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Japanese Morphology

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Page 1: [PPT]Japanese Morphology - Linguistics at UP | The primary … · Web viewJapanese Morphology Japanese Lexicon Native vocabulary Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉/和語 Sino-Japanese

Japanese Morphology

Page 2: [PPT]Japanese Morphology - Linguistics at UP | The primary … · Web viewJapanese Morphology Japanese Lexicon Native vocabulary Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉/和語 Sino-Japanese

Japanese Lexicon

Native vocabulary Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉 / 和語

Sino-Japanese   Kango  漢語

Foreign 外来語

Mimetic 擬声語、擬態語

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Native SJ Mimetic Foreign

‘shine’

kagayaku -kou- kira-kira syain

‘dog’ inu -ken- wan-wan

doggu

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Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素Word  単語(たんご)

Ex. 虎の子(とらのこ)Morpheme  形態素(けいたいそ)

手抜き (て+ぬき)楽しさ (たのし+さ)

Free morpheme  自立形態素 (じりつけいたいそ) = 「手、抜き、楽し」

Bound morpheme  従属的形態素  (じゅうぞくてきけいたいそ) = 「さ」

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Analyze the following units:( 1 )砂あそび、( 2 )砂、( 3 )すわりこむ、( 4 )名古屋発、( 5 )読まない、( 6 )ビー玉、

異形態 (いけいたい)船  船足  船幽霊

単純語 (たんじゅんご)手、朝、しかし

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Word Structure  語の構成(こうせい)Cannot be divided into smaller

meaningful units形態素単純語

Can be divided into smaller meaningful units派生語 (はせいご)複合語 (ふくごうご)活用 (かつよう)

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Derivation  派生change meaning or categoryBase 語基(ごき) and Affix 接辞(せ

つじ)

Ex: hada ‘skin’ + su ‘bare’ = su-hada kak ‘write’ + -(i)ta ‘want to’ = kakitai hiro ‘wide’ + -sa = width

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Inflection

variants of the same word

Ex: tabe ‘eat’ + ru = taberu tabe + ta = tabeta ooki ‘big’ + i = ookii ooki + katta = ookikatta

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AFFIXATION

  Prefixation  接頭辞(せっとうじ) mu ‘none’ + kansin ‘interest’ = mukansin

  Suffixation  接尾辞(せつびじ) hanasite ‘speaker’ = hanas + te

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COMPOUNDING

Compound words 複合語(ふくごうご)Native Compounds

aki + sora = akizora ‘autumn sky’SJ Compounds

ki + soku = kisoku ‘rule’Hybrid Compounds

dai + tokoro = daidokoro ‘kitchen’ garasu + mado = garasumado ‘glass window’

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COMPOUNDING

刺し身→さし (stab) +み( body)  本棚→ほん (book) +たな (shelf)

Head  主要部(しゅようぶ) =right elementCompare: 水汲み(みずく) with 汲み水; 汲む means pump (v)Analyze: 映画音楽  and  音楽映画

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Compound Verbs

Sentence level  歩き続ける

Vocabulary level  押しつける(1) つっこむ、 (2) まよいこむ、 (3) むきあう、(4) たべはじめる、 (5) みすてる、 (6) ふりつもる

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Word Formation

Affixation Compounding Reduplication Clipping Borrowing

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Parts of Speech  品詞(ひんし) Noun  名詞(めいし) Verb  動詞(どうし) Adjective  形容詞(けいようし) Adverb  副詞(ふくし) Postposition  助詞(じょし) Case Particle  格助詞(かくじょし) Adjectival Noun  形容動詞(けいようどうし) Verbal Noun  動名詞(どうめいし)

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NOUNS  名詞 co-occur with demonstratives  指示語(しじご) can take noun modifiers which

take the particle の can be linked using と associated with a conjugational

paradigm

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VERBS  動詞 conjugational endings 活用(かつよう)

nozumnozomunozomanainozondenozomoonozomeba

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ADJECTIVES  形容詞 conjugational endings  活用

fusawashifusawashiifusawashikunaifusawashikattafusawashikunakatta

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ADVERBS  副詞 derived from adjectives

tooku, atatakaku totemo, zettai

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POSTPOSITIONS  助詞 cannot stand independently;

placed after nouns

で、へ、と、まで、から

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CASE PARTICLES  格助詞 Nominative が Accusative を Dative に Genitive の

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ADJECTIVAL NOUN  形容動詞形容動詞 ‘ adjectival verb’; ‘nominal

adjectives’have characteristics both of adjectives

and nounsmodify the nouns that follow themcan be modified by adverbstake the copula verb, unlike the

regular adjectives

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形容動詞cannot possess the grammatical functions of

subject, object, etc.can be nominalized by the derivational affix –s

acannot take the derivational suffix –rashii that

generates adjectives from nouns loan words modifying nouns tend to belong to

this category

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VERBAL NOUN  動名詞 many come from Sino-Japanese

compounds can occur with demonstratives require the dummy verb する in

the predicate function can function as subject or object

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Additional 品詞 形式名詞 (けいしきめいし)

こと、はず、わけ、もの 連体詞 (れんたいし)

あの、いわゆる、大きな 接続詞 (せつぞくし)

また、そして、ところが 感動詞 (かんどうし)

まあ、はい、うん 助動詞 (じょどうし)

られる、ようだ、だろう、

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Assignment

問題 1 Compare and analyze the forms 「通 ( とお ) り道 ( みち ) 」 and 「通 ( とお ) る道 ( みち ) 」 at the word level. Also, examine any change in the pronunciation of each term.

問題 2 How would you differentiate 「関西( かんさい ) の方言 ( ほうげん ) 」 and 「関西( かんさい ) 方言 ( ほうげん ) 」 ?

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問題 3 Analyze the structure of the following words: 走 ( はし ) り方 ( かた ) 、スキー幅 ( ぼう ) 、お水 ( みず ) 取 ( と ) り、

  おむつ換 ( か ) え、毛生 ( けは ) え薬 ( くすり )

問題 4 List 5 examples of affix which changes the category of the word/meaning of the word. For each affix, provide 2 derived words.

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問題 5 The affix 「御 ( お ) 」 has two allomorphs: ご and を . State the condition/s for the occurrence each allomorph.

問題 6 Consider the forms 遊 ( あそ ) び方 ( かた ) and 遊 ( あそ ) び用 ( よう ). Both are grammatical. However, if you combine these forms with 水( みず ), you will have a grammatical 水 ( みず ) 遊( あそ ) び用 ( よう ) but * 水 ( みず ) 遊 ( あそ ) び方( かた ) is ungrammatical. Find the difference in the usage of 方 ( かた ) and 用 ( よう ). What feature/s of words can you combine with these forms? Provide examples.

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問題 7 In the clause 「水槽 ( すいそう ) 中にプランクトンがいる」 , there is a difference in meaning if you read 中 as ちゅう or じゅう . Identify the difference. If possible, provide other derived words for each reading of 中 .

問題 8 Compare and analyze the forms 「押( お ) し始 ( はじ ) める」 and 「押 ( お ) し付 ( つ )ける」 .