscow, Author [Av-tor], 1997, 688 p.

[8] Record of the second conversation of M. S. Gorbachev with R. Reagan (in the afternoon on October 11) 1986 [Zapis’ vtoroi besedy M.S. Gorbacheva s R. Reiganom (dnem 11 oktyabrya) 1986 g.] // World economy and international relations [Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya]. 1993, № 5, pp. 81-90.

[9] Record of the fourth conversation of M. S. Gorbachev with R. Reagan [Zapis’ vtoroi besedy M.S. Gorbacheva s R. Reiganom] // World economy and international relations [Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye ot-nosheniya]. 1986, № 8, pp. 68–78.

[10] From conversation with J. Bush. Moscow, on April 14, 1987 [Iz besedy s Dzh. Bushem Moskva, 14 aprelya 1987 goda] // Answering time call. Foreign policy of reorganization: documents and materials [Otvechaya na vyzov vre-meni. Vneshnyaya politika perestroiki: dokumenty i materially]. Moscow, Whole world [Ves’ mir], 2010, 944 p.

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211[11] History of the international relations. Vol.3 [Istoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii. T.3] / Under a general edition of A.V. Torkunov, M. M. Narinsky. Moscow, Aspect Press, 2012, 552 p.

[12] Korniyenko G. M. Cold war. Certificate of its participant [Kholodnaya voina. Svidetel’stvo ee uchastnika]. Moscow, Olma-Press, 2001, 552 p.

[13] Jack Matlock Jr. Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador’s Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union [Smert’ imperii. Vzglyad amerikanskogo posla na raspad Sovetskogo Soyuza] / Translation from Eng-lish. Moscow, Rudimino, 2003, 579 p.

[14] Ostrovsky A.V. Stupidity or Treason? Investigation into the Death of the USSR [Glupost’ ili izmena. Rassle-dovanie gibeli SSSR]. Moscow, Krymsky Bridge [Krymskii most], 9D-Forum, 2011, 864 p.

[15] Pravda. 1985, April 8.[16] Reagan R. Speaking My Mind: Selected Speeches by Ronald Reagan [Otkrovenno govorya. Izbrannye rechi]

// Translation from English. Moscow, News [Novosti], 1990, 398 p.[17] The speech of the Secretary general of the Central Committee of CPSU companion M. S. Gorbachev on Ple-

num of the Central Committee of CPSU on March 11, 1985 [Rech’ General’nogo sekretarya TSK KPSS to-varishcha M.S. Gorbacheva na Plenume TSK KPSS 11 marta 1985 goda] // News [Novosti]. 1985, March 12.

[18] Joint Soviet-American Statement [Sovmestnoe sovetsko-amerikanskoe Zayavlenie] // Pravda. 1985, Novem-ber 22.

[19] Falin V. M. Conflicts in the Kremlin [Konflikty v Kremle]. Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 1999, 393 p.[20] Chernyaev A.S. Joint outcome. Diary of two eras. 1972-1991 [Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh epokh.

1972–1991 gody]. Moscow, ROSSPEN, 2010, 1047 p.[21] Schweitzer of P. Victory. The role of secret strategy of administration of the USA in disintegration of the So-

viet Union and disintegration of socialist camp [Pobeda. Rol’ tainoi strategii administratsii SSHA v raspade Sovetskogo Soyuza i raspade sotsialisticheskogo lagerya]. Minsk, Аvеst, 1995, 392 p.

[22] Shevardnadze E.A. 12 times I met with Reagan one on one [Ya 12 raz vstrechalsya s Reiganom odin na odin] // International life [Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn’]. 2005, № 12, pp. 143–148.

D.V. ShevchenkotHe last lensoviet: tHe elections and tHe Beginning of tHe activity (aPril 1990 – august 1991)The article is devoted to the first year of the Leningrad Soviet of People’s Deputies (XXI convocation). The fea-tures of Leningrad’s social and political life in late 1989 are analyzed. In addition, the basic events and results of the Lensoviet’s election in 1990 are examined. The author describes the main Lensoviet’s activities until August 1991, the formation of the internal structure of the Soviet, attempts to solve social and economic problems of Leningrad, etc. The key features of the policy of the Lensoviet are formulated.Key words: Leningrad, Lensoviet, the XXI convocation of the Leningrad soviet of the people’s deputies, perestroika.

References:[1] The autobiography of the Petersburg City Council [Avtobiografiya Peterburgskogo gorsoveta] / an editorial

board A. N. Belyaev and oth. Vol. 2, Saint Petersburg, Alexander Sazanov’s publishing house [Izd-vo Alek-sandra Sazanova], 2011, 312 p.

[2] Belkin of A.A. Lensoviet: April, 1990 – June, 1991 [Lensovet: aprel’ 1990 – iyun’ 1991 gg.] // Bulletin of St.Petersburg State University [Vestnik SPbGU]. 1992, Ser.6, Rel.4, pp. 101–108.

[3] Vechernii Leningrad [Vechernii Leningrad]. 1990, April 25.[4] Vechernii Leningrad [Vechernii Leningrad]. 1990, February 7.[5] Vechernii Leningrad [Vechernii Leningrad]. 1990, April 9.[6] Vinnikov A.Ya. Price of freedom [Tsena svobody]. Saint Petersburg, Bibliopolis, 1998, 654 p.[7] State museum of political history (SMPH) [Gosudarstvennyi muzei politicheskoi istorii (GMPIR)]. № BC 11047-2.[8] Karnaukhov S. Food’s Funeral: notes about a food basket of 1990 [Pokhorony edy: zametki o prodovol’stvennoi

korzine 1990 g.] // New literary review [Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie]. 2007, № 84. URL: www .magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/84/ka25.html (20.11.2013)

[9] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1989, November 23.[10] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1989, November 29.[11] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1990, May 15.[12] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1990, January 24.[13] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1990, March 25.[14] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1990, May 25.[15] Leningradskaya Pravda. 1990, March 9.[16] Muzdybayev K. Quality of life of the population of St. Petersburg: 1990-2004 [Kachestvo zhizni naseleniya

Peterburga: 1990–2004 gody]. Saint Petersburg, Leontyevsky center, 2005, 142 p.[17] Nevsky courier [Nevskii kur’er]. 1990, January 15–21.[18] Public life of Leningrad in the years of reorganization. 1985–1991: collection materials [Obshchestvennaya

zhizn’ Leningrada v gody perestroiki. 1985–1991: sb. materialov] / originator O. N. Ansberg, A.D. Margolis. Saint Petersburg, «Silver age» publishing house [Izd-vo «Serebryanyi vek»], 2009, 784 p.

[19] Polynov M. F. The Russian workers in the second half of the 80th – the first half of the 90th years. Problems and tendencies of social development (on materials of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region) [Rossiiskie rabochie vo vtoroi polovine 80-kh – pervoi polovine 90-kh godov. Problemy i tendentsii sotsial’nogo razvitiya (na materialakh Sankt-Peterburga i Leningradskoi oblasti)]. Saint Petersburg, 1998, 316 p.

[20] Smena. 1989, July 18.[21] Smena. 1989, December 22.[22] Smena. 1989, March 2.

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[23] Smena. 1989, February 9.[24] Sungurov A.Yu. Etudes of political life of Leningrad-St. Petersburg. 1987–1994 [Etyudy politicheskoi zhizni

Leningrada-Peterburga. 1987–1994 gg]. Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg center «Strategy» [Sankt-Peter-burgskii tsentr «Strategiya»], 1996, 196 p.

[25] Central state archive of St. Petersburg (CSA SPb). F. 7384. Оp. 60. D. 9.[26] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 488.[27] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 524.[28] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 531.[29] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 546.[30] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 62. D. 549.[31] CSA SPb. F. 7384. Оp. 63. D. 982.[32] Orttung R.W. From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: democratization in a Russian city. New York, St. Martin

Press, 1995, 332 p.

DISCoURSE STRATEGIES

K.G. IsupovtHe Poet-PHilosoPHer (to 200 anniversary of M.yu. lerMontov)Lermontov’s metaphysics is considered. It is understood as poet’s judgment of the irrational objects, phenomena of religious and mystical inspiration and a generalization of the God. The destiny mythologema, important for romantic consciousness, is examined. It is established that the hero of the Lermontov’s novel knew the antique model of not cancellable fate and not guessed mission that defines Pechorin’s life as total failure and tragic fault. Images of the game, dramatized life in concepts «life = a scene», «people = actors», «people = dolls» and others of this row are investigated. It becomes clear that «character-director» involves neighbors into a disastrous circle of his game, appearing at the same time as a player and as a toy of circumstances.Key words: intuitive knowledge, Providence, psychology of vital direction, the game psychology, the romantic character, the destiny, staging of life.

References:[1] Ilyin V.N. Secret vision at Pushkin and Lermontov (1962) [Tainovidenie u Pushkina i Lermontova (1962)]

// V.N. Ilyin. Fire of the worlds. The chosen articles from the «Vozrozhdeniye» [V.N. Il’in. Pozhar mirov. Izbrannye stat’i iz zhurnala «Vozrozhdenie»] / Originator and introductory article A.P. Kozyreva. Moscow, Progress-Tradition, 2009, 752 p.

[2] Lovejoy A.O. Great chain of life: History of idea (1938) [Velikaya tsep’ bytiya: Istoriya idei (1938)]. Moscow, The House of the Intellectual Book (HIB) [Dom intellektual’noi knigi (DIK)], 2001, 376 p.

[3] Lermontov M.Yu. Collected works: In 4 Vol. Vol. 1. Moscow, The art literature [Khudozhestvennaya litera-tura], 1975, 647 p.

[4] Lermontov M.Yu. Collected works: In 4 Vol. Vol. 1. Moscow, The art literature [Khudozhestvennaya litera-tura], 1976, 543 p.

[5] M.Yu. Lermontov: pro et contra. The personality and Mikhail Lermontov’s creativity in an assessment of the Russian thinkers and researchers. Anthology [Lermontov: pro et contra. Lichnost’ i tvorchestvo Mikhaila Lermontova v otsenke russkikh myslitelei i issledovatelei. Antologiya] / Originator V. M. Markovic, G. E. Potapova; introductory article of V. M. Markovic, G. E. Potapova and N. Yu. Zavarzina’s comments, St. Pe-tersburg, RHGI, 2002, 1080 p.

[6] M.Yu. Lermontov: pro et contra. The personality and ideological and art heritage of M. Yu. Lermontov in estimates of domestic and foreign researchers and thinkers. Anthology [Lermontov: pro et contra. Lichnost’ i ideino-khudozhestvennoe nasledie M.Yu. Lermontova v otsenkakh otechestvennykh i zarubezhnykh issle-dovatelei i myslitelei. Antologiya] / Originator, S. V. Savinkov, K.G. Isupov’s comments; introductory article of S. V. Savinkov. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, RHGA, 2014, 1089 p.

[7] Pumpyansky L.V. Сlassical tradition. Meeting of works on stories of the Russian literature [Klassicheskaya traditsiya. Sobranie trudov po istorii russkoi literatury], Moscow, Languages of the Russian Culture [Yazyki Russkoi Kul’tury], 2000, 847 p.

K.S. Pigrov, K.V. Sultanovage as tHe Personification of tiMe (MetaPHysics of HuMan life)The object of the article is the philosophic consideration of the ways of the reasoning of time ontology through the human existence – the understanding of time “on inside of” the human being. Interpreting the age as a dimension of our personal spending of life, we conceive the methodical premises for the comprehension of the ultimate being grounds. Accordingly, such a methodology enables us to find meaning in our own life in prospect of the universal. The problem of the age, which we deal with in the realistic meaning of our personal unique life, is developed as a question of the meaning of time, of its personification.The age is not reduced to the definition of a human life by the number of the years, but it includes the subjective experience of the own being finiteness. The age constantly reminds us of nothingness, so that the age experience is patently or latently related to the existential fear and its negotiation. Person’s belonging to the true being is de-fined by the domination of human age over natural age. In this domination, which is apprehended as an attribute of modernity, modern European perceives his freedom and finds the personal human sense of his age.Key words: Being, age, time, death, existential fear of nothingness, modernity, patiently, hopeful.

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213References:[1] Aksenov G. P. About scientific loneliness of Vernadsky [O nauchnom odinochestve Vernadskogo] // Philoso-

phy Questions [Voprosy filosofii]. 1993, № 6, pp. 74–87.[2] Aristotle. Metaphysics. A.V. Kubitsky’s translation [Aristotel’. Metafizika. Perevod A.V. Kubitskogo] // Aristo-

tle. Compositions in 4 t. T.1. Moscow, Thought [Mysl’], 1975, pp. 65–367.[3] Bloh E. Principle of hope [Printsip nadezhdy] // Utopia and utopian thinking. Anthology of foreign literature

[Utopiya i utopicheskoe myshlenie. Antologiya zarubezhnoi literatury]. Moscow, Progress, 1991, pp. 49–78.[4] Weber M. Protestantskaya ethics and spirit of capitalism. M.I. Levina’s translation [Protestantskaya etika i

dukh kapitalizma] // M. Weber. The chosen works. Moscow, Progress, 1990, pp. 61–272.[5] Gaidar E.T. Days of defeats and victories [Dni porazhenii i pobed]. Moscow, Vagrius, 1997, 367 p.[6] Dante Alighieri. Divine comedy. M. Lozinsky’s translation [Bozhestvennaya komediya. Perevod M. Lozinsk-

ogo]. Moscow, However [Pravda], 1982, 640 p[7] Democritus. Texts. Translation. Researches [Demokrit. Teksty. Perevod. Issledovaniya]. Leningrad, Science

[Nauka], Leningrad office [Leningradskoe otdelenie], 1970, 664 p.[8] Dostoyevsky F.M. Pushkin (sketch). It is said on June 8 in a meeting of Society of fans of the Russian lit-

erature [Pushkin (ocherk). Proizneseno 8 iyunya v zasedanii Obshchestva lyubitelei rossiiskoi slovesnosti] // Dostoyevsky of F.M. of PSS in 30 vol, Vol. 26. Leningrad, Science [Nauka], 1984, pp.136–149.

[9] Condorcet J.A. Sketch of a historical picture of progress of human reason. I.A. Shapiro’s translation. The third Russian edition with introductory article Yu.I. Semenova [Eskiz istoricheskoi kartiny progressa chelovechesk-ogo razuma. Moscow, State historical publicistic library of Russia [Gos. istor. publ. b-ka Rossii], 2010, 233 p.

[10] Newton I. Mathematical beginnings of natural philosophy. The translation with Latin and A.N. Krylov’s notes [Matematicheskie nachala natural’noi filosofii]. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 1989, 688 p.

[11] Pigrov K.S. Social philosophy [Sotsial’naya filosofiya]. St. Petersburg. St.Petersburg State University [SP-bGU], 2005, 296 p.

[12] G. Leibniz and S. Clark’s polemic concerning philosophy and natural sciences (1715–1716) [Polemika G. Leibnitsa i S. Klarka po voprosam filosofii i estestvoznaniya (1715–1716 gg.)]. Leningrad, LSU publishing house [Izdatel’stvo LGU], 1960,136 p.

[13] Tibetan book of the dead Bardo Tkhedol. A. Bochenkov’s translation [Tibetskaya kniga mertvykh Bardo Tkhedol]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2005, 400 p.

[14] Tillikh P. Favourites. Culture theology [Izbrannoe. Teologiya kul’tury]. Moscow, Lawyer [Yurist], 1995, 380 p.[15] Toporov V. N Yuga // Myths of people of the world. Encyclopedia. Vol. 2 [Mify narodov mira. Entsiklope-

diya]. Moscow, Publishing house Soviet encyclopedia [Sovetskaya entsiklopediya], 1992.[16] Freud S. Totem and taboo. M. Woolf ’s translation [Totem i tabu] // Works of different years. Kniga1. Vol.6

[Trudy raznykh let], 1990, pp. 193–350.[17] Fukuyama F. Trust [Doverie]. Moscow, Ermak, 2004, 732 p.[18] Tsiolkovsky K.E. Monizm Universe [Monizm Vselennoi]. Kaluga, Edition of the author, 1925, 32 p.[19] Engels F. Work role in the course of transformation of a monkey into the person [Rol’ truda v protsesse pre-

vrashcheniya obez’yany v cheloveka] // Marx K., Engels F. Compositions, 2nd edition, Vol. 20.[20] Epicurus. The letter to Menekey. M. L. Gasparov’s translation [Pis’mo k Menekeyu]. URL: www.ancien-

trome.ru/antlitr/t.htm? a=1358238790 (13.09.14).[21] Blondel E. La patience de Nietzsche: Explication de texte // Nietzsche Studien: Intern. Jb. fьr die Nietzsche-

forschung. B., N.Y., 1989, Bd. 18, pp. 432–439.

N.V. NikiforovaHistory of tecHnology in russia: researcH traditions and sHiftsThe article offers a general overview of historiography of science and technology in Russia. It covers the period from the nineteenth century to the present day. In the nineteenth century institutional division between disci-plines had not yet been established, and history of science and technology did not form a separate self-sufficient disciplinary field, and was put in service for economics, politics and state interests. Soviet historiography will be described in the light of interrelation between the Communist ideology and strategies implemented by the scholars. This is the period when history of science and technology was institutionalized. In the last section recent trends, methodologies, styles, themes, emerging institutions and publications in science and technology studies in Russia will be introduced.Key words: historiography of science and technology, philosophy of technology, Russian cosmism.

References:[1] Alexandrov D. A. Social history of domestic science and equipment [Sotsial’naya istoriya otechestvennoi

nauki i tekhniki] // Questions of history of natural sciences and equipment [Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki]. 1995, № 1, pp. 21–23.

[2] Glinoyetsky N. P. History of the Russian General Staff [Istoriya Russkogo general’nogo shtaba]. Saint Pe-tersburg, printing house of the Staff of troops of Guard and Petersburg military district [Tip. Shtaba voisk Gvardii i Peterb. voen. okr], 1883–1894.

[3] Grigoriev V. V. Emperor’s Saint-Petersburg University during the First Fifty Years [Imperatorskii S.-Peter-burgskii universitet v techenie pervykh pyatidesyati let ego sushchestvovaniya]. Saint Petersburg, V. Bezo-brazov’s and Co printing house [Tip. V. Bezobrazova i K°], 1870, 679 p.

[4] Zubov V. P. Alberti’s Architectural Theory [Arkhitekturnaya teoriya Al’berti]. Saint Petersburg, Aleteiya, 2001, 461 p.

[5] Ioyrysh A.I. Soviet Atomic Project: Destinies. Documents. Fulfillments [Sovetskii atomnyi proekt: Sud’by. Dokumenty. Sversheniya]. Moscow, Unity, 2008, 355 p.

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[6] Kotov V. F. Problem of Force in Leonardo da Vinci’s Works [Problema sily u Leonardo da Vinchi]. 1937, 174 p.[7] Culturology of Technology and Engineering. Collective monograph [Kul’turologiya tekhniki i inzhenernoi

deyatel’nosti. Kollektivnaya monografiya] / Editor-in-chief N. G. Bagdasaryan. Saint Petersbrg, Eidos, 2011, 202 p.

[8] Mendeleyev D. I. Sacramental Thoughts [Zavetnye mysli] / the Full edition, for the first time after 1905 [Poln. izd. (vpervye posle 1905 g.)]. Moscow, Thought [Mysl’], 1995, 413 p.

[9] Mendeleyev D. I. Basics of Industrial Production [Osnovy fabrichno-zavodskoi promyshlennosti]. Saint Pe-tersburg, 1897.

[10] Scientific community of physicists of the USSR. 1950-1960 th years: documents, memoirs, research [Nauch-noe soobshchestvo fizikov SSSR. 1950–1960-e gody: dokumenty, vospominaniya, issledovani] / Originator and editor V.P. Vizgin and A.V. Kessenikh. Saint Petersburg, Publishing house of the Russian Christian humanitarian academy [Izd-vo Russkoi Khristianskoi gumanitarnoi akademii], 2005, 720 p.

[11] Centre for Policy Analysis and Studies of Technologies (PAST-Centre) [Nauchno-obrazovatel’nyi tsentr «Sotsial’no-politicheskie issledovaniya tekhnologii»]. URL: http://past-centre.ru/ (14.12.2014)

[12] Orbeli R. A. Leonardo da Vinci and his Works on the Search for the Ways of Underwater Swimming and De-scent [Leonardo da Vinchi i ego raboty po izyskaniyu sposoba podvodnogo plavaniya i spuskov]. Leningrad, 1936, 40 p.

[13] Pavlovsky A. Technological Advances and Their Impact on Civilization [Uspekhi tekhniki i ikh vliyanie na tsivilizatsiyu]. Saint Petersburg, 1896, 70 p.

[14] Pekarsky P.P. History of Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg: Edition of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In 2 vol [Istoriya Imperatorskoi Aka-demii nauk v Peterburge: izdanie Otdeleniya russkogo yazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. V 2-kh tt.]. Saint Petersburg, 1870–1873.

[15] Petrovskаyа I. F. Introduction to biographics. Sources of biographic information on Russians of 1801-1917 [Vvedenie v biografiku. Istochniki biograficheskoi informatsii o rossiyanakh 1801–1917 gg.]. Saint Peters-burg, Logos, 2003, 488 p.

[16] Sociology of things. Collection of articles [Sotsiologiya veshchei. Sbornik statei]. Under V. Vakhshtayn’s edition. Moscow, Territory of the Future publishing house [Izdatel’skii dom «Territoriya budushchego»], 2006, 392 p.

[17] Speshilov P.V. Leonardo da Vinci as anatomist [Leonardo da Vinchi kak anatom]. Saratov, Saratov state university of N.G. Chernyshevsky [Sarat. gos. im. N.G. Chernyshevskogo un-t], 1930.

[18] Centenary of the War Ministry: 1802–1902 [Stoletie Voennogo ministerstva: 1802–1902] / Editor-in-chief general from a cavalry D. A. Skalon. St. Petersburg, Printing house of association M. O. Wolf [Tip. t-va M.O. Vol’f,], 1902–1914.

[19] Century of Free economic society [Stoletie Vol’nogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva]. Saint Petersburg, 1865.[20] Oral history, electronic archive [Ustnaya istoriya, elektronnyi arkhiv]. URL: http://oralhistory.ru/

(14.12.2014)[21] Factory industry and trade of Russia. Under D. I. Mendeleyev’s edition [Fabrichno-zavodskaya promyshlen-

nost’ i torgovlya Rossii. Pod red. D.I. Mendeleeva]. Saint Petersburg, Edition of Department of trade and manufactories of the Ministry of Finance, V. S. Balashev’s printing house [Izdanie Departamenta torgovli i manufaktur Ministerstva finansov, tipografiya V.S. Balasheva], 1893, 752 p.

[22] Khokhlov I.V. A regimental historiography of the Russian army at the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX century [Polkovaya istoriografiya russkoi armii v kontse XIX – nachale XX v.] // Questions of history [Voprosy istorii]. 2008, № 2, pp. 159–166.

[23] Center of researches of science and technologies [Tsentr issledovanii nauki i tekhnologii]. URL: http://www.eu.spb.ru/en/research-centers/sts (14.12.2014)

[24] Center of ecological and technological history [Tsentr ekologicheskoi i tekhnologicheskoi istorii]. URL: http://www.eu.spb.ru/en/research-centers/ceth (14.12.2014)

[25] Tsimbayev K.N. Reconstruction of the past and designing of the future in Russia the XIX century: experi-ence of use of historical anniversaries in political goals [Rekonstruktsiya proshlogo i konstruirovanie budu-shchego v Rossii XIX veka: opyt ispol’zovaniya istoricheskikh yubileev v politicheskikh tselyakh] // Historical culture of imperial Russia: formation of representations about the Past [Istoricheskaya kul’tura imperator-skoi Rossii: formirovanie predstavlenii o proshlom] / Editor-in-chief A.N. Dmitriyev. Moscow, Publishing house of Higher School of Economics [Izdatel’skii dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki], 2012, pp. 475–499.

[26] Aronovich K. EDITORIAL // Sociology of Science and Technology. Saint-Petersburg, Publishing House “Nestor-Historia”.2010, № 1, pp. 112–114.

[27] Gerovitch S. Perestroika of the History of Technology and Science in the USSR: Changes in the Discourse // Technology and Culture. V. 37, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, № 1 (January), pp.102–34.

[28] Gerovitch S. Writing History in the Present Tense: Cold War-era Discursive Strategies of Soviet Historians of Science and Technology // Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences During the Cold War. New York, The New Press, 1998, pp. 189–228.

[29] Gorokhov V. Technological Enlightenment in Russia // Research in Philosophy and Technology. Virginia Tech, 1997, № 3 (2), pp. 106–112.

[30] Gouzevitch I. The History of Technology in Today’s Russia // SHOT Newsletter. Society for the History of Technology, 1996, № 72 (June), pp. 13–16.

[31] Graham L. Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.

[32] Josephson P.R. Science and Ideology in the Soviet Union: the Transformation of Science into a Direct Pro-ductive Force // Soviet Union. Vol. 8, 1981, № 2, pp. 159–185.

[33] Josephson P.R. Review of Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia i Tekhniki, ISIS 82. The University of Chicago Press, 1991, pp. 298–300.

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21�V.D. KomarovtHe sources and structural coMPonents of leninisMThe article to be published for the first time contains the author’s original attempt to systematize the basic ideas of Leninism as revolutionary Marxism of the XX–XXI centuries. In general, Marxism-Leninism is considered as the science of the laws of social development of mankind. The author has determined causal factors of creative development of Leninism as the Marxism of the modern era: sources - direct causes and driving forces - indirect causes (conditions). Structural and functional analysis allowed us to fix the systemic relations between the twelve components of modern Leninism: dialectical materialism, scientific political economy, the theory of scientific socialism, the foundations of scientific sociology, scientific politology, the scientific foundations of communist ide-ology, virtually humanistic principles of social psychology, the principles of communist ethics, scientific principles of aesthetics, the foundations of social pedagogy and the theory of cultural revolution, praxeology of scientific and technical progress, the scientific and philosophical theory of civilization. Stalin’s methodology of the synthe-sis of the basic ideas of Leninism as real humanism of modernity has been used.Key words: Leninism, scientific philosophy, authentic Marxism, civilization, casual factor, activity, communica-tion, principles, structuralism, dialectical materialism, political economy, scientific socialism, politology, ethics, aesthetics, social pedagogy, scientists, cultural revolution, ideology, social revolution, proletarian party, real hu-manism, social psychology, methodology, science, social consciousness, human condition, social relations, prax-eology, scientific and technical progress, scientific sociology, engineering activities, culture, local civilization, globalization, the noosphere, social intelligence

References:[1] Kamenskij Z.A. Philosophy as science: Classical tradition and modern disputes [Filosofiya kak nauka: Klas-

sicheskaya traditsiya i sovremennye spory]. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 1995, 173 p.[2] Komarov V.D. Civilization philosophy [Filosofiya tsivilizatsii] // Philosophy and society [Filosofiya i ob-

shchestvo]. 1998, № 3, pp. 55-112.[3] Lenin V. I. Complete works. Vol. 24.[4] Lenin V. I. Complete works. Vol. 26, pp. 43–93[5] Lenin V. I. Complete works. Vol. 36.[6] Lenin V. I. Complete works. Vol. 41.[7] Lenin V. I. Complete works. Vol. 45.[8] Marx K., Engels F. Compositions, 2nd edition, Vol. 13.[9] Marx K., Engels F. Compositions, 2nd edition, Vol. 20.[10] Marx K., Engels F. Cars. Application of natural powers and science [Mashiny. Primenenie prirodnykh sil i

nauki] // Compositions, the 2nd edition, Vol. 47.[11] Stalin I. Leninism questions [Voprosy leninizma]. Moscow, State publishing house [Gosudarstvennoe

izdatel’stvo], 1930, 720 p.[12] Stalin I. Compositions. Vol. 6.[13] Stalin I. Compositions. Vol. 8.

GLoBALIzATIoN: PoLEMIC oF CIVILIzATIoNS

A.V. RodosskyPortuguese-sPeaking literatures of africa in russian translationsThe article describes the main publications of the Russian translations of poetry and prose of five former Portuguese colo-nies - Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau and Sao Tome and Principe. It marked both advantages and disad-vantages of these translations. The interest in the literature of these countries and its loss is considered in the context of the world’s political changes that have been observed in the last quarter of XX century.Key words: former Portuguese colonies, interest in their literature, struggle for independence, decolonization, pro-Soviet government, translations, cultural exchange, loss of interest.

References:[1] Agostinyo Neto: poet and president [Agostin’o Neto: poet i president]. Moscow, PRAD, 2005, 96 p.[2] Angola: 30 years of independence, 3 years of the world [Angola: 30 let nezavisimosti, 3 goda mira]. Moscow,

Embassy of the Republic of Angola in the Russian Federation [Posol’stvo Resp. Angoly v Rossiiskoi Federat-sii], 2005, 120 p.

[3] Angola culture: complementarity of views [Angol’skaya kul’tura: komplementarnost’ vzglyadov]. Moscow, PRAD, 2005, 80 p.

[4] Galant G. E. and oth. National Republic of Mozambique [Narodnaya respublika Mozambik]. Moscow, Sci-ence [Nauka], 1986, 239 p.

[5] Here and the grass will be born the red [Zdes’ i trava roditsya krasnoi]. Moscow, Progress, 1967, 216 p.[6] Neto A. Star Trek [Zvezdnyi put’]. Moscow, However, 1977, 32 p.[7] Neto A. Sacred hope [Svyashchennaya nadezhda]. Moscow, Progress, 1981, 160 p.[8] Oleynikov I.N. Angola. Moscow, State publishing house of geographical literature [Gosudarstvennoe

izdatel’stvo geograficheskoi literatury], 1960, 80 p.[9] Pervencev V. A. Angola. Moscow, Planet, 1987, 183 p.[10] Ryauzova E. A. Portuguese-speaking literatures of Africa [Portugaloyazychnye literatury Afriki]. Moscow,

Institute of the world literature of A.M. Gorky of the Russian Academy of Sciences [Instituta mirovoi liter-atury im. A.M. Gor’kogo RAN], 1972, 264 p.

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[11] Santos M. Song of true love [Pesn’ istinnoi lyubvi]. Moscow, Fiction [Khudozhestvennaya literature], 1962, 101 p.[12] Modern Angola poetry [Sovremennaya angol’skaya poeziya]. Moscow, Rainbow [Raduga], 1985, 376 p.[13] Fituni L. L. National Republic Angola [Narodnaya Respublika Angola] / Reference book [Spravochnik]. Mos-

cow, Science, 1985, 204 p.[14] Frolova S. A. Angola: there is no road back [Angola: net dorogi obratno]. Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 1980, 56 p.[15] Hazanov A. M. Agostinyo Neto. Moscow, Science, 1985, 206 p.[16] Hazanov A. M. Crash of the last colonial empire [Krushenie poslednei kolonial’noi imperii]. Moscow,

Thought [Mysl’], 1986, 222 p.[17] Hazanov A. M. Mozambique: time of changes [Mozambik: vremya peremen]. Moscow, Knowledge [Znanie],

1979, 64 p.[18] Schilling B., Unger K. Angola, Guinea, Moзambique. Dokumente und Materialen des Befreiungskampfes

der Vцlker Angolas, Guineas und Moзambiques. Frankfurt / Main, 1971, 160 p.[19] Uralov K. Angola’s just cause. Moscow, 1976, 38 p.

M. AldwanitHe Political elite of tHe rePuBlic of yeMenThe article describes the phenomenon of «elite», particularly political elite. Political elite is described as a nonu-niform structure, including persons with high social status, that function as political power both in state and its regions. The author describes the political elite according to Arab researchers, which reckon among them every authority or attendant person. the term «elite» is not strictly defined and is often used interchangeably with oth-ers. The political elite of Yemen is used as an example. The author shows the historical role of Yemen integration in forming of its elites, especially political - both ruling and oppositional. The fact, that critical role in Yemen elite formation had religious and tribal factors is argued. Especially underscored is the fact, that Yemen was integrated was exclusively at elite level, without any participation of vast masses. The author accentuates the degrees of Yemen political elite formation at every stage of state formation and the common methods of its influence on the citizens. Summarizing, he claims that current Yemen political crisis is not only associated with its present political elites, but also predetermines its development, and underscores the fact, that this state from the very beginning founded at the base of authorities and their tribal and religion and not citizenship or law supremacy.Key words: Arab elite, the political elite, tribes, religion, Yemen.

References:[1] Al-Sayed Hussein: Political Sociology: Issues curriculum [Politicheskaya sotsiologiya]. Cairo, 1984 (on the

Arab. language).[2] D. Mohamed Abdurrahman Baidani. Yemen deadlock in the conflict in the Persian Gulf. 4th edition [Mok-

hammed Abdurrakhman. Iemen: tupik v konflikte v Persidskom zalive. 4-e izd.]. Cairo, Gift of Knowledge [Dar Znaniya], 1991 (on the Arab. language).

[3] Newspaper Adan Al Gad [Gazeta «Adan Al’ Gad»]. 2013, March 21 (on the Arab. language).[4] Ozhegov S.I, Shvedova N.Y. Dictionary of Russian language [Tolkovyi slovar’ russkogo yazyka]. Мoscow,

Azbukovnik, 1999.[5] Tavadov G.T. Politics [Politologiya]. Мoscow, Omega-L, 2010.[6] Halliday F. «The third war in Yemen and its implications: It is a victory to defeat all.» [Tret’ya voina Iemena

i ee posledstviya] // Al Haya Magazine [Al’-khaya]. № 11487, 31.07.1999 (on the Arab. language).[7] Hassan Abu Taleb. Yemeni unity. [Iemenskoe edinstvo]. Beirut, Research Center of Arab unity [Tsentr issle-

dovanii arabskogo edinstva], 1994 (on the Arab. language).

LANGUAGES oF CULTURE

E.A. BerezhnayatHe PsycHological features of tHe actor’s Body PercePtion in tHe Plastic tHeatreThe article discoveres the problem of the psychological features of the actor’s body perseption in the plastic thea-tre in terms of the body- oriented approach. Basing on the analysis of recent publications on aesthetics the author considers it is nesessary to examine the plastic theatre as a new form of theatrical art, to which the classical aes-thetic approach can not be applied. Viewing a plastic perfomance, a spectator is being gone through the specific body experience, which requires the psychological analysis based on such a category as corporeality. The paper considers the theory of A. Ya. Brodetsky associated with the perseption of body in art. Bodily expressiveness of an actor bases on the universal nonverbal language interrapted in the specific way. Also, the regularities of a plastic perfomance and the concept of psychological coordinates and ‘toponemes’ are discussed in the article.Key words: body, corporeality, plastic theater, perception, psychological interpretation, body-oriented approach, psychological coordinates.

References:[1] Azarenkо S. A. Community of a body [Soobshchestvo tela]. Moscow, Academic project [Akademicheskii pro-

ekt], 2007, 239 p.[2] Beskova I.A., Knyazeva E.N., Beskova D. A. Nature and images of a corporality [Priroda i obrazy telesnosti].

Moscow, Progress-Tradition [Progress-Traditsiya], 2011, 456 p.[3] Brodetsky A.Ya. Non-verbal communication in life and in art. Alphabet of silence [Vnerechevoe obshchenie

v zhizni i v iskusstve. Azbuka molchaniya]. Moscow, VLADOS, 2000,114 p.

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21�[4] Kiseeva of E.V. Body as experiment area at modern plastic theater [Telo kak oblast’ eksperimenta v sovre-mennom plasticheskom teatre] // Historical, philosophical, political and jurisprudence, cultural science and art criticism. Questions of science and practice [Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy nauki i praktiki]. Tambov, Diploma [Gramota], 2013, №. 2 (28): in 2 p. P. II. [v 2-kh ch. Ch. II], pp. 83–86.

[5] Nikonova S. B. Aesthetic rationality and new mythological thinking. Moscow [Esteticheskaya ratsional’nost’ i novoe mifologicheskoe myshlenie]. Consent [Soglasie], 2012, 416 p.

[6] Tatsumi Hidzikata. My dance was born out of the mud [Moi tanets rodilsya iz gryazi]. URL: www.old.gir-shon.ru/txt/butoh_tazumi.htm (15.07.2014)

[7] Shekhter T.E. Realism in measurement «hyper» [Realizm v izmerenii «giper»]. Saint Petersburg, Asterion, 2011, 180 p.

I.B. GorbunovaforMation of integrative Model for seMantic sPace of Music and Music coMPuter tecHnologies: actual Meaning and soMe PersPectivesThe article discusses the application of music computer technologies (MCT) in the process of forming the inte-grative model for semantic space music. The author analyzes the mechanisms of forming, focusing on specific components of that space. The necessity of development of the model in transforming the forms and methods of accumulating and transmitting of knowledge about music and musicology is marked in connection with the general task of unifying various approaches to the problem into an organic whole.Key words: music computer technologies, digital art, music semantic space, virtual reality.

References:[1] Gorbunova I.B. Information technologies in music. Vol. 1, Very tectonics of a musical sound: manual [In-

formatsionnye tekhnologii v muzyke. T. 1: Arkhitektonika muzykal’nogo zvuka]. St. Petersburg, Publishing house of RGPU of A. I. Herzen, 2009, 175 p.

[2] Gorbunova I.B. Information technologies in music. Vol. 2, Musical synthesizers: manual [Informatsionnye tekhnologii v muzyke. T. 2: Muzykal’nye sintezatory: uchebnoe posobie]. St. Petersburg, Publishing house of RGPU of A.I. Herzen, 2010, 205 p.

[3] Gorbunova I.B. Information technologies in music. Vol. 3: Musical computer: manual [Informatsionnye tekhnologii v muzyke. T. 3: Muzykal’nyi komp’yuter: uchebnoe posobie]. St. Petersburg, Publishing house of RGPU of A.I. Herzen, 2011, 412 p.

[4] Gorbunova I.B. Fenomen of musical and computer technologies as the new educational creative environ-ment [Fenomen muzykal’no-komp’yuternykh tekhnologii kak novaya obrazovatel’naya tvorcheskaya sreda] // News of the Russian state pedagogical university of A.I. Herzen. 2004, № 4 (9), pp. 123–138.

[5] Gorbunova I.B., Zalivadny M. S. Information technologies in music. Vol. 4: Music, mathematics, informat-ics: manual [Informatsionnye tekhnologii v muzyke. T. 4: Muzyka, matematika, informatika]. St. Petersburg, Publishing house of RGPU of A.I. Herzen, 2013, 180 p.

[6] Gorbunova I.B., Zalivadny M. S. Musical and theoretical views of Leonard Euler: relevance and prospects [Muzykal’no-teoreticheskie vozzreniya Leonarda Eilera: aktual’noe znachenie i perspektivy] // Bulletin of the Leningrad state university of name A.S. Pushkin. 2012, № 4 (Vol. 2), pp. 164–172.

[7] Gorbunova I.B., Zalivadny M. S. About mathematical methods in research of music and training of musi-cians [O matematicheskikh metodakh v issledovanii muzyki i podgotovke muzykantov] // Problems of musi-cal science [Problemy muzykal’noi nauki]. 2013, № 1 (12), pp. 272–276.

[8] Gorbunova I.B., Zalivadny M. S. Experience of mathematical representation of musical and logical regu-larities in Ya. Xenakis’s book «The formalized music» [Opyt matematicheskogo predstavleniya muzykal’no-logicheskikh zakonomernostei v knige Ya. Ksenakisa «Formalizovannaya muzyka»] // Society. Environment. Development [Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie]. 2012, № 4, pp. 135-139.

[9] Gorbunova I.B., Kibitkina E.V. Musical programming: questions of training of specialists [Muzykal’noe pro-grammirovanie: voprosy podgotovki spetsialistov] // Art and education [Iskusstvo i obrazovanie]. 2010, № 5 (67), pp. 104–111.

[10] Gorbunova I.B., Romanenko L.Yu., Rodionov P. D. Musical and computer technologies in formation of information competence of the modern musician [Muzykal’no-komp’yuternye tekhnologii v formirovanii in-formatsionnoi kompetentnosti sovremennogo muzykanta] // Scientific and technical sheets of the St. Peters-burg state polytechnical university, Humanitarian and social sciences [Nauchno-tekhnicheskie vedomosti Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye i obshchestvennye nauki]. 2013, № 1 (167), pp. 39–48.

[11] Gorbunova I.B., Romanenko M. Yu., Chibiryov S. V. Modeling of process of musical creativity with use of musical and computer technologies [Modelirovanie protsessa muzykal’nogo tvorchestva s ispol’zovaniem muzykal’no-komp’yuternykh tekhnologii] // the Bulletin of Irkutsk state technical university [Vestnik Ir-kutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta]. 2013, № 4(75), pp. 16–24.

[12] Zalivadny M. S. Use of regularities of aural-visual sinesteziya in composition and the analysis of music [Prim-enenie zakonomernostei slukhozritel’nykh sinestezii v kompozitsii i analize muzyki] // Sinesteziya: common-wealth of feelings and synthesis of arts: materials of the international the scientific and practical conferences. Kazan, KGTU [Sinesteziya: sodruzhestvo chuvstv i sintez iskusstv: materialy mezhd. nauch.-prakt. konf. Kazan’: KGTU]. 2008, pp. 156–159.

[13] Zalivadny M. S., Burshtyn L. N., Budeykina T. B. Cartesian product of sets and composition of functions: interaction in musical space [Dekartovo proizvedenie mnozhestv i kompozitsiya funktsii: vzaimodeistvie v muzykal’nom prostranstve] // Scientific session of GUAP. H. I. Technical science [Nauch. sessiya GUAP. Ch. I.

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Tekhnich. Nauki]. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation [SPbGUAP], 2007, pp. 101-102.

[14] Zalivadny M. S., Ignatyev M. B., Reshetnikova N. N. Complex model of semantic space of music [Komplek-snaya model’ semanticheskogo prostranstva muzyki ] // VII International scientific and methodical confer-ence «High Technologies of Science and Education» [VII Mezhdunarodnaya nauch.-metod. konf. «Vysokie tekhnologii obrazovaniya i nauki»]. St. Petersburg, SpbSTU [SPbGTU], 2000, pp. 57-58.

[15] Zalivadny M. S., Solovyov N. A. The virtual worlds on the basis of graphic models of music [Virtual’nye miry na osnove graficheskikh modelei muzyki] // Modern music education – 2003: materials of the interna-tional scientific and practical conference [Sovremennoe muzykal’noe obrazovanie – 2003: materialy mezhd. nauch.-prakt. konf.]. St. Petersburg, Publishing house of RGPU of A.I. Herzen, 2003, pp. 254-258.

[16] Lukбcs D. Originality esthetic. Vol. 2 [Svoeobrazie esteticheskogo. T. 2]. Moscow, Progress, 1986, 467 p.[17] Rags Yu.N. Acoustic knowledge in system of music education: Sketches [Akusticheskie znaniya v sisteme

muzykal’nogo obrazovaniya: Ocherki], Ryazan, Letter [Litera], Moscow, 2010, 336 p.[18] Rags Yu.N. Levels and content of musicological measurements [Urovni i soderzhanie muzykovedcheskikh

izmerenii] // Aesthetics: information approach. Problems of information culture. Release 5 [Estetika: infor-matsionnyi podkhod. Problemy informatsionnoi kul’tury] / Ed. Yu. Zubov, V. Petrov, Moscow, Sense [Smysl], 1997, pp. 124–141.

[19] Rustamov A.R. A sound image of space in structure of art language of sound direction: thesis of the can-didate of arts [Zvukovoi obraz prostranstva v strukture khudozhestvennogo yazyka zvukorezhissury]. St. Petersburg, 2013, 195 p.

[20] Ulyanich V. S. Computer music and development of the new art and expressive environment in musical art. Abstract thesis of the candidate of art criticism [Komp’yuternaya muzyka i osvoenie novoi khudozhestvenno-vyrazitel’noi sredy v muzykal’nom iskusstve. Avtoref. dis. … kand. Iskusstvovedeniya]. Moscow, 1997, 24 p.

[21] Schweitzer A. Johann Sebastian Bach [Iogann Sebast’yan Bakh]. Moscow, Classics of XXI [Klassika XXI], 2011, 816 p.

[22] Shubnikov A.V., Koptsik V.A. Symmetry in science and art [Simmetriya v nauke i iskusstve], Moscow – Izhevsk, Institute of computer researches [Institut komp’yuternykh issledovanii], 2004, 560 p.

[23] Euler L. Experience of the new theory of music, it is clear stated according to the immutable principles the harmony [Opyt novoi teorii muzyki, yasno izlozhennoi v sootvetstvii s neprelozhnymi printsipami garmonii] / Translation from N.A. Almazova’s Latin. Saint Petersburg, Nestor History, 2007, 273 p.

[24] Lissa Z. O wielowarstwowości kultury muzycznej // Music [Muzyka]. 1959, № 1, pp. 3–22.[25] Xenakis I. Formalized Music. Thought and Mathematics in Music. Stuyvesant and Hillsdale. N.Y., Pendrag-

on Press, 1992.

WoRLD oF ART CULTURE

o.V. DiakivenglisH taBle clocks in tHe victorian country House’s interior (By reference to artWorks of tHe victorian Writers)English table clocks of the Victorian era within the framework of art history and artistic culture is almost un-known piece of furniture. The image, the place and the role of the English table clocks in the Victorian country house’s interior by reference to artworks of the Victorian writers are considered in this article. Elements of an extraordinary semantic program in the image of the Victorian table clocks as a symbol of the English country house are also represented in it.Key words: interior, the artistic culture, theVictorian era, the country house, the Victorian writers, the artistic style.

References:[1] Bronte Sh. Jane Eyre [Dzhein Eir]. Nalchik, publishing center «El’-Fa», 1997, 445 p.[2] Galsworthy Dzh. Collected works: in 8 t. / Trans. Engl. Vol. 1. The Forsyte Saga: Owner; In a loop: novels

[Saga o Forsaitakh: Sobstvennik; V petle: romany]. Moscow, The art literature [Khudozh. lit.], 1983, 671 p.[3] Dickens Ch. Great expectations [Bol’shie nadezhdy] / Translation from English M. Loriye. Moscow, AST:

Astrel, 2011, 543 p.[4] Dickens Ch. Collected works: in 10 t. T. 7. Cold house: the novel [Kholodnyi dom: roman] / Trans. from

English M. I. Klyagina-Kondratyeva. Moscow, The art literature [Khudozh. lit.], 1985, 784 p.[5] Zbrozhek E.V. Viktorianstvo in the context of culture of daily occurrence [Viktorianstvo v kontekste kul’tury

povsednevnosti] // News of the Ural state university. Ser. 2, Gumanit. Sciences, Vol. 35 [Izvestiya Ural. gos. un-ta. Ser. 2: Gumanit. nauki. T. 35]. 2005, № 9, pp. 28–44.

[6] From history of a room and pocket watch in Germany, England and France [Iz istorii komnatnykh i karman-nykh chasov v Germanii, Anglii i Frantsii] // Science and life [Nauka i zhizn’]. 1965, № 9, pp. 74–75.

[7] Conan Doyle A. Sherlock Holmes’s adventures: Motley tape [Priklyucheniya Sherloka Kholmsa: Pestraya lenta]. URL: www.serann.ru/text/pestraya-lenta-9600 (20.03.2014)

[8] Conan Doyle A., John Dixon of Carrhae J. Tayna of the closed room (From Arthur Conan Doyle’s story «A thumb of the driver») [Taina zakrytoi komnaty (Iz rasskaza Artura Konan Doila «Bol’shoi palets mashini-sta»)]. URL: www.litmir.net/br/? b=48770 (14.03.2014)

[9] Cristi A. Hours: the detective novel [Chasy: detektivnyi roman] / Ed. of V. Tirdatov. Moscow, Eksmo, 2011, 320 p.[10] Kryuchkova N. D. A way of life of the British elite in the third quarter of the XIX century: thesis of the can-

didate of historical sciences [Obraz zhizni britanskoi elity v tret’ei chetverti XIX veka]. Stavropol, Stavropol State University, 2004, 247 p.

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21�[11] Carroll L. Adventures Alice [Priklyucheniya Alisy] / Retelling L. Yakhnin’s, ill. D. Tenniel. Moscow, Eksmo, 2014, 352 p.

[12] Mac-Korkodeyl of Ch. Furniture of an inhabited interior: from antiquity up to now [Ubranstvo zhilogo inter’era: ot antichnosti do nashikh dnei] / Trans. with English E.A. Kantor. Moscow, Art [Iskusstvo], 1990, 247 p.

[13] Makhlina S. T. Hours in an interior [Chasy v inter’ere] // The Bulletin of the Oryol state university [Vestnik Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta], 2011, pp. 248–250.

[14] Not only Holmes. Detective of times Conan of Doyle: anthology of the Victorian detective short story: trans-lations [Ne tol’ko Kholms. Detektiv vremen Konan Doila: antologiya viktorianskoi detektivnoi novelly] / Originator: A. Borisenko, V. Sonkin. Moscow, Foreigner [Inostranka], 2009, 575 p.

[15] Yakubovskaya I. V. Historical and cultural text of the Victorian era: a cottage in a way of life of British of the XIX century [Istoriko-kul’turnyi tekst Viktorianskoi epokhi: kottedzh v obraze zhizni anglichan XIX veka] // Figure of history or historiography «platitudes»: The second St. Petersburg readings according to the theory, methodol-ogy and philosophy of history [Figury istorii ili «obshchie mesta» istoriografii: Vtorye Sankt–Peterburg. chteniya po teorii, metodologii i filosofii istorii]. Saint Petersburg, Northern star [Severnaya zvezda], 2005, pp. 450–457.

[16] Benson J.W. Time and time-tellers. London, R. Hardwicke, 1875, vii, 189, [1] p. front., ill.[17] Influences in Victorian Art and Architecture / Еd. by S. Macready, F.H. Thompson. London: Society of An-

tiquaries: Distributed by Thames and Hudson, 1985, vii, 171 p., ill. (some col.).

U.V. ElinsonlitHograPHic series «vieWs of st. PetersBurg and its environs» By a.e. MartynovThis article introduces the creative biography of the famous Russian landscape painter Andrei Efimovich Mar-tynov (1768–1826) in the context of the evolution of Russian landscape painting in the late XVIII – early XIX century. The artist in many respects continued the tradition of the classical school of Russian landscape painting of the XVIII century. However, it is a new word Martynov managed to say in the art of lithography. This series «Views of St. Petersburg and its environs» is a unique example of the author’s early lithographs in Russia.Key words: Russian graphics, lithography, landscape, painter A.E. Martynov, views of St. Petersburg and its environs.

References:[1] Andrey Efimovich Martynov. 1768–1826. The exhibition catalog [Andrei Efimovich Martynov. 1768–1826.

Katalog] / Author of introductory article and originator V.A. Naumov. Leningrad, GRM publishing house, 1977, 88 p., il.

[2] The bibliographic index on the history of the Russian engraving of XVIII – the beginnings of the XX cen-tury and short data on technicians of engraving [Bibliograficheskii ukazatel’ po istorii russkoi gravyury XVIII – nachala XX veka i kratkie svedeniya o tekhnikakh gravirovaniya] / Scientific editor M. A. Alekseeva. Saint Petersburg, GRM publishing house, 1993, 44 p.

[3] Grigorovich V. I. About a condition of arts in Russia [O sostoyanii khudozhestv v Rossii] // Northern flowers, the letter of II. Delwig’s almanac [Severnye tsvety, pis’mo II. Al’manakh Del’viga]. Saint Petersburg., 1826, pp. 20–40.

[4] Korostin A.F. Russian lithograph of the XIX century [Russkaya litografiya XIX veka]. Moscow, Art [Iskusstvo], 1953, 184 p., il.

[5] Manin V. S. Russian landscape painting. End of the XVIII-XIX century [Russkaya peizazhnaya zhivopis’. Konets XVIII–XIX veka]. Saint Petersburg, Aurora, 2012, 344 p., il.

[6] Mirolyubova G. Russian lithograph 1810-1890 th. Sketches of history, master, printing centers, publishing houses [Russkaya litografiya 1810–1890-e gg. Ocherki istorii, mastera, pechatnye tsentry, izdatel’stva.]. Mos-cow, Tsentrpoligraf, 2006, 303 p., il.

[7] Petrov P. N. Domestic painting in hundred years. Portrait and landscape [Otechestvennaya zhivopis’ za sto let. Portret i peizazh] // Polar lights. Vol II [Severnoe siyanie. T. II]. Saint Petersburg, 1863, pp. 17–36

[8] Pushkin’s Petersburg. Album [Al’bom] / Author originator A.M. Gordin. Leningrad, Artist of RSFSR [Khu-dozhnik RSFSR]. 1991, 316 pages, il.

[9] Early Russian lithograph from the Hermitage collection. Exhibition catalog [Rannyaya russkaya litografiya iz sobraniya Ermitazha. Katalog vystavki] / Author of introductory article and originator G. A. Mirolyubova. Leningrad, Aurora, 1976, 72 p, il.

[10] Russkii invalid. April 20, 1822, № 93.[11] The Russian Museum presents: Andrey Efimovich Martynov [Russkii muzei predstavlyaet: Andrei Efimovich

Martynov] / Almanac. Release 419 [Al’manakh. Vyp. 419]. Saint Petersburg, Palace Editions, 2014, 132 p, il.[12] Usacheva S. «Heritage» of landscape painter Andrei Martynov [«Nasledstvo» peizazhista Andreya Martyno-

va] // Our heritage [Nashe nasledie]. 2007, № 82, pp. 19–24.[13] Fedorov-Davydov A.A. Russian landscape of XVIII – the beginning of the XIX century [Russkii peizazh

XVIII – nachala XIX veka]. Moscow, Art [Iskusstvo], 1953, 584 p., il.[14] 225 years of Academy of Arts of the USSR. Exhibition catalog: volume I. 1757–1917 [225 let Akademii khudo-

zhestv SSSR. Katalog vystavki: tom I. 1757–1917]. Moscow, Fine arts [Izobrazitel’noe iskusstvo], 1985. 600 p., il.[15] Saint-Petersbourg. Andrei Efimovitch Martynov. Dominique Fernandez. Editions Criterion. Bibliotheque

Nationale de Russie, 1994, 112 p., il.[16] Saint Petersburg in watercolours and prints of the 18th and 19th centuries from the collection of the State

Hermitage. Text and selection G. Mirolyubova, G. Printseva, V. Looga. Saint Petersburg, Arca publishers, 2012, 208 p., il.

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E.A. Savinaestate Motives in tHe Paintings of Masters Belonging to tHe «association of itinerant art eXHiBitions»The subject of the article is estate art of the second part of the XIX century and the turn of the XIX and XX centu-ries. A “bourgeois” period of estate life is distinguished. It corresponds to a “sketchy-poetic” artistic style. Through the example of estate canvases lines of succession from teachers to disciples – the members of the “Association of Itinerant Art Exhibitions” and the “Union of Russian Artists” are composed. Continuity of realistic traditions is revealed. These traditions are manner of painting, compositional arrangements, motives and estate images. There is a difference in depicting a Russian estate in the pictorial art of Itinerants and “union” members. The estate role is defined in the life and creative work of A.K. Savrasov, I.I. Shishkin, V.D. Polenov, I.I. Levitan, I.E. Repin.Key words: estate, estate art, pictorial art in estate, estate image, “Association of Itinerant Art Exhibitions”, “Un-ion of Russian Artists”.

References:[1] Konstantin Korovin. Painting. Theater: to the 150 anniversary since birth [Konstantin Korovin. Zhivopis’.

Teatr: k 150-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya] // State Tretyakov gallery [Gos. Tret’yakovskaya galereya] / Under L.I. Iovleva’s edition, the scientific editor O. D. Atroshchenko, G. S. Churak. Moscow, Skanrus, 2012, 400 p.

[2] Kramskoy I.N. 1837–1887. The catalog to an exhibition of works to the 150 anniversary since the birth [Kramskoi I.N. 1837–1887. Katalog k vystavke proizvedenii k 150-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya] / Under edition and with introductory article Ya.V. Brook. Moscow, Soviet Russia [Sovetskaya Rossiya], 1988, 256 p.

[3] Lapshin V.P. Development of traditions of the Russian painting of the XIX century in the XX century («The union of the Russian artists» and some other associations) [Lapshin V.P. Razvitie traditsii russkoi zhivopisi XIX veka v XX stoletii («Soyuz russkikh khudozhnikov» i ryad drugikh ob»edinenii)] // Russian art culture of the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX century (1908–1917). Book 4. Fine arts. Architecture. A.D Arts and crafts [Russkaya khudozhestvennaya kul’tura kontsa XIX – nachala XX veka (1908–1917). Kn. 4. Izobrazitel’noe iskusstvo. Arkhitektura. Dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo] / Editors. Alekseev, Yu.Ya. Barabash, S.S. Ginzburg, Yu.S. Kalashnikov, A.A. Sidorov, G.Yu. Sternin, O.A. Shvidkovsky. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 1980, pp. 29–78.

[4] Lyaskovskaya O. A. I.E. Repin. Life and creativity [I.E. Repin. Zhizn’ i tvorchestvo]. Moscow, Art [Iskusstvo], 1982, 480 p.

[5] Smirnov L. Estate Landscape of Russia. Our Heritage Review [Usadebnyi landshaft Rossii] // our Heritage [Nashe Nasledie]. 1994, № 29-30, pp. 35–49.

[6] Zlygosteva N. A. http://apchekhov.ru «APChekhov.ru: Anton Pavlovich Chekhov». Stories, Novels [«AP-Chekhov.ru Anton Pavlovich Chekhov». Rasskazy, povesti]. URL: www.apchekhov.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000007/st040.shtml (27.08.14)

[7] Main electronic library. Russian literature and folklore. 990. To A.S. Suvorin on July 29, 1891 Bogimovo [Fundamental’naya elektronnaya biblioteka. Russkaya literatura i fol’klor. 990. A.S. Suvorinu 29 iyulya 1891 g. Bogimovo]. URL: www .feb-web.ru/feb/chekhov/texts/sp0/pi4/pi4-254-.htm (27.08.14)

I.G. Matyukhovtradition of russian ortHodoX cHoral cHanting in «tWo sacred cHants to tHe MeMory of aleXander Men» By victor СoPytskoIn article methods of realization the tradition of Russian Orthodox choral chanting in V. Copytsko score «Two sa-cred chants to the memory of Alexander Men» (1990) are considered. Melos and style genesis of product becomes known, principles of interpretation of sacred texts by the contemporary Belorussian composer are analyzed.Key words: Russian Orthodox choral chanting, Alexander Men, «Lord, now lettest thou», «Rest with saints», paraliturgical musical practice.

References:[1] Alfeevskaya G. O. «Symphonies of psalms» by I. Stravinsky (to a problem of «neoclassicism») [«Simfonii psal-

mov» I. Stravinskogo (k probleme «neoklassitsizma»)] // I.F. Stravinsky. Articles and materials [I.F. Stravin-skii. Stat’i i materially] / Originator L.S. Dyachkova. Under the general edition of B. M. Yarustovsky. Mos-cow, Soviet composer [Sovetskii kompozitor], 1973, pp. 250–276.

[2] Kopytko V. Two chants of memory of the lake Aleksandra Menya for the mixed chorus a cappella [Note] [Dva pesnopeniya pamyati o. Aleksandra Menya dlya smeshannogo khora a cappella [Noty]] // New sacred music of the countries of the former USSR. The ecumenical collection of scores for choruses and cham-ber ensembles [Novaya dukhovnaya muzyka stran byvshego SSSR. Ekumenicheskii sbornik partitur dlya khorov i kamernykh ansamblei]. Minsk Erfurt: BQ publishing and creative laboratory [Erfurt: Izdatel’sko-tvorcheskaya laboratoriya BK], 1993, pp. 32–49.

AXIoLoGICAL EXPERIENCE

D.yU. Ignatev, L.N. LetyaginHoMo eXPonens in tHe systeM of cultural coMMunicationsBook marginalia are still familiar and the most widespread form of reader comments. The very existence of mar-gins provokes and anticipates the labour of interpretation. The nonidentity of “writing” and “reading” acts is the guarantee both for the value of the text and for the corresponding communicative experience. The meaning gen-

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221erative function of marginalia is considered to be the very important condition of inter-personal dialogue – intel-lectual strategies determining cultural evolution and the variety of its forms.Key words: text, reader, marginalia, intellectual communication, common behaviour, cultural practices.

References:[1] Akhmatova A.A. «The stone guest» of Pushkin [«Kamennyi gost’« Pushkina] // Akhmatova A.A. Compositions

in 2 vol. Vol. 2 [Soch. v 2 t.]. Moscow, However, 1990, pp. 111–126.[2] Barthes R. Le systeme de la mode. Essais de semiologie de la culture [Trad. en Russe] (Programme A. Pouch-

kine) [Bart R. Sistema mody. Stat’i po semiotike kul’tury]. Moscow, Publishing house of Sabashnikov [Izd-vo im. Sabashnikovykh], 2003, 511 p.

[3] Bibler V. S. Thing and Tidings [Veshch’ i vest’] / Preparation of the text, comments, preface I.E. Berlyand // Russian Studies in Philosophy [Matters of Philosophy] [Voprosy filosofii]. 2001, № 6, pp. 105–135.

[4] Baudrillard J. Mots de Passe. Ďun Fragment Ľautre [Trad. en Russe] [Ot fragmenta k fragmentu] / Transla-tion from the French N. Suslov. Ekaterinburg, U-trading station [U-Faktoriya], 2006, 196 [1] p.

[5] Ignatyev of D.Yu. Areas of translatability: Axiosphere of free Meanings [Polya perevodimosti: aksios-fera svobodnogo logosa] // Pushkiniana of Mikhailovskoye: Materials of scientific and practical confer-ences. Release 63 [Mikhailovskaya pushkiniana: Materialy nauchno-prakticheskikh chtenii. Vyp. 63]. Mikhailovskoye village: Pushkin’s museum-reserve [Sel’tso Mikhailovskoe: Pushkinskii zapovednik], 2014, pp. 201–206.

[6] Volume of recordings of early printed books [Korpus zapisei na staropechatnykh knigakh] / Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Originator: L.I. Kiselyova. Release 1. Records on the books of a Cyrillic font published in Moscow in the XVI-XVII centuries [Vyp. 1. Zapisi na knigakh kirillicheskogo shrifta, napechat-annykh v Moskve v XVI–XVII vv]. Saint Petersburg, BAN, 1992, 217 p.

[7] Letyagin L.N. «Force Fields» marginalia in the context of value criterias of classic text [«Silovye polya» mar-ginalii v tsennostnom prityazhenii klassicheskogo teksta] // Pushkiniana of Mikhailovskoye: Materials of scientific and practical conferences. Release 63 [Mikhailovskaya pushkiniana: Materialy nauchno-prak-ticheskikh chtenii. Vyp. 63]. Mikhailovskoye village: Pushkin’s museum-reserve [Sel’tso Mikhailovskoe: Pushkinskii zapovednik], 2014, pp. 185–200.

[8] Lotman Yu.M. Semiosphera: Culture and Explosion. Inside minded Worlds: Articles. Research. Essay (1968–1992) [Semiosfera: Kul’tura i vzryv. Vnutri myslyashchikh mirov. Stat’i. Issledovaniya. Zametki (1968–1992)]. Saint Petersburg: Art SPb, 2010, 703 p.

[9] Lotman Yu.M., Uspensky B. A. Correspondence, 1964–1993 [Perepiska, 1964–1993] / Originator O. Kelbert; under B. Uspensky’s edition. Moscow, New literary review [Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie], 2008, 498 p, 16 l., ill., portr.

[10] Nietzsche F. Wille zur Macht. Versuch einer Umwertung aller Werte [Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennostei. Nezavershennyi traktat Fridrikha Nitsshe] / Ausgewдhlt und geordnet von Peter Gast und Elisabeth Fцrster-Nietzsche [V rekonstruktsii Elizabet Ferster-Nitsshe i Petera Gasta], Moskau, 2005, 878 [1] p.

[11] Poe E.-A. Marginalia [Marginalia] // Aesthetics of American Romanticism [Estetika amerikanskogo roman-tizma]. Moscow, Arts [Iskusstvo], 1977, pp.153–172.

[12] The space of manuscripts: From shape of the outer to the inner form: The materials of conference [Pros-transtvo rukopisi. Ot formy vneshnei k forme vnutrennei: materialy konferentsii] / Under the editorship of O. I. Togoyeva, I.N. Danilevsky. Moscow, 2010, 188 p.: il, tabl., fax.

[13] Scribes and book-learning of Ancient Russia: Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary [Slovar’ knizh-nikov i knizhnosti Drevnei Rusi]. Saint Petersburg, 1992, Rel. 3, Part. 1.

[14] Stolyarova L.V. Volume of recordings scribes, artists and bookbinders on ancient parchment manuscripts XI–XIV centuries [Svod zapisei pistsov, khudozhnikov i perepletchikov drevnerusskikh pergamennykh kodeksov XI–XIV vekov]. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 2000, 542 [1] p., [2] p. ill., fax.

[15] Tomashevsky B.V. A Writer and a book: Basics of textual criticism [Pisatel’ i kniga: Ocherk tekstologii]. Len-ingrad, Surf [Priboi], 1928, 227 [3] p.

[16] Tynyanov Yu.N. Poetics. The history of literature. Movies [Poetika. Istoriya literatury. Kino]. Moscow, Sci-ence [Nauka], 574 p.: port.

[17] Chartier R. Culture écrite et société. Ľordre des livres (XIV–VIII siиcle) [Trad. en Russe] [Pis’mennaya kul’tura i obshchestvo]. Moscou, 2006, 270 p.

[18] Davidson С.N. Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004, 458 p.

[19] Jackson H.J. Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books. New Haven, Yale University Press, 2001, 324 p.[20] Jardine L., Grafton A. Studied for Action: How Gabriel Harvey Read His Livy // Past and Present. 1990, №

129 (November), pp. 30–78.[21] Sherman W.H. Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England. Philadelphia, Pa.,University of Penn-

sylvania Press, 2008, 288 p.

L.V. NikiforovaPalaces as syMBols of first World WarSimbols contribute to the functioning of historical memory. Symbols incorporated the memory of the First World War distinguishes a paradoxical combination of old epoch and modernity images. Palaces are among them: palaces as buildings of international authorities, places of signing important documents, hospitals, concentration camps, Music-halls.Key words: palaces, historical memory, First World War Centenary

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References:[1] Zimin I. V. Toy Store of imperial residences. Life of monarchs and their environment { Detskii mir impera-

torskikh rezidentsii. Byt monarkhov i ikh okruzhenie]. Moscow – Saint Petersburg, Tsentrpoligraf MIM-Delta, 2010, 572 p.

[2] From minutes of Head department of the Russian Red Cross of September 14, 1914 [Iz zhurnala zasedanii Glavnogo upravleniya Rossiiskogo Krasnogo Kresta ot 14 sentyabrya 1914 goda] // Public health service of the Russian army in war of 1914-1917. Collection of documents [Sanitarnaya sluzhba russkoi armii v voine 1914–1917 gg. Sbornik dokumentov]. Kuibyshev, 1942, 464 p.

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[6] Alexandra Palace as a Concentration camp // Archive of Local History News Issues. 2005. Retrieved 26 Feb-ruary 2011. URL: http://www.balh.co.uk/lhn/article_file_lhn-vol1iss87-6.xml.html. (21.04.2014)

[7] Aston E. Male Impersonation in the Music Hall: The case of Vesta Tilley // New Theatre Quarterly. 1988, 4 Aug., pp. 247–257.

[8] Baker R.A. British Music Hall: An Illustrated History. Charleston, The History Press, 2005, 288 p.[9] The Building of Peace. A Hundred Years of Work on Peace Through Law. The Peace Palace 1913–2013 /

Johan Joor, Heikelina Verrijn Stuart. Hague, 2013, 520 p.[10] But М. Ally Pally Prison Camp. Devon, 2011.[11] Centenary Peace Palace Model United Nations – 100 Years United Nations’ Justice & Peace in the City of The

Hague. Hague, 2013.[12] Cushing H. From A Surgeon’s Journal, 1915–1918. Boston, 1936. URL: http://www.ourstory.info/library/2-

ww1/Cushing/journal02.html (18.03.2014)[13] Jarboe A. Indian and African soldiers in British, French and German during the First World War // World

War I and Propaganda / Ed. by Troy Paddock. History of warfare; vol. 94, New York, 2014, pp. 189–190.[14] Kipling R. The Fumes of the Heart // The Eyes of Asia By Rudyard Kipling. Garden City, New York, 1918.

URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23163/23163-h/23163-h.htm (25.04.2014)[15] Mazower M. Governing the World: The history of an idea from 1815 to Present. New York, 2012.[16] Persico J.E. Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918 World War I and Its Violent

Climax. New York, 2005.[17] Spempel J.L. Music halls // Great War Centenary (1914–2014). Part 13 // Sunday Express. URL: http://www.

express.co.uk/news/world-war-1/467674/Great-War-Centenary-1914-2014-Part-13-Music-halls (18.03.2014)[18] Women in the Arts in the Belle Epoque: Essays on Influential Artists, Writers and Performers. Jefferson, 2012.

M.M. Dudoladovacultural trauMa in tHe Post-soviet societyThe content of the article – study of the phenomenon of cultural trauma experienced by the post-Soviet society. Consequences of cultural trauma affect the way of life of Russians in many aspects. This article is based on an analysis of research on the sources of cultural trauma and interpretation of biographical interviews with the author in the period from 2012 to 2014. Informants are the representatives of the Soviet (born 1950-60) and post- (1987–1993 born) generations. Based on the research, the author believes that as a result of cultural trauma in post-Soviet culture took a symbolic gap between the practice and their meanings. In Russian society actualized cultural memory of the «Soviet», present a nostalgic mood, broadcast myths about «the bright Soviet past.» Such processes are reflected in the value-rational practices of different generations.Key words: culture shock, cultural trauma, cultural memory, background practices, value-rational practice, Soviet.

References:[1] Alexander J. Meanings of social life: cultural sociology [Smysly sotsial’noi zhizni: Kul’tursotsiologiya] / Trans-

lated from English. Olhovnikova G.K. ed. Kurakin D.Y. Moscow, Praxis, 2013, 640 p.[2] Kushkova A. Soviet past through the memories of food shortages [Sovetskoe proshloe skvoz’ vospominaniya

o prodovol’stvennom defitsite] // Emergency ration [Neprikosnovennyi zapas]. 2009, № 2. URL: http://maga-zines.russ.ru/nz/2009/2/ku10.html

[3] Leibovich O. The social nature of culture shock in a historical perspective [Sotsial’naya priroda kul’turnogo shoka v istoricheskoi perspektive] // Social Transformation in the Russian obschestve [Sotsial’nye transfor-matsii v rossiiskom obshchestve]. Moscow, Science, 2004, pp. 267–276.

[4] Leibovich O., Kabackov A., Shushkova N. Big city in the post-Soviet space [Bol’shoi gorod v postsovetskom prostranstve] // World of Russia [Mir Rossii]. 2004, № 1, pp. 91–105.

[5] Leibovich O.L. «Fear is the beginning of a deterrent»: an image of time of Vladimir Shliapentokh [«Strakh est’ sderzhivayushchee nachalo»: obraz vremeni Vladimira Shlyapentokha] // Herald Perm State. Univ. Se-ries: History [Vestnik Permskogo gos. un-ta. Seriya: Istoriya]. 2011, № 2, pp. 158–165.

[6] Makarevich A. Himself a sheep. Autobiographical fiction [Sam ovtsa. Avtobiograficheskaya proza]. Moscow, Zakharov, 2002, 267 p.

[7] Moroz O., Suverina E. Trauma studies: history, representation, witness [Trauma studies: Istoriya, reprezen-tatsiya, svidetel’] // New Literary Review [Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie]. 2014, № 1 (125). URL: http: //maga-zines.russ.ru/nlo/2014/125/8m.html#_edn70

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223[8] «Soviet legacy». Reflection of the past in the social and economic practices of modern Russia [«Sovetskoe nasledstvo». Otrazhenie proshlogo v sotsial’nykh i ekonomicheskikh praktikakh sovremennoi Rossii] / ed. L.I. Borodkina, H. Kessler, A.K. Sokolov. – M: ROSSPEN, 2010, 384 p.

[9] Sztompka P. Social change as trauma [Sotsial’noe izmenenie kak travma] // Sociological studies [Sotsiolog-icheskie issledovaniya]. 2001, № 1, pp. 6–16.

[10] Yurchak A. Late Socialism and the last Soviet generation [Pozdnii sotsializm i poslednee sovetskoe pokolenie] // Emergency ration [Neprikosnovennyi zapas]. 2007, № 2. URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2007/2/ur7.html

[11] Felman Sh., Laub D. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1992, 314 p.

T.V.Vokhmintseva, A.E.zimbulinaMing: Moral and aXiological asPectsThe authors consider such a ubiquitous and universal phenomenon, as naming. The focus of the publication is directed to the aspect of moral value, that is, characteristics such as humane / inhumane, honest / dishonest, fair / unfair, respectful / disrespectful, and the like. Considered in detail the situation of naming. Namely: WHO (WHAT) - IN WHAT SITUATIONS IS NAMED, IN WHAT socio - cultural CONTEXT, on the BASIS OF WHICH MOTIVES, FOR WHAT PURPOSE - WHAT IS THIS NAME – AND What is the attitude to this name all the participants of the situation. Objective assessment of the situation of naming, according to the authors, gives an opportunity to minimize moral risks, and allows people intelligently, respectfully, responsibly to fit into the culture that we find at our birth, and which we are leaving after our departure.Key words: naming, the naming situation, the moral and axiological aspects of naming.

References:[1] Aristotle. NICOMACHEA ETHICS [Nikomakhova etika] // Aristotle. Works in 4 volumes. Vol. 4 [Aristotel’.

Sochineniya v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 4]. Moscow, Idea [Mysl], 1983, pp. 53–293.[2] The Bible [Bibliya]. Мoscow, Publishing house of the Moscow Patriarchate [Izdanie Moskovskoi patriarkhii],

1968, 1372 p.[3] BOC RVF 260602. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C1%CE%D7_%F0%C2%D4_260602[4] The Hitlers in Malaysia no longer [Gitlerov v Malaizii bol’she ne budet] // «Smena», August 1, 2006.[5] Grinenko G..V. Naming theory [Imenovaniya teoriya] // The New Philosophical encyclopedia: in 4 vol. Vol.2

[Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya: v 4-kh tomakh: T. 2]. Мoscow, Idea [Mysl], 2010, pp. 97–99.[6] Dal. V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the live great Russian language: in 4 vol [Tolkovyi slovar’ zhivogo ve-

likorusskogo yazyka: v 4- kh tomakh. T. 4]. Мoscow, State publishing house of foreign and national diction-aries [Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo inostrannykh i natsional’nykh slovarei], 1956.

[7] Delbonova T.S. Traditional family practice: a ceremony naming the Kalmyks [Traditsionnye semeinye prak-tiki: obryad imyanarecheniya u kalmykov] // Childhood and society: socio-cultural context [Detstvo i ob-shchestvo: sotsiokul’turnyi kontekst] // Proceedings of the XII International conference «the Child in the modern world. Family and children» [Materialy KHII Mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii «Rebenok v sovremen-nom mire. Sem’ya i deti»]. Saint Petersburg, Publisher Polytechnic University [Izd-vo Politekhnicheskogo universiteta], 2005, pp. 368–374.

[8] Zimbuli A.E. From amoeba to sperm whale: ethically significant coolingmist in the modern Russian lan-guage [Ot ameby do kashalota: eticheski znachimye zoolingvizmy v sovremennom russkom yazyke] // The word AND the TEXT IN the CULTURAL CONSCIOUSNESS of the ERA: a Collection of scientific papers. Part 8 [SLOVO I TEKST V KUL’TURNOM SOZNANII EPOKHI: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Chast’ 8]. Vologda, Vologda state pedagogical University [Vologodskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet], 2011, pp. 245– 253.

[9] Names [Imena] // Christianity. Encyclopedic dictionary. Vol. 1 [Khristianstvo. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. T.1]. Мosocw, Scientific publishing house «Great Russian encyclopedia» [Nauchnoe izdatel’stvo «Bol’shaya Rossiiskaya entsiklopediya»], 1993, pp. 603–604.

[10] Name → Fate: a Book for parents and godparents [Imya → Sud’ba: Kniga dlya roditelei i krestnykh]. Mos-cow, The Modern writer [Sovremennyi pisatel’], 1993, 235 p.

[11] Calendar for women [Kalendar’ dlya zhenshchin]. 2002. March 25, Monday.[12] Nehoroshev G. Everything is allowed [Vse dozvoleno] // «Stolichnaya», May 15, 2003.[13] Parshin A.N. Reflections on gцdel’s theorem [Razmyshleniya nad teoremoi Gedelya] // Questions of philoso-

phy [Voprosy filosofii]. 2000, № 6, pp. 92–109.[14] Petrenko V.F. Multidimensional consciousness: psycho-semantic paradigm. 2nd ed., supplemented [Mnogo-

mernoe soznanie: psikhosemanticheskaya paradigma]. Мoscow, EKSMO, 2013, 444 p.[15] Petrenko V.F., Mitina O.V. Psychosemantic analysis of the dynamics of social consciousness [Psikhoseman-

ticheskii analiz dinamiki obshchestvennogo soznaniya]. Moscow, Publishing house of Moscow University [Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta], 1997, 213 p.

[16] The system of personal names among the peoples of the world. Moscow, Science [Nauka], 1986, 383 p.[17] Muco-mold beetles. URL: http://fido7.ru.biology.narkive.com/lsV7Sdcs[18] Dictionary of Russian language: in four volumes. V. 4 [Slovar’ russkogo yazyka: v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 4].

Moscow, Publishing house «Russian language» [Russkii yazyk], 1984, 790 p.[19] Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language [Tolkovyi slovar’ russkogo yazyka]. URL:http://www.vedu.

ru/expdic/36578/[20] Unbegaun B.-O. Russian surnames [Russkie familii]. Moscow, Publishing group «Progress», 1995, 447 p.

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PEDAGoGICAL EXPERIENCE

A.G. Timofeevaeducation suBjects eXPectations regarding efficacy of educational environMentThis article presents the analysis of the student expectations regarding the efficacy of the educational environ-ment. Their expectations have been manifested in the survey conducted by the author. The author concluded that teachers expectations and students expectations need to coordinate through a preliminary study of the con-cepts of «environment», «environmental approach». She concluded also implement of environmental approach needs to form the students ‘ attitude to the environment at the initial stage.Key words: environmental approach, educational environment, activity.

References:[1] Baeva I.A. Psychological safety in education. [Psikhologicheskaya bezopasnost’ v obrazovanii]. Saint Peters-

burg, Union [Soyuz], 2002, 271 p.[2] Bozhovich Л.И. Problems of personality formation [Problemy formirovaniya lichnosti: Izbr. psikhol. tr.] /

Under D. I. Feldstein’s edition. 3rd edition. Moscow, MPSI, Voronezh, MODEK, 2001, 349 p.[3] Vygotskii L.S. Pedagogical psychology [Pedagogicheskaya psikhologiya]. Moscow, Pedagogics, 1991, 480 p.[4] Golovin S.Yu. Dictionary of practical psychologist [Slovar’ prakticheskogo psikhologa]. Minsk, Kharvest,

1998, 301p.[5] Kovalev G.A. The mental development of children and living environment [Psikhicheskoe razvitie rebenka

i zhiznennaya sreda]. Questions of psychology [Voprosy psikhologii]. 1993, № 1, pp. 13–23[6] Manuilov Yu.S. The environmental approach in education [Sredovoi podkhod v vospitanii]. Pedagogics,

2000, № 7, pp. 32–39.[7] Morozova E.E., Timofeeva A.G., Larionov O.I., Isaeva O.A. Psychological and pedagogical aspects of im-

provement of environment education work by students and teachers [Psikhologo-pedagogicheskie aspekty sovershenstvovaniya ekologo-obrazovatel’noi deyatel’nosti studentov i pedagogov nachal’noi shkoly] // Hu-manities and social Sciences: electronic scientific-educational and applied journal [Gumanitarnye i sotsial’nye nauki]. Rostov-on-Don, 2013, № 5, pp. 230–241. URL: http://www.hses-online.ru

[8] New values of education: a thesaurus for teachers and school psychologists [Novye tsennosti obrazovaniya: tezaurus dlya uchitelei i shkol’nykh psikhologov. Vyp. 1]. Moscow, IPI RAO, 1995, 110 p.

[9] Panov V.I. Didactic and psychological foundations of modern educational systems [Didakticheskie i psikho-logicheskie osnovaniya sovremennykh obrazovatel’nykh system] // Supplementary education [Dopolnitel’noe obrazovanie]. 2003, № 6, pp. 3–7.

[10] Sergeev S.F. Designing learning environments [Proektirovanie obuchayushchikh sred] // School technolo-gies [Shkol’nye tekhnologii]. 2006, № 3, pp. 58–65.

[11] Slobodchikov V.I. Environment: implementation of education goals in the space of culture [Sreda: realizatsiya tselei obrazovaniya v prostranstve kul’tury] // New values of education: cultural models of schools [Novye tsen-nosti obrazovaniya: kul’turnye modeli shkol. Vyp. 7]. Moscow, Innovator-Bennet colledge, 1997, pp. 177–184.

[12] Timofeeva A.G. The main characteristics of the environmental approach to primary ecological education [Osnovnye kharakteristiki sredovogo podkhoda k nachal’nomu ekologicheskomu obrazovaniyu] // Scientific notes of the Pedagogical Institute of Saratov state University N.G. Chernyshevsky. Series Psychology. Peda-gogics [Uchenye zapiski Pedagogicheskogo instituta Saratovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.G. Chernyshevskogo. Seriya Psikhologiya. Pedagogika]. 2010, v.3, № 1 (9), pp. 74–80.

[13] Timofeeva A.G. Didactic and psychological aspects of the environmental approach to primary ecological education [Psikhodidakticheskie aspekty sredovogo podkhoda k nachal’nomu ekologicheskomu obrazovani-yu] / ecopsychological research. The materials of the 5th Russian conference on environmental psychol-ogy [Ekopsikhologicheskie issledovaniya. Sbornik Materialov 5-i Rossiiskoi konferentsii po ekologicheskoi psikhologii]. Moscow, Psychological institute RAS [Psikhologicheskii institut RAO], 2009, pp. 124–134.

[14] Yasvin V.A. Expert project management of school development [Ekspertno-proektnoe upravlenie razvitiem shkoly]. Moscow, September [Sentyabr’], 2011, 176 p.

Vl. V. Checmarevrole of education in tHe Provision of econoMic security regions of russiaIt is argued position, according to which the main threat to the economic security of the region is the declining quality of education, formed a regional education system and quality management personnel receiving educa-tion in the region. Active development of new areas of research related to economic security, which is defined as a condition of protection of vital interests of the individual and the whole region from internal and external threats, found supplemented organization of educational process. According to the decision of the President of the Russian Federation in a number of universities opened a specialty «economic security.» As a result, practically implemented the idea of synthesis of science and education.Key words: economic security in the region, the regional system of education, quality of education, quality of management.

References:[1] The future of higher schools in Russia: expert opinion. Foresight Study - 2030: Analytical Report [Budush-

chee vysshei shkoly v Rossii: ekspertnyi vzglyad. Forsait-issledovanie – 2030: Analiticheskii doklad] / Ed. V.S. Efimov. Moscow, INFRA-M, Krasnoyarsk, Sib. Pedagogical University [Sib. ped. u-t], 2014, 294 p.

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[3] Krivorotov V.V., Kalina A. V., Eriashvili N.D. The economic security of the state and the regions [Ekonom-icheskaya bezopasnost’ gosudarstva i regionov]. Moscow, UNITY-DANA, 2012, 351 p.

[4] Levin M.I., Levin E.A., Pokatovich E.V. Lectures on Economics corruption [Lektsii po ekonomike korruptsii] / M.I. Levin. Moscow, Publishing House Higher School of Economics [Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki], 2011, 356 p.

[5] Logvin N.V. Features of methodological approaches in the creation of the theory of the development of region-al systems of education [Osobennosti metodologicheskikh podkhodov v sozdanii teorii razvitiya regional’nykh sistem obrazovaniya] // Economics of Education [Ekonomika obrazovaniya]. 2013. № 2, pp. 69–79.

[6] Mass higher education Triumph BRIC? [Massovoe vysshee obrazovanie Triumf BRIK?] / Translation from English; under scientific edition of M. S. Dobryakova. Moscow, Publishing. House of the Higher School of Economics [Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki], 2014, 528 p.

[7] Orechov V.I., Orechova T.P. Karagodina O.V. Economic security of modern Russia in crisis [Ekonom-icheskaya bezopasnost’ sovremennoi Rossii v usloviyakh krizisa] / Under edition T. R. Orekhova. Moscow, INFRA-M, 2014, 105 p.

[8] Podlesnykh V.I. Reforming higher education on the basis of the technological order of substitution (new approaches and methods) [Reformirovanie vysshego obrazovaniya na osnove zameshcheniya tekhnolog-icheskogo uklada (novye podkhody i metody)]. Moscow, INFRA-M, 2014, 189 p.

[9] Putin, V.V. Being strong: the national security of Russia [Byt’ sil’nymi: Garantii natsional’noi bezopasnosti dlya Rossii]. Moscow, Editorial URSS, 2012, 56 p.

[10] Sitnikov S.K. Investment message [Investitsionnoe poslanie] // Economics of Education [Ekonomika obra-zovaniya]. 2013. № 4, pp. 7–11.

[11] Titov M.V., Chekmarev V.V. Formation of human capital: the transformation of the form and state [Formi-rovanie chelovecheskogo kapitala: prevrashchenie formy i sostoyaniya] // Economics of Education [Ekonomi-ka obrazovaniya]. 2006, № 1, pp. 107–115.

[12] Chekmarev Vl. B. Interests personality and its economic security [Interesy lichnosti i ee ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost’] // Economics of Education [Ekonomika obrazovaniya]. 2013, № 3, pp. 82–87.

[13] Chekmarev, Vl. V. Does the intelligence in economic protection? [Nuzhdaetsya li intellekt v ekonomicheskoi zashchite?] // Economics of Education [Ekonomika obrazovaniya]. 2013, № 3, pp. 111–117.

[14] Chekmaryov, Vl. V. On the categorial apparatus study of economic security systems mesoeconomic [O kategorial’nom apparate izucheniya ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti mezoekonomicheskikh system] // Eco-nomics of Education [Ekonomika obrazovaniya]. 2013. № 4, pp. 99–103.

[15] Chekmaryov, Vl. B. Economic security and economic security: structure problems [Ekonomicheskaya bezo-pasnost’ i ekonomicheskaya zashchishchennost’: struktura problemy] // Bulletin of the Kostroma State Uni-versity of N.A. Nekrasov [Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.A. Nekrasova]. 2013, №3, pp. 172–177.

[16] Chekmaryov Vl. V. Economic Security Education: The Experience of generalization of the problem in the works of Russian scientists [Ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost’ obrazovaniya: opyt obobshcheniya postanovki problemy v rabotakh rossiiskikh uchenykh] // Economics of Education [Ekonomika obrazovaniya]. 2012, №4, pp. 104–111.

[17] Chekmaryov Vl. B. Economic Security Economics Education [Ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost’ ekonomiki obrazovaniya] // Economics of Education [Ekonomika obrazovaniya]. 2013, № 2, pp. 113–115.

SCIENTIFIC INqUIRy

K.V. Sultanov, A.A. VoscresenskyconcePtual Basics of knoWledge-Based econoMy: HuMan caPital and antHroPology of creativityWork is devoted to understanding the strategies of the knowledge-based economy in the context of human capi-tal, as well as key quality of the creative person. Heuristic the social meaning of an economy based on knowledge are analyzed. Provides definitions of the creative personality, as well as their relation to the knowledge economy and educational technologies.Key words: human capital, anthropology creativity, creativity, rationality, knowledge-based economy, creative-based economy, modernization, innovative development.

References:[1] Balikoyev V. Z. General economic theory. [Obshchaya ekonomicheskaya teoriya]. Novosibirsk, Lada, 2000,

737 p.[2] Barre R. Political economy [Politicheskaya ekonomiya. V 2-kh t. T. 1]. In 2 vol. Vol. 1, Moscow, International

relations, 1955, 752 p.[3] Becker of G. The economic analysis and human behavior. Vol.1. Rel.1 [Ekonomicheskie analiz i chelovecheskoe

povedenie. T. 1. Vyp. 1]. Moscow, THE SIS, 1993, pp. 3–17.[4] Benjamin W. A work of art during an era of its technical reproducibility [Proizvedenie iskusstva v epokhu

ego tekhnicheskoi vosproizvodimosti]. Moscow, The cultural center of Goethe. Medium [Kul’turnyi tsentr im. Gete. Medium], 1996, 240 p.

[5] Bourdieu P. Capital forms [Formy kapitala] // Economic sociology [Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya. T. 3]. Vol. 3, № 5, 2005, pp. 60–74.

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[6] Voskresensky A.A., Sultanov K.V. Creative capital: basis of modernization educational practician [Kreativnyi kapital: osnova modernizatsii obrazovatel’nykh praktik] // Legal philosophy [Filosofiya prava]. 2013. № 5 (60), pp. 79–83.

[7] Soros Dzh. Alchemy of finance [Alkhimiya finansov]. Moscow, Publishing houses of the Dialectician. Wil-liams [izd-va Dialektika. Vil’yams], 2010, 208 р.

[8] Korchagin Yu. Rossiysky the human capital loses quality, degrades, depreciates and demands the increased and priority investments. Voronezh [Rossiiskii chelovecheskii kapital teryaet kachestvo, degradiruet, obest-senivaetsya i trebuet povyshennykh i prioritetnykh investitsii]. URL: http://www.lerc.ru/? part=articles&art=1&page=70.

[9] Coleman J. Capital social and human [Kapital sotsial’nyi i chelovecheskii] // Social sciences and present [Ob-shchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’]. 2001, № 3, pp.120–139.

[10] Samuelson P. Ekonomika. Vol. 1. [Ekonomika. T. 1]. Moscow, Algon, 1992, 740 p.[11] Ukusova E. «Ideeprovod» as basis of the economy [«Ideeprovod» kak osnova ekonomiki] // Science and

Russian Federation technologies [Nauka i tekhnologii RF]. URL: http://www.strf.ru/organization.aspx? CatalogId=221&d_no=26234.

[12] Florida R. Creative class: people who change the future [Kreativnyi klass: lyudi, kotorye menyayut budush-chee]. Moscow, Classics -XXI, 2007, 432 p.

[13] Hawkins Dzh. Creative economy: as people make money from ideas [Kreativnaya ekonomika: kak lyudi delayut den’gi iz idei]. Moscow, Classics-XXI, 2011, 256 p.

[14] Mapping the creative industries: toolkit. British Council’s Creative and Cultural Economy series, 2010, 76 p.

e n v i r o n m e n tUNDERSTANDING THE NooSPHERE

o.A. Krasnikova, Basangova K.M., V.I. BoyarskijPolar coMMission of acadeMy of sciences and deliMitation and noMenclatures of tHe nortH seaThe polar commission of Academy of Sciences in 1926 dealt with an issue of delimitation and nomenclatures of the seas of the northern polar water basin. With the assistance of the main organizations of the country dealing with an issue of studying and development of the North in the early thirties prepared and directed on the state-ment in the Government the draft of names of the seas and passages of the Arctic Ocean which are used now.Key words. Polar commission of Academy of Sciences, card XVIII–XIX of the Arctic century, safety of navigation, place names of the seas and passages of the Arctic Ocean.

References:[1] Arktika=Аrctic / The map was made at the 1st VKT cartographical factory by engineers I.I. Lyubavin and

Ya.Ya. Gakkel under edition of the prof. R. L. Samoylovich and associate professor D. D. Rudneva [Kartu sostavili na 1-i kartograficheskoi fabrike VKT inzhenery I.I. Lyubavin i Ya.Ya. Gakkel’ pod redaktsiei prof. R.L. Samoilovicha i dots. D.D. Rudneva]. Leningrad, VAI edition, 1934.

[2] Nikiforov E.G., Shpaykher A.O. Arctic Ocean [Severnyi Ledovityi okean] // Big Soviet encyclopedia: in 30 vol. [Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya: v 30 tt.] / Editor-in-chief A.M. Prokhorov. 3rd rel. Moscow, Soviet encyclopedia [Sovetskaya entsiklopediya], 1969–1978, pp. 377–383.

[3] Pospelov E. M. Place names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. 2nd prod., stereotype [Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira: toponimicheskii slovar’. 2-e izd., stereotip]. Moscow, Russian dictionaries [Russkie slovari], Astrel, nuclear heating plant, 2001, 512 p.

[4] Protocols of Physical and mathematical office of Academy of Sciences USSR. № VI. 17th on March 1926 [Protokoly fiziko-matematicheskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR. № VI. 17 marta 1926].

[5] Protocols of Physical and mathematical office of Academy of Sciences USSR. № VIII. 14th on April 1926 [Protokoly fiziko-matematicheskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR. № VIII. 14 aprelya 1926].

[6] Protocols of Physical and mathematical office of Academy of Sciences USSR. № XIX. 15th on December 1926 [Protokoly fiziko-matematicheskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR. № XIX. 15 dekabrya 1926].

[7] Protocols of Physical and mathematical office of Academy of Sciences USSR. № II. 18th on January 1928 [Protokoly fiziko-matematicheskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR. № II. 18 yanvarya 1928].

[8] Arctic Ocean // Wikipedia. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80 %D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD

[9] The reference book on history of place names on the coast the USSR [Spravochnik po istorii geograficheskikh nazvanii na poberezh’e SSSR] / Editor Mr. Gilbo. Ministry of Defence. Head department of navigation and oceanography [Ministerstvo oborony. Glavnoe upravlenie navigatsii i okeanografii]. The edition second add-ed and corrected, 1985, 430 p.

[10] St.-Peterurg. branch of Russian Academy of Sciences archive. T. 75. Polar commission of Academy of Sci-ences. Inventory 1. Folder 129. L. 4. About the name of the North Polar Sea. [Sankt-Peterburgskii filial Arkhiva RAN. F. 75. Polyarnaya komissiya Akademii nauk. Op. 1. D. 129. L. 4. O naimenovanii Severnogo Polyarnogo moray].

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22�[11] St.-Peterurg. branch of Russian Academy of Sciences archive. T. 75. Polar commission of Academy of Sci-ences. Inventory 1. Folder 197. L. 53. [Sankt-Peterburgskii filial Arkhiva RAN. F. 75. Polyarnaya komissiya Akademii nauk. Op. 1. D. 197].

[12] St.-Peterburg. branch of Russian Academy of Sciences archive. T. 75. Polar commission of Academy of Sciences. Inventory 1. Folder 311. Map of differentiation of the North Sea of the USSR. The coordinated project. Leningrad, May, 1934: Polar Commission of Academy of Sciences of the USSR. It is signed: deputy chairman of the Polar Commission N. Matusovsky. Scientific secretary E. Suvorov. [Sankt-Peterburgskii filial Arkhiva RAN. F. 75. Polyarnaya komissiya Akademii nauk. Op. 1. D. 311. Karta razgranicheniya severnykh morei SSSR. Soglasovannyi proekt. Leningrad, mai 1934. V nadzag.: Polyarnaya Komissiya Aka-demii nauk SSSR. Podpisano: zam. predsedatelya Polyarnoi Komissii N. Matusovskii. Uchenyi sekretar’ E. Suvorov].

[13] St.-Peterurg. branch of Russian Academy of Sciences archive. T. 75. Polar commission of Academy of Sci-ences. Inventory 1. Folder 327. 1934. 48 p. Protocols establishment at the personal computer of a constant nomenclature subcommittee. [Sankt-Peterburgskii filial Arkhiva RAN. F. 75. Polyarnaya komissiya Aka-demii nauk. Op. 1. D. 327. 1934. 48 p. Protokoly uchrezhdenii pri PK postoyannoi nomenklaturnoi podko-missii].

[14] St.-Peterburg. branch of Russian Academy of Sciences archive. T. 75. Polar commission of Academy of Sci-ences. Inventory 1. Folder 361. Extract from the protocol No. 10 of a meeting of Presidium of the Central Election Commission of the USSR of 27.06.1935. About uniform geographical names of the parts of the Arctic Ocean adjacent to the coast of the USSR. [Sankt-Peterburgskii filial Arkhiva RAN. T. 75. Polar com-mission of Academy of Sciences. Inventory 1. Folder 361. Vypiska iz protokola № 10 zasedaniya Prezidiuma TSIK SSSR ot 27.06.1935 g. O edinykh geograficheskikh naimenovaniyakh chastei Severnogo Ledovitogo okeana, prilegayushchikh k poberezh’yu SSSR].

[15] Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic [Yakutskaya ASSR] / Council for studying of productive forces of Academy of Sciences of the USSR [Sovet po izucheniyu proizvoditel’nykh sil AN SSSR]. Leningrad, [Izd-nie Vsesoyuz. kartograf. tresta GGU-NKTP SSSR], 1934.

[16] Physikalische Karte der Arctis / [Von] Leonid Breitfuss. Gezeichnet von H. Neide (map). London, Sifton, Praed & Co.; Berlin, D.Reimer, 1939.

[17] Schagen, van. 1680 World & Continents – 5 maps. The International Antiquarian Mapsellers Association. It is checked on October 21, 2011 / It is archived from the primary source on February 3, 2012 [Provereno 21 oktyabrya 2011 / Arkhivirovano iz pervoistochnika 3 fevralya 2012 g].

[18] The Polar regions and their problems // Amer. Geogr. Soc. Special publ. № 7. – Problems of polar research; a series of papers by thirty-one authors / Ed. by W.L.G. Joerg. N.-Y., 1928? [2], IV, [2], 479 p.: il.

A.A. Alimov, I.A.MerenkovtHe sources of tHe environMental Policy in tHe usa: tHe contriBution of tHeodor roosevelt in its forMation and develoPMentThe article covers the process of formation and development basic principles of environmental policy in the United States. The special attention is aimed at the environmental activities of President Theodor Roosevelt. The main features of the current environmental policy both in domestic and foreign factors determining main directions of state activities in the field of managing the policy of natural protection and using of the natural potential.Key words: environmental (ecological) policy, state nature protection institutions, agency, nature resources using and managing, nature protection.

References:[1] Alimov A.A. Policy of the CPSU and the Soviet Government in the field of nature management during the

first years of the Soviet Power (1917-1925). Author synopsis of the Dissertation for PhD in History [Politika KPSS i sovetskogo gosudarstva v oblasti prirodopol’zovaniya v pervye gody sovetskoi vlasti (1917–1925 gg)]. Leningrad, 1982.

[2] Krasnopolskii B.H. State Institutions of Nature Management System: the USA experience [Gosudarstvennoe upravlenie prirodopol’zovaniem: opyt SSHA]. Khabarovsk, 2006, 256 p.

[3] The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. NY, 2008.[4] Andrews R.N.L. History of American environmental policy. N.-Y., Yale University Press, 2006.

GLoBAL ECoLoGICAL CRISIS: MyTHS AND REALITy

B.H. Al Nuairi, D.A. Subettoinfluence reservoir on tHe structure of tHe land fund in tHe HaMrin Basin (iraq)In this work the results of research Hamrin basin based on remote sensing data.To study the study area, we used the imaging scene coverage Landsat MSS (1973) to create a reservoir, Landsat TM (1990) in the rainy season and ETM (2000) in the dry season to the territory the basin of Hamrin. Further data were used Aster Dem (30 m) radar imagery covering the study area.On the basis of the mapping scale of 1:250,000 for Hamrin-basin two time slices to the construction of the reservoir and after its construction as well as for the different seasons of the land fund were revealed dynamics. Were traced especially changes tipped the land fund in the dry and wet periods.Key words: Land Fund, Hamrin Basin, reservoir, imaging and Iraq.

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References:[1] Bashir Sh. M. Modern landscapes of Iraq [Sovremennye landshafty Iraka] / Bashir Shihab Mazen [Bashir

Shikhab Mazen] / Questions science: scientific articles [Voprosy estestvoznaniya: sb. nauchn. statei] / BSPU; Editorial Board. F.F. Lakhvich, M.G. Yasoveev, BSPU. Minsk, 2008, rel. 2, pp.141–145.

[2] Alnuairi B.H. Geomorphology of Hemrin dam area by the use technology of remote sensing and GIS. Uni-versity of Tikrit, Iraq, 2008, 151 p.

[3] Issa E., Al-Ansari N., Sherwany G., Knutsson S. Sedimentation Processes and Useful Life of Mosul Dam Reservoir, Iraq // Scientific Research Journal. 2013, № 5, pp. 779–784.

[4] Mateo Gutierrez. Climatic Geomorphology. Italy, 2005, 760 p.[5] Saad Z.J., Jeremy C.G. Geology of Iraq. Brno, CzechRepublic, 2006, 342 p.

NATURAL ENVIRoNMENT

N.S. KopylovatHe statistic estiMates of tHe Main MorPHoMetric ParaMeters of tHe karst lakes of tHe WorldThe article describes morphometric parameters of the lakes of karst origin which include a type of the lakes of karst, suffusion and thermokarst origin in terms of the world date-base WORLDLAKE. It suggests some regres-sion dependencies which are power-mode and relate morphometric parameters of various types of karst lakes to each other.Key words: morphometric parameters, WORLDLAKE database, cavities of the karst, suffossion, and thermokarst lakes, world sample collection, regression models, limnological research.

References:[1] Alisov B.P. Climate of the USSR [Klimat SSSR]. Moscow, 1969, 384 p.[2] Akhmedovа N.S. Features of distribution and morphological structure of the basins of karst world lakes

[Osobennosti rasprostraneniya i morfologicheskogo stroeniya kotlovin karstovykh ozer mira]. Saint Peters-burg, 2011, 55 p.

[3] Akhmedova N.S. Classification of the basins of world karst lakes on the specifics of the morphological struc-ture based on cluster analysis [Klassifikatsiya kotlovin karstovykh ozer mira po osobennostyam morfo-logicheskogo stroeniya na osnove klasternogo analiza] // Society. Environment. Development [Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie]. 2011, №1, pp. 228–232.

[4] Bogoslovsky B.B. Limnology [Ozerovedenie]. Moscow, Moscow University [Izd. MGU], 1960, 336 p.[5] Draper N., Smith H. Applied Regression Analysis [Prikladnoi regressionnyi analiz]. Moscow, Finance and

Statistics, Vol. 1. 1986, 366 p., Vol. 2, 1987, 351 p.[6] Doganovsky A.M, Malinin V.N. The hydrosphere of Earth [Gidrosfera Zemli]. Saint Petersburg, Gidrome-

teoizdat, 2004, 630 p.[7] Malinin V.N. Shevchuk O.I. Possible changes in global sea level in the coming decades [O vozmozhnykh

izmeneniyakh urovnya Mirovogo okeana v blizhaishie desyatiletiya]. Society. Environment. Development [Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie], 2009, № 2, pp. 172–180.

[8] Nesterova M.I. Spatial features of the structure of different types of lake basins in Yakutia [Prostranstvennye osobennosti stroeniya raznotipnykh ozernykh kotlovin na territorii Yakutii]. Society. Environment. Develop-ment [Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie], 2011, № 4, pp. 227–230.

[9] Pervukhin M.A On the genetic classification of lake bath [O geneticheskoi klassifikatsii ozernykh vann]. Physical geography [Zemlevedenie], vol. 39, 1937, pp. 526–537.

[10] Pokazeev K.V., Filatov N.N. Hydrophysics and ecology of lakes. Vol. 1 [Gidrofizika i ekologiya ozer. T.1]. Hydrophysics, 2002, 276 p.

[11] Ryanzhin S.V., Ulyanov T.Y. Geographic Information System “World lakes” [Geograficheskaya informatsion-naya sistema «Ozera mira»]. Reports of the Academy of Sciences [Doklady AN SSSR], vol. 370, 2000, № 4, pp. 542–545.

[12] Ryanzhin S.V. New estimates of the global area and volume of water of natural world lakes [Novye otsenki global’noi ploshchadi i ob»ema vody estestvennykh ozer mira]. Reports of the Academy of Sciences [Doklady RAN], vol. 400, 2005, № 6, pp. 808–812.

[13] Ryanzhin S.V., Subetto D.A. Kochkov N.V., Akhmedova N.S., Veynmeyster N.V. Polar world lakes: current status of research data [Polyarnye ozera mira: sovremennye dannye i sostoyanie issledovanii]. Water Re-sources [Vodnye resursy], vol. 37, 2010, № 4, pp. 387–397.

[14] Ryanzhin S.V. Size distribution of world lakes and rivers derived from WORLDLAKE database // 4th Intern. Lake Ladoga Symposium. Joensuu, Joensuu Yliopisto Publ., 2003, pp. 496–502.

[15] Nakanson L, Jansson M. Principles of Lake Sedimentology. Berlin et al, Springer Verlag, 1983, 316 p.[16] Fisher R.A. Statistical methods for research workers. 10th ed. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1948, 372 p.

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L. N. LetyagintHe aestHetics of social actionА social action – independent unit of social interaction, value-oriented and irreversible act of free expression by man of his cultural identity. In this manifests individual person’s attitude to social reality. The criterion of selection social act on the system of other forms of behavior becomes a compatibility / not compatibility with the opinions of other members of the social group.Key words: aesthetic value, axiosphere, action / progressiveness, social measure / accordance, historical eventful-ness.

References:[1] Bakhtin M.M. Toward a Philosophy of the Act [K filosofii postupka] // Bakhtin M. M. In 7 vol. / The Rus-

sian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the world literature of M. Gorky [Institut mirovoi literatury im. M. Gor’kogo]. Moscow, Russian dictionaries; Languages of Slavic culture [Russkie slovari; Yazyki slavyanskoi kul’tury], 2003. Vol. I / Edition S.G. Bocharov, N. I. Nikolaev. pp. 7–68, 351–492. URL: http://www.fedy-di-ary.ru/? p=7017</to>.

[2] Valitskaya A.P. The Novikov’s ideas of Perfect Man [Ideya sovershennogo cheloveka v novikovskoi redaktsii masonstva] // Novikov and russian Freemasonry: Materials of conference, 17–20 of May, 1994 [Novikov i russkoe masonstvo: materialy konferentsii, 17–20 maya 1994 g]. Kolomna / The translation from English A.B. Ushatsky; under A.G. Petrov’s edition. Moscow, Rudomino, 1996, pp. 7–9.

[3] John Paul II. Personality and act: Anthropological research [Lichnost’ i postupok: Antropologicheskoe issledovanie] / Translation and E.S. Tverdislova’s comments // John Paul II. Compositions [Ioann Pavel II. Sochineniya]. In 2 vol. Vol. I. Moscow, Publishing house of Franciscans [Izdatel’stvo Frantsiskantsev], 2003, pp. 61–449.

[4] Isupov K.K. The word as an act (About philosophical doctrine of A.A. Meyer) [Slovo kak postupok (O filos-ofskom uchenii A.A. Meiera)] // Philosophical heritage [Filosofskoe nasledie]. 1992, № 7, pp. 93–103.

[5] Isupov K.K. Lessons M. M. Bakhtina [Uroki M.M. Bakhtina] // M. M. Bakhtin: pro et contra. The personality and M. M. Bakhtin’s creativity in an assessment of the Russian and world humanitarian thought [M.M. Bakhtin: pro et contra. Lichnost’ i tvorchestvo M.M. Bakhtina v otsenke russkoi i mirovoi gumanitarnoi mysli] / Origina-tor, introductory article and the comment K.G. Isupova. Saint Petersburg, RHGI, 2001, Vol. I., pp. 7–44.

[6] Joas H. The Creativity of Action [Kreativnost’ deistviya] / Translation from German. Saint Petersburg, Aletei-ya, 2005, 319, [1] p.

[7] Lotman Yu.M. The Selected Articles: in 3 vol. [Izbrannye stat’i: v 3 t.]. Tallinn, 1993, Vol. III.

n e W S

N.V. NikiforovaresearcHes of science and tecHnology in tHe euroPean PeriPHery tHe 9th Meeting of tHe society «science and tecHnology in tHe euroPean PeriPHery» sePteMBer 1–3, 2014, lisBon

The article is dedicated to the 9th meeting of the society “Science and Technology in the European Periphery” that took place in Lisbon from 1 to 3 September 2014. Center and periphery metaphor has been actively used in historical works. The researchers of the society attempt to challenge the established historiographical models and to reassess the role of periphery as of a passive receiver of technologies and ideas coming from the center. Major themes, methodological features and research perspectives are reviewed.Key words: center and periphery, history of science and technology, culturology of technology, history of con-cepts.

References:[1] Wallerstein I. After Liberalism [Posle liberalism] / Transl. from English, ed. by B. Kargalitsky, Moscow, Edi-

torial URSS, 2003, 256 p.[2] Nikiforova N.V. History of Technology in Transnational Perspective: Results, Challenges, Perspectives. [Is-

troiya nauki v transnatsionalnoi perspeltive: rezultati, visovi, perspektivi] // Society. Environment. Deveop-ment [Obschestvo. Sreda. Razvitie], 2012, № 4, pp. 286–290.

[3] Nikiforova N.V. Scholarly Tradition of Conceptual History and its Culturological Potential [Nauchnaya tra-ditsiya istorii ponyatiy i ee kulturologichesky potentsial] // Philosophy of Law [Filosofiya prava], 2010, № 2 (39), pp. 104–109.

[4] Internet site of the society “Science and Technology in the European Periphery”. URL: http://bdrupal.hi-cido.uv.es/ (01.12.2014).

[5] Gavroglu K., Patiniotis M., Papanelopoulou Fa. Science and Technology in the European Periphery. Some historiographical reflections // History of Science, vol. 46, 2008, Issue 2, pp. 153–175.