Petroleum Environmental Directory الدليل البيئي النفطي

8/14/2019 Petroleum Environmental Directory

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Petroleum Environmental Directory

Wisam Al-Shalchi


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Environment ManagementSystem


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Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA)".

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International Organization for Standarization (ISO) .

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- :Environmental Policy

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- :Planning

. __ __ __________________________________________________________ * (ISO 14001) )( .


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) :-( .


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Environmental Pollution


18/197

- :ollutionAir P

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. .

Percentage Symbol ComponentNitrogen N2 78.083%Oxygen O2 20.946%

Argon Ar0.934% Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.035%

99.998%

Neon Ne18.2 ppmHelium He5.2 ppm

Krypton Kr1.1 ppmSulfur dioxide SO2 1.0 ppm

Methane CH4 2.0 ppm Hydrogen H2 0.5 ppm

Nitrous Oxide N2O0.5 ppm Xenon Xe0.09 ppm Ozone O3 0.07 ppm

Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.02 ppm Iodine I2 0.01 ppm

Carbon monoxide COTrace

) :-( .


19/197

- : ( )

.

. .

:

)( CO x: CO .CO2

)( SO) x) : SO2 SO3

H2S. )( NO x: NO2 , NO , N 2O

.

)( :HC .

)( :PM

.

)( O :3 .

)( : .(TEL)

Air Toxic Pollutants .

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.


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. - :Water Pollution

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H2O .

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. 71%

%1 . %65 %70 %90

. . Snow

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. - :Soil Pollution

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- :Physical Pollution

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- :Radioactive Pollution

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25/197

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- :Noise Pollution

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. (dB) . dB 60 - 50

dB 120 . 8085 dB .

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Vibration Pollution:

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. Hz .dB

1Hz .


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2Hz . 5Hz

. 8Hz .

- :Visual Pollution

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:Light Pollution

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. 300200 .

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- :Thermal Pollution ( )

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) ( . .

- :Electronic Pollution

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- Efficiency Pollution:

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- :Food Pollution

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Petroleum Pollution


30/197

-:

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:

C 83 - 87% H 10 - 14%

S 0.1 - 4% N 0.14% O 1.5% V, Hg, Cd, Nietc) Traces)

) :-( .

.

:

- :Primary Pollutants .

( ) .


31/197

- :Secondary Pollutants

.

. :

- :

.

. : - CO x:

:

)( :CO .

Carboxy

Hemoglobin)COHB(

. InternalCombustion Engines

. 73mg 25 .

ppm 50 100 ppm .

.

2CO + O 2 2CO 2

)-( .


32/197

) :-( .

)( CO :2 .

. CO2 % 0.04 0.03

. .

.(Carbaminohemoglobin(CAHB . CO2

Photosynthesis .

H2CO3 .

( )

.

. Greenhouse Gases

.


33/197

- : :

)( SO x: S2O7, SO 3, S2O3, SO 2, SO :

SO :2 .ppm 3

. ( 5% 1 ) . 3%

.

.3% .

%67 ( 13 )

. .

) :-( .


34/197

) ) 90% . SO2

.

H2SO

3

Smog .

Particulates

. SO :3

.

2SO 2 + O2 2SO 3

H2SO4 .

% 10 -1 .

.

)( :

. H2S CH3SCH3

CH3SSCH 3 ( ) CH3SH . .

.

. H 2S: .

H2S Sewage

. H2S %28


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. ppm 0.0001- 0.0002

. - NO

x:

. N2ONON2O3NO2N2O4N2O5NO3N2O6

N2O NO) ) .NO2

.

fossile fuels

.%10

.

NO NO2.

.

) :-( .

)( :NO .

. 520 %80

.


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)( NO :2

( ) .

. (Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs

Ground Ozone .

.

2NO 2 + H2O HNO 2 + HNO 3

- :(HC) .VOCs

%85 64 250 .

%50

.

- :(PM) .

Smoke Soot Dust . :

)( :Coarse Particles 10-2.5

.(PM 10)

)( :Fine Particles 2.5 ( )PM 2.5

.

. VOCs, NO x, SO x .

.


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- O 3:

.

. Smog .

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- : ( )

:

)( )g/m3 0.0005(. )( (0.0005 ppm).

)( (0.01 ppm). (

) Tetra Ethyl Lead(TEL) .

. )%10 5( (30 50%)

.

- :

....

. Overflow .

.

Cooling Water Process Water. Sanitary Sewage Water Storm Water .

.


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Petroleum Sludge. - .

- FilteringClay. - .- .

( ) :

- . - . - . - .

V, Hg, Cd, Ni

.

.

- :

( ) Exploration

Production .

.... :


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: :

gm/m( 3 (

NOx 3.7 VOCs 26 - 3.3

SOx 0.1 NOx 12 - 10

VOCs 14 - 0.1 CH4 10 - 0.2

) :-( .

:

. 500- 2000 ppm.

:

(gm/L ) 7 1300)200(

)400(1600 30 )TSS 20 400)70 TDS 30,000 200,000)100,000(

BOD120 340COD180 580 50 0.7 2.3 0.4 0.2

0.1 0.4

) :-( .


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(500-200) .

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: ) ) /(0.5 0.3) .

0.05 mg/Kg .

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( ): .

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.Exploration Wells

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Production Wells

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)( : +Mg2 Ca +2 NaCl .


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)( ( ) :

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)( : ( ) )Starch( )FCl(

)NaOH( .

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Starch .

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%100

FCC .

:


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:Point Sources

.

Stacks .Flares :Nonpoint Sources

.

Fugitive Emissions .

. .

.

-

: .

. Stacks

. .

PM VOCs .

:

kg0.1 - 3 kg 0.8

SOX1.3 kg0.2 - 0.6 kg

kg 0.1 NOx0.3 kg0.5 - 0.6 kg

(BTX)2.5 g

0.75 - 6 g : g 1 0.14 g ( B)0.55 g (T)1.8 g (X)

VOCs)1 kg0.5 - 6 kg)

) :-( .


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- : .

10 m 3 3.5 5 m 3

. ( )... ( ) ....

BOD150 250 mg/l COD300 - 600 mg/l

mg/l 200 - 20 mg/l 300 - 100 ) (

mg/l 5000 1 100 mg/l

mg/l 100- 1 ( mg/l 100 - 0.1 )

mg/l 10 0.2 ) :-( .

- : )Sludge(

. Sludge)( 3-5 %80

. . (

) )(CaO

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- :

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.


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CH4 C2H6 .

.

MethaneCH470-90%EthaneC2H6

PropaneC3H8 ButaneC4H10

0-20%

Carbon DioxideCO20-8% OxygenO20-0.2%

NitrogenN20-5% Hydrogen SulphideH2S0-5%

Rare gasesAr, He, Ne, XeTraces

) :-( .

H2S CO2 .

Glycol dehydrator ) .) CO2H2S

.

.

.

. .


49/197

- :

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. . :

. LPG .

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:

- : ) ) Tetra

Ethyl Lead (TEL) Leaded Gasoline.

.

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- :

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- :

VOCs O3.


50/197

.

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- : LPG

LPG .


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Impacts of the

Petroluem Pollutants


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- :

Air Toxic Pollutants .

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- : :

)( :CO

. %0.01

%20 )COHB( :

.Tyring .Dyspnoea

Noises in the ears. 30%

)COHB( . 0.1% %50

:


53/197

.

Impaired hearing Dimness of vision .

. . . .Rapid and weak pulse .

)( CO :2 %5

.(Carbaminoohemoglobin(CAHB %10 . % 1.0-0.5 . Greenhouse Gases

0.6

( ) .

.

" ."- :

:

)( SO :2 10 (

ppm( Asthma .

( )ppm 50 . :

. . .


54/197

. .

)( SO :3 .

)( :

. H2S

. :

. . . . . ( )ppm 600 .

- NOx:

:

)( :NO %99

. :

NO + O 3 NO2 + O2NO2 + O3 NO + 2O 2

NO .

)( NO :2

.

.

2NO 2 + H2O HNO 2 + HNO 3


55/197

( ) .

: . . .

- :HC

.

.

.

Polycyclic Aromatics Benzopyrene Benzoanthracene .

.

PhotochemicalOxidants Peroxyacyl Nitrate

- :PM .

.

. .

. .

. EPA

:

- .- . - .


56/197

- . - . - .- .

- O 3:

. :

- . - .- .- . - .

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- . - . - . - . - . - . - .

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57/197

.

. Food Chain .

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Carcinogenic Benzopyrene .

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- .

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- :Climate Change National Academy of Science

0.6 ( ) .

.

Greenhouse Effect CO2 CH4 NO ( ).

( ) . Infrared Radiation

.

. )-(

) :-( ( .Greenhouse Effect)

.

. 30

. :


59/197

- CO2. - .H2O - .CH4- .N2O - HFCs.- PFCs.- CFC.- .SF6

.

.

.30% N2O .%15

Fossil Fuel . %98

24% 18% .

Spray. ( ) .

.2100

.

. .

.

:Ozone Layer Depletion O3

.Stratosphere km 35-15 .

. .

.

.


60/197

. .

NO .

:

NO + O 3 NO2 + O2 NO2 + O3 NO + 2O 2

2O3 3O2

.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Methyl Bromide .

Spray Cans

. .

:

- .

- ( D.N.A ) . - .- : - . -

. - . - Troposphere

Stratosphere .

.

. (UNEP)


61/197

. (50%)

.

:Acid Rains ( pH)

7 .

H2CO3 .

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

5.6 4.5

. .

. .

( )

:

SO2 + H2O H 2SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO42NO 2 + H2O HNO 2 + HNO 3

.

.Acid Precipitation

. .

: )( : .

.

.


62/197

)( : .

)( : .

)( : .

.)( :

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.

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) (

(Gas to Liquids (GTL .


63/197

Petroleum PollutionMeasurmets


64/197

- :

VOCs PM .

. Spectrophotometry

Chemiluminescence - Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)

Gas Chromatography-massSpectrometry (GC-MS) Infrared

Spectroscopy. .

Gravimetric Analysis .(Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS Sampling

Quantitative . Accuracy Precision .

PM10 , PM 2.5 Gravimetric

,Pb, Hg(

Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn( . Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometry (AAS)

SO2 , O3 Spectrophotometry

NO2 , O3

Chemiluminescence

VOCs

Gas Chromatography (GC) - Flame Ionization Detector (FID)

VOCs Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

CO , HC , VOCs FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

) :-( .


65/197

. .

.

. )-( .

.

- :)( CO:

. Portable Indoor Air Quality Meter IAQ-CALC

Model 8762 CO (ppm) . CO0-500 ppm 0.3%.

)-( .CO

)-( . Ambient Air Sample Chamber .

CO Infrared

Absorption Spectrometer.


66/197

) :-( .CO

CO .

.

Special Detector .

)( .(parts per million (ppm

)( CO 2:

Indoor Air IAQ-CALC Model 8732 )-( . CO20 - 5000 ppm %3.0 .

) :-( 2CO .


67/197

- :

SO2 SO3 SO2 .

.Spectrophotometer . .Detector

) :-( .

( )

. ( )

. AF22M SO2 ppb to 10 ppm 1

) :-( M22UV Fluorescent Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer Model AF

Field Analysis SO2 Portable

PDS 106 - 500. A01 Model 500 NSX )-( .ppm 2000 - 0


68/197

Model 500 NSX Portable Combustion Analyzer : ( - (

- H 2S: Stack

Monitoring .

C340 SO2 .

2H2S + 3O 2 2SO 2 + 2H 2O

CH2S )-( H2S SO2 AF21M

(UV Absorption Spectrophotometer)SO2 500 ppm.h) H2S .)

) :-( S2Hydrogen Sulfide Converter Model CH

- : Chemiluminescence

.


69/197

Emission Spectrum Excited Species

. :

NO + O 3 NO2* + O2

NO2* NO2 + Light

. NO NO2*

NO2 .

Photomultiplier Tube .

. . Sievers

Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection. .

) :-( Sievers Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection .

Model 500 NSX .to 2000 ppm 0

AC31M )-( NO, NO 2, NOx 0.35 ppb to 10 ppm Ambient Air

Indoor Air Chemiluminescence .(Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM


70/197

) :-( Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Oxide Analyzer ModelM31AC .

- :

.Gravimetric analysis

)Filter( Vacuum- type Device .

. Beta 5M mg/Nm 4000 - 2 3.

-( ) : M5Beta .

- :(VOCs) Gas

Chromatography (GC) Flame Ionization Detector


71/197

(FID). OvenColumn DetectorRecorder.

-( ) : .

Injection Port .

Carrier Gas . .

.

. Peaks

. Reconditioned Perkin Elmer 8000 GC

.

-( ) : .GC8000Perkin ElmerReconditioned


72/197

Gas) Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry) VOCs

Varian 4000 Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry. mass -to-charge ratio

(m/z) . .

-( ) : Mass Spectrometry / Gas Chromatography4000Varian

- .HC

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIS)

Toluene Benzene Methanol .

-( ) : .

HC 51M Falme ionization VOCs (ppb).


73/197

-( ) : M51HC

- : Chemiluminescence

. Rhodamine-B Absorbed Activated

Silica Gel Surface .Ethylene Light Pulses Photomultiplier Tube.

.

Spectrophotometer .nm 253.7

. .

-( ) : .ctrophotometerSpe

- : Atomic

Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) . .

. aqueous sample

.


74/197

-( ) : .

.excited

.

.

- :

:

- :

. :

)( . .

)( (% of Cl -).)( (% of SO 4=).)( (% of SO 3=). )( pH. . )( (Iron) (=CO3) . )( .Total Hardness )( Silica Content. )( . - :

. :


75/197

)( Oxygen Demand: .

: .(Immediate Oxygen Demand (IOD

.(Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD).

Ferrouse Ammonium Sulphate

.Potasium Permanganate

)( :HC .

.

Infrared Spectrophotometer . .ppm 10

Hydrocarbon Analyzer HC 9010

010 / 20 / 30 mg/l .

-( ) : .9010Hydrocarbon Analyzer HC

)( : Reducing Agents

SO2 .H2S Potentiometric Titration.


76/197

)( : .

Centerfugal .Turbidemeter

- : .

.

:

. .

.

Electrical Geophysical

. Electrical Resistivity .

104 - 1019

ohm ohm 2200 . .

.

- .

)( .


77/197

-( ) : .

MIR 9000 HCl, SO 2, NO, CO, CO 2, N2O,

NH3, HC, CH 4, TOC, H 2O, O2.

- .

/ .

. .

.

. Portable

.

.


78/197

Requirement of Equipments and Apparatus QuantityDetails

N O

.

1Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) 3Digital pH-Meter (Portable)23Digital pH-Meter (Lab)33Digital Dissolved Oxygen Meter (Portable)43Digital Dissolved Oxygen Meter (Lab)53BOD-Meter (Portable)62BOD-Meter(Lab-type) New automated (BOD-Reader)73COD-Meter (Portable)82Electrical Conductivity Meter (Portable , Digital)93Electrical Conductivity Meter (Stationary, Digital)102Turbidity Meter (Portable, Digital) 112Turbidity Meter (Lab-type , Digital) 12

10Li , Na , K , Ca Flame Photometer132Ion Exchange (Lab. Scale System) Columns,Cationic , Anionic , and Mixed bed14

10Reverse Osmosis (Lab. , Scale System)152Hardness Meter (Portable)162Centrifugal Separator Device17

Lab.Glass Wares& Lab.Chemical Materials related to Environmental Pollution18

2Incubators Temp.range (0 - 60) oC 192Autoclave (lab)202Heavy Metals Detector(Portable)212New Nutrient Analyzer in Wastewater22

10Hevy Metals Detector(Lab-type)232Noise Level Detector (Portable)24

1Atomatic absorption with Microprocessor (Digital Type) with Lamps To allElements Encountered in Wastewater Such as Cr, Mo , Pb , Fe , Ni , etc )25

2SO 4 , NO Detector263Microscope X 1000 (Olympus )273Furnace Temp. 2500 oC282Distilled Water Production Equipment292Analyzer for Measuring Oil Conc.In Water ( Portable)302Cyanide Ion Analyzer (Portable) (TOC-Meter)312Anion Salt Detector (Lab-type) (SO 4-2 , PO 4-3 , NO 3-1 , CO 3-1 ... etc)322Bacteria Count Device(Lab- type , Digital)33


79/197

2BOD Incubator34

2Cataion Salt Detector In Water (Na+ , Ca +, Li +, K +, Mg +1 etc) (Lab. type ,

Digital) (Selective Electrodes)35

2Chlorine Analyzer (Portable type)362Colorimeter (Lab- type , Digital)37

1Colorimeter (Portable type , Digital)38 1Digital River Flow Meter (Portable type)39Lum Sum of Glass Ware40

2Spectrophotometer(lab- type , Digital) Anions412TDS-Meter(Total Dissolved Solids) (Portable , Digital)422Electradialysis432Incubator (Bacteria)44

2Multigas Analyzer(Portable)for Measurement of SO x , NO x , HC , HCl , CO 2 ,N2O , Hg, NH 3, HF, H 2S Emissions1

2Sulfur Oxides Analyzer for Measuring SO x Emissions ( Portable)22Sulfur Oxides Analyzer for Measuring SO x in Ambient Air ( Portable)32Nitrogen Oxides Analyzer for Measuring NO x Emissions (Portable)42Nitrogen Oxides Analyzer for Measuring NO x in Ambient Air ( Portable)52Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Analyzer for Measuring CO 2 Emissions (Portable)6

2Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Analyzer for Measuring CO 2 in Ambient Air (Portable)7 2Carbon Monoxide (CO) Analyzer for Measuring CO Emissions (Portable)82Carbon Monoxide (CO) Analyzer for Measuring CO in Ambient Air (Portable)9

2Total Hydrocarbons Methane/Non-Methane Analyzer for Measuring THC/CH 4 / no- CH 4 Emissions (Portable)10

2Total Hydrocarbons Methane/Non-Methane Analyzer for Measuring THC/CH 4 / no- CH 4 in Ambient Air (Portable)11

2Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzer for Measuring H 2S Emission ( Portable)122Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzer for Measuring H 2S in Ambient Air ( Portable)133Particulate Analyzer for Measuring Particulate Emission (Portable)142Particulate Analyzer for Measuring Particulate Ambient Air (Portable)15

2Flue Gas Analyzer for Measuring Flue Gas Emission (Portable)16 1Ozone Analyzer for Measuring (O 3) in Ambient Air (Portable)172Ammonia Analyzer for Measuring (NH 3) Emission (Portable)181Ammonia Analyzer for Measuring (NH 3) in Ambient Air (Portable)191GC with Mass sepc.201Hydrogen Fluoride Analyzer for Measuring (HF) Emission (Portable)211Hydrogen Fluoride Analyzer for Measuring (HF) in Ambient Air (Portable)221Metrological Sensors (Wind Speed , Direction , Relative Humidity Solar23


80/197

Radiationetc)1Stereo Electron Microscope245Gas Sampling System255Dust Sampling System261Oxygen Analyzer for Measuring O 2 in emissions of Combustion27

1Gas Flow Meter for Measuring Velocity Of Gas in Stack Dust ( ContinuousMonitoring)28

1Exhaust Pollutant Detector(Portable)29

1Multichannal Analyzer (Lab-type)12Nal Detector22Scintillation Detector36 , , Detector [(2) of each ] 4

30Badge Film520TLD-Detector61 -Spectrum Analyzer71Mass-Spectrometer (Radiation Measures)82Geiger Muller Detector(Portable)9

) :-( .


81/197

Hazardous Chemicals


82/197

-:

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- : Hazardous Chemicals :

. .

. .

. . .Cholinesterase

.

.

. . .

- : :

- . - .

- .


84/197

- : .

. . UN

.

.

.

. :

- .UN Transportation Recommendations - US Requirements

for Workplace, Consumer, and Pesticides- EU Dangerous substance and

Preparation Directives - Canadian Requirements for

Workplace, Consumer, and Pesticides

" The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling

of Chemicals" .(GHS)

. GHS

:

- .

- .- . - . - .- .


85/197

- : .

GHS :

- :Health Hazards :

Toxicity. .Skin Corrosion / Irritation .Serious Eye damage /Eye Irritation .Respiratory or Skin Sensitization .Germ Cell Mutagenicity .Carcinogenicity

- Physical Hazards:

: .Explosions .Flammability .Oxidation Reactivity. Self-Reactive Substances. .Combustibility .Corrosivity

- : - : GHS StatePhysical .

: :Gases 20oC

101.3 kPa. :Liquids 20oC

kPa 101.3 20 oC. :Solids .

- : GHS :

.Explosives .Flammable Gases .Flammable Aerosols .Oxidizing Gases


86/197

.Gases under pressure .Flammable Liquids .Flammable Solids .Self-Reactive Substances

.Pyrophoric Liquids .Pyrophoric Solids .Self-Heating Substances Substances which in contact with water

emit flammable gases. .Oxidizing Liquids .Oxidizing Solids .Organic Peroxides .Corrosive to Metals

- :Labeling GHS

. :

- : Pictograms

. :

GHS Pictograms and Hazard Classes

Carcinogen Respiratory Sensitizer

Reproductive Toxicity

Target Organ Toxicity

Mutagenicity Aspiration Toxicity

) (

Flammables Self Reactives Pyrophorics Self-Heating Emits Flammable Gas Organic Peroxides

Irritant Dermal Sensitizer Acute toxicity (harmful) Narcotic Effects Respiratory Tract


87/197

Acute toxicity (severe) Environmental Toxicity

Gases Under Pressure

Oxidizers Corrosives Explosives Self Reactives Organic Peroxides

) :-( .GHS

- : Labels

.... :

) :-( .


88/197

:

) :-( .

- : .

. GHS:

Non -FlammableNon -Toxic Gas

Non-FlammableGas

Flammable Gas

Explosive

SpontaneouslyCombustible

Flammable Solid

Flammable Liquid

Toxic Gas


89/197

Toxic Substance

Organic Peroxide

Oxidizer

Dangerous when

wet

IIRadioactive II

I

Radioactive I

Infection Substance Harmful Stow Away

from Foodstuffs

Dangerous Goods Miscellaneous

DangerousGoods

Corrosive

IIIRadioactive III

) :-( .

- :

.

. .


90/197

L*CH 3CNAcetonitrile1

L + T**NH 4NO 3 Ammonium Nitrate2

L + TNH 4SCNAmmoniumThiocyanite

3

L + TNH 3 in WaterAmmonia Solution4

L + TAsArsenic (Metal)5

L + TAs 2(SO 4)3Arsenic Sulfate6

L + TAs 2O 3Arsenic Trioxide7

L + TAs 2O 5 Arsenic Pentoxide8

L + TC 6H 5NH 2 Aniline9 L(CH 3COO) 2BaBarium Acetate10 LBaCO 3 Barium Carbonate11 LBaCl 2Barium Chloride12 LBaCrO 4 Barium Chromate13 (LBa(OH 2 Barium Hydroxide14 LBa(NO 3)2 Barium Nitrate15 LBaOBarium Oxide (Pure)16 LBaC 2O 4Barium Oxalate17 LBaO 2 Barium Peroxide18

LBaSO 4Barium Sulfate19 L + TBr 2 Bromine20

L + TC 6H 6Benzene21

L C 12H 12N2Benzidine22 LC 6H 5CHOBenzaldehyde23

LCdSO 4 Cadmium Sulfate24 L CS 2Carbon Disulfide25

L + TCCl 4Carbon Tetrachloride26 L + TCl 2Chlorine27

L + TCHCl 3 Chloroform28

L + T C 6H 12Cyclohexane29

L + T N2(CH 3COO) 4Diamine TetraceticAcid

30

LC 6H 4Cl 21,2 Dichlore Benzene 1,3 Dichloro Benzene

31


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LCH 2Cl 2Dichloromethane32

L + T NH 11C 4Diethanolamine33

L C 10H 6(CH 3)2Dimethylphenylene34

L + THCHOFormaldehyde35

L + TNH 2NH 2 . H 2OHydrazine Hydrate36 L + THFHydrofluoric Acid37

L + TC 6H 4(OH) 2 Hydroquinone38

L(CH 3COO) 2PbLead Acetate39

LPbBr 2 Lead Bromide40

LPbCO

3PbCrO 4

Lead Carbonate Lead Chromate41

LPbCl 2 Lead Chloride42

LPbO 2 Lead Dioxide43

LPbF 2 Lead Fluoride44

LC 6H 11PbLead Cyclohexane45

LPbI 2 Lead Iodide46

L + TPb Lead (Metal),Lead (Granulated)

47

LPb(NO 3) 2 Lead Nitrate48

LPb 3(PO 4) 2 Lead Orthophosphate49

LPbO Lead Monoxide50

LPbO 2 Lead Dioxide51

LPbSO 4 Lead Sulfate52

LPbSLead Sulfide53

LPbO 3Lead Trioxide54


92/197

L Pb(C 2H 5)4Tetra Ethyl Lead(T.E.L)

55

L + THgMercury (Reagent)56

L(CH 3COO) 2HgMercuric Acetate57

LHgBr 2Mercuric Bromide58

LHgCl 2Mercuric Chloride59

L Mercuric CyclohexaneButyrate

60

LHgl 2 Mercuric Iodide61

LHg(NO 3) 2Mercuric Nitrate62

LHgOMercuric Oxide63

L + T3Hg(CN) 2.HgO

Mercuric Oxycyanid64

L + T Mercuric Potassium Thiocyante

65

LHgSO 4 Mercuric Sulfate66

L + THg(SCN) 2 Mercuric Thiocyanite67

LHg 2Cl 2 Mercurous Chloride68

LHg 2I2 Mercurous Iodide69

LHg 2(NO 3) 2 .2H 2O

Mercurous Nitrate70

LHg 2OMercurous Oxide71

LHg 2SO 4 Mercurous Sulfate72

L + TCH 3OHMethanol73 LC 14H 18O 2N2 Methylaminophenol74

L + TNO 2C 6H 4OHNitrophenol75 L + THNO 3Nitric Acid76

L + THNO 3 Nitric Acid (Fuming)77LC 6H 5NO 4 p-Nitrophenol78

L + TH 2C 2O 4 Oxalic Acid79 L + THClO 4 Perchloric Acid80

L + TC 6H 5OHPhenol81


93/197

L + T C 6H 5AsOPhenyl Arsen Oxide82 L + TH 3PO 4Phosphoric Acid83

L(NO 2) 3C 6H 2OHPicric Acid84

LKClO 3 Potassium Chlorate85

LK

2CrO 4Potassium Chromate86

LK 2Cr 2O7Potassium Dichromate87

L + TKCNPotassium Cyanide88 L + TKOCNPotassium Cyanate89 L + TK 3Fe(CN) 6Potassium

Ferricyanide90

L + TK 4Fe(CN) 6.3H 2O

PotassiumFerrocyanide

91

LKNO 3 Potassium Nitrate92 LKClO 4 Potassium Perchlorate93

L + TKSCNPotassium Thiocyanite94 L + TC 5H 5NPyridine95

L + TAgNO 3 Silver Nitrate96 L + TNaSodium (Metal)97

L + TNa 2HAsO 4.7H 2O

Sodium Arsenate98

L + TNaAs 2O 3Sodium Arsenite99 L + TNaN 3 Sodium Azid100

LNaClO 4 Sodium Chlorate101 L + TNaCNSodium Cyanide102

LNaNO 2Sodium Nitrite103 LNa 2(Fe(CN) 5)

.H 2OSodium Nitroprusside104

L + TH 2SO 4Sulfuric Acid105

L + TH 2SO 4Sulfuric Acid

(Fuming)106

L + TC 2H 2Cl 4Tetrachloroethylene107

Thorine108

L + TN(CH 2CH 2OH) 3Triethanolamine109

LTrihydroxymethyl

amine110

L + TC 6H 5CH 3Toluene111

* L : Laboratory use ** T : Technical use


94/197

Prevention and Control of

Petroleum Pollution


95/197

- Pollution Prevention.

.

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- :

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)( :

:

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.

. Environmental Standards

.


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- :

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)( Catalytic Converters . )( .)( (TEL) . )(

.)( . )( . ) ) . ) )

. ) ) .

.


97/197

- .Pollution Control

( ) .

.

. :

- Physical Treatment:

. . (

) ....

. .

.

.

- Chemical Treatment: . .

:

)( : .

pH .(86)

: )(

. . )( :

. )( : )(

Gel Resin


98/197

Zeolite ...Clay . Cat-ion exchanger .Anion exchanger

.

)( ( :) Activated Carbon

. .

- (Bioremediation)Biological Treatment:

Microorganisms

. . .

.

.

.

- Thermal Treatment:

.

.

.

. .

- :Secured Landfill Disposal

.


99/197


100/197

. . .

:

- :CO

( ) . :

)( . )( Catalytic Converters

)( . LNG CNG .

)( .

:

)(

480 400o

C.CO + H 2O CO 2 + H2

600 oC

CO .

)( . .

500 120 oC 1 atm.

2CO + O 2 2CO 2

- SO x:

:


101/197

)( . )( .

)( SOx :

.

)( .)( SO2

. )(

.

2Mg(OH) 2 + 2SO 2 + O2 2MgSO 4 +2H 2O )(

.

CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 2CaO + 2SO 2 + O2 2CaSO 4

)( .

Na2SO2 + SO 2 + H2O 2NaHSO 3

.

2NaHSO 3 Na2SO2 + SO 2 + H2O

)( .

SO2 + 2H 2S 3S + 2H 2O

- H 2S: .

:

)( : .Monoethanolamin


102/197

2RNH 2 + H2S (RNH 3) 2S(RNH 3) 2S + H 2S 2RNH 3HS

.Diethanolamin

2R2NH + H 2S (R 2NH2) 2S(R2NH2) 2S + H 2S 2R 2NH2HS

.Triethanolamin

2R3N + H 2S (R 3NH) 2S(R3NH) 2S + H 2S 2R 3NHHS

.

( .Regeneration)

.

. CO2, CS2, CS2 .RSH

)( %3 Na2CO3 .

Na2CO3 + H2S NaHCO 3 + NaHS2NaHS + O 2 2NaOH + 2S

)( (Fe (OH 3 Na2CO3 .pH)8.5- 9)

H2S + Na 2CO3 NaHCO 3 + NaHSNaHS + Fe (OH) 3 NaOH + FeS + H 2O + S

:

FeS + O 2 + H2O Fe (OH) 3 + S %30

.

FeS + 2O 2 FeSO 4

)( ( ) H2S:


103/197

K3PO4 + H2S KHS + K 2HPO 4

.

)( ( .) .

2H2S + O 2 2S + 2H 2O

.C 850

Alumina .

- NO x: .

.

: )( NOx

:

. )(

.

)( .

2Mg(OH) 2 + 4NO 2 2Mg(NO 2) 2 + 2H 2O + O 2

NO2

.

2Mg(NO 2) 2 + O2 2MgO + 4NO 2 4NO 2 + 2NH 4OH 2NH 4NO3 + H2


104/197

)( .

CH4 + 4NO CO 2 + 2H 2O + 2H 2 + 2N 2

)( : NOx) NO2( .

4NH 3 + 2NO 2 + O2 3N2 + 6H 2O

: : NOx .H2ON2

90% NOx .

: NOx .

V2O5 , TiO 2 Zeolite - based. %90 NOx .

:

360 160 oC . %95 NOx.

: NOx . NOx .

- :PM

.(FCC)

:

)( . )( . )( .

:

)( ( .) :


105/197

: 0.01

. 99% .

:

.

)( ( )Cyclon

. 100

. .

)( . )( . )( ( ) . )( ( . ( - :HC)(

.

:

)( .

)( .

)( . )(

.

)( Vapour Recovery Unit . )( .


106/197

- .

:

- :

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)( )( : :

. . . ( ) . . . .

)( : .

)( Biological Treatment: .

(N, P, O).

.

)( :Filteration .


107/197

)( ( :Adsorption) UnitActivated Carbon

.

.

.

.

.

- :

:)( .)( .)( .)( . )( .)(

. :

. . ( ) .... . . .

- ( :*)

)( : - .

. _________________________________________________ ____ _______

* )( .


108/197

%50 - 20 .

.

.

Petroleum Lumps or Balls

. .

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( ) .

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110/197

. :

- : :

)( .

)( . )(

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- : .

:

)( .)( . )( .)( . )( .

)( . :

)( :

. . . .

)( .

)( .

)( :

.


111/197

. .

)( . )(

. )( .)( .

- : WHO

. .

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.

.

. .

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.

.

.

- .


112/197

. :

) .

) . ) . ) .

.

. Reforming

Cracking Hydrogenation Isomerization .

.

Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Alkylation .

.

Green Refinaries .

- .

. .

. .

)( :Methanol .CH3OH M-85 %85

%15 M-100 %100 . Synthesis Gas

( ) . - Synthesis Gas (Fischer Tropsch)

.


113/197

. M-85 % 50- 30

. (PM) % 50 M-85

.M-100 . .

( ) .102M-85

.

)( :Ethanol C2H5OH .

. ( ) .

E-85)85% %15 ) E-100 .%100

% 50 30 %50 .Toxics

Advanced Catalytic Converters .

. E-85 .

.

. (E-100)

1.15 1.25 $/gal Denatured .

)( :Batteries MechanicalPower

. . .

. Rechargeable Batteries .


114/197

.

.

3000 $- 2000 $

15,000 $ .

. .

1999 .72

. )( :Fuel Cell Fuel Cell

.2005

.

.

. .

)( :Hydrogen .

Non-Toxic .

Asphyxiation .

( ) .

.

. ): ( )(Electrolysis

Synthesis Gas H2) + CO) .

.


115/197

Compressed Hydrogen Liquid Hydrogen.

. Hythane %15 %85

.

. )( :(Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG

Dry Natural Gas Methane Ethane

. ( -161 oC( .

Cylinders

.

)( :(Compressed Natural Gas (CNG Dry Natural Gas

(Psi 3600 3000 )Bar 200 .

. .

. CNG

.

)( :(Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG Propane Butane

. Cylinders .

. :

.Associated Natural Gas .Non-Associated Natural Gas .Refining Gases


116/197

LPG .

- .

) . (

.

)( :(Gas to Liquids (GTL Natural Gas

Liquid Fuels Methanol Petrochemicals .

GTL ( ) . GTL

.

GTL .

1 ppm (wt.) (.ppm (wt 50 (EPA) 15 ppm (wt.). ( )

(.vol) %1 (.vol) %35 70 45 . GTL

.

.

)( Biodiesel :

.

20% %80 .

.

Traces .


117/197

.

$ 3.50

.

.

)( ( :Gasification) ) (Gasification Partial Oxidation

Dirty Fuel Coal Petroleum Coke Petroleum Residues Biomass

.Environmental Emissions Standards .

GTL

. 984,453

Gasification .

. .

.


118/197

Environemtal Standards


119/197

- :

.

. .

- :

.

)( WorldHealthOrganization (WHO):

Maximum Limit Time of

Exposure ppmg/m3 Pollutants

8 hour0.06120O 31 hour0.11 200annual0.021 40

NO 2

15 minutes 0.087 100

30 minutes 0.052 60 1 hour 0.026 30 8 hour 0.011 10

CO

10 minutes0.2500

24 hour0.05125

annual0.0250

SO 2

) :-( WHO.


120/197

)( Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Secondary

Standard **

Time of

Exposure

Primary

Standards*

Pollutants

Same as primary 8 hour 9 ppm (10 mg/m 3) Same as primary 1 hour 35 ppm (40 mg/m 3) CO

Same as primary Quarterelyaverage 1.5 ug/m3 Lead

Same as primary Annual0

Documents

Petroleum Environmental Directory الدليل البيئي النفطي