Upload
muhamad-arifudin
View
234
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
1/79
OAO K
RN@DAL^C^A@
A. Catar Oncaia`j Mavacal
Rnrinmoa`ja` d~`ka ~vala {a`j va`jat nvat ~m~m`{a dkvnrtak dn`ja`
vnmaik`ihmcniv`{a injkata` ~vala O^M@ {a`j mn`jaikoatia` n`k`jiata`
nrvak`ja dk d~`ka ~vala. Onroajak mafam ~vala ~`t~i mn`k`jiatia`
n`daata` da` ajar tnta onrtala` dacam mn jladak nrvak`ja` tnrvno~t tnr~v
dkcai~ia` hcnl ara n`jnchca nr~valaa`. Inadaa` k`k tncal mn`jaf~ ara
ncai~ okv kv da` nih`hmk lar~v daat mncai~ia` onroajak nr~oala` injkata
nih`hmk`{a mn gadk vnnenitke da` vnnekvkn m~`jik ajar okv kv`{a daat
onrtala` dk d~ ka okv`kv dacam nrjnraia` jchoackvavk {a j cnokl mag~.
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,tata inchca nr~valaa` {a`j oaki+ ada
nr~valaa` mn`gadk cnokl n`tk`j ~`t~i vaat k`k da` mava-mava {a`j aia`
data`j# mn`jk`jat rkvkih da` ta`ta`ja` {a`j dkladak hcnl nr~valaa` {a`j
vnmaik` mn`k`jiat dacam d~`ka ~vala. Dacam ra`jia mn`k`jiatia` ik`nrga
nr~valaa` da` d~`ka ~vala# mnck`d~`jk inn`tk`ja` vtainlhcdnrv da`
mn`k`jiatia` inat~la` tnrlada nrat~ra nr~`da`j-~`da`ja` vnrta `kcak
ntkia {a`j onrcai~ vnfara ~m~m ada d~`ka ~vala# nr~valaa` lar~v
mn`gaca`ia` injkata` ~vala`{a dn`ja` onrndhma` ada rk`vk-rk`vk Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,JFJ+. Injkata` k`k ada laikiat {a mn`dhrh`j
tnrfkta`{a nekvkn`vk ~vala# vnlk`jja mam~ onrvak`j vnfara vnlat.
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn mnr~aia` ino~t~la` va`jat mn`davar oajk
vntka hrja`kvavk okv`kv gkia k`jk` mn`gadk nr~valaa` {a`j mam~ onrvak`j dk
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
2/79
avar jchoac. Ta`a n`nraa rk`vk-rk`vk JFJ vnfara oaki# O^M@ tkdai
okva onrvak`j# iarn`a vnoaki-oaki`{a vkvtnm {a`j dkv~v~` ta`a ada`{a
n`nraa` JFJ da` innmkmk`a` rhenvkh`ac ,cnadnrvlk+ aia` mncalkria`
intkdaiavtka`. Jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn vnfara dnek`ktke mnr~aia` vkvtnm
{a`j mn`jat~r da` mn`jn`dackia` nr~valaa` ~`t~i mn`fktaia` `kcak tamoal
,uac~n addnd+ ~`t~i vnm~avtainlhcdnr.
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn adacal vkvtnm {a`j okva dkj~`aia` ~`t~i mn`jat~r
da` mn`jn`dackia` nr~valaa`. Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn tkmo~c dark ino~t~la`
~vala aia` tata inchca nr~valaa` {a`j oaki# {a`j mn`njaiia` rk`vk-rk vk
ino~t~la` tra`vara`# daat dknrfa{a# onrta`jj~`j gazao da` onrinadkca`.
Catar oncaia`j n`tk`j`{a dktnraia` rk`vk jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn vaat
irkvkv nih`hmk mnca`da Avka Tn`jjara tnrmav~i K`dh`nvka ada tal~` 1;;:.
Damai dark irkvkv tnrvno~t# oa`{ai nr~valaa` onrgat~la` iarn`a tkdai mam~
onrtala # iarn`a nrt~mo~la` {a`j dkfaak vncama k`k tkdai dkoa`j~` dk atav
ca`dava` {a`j ihihl vnv~ak rk`vk n`jnchcaa` nr~valaa` {a`j vnlat.
Mn`{adark vkt~avk da` ih`dkvk dnmkika # nmnrk tal mncac~k Inmn tnrka`
@njara O^M@ m~cak mnmnrin`acia` ih`vn Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn k`k
dk ck`ji~`ja` O^M@# vnoajak vacal vat~ ~a{a ~`t~i mnmnroakik ik`nrga#
vniackj~v mn`jla~via` onroajak on`t~i raitni k`nekvkn`vk# ihr~vk# ihc~vk#
`nhtkvmn da` n`{kma`ja` cak``{a ~`t~i mnmnri~at da{a vak`j O^M@
mn`jladak avar jchoac. Mn`~r~t V~rat In~t~va` Mn`tnrk O^M@ @h. In-
11:(M-MO^(?22? ta`jjac 1 Aj~vt~v ?22? tn`ta`j Rn`nraa` Rraitni Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ada Oada` ^vala Mkcki @njara# mn`nia`ia`
?
?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
3/79
inzagkoa` oajk O^M@ ~ t~i mn`nraia` JFJ vnfara ih`vkvtn` da`
mn`gadkia` rk`vk JFJ vnoajak ca`dava` hnravkh`ac`{a# {a`j ada davar`{a
onrt~g~a ~`t~i mn`k jiatia` inonrlavkca` ~vala da` ai~`taokcktav nr~valaa`.
Oada` ^vala Mkcki @njaa ,O^M@+ mn~raia` vacal vat~ rncai~
injkata` nih`hmk rnnih`hmka` `avkh`ac ondavaia` dnmhiavk nih`hmk
,^`da`j-~`da`j _K @H. 1;# tn`ta`j O^M@# ?226+. Hcnl ian`a
rn`jnchcaa``{a ondavaia` dnmhiavk nih`hmk# maia dacam mn`gaca`ia`
aitkuktav rnnih`hmka` rnc~ mn`jki~tk mnia`kvmn rava da` onhkn`tavk in
rhekt. Mavacal {a`j inm~dka` tkmo~c onriakta` dn`ja` a~dkt k`tnr`ac# adacal
vnonraa nenitke inonradaa` a~dkt k`tnr`ac dacam mnmonrkia` `kcak tamoal oajk
nr~valaa`.
Oada` ~vala mkcki `njara tncal mn`nraia` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
dacam injkata` hnravkh`ac nr~valaa` vngai tal~` 1;;;. O^M@ lar~v nia
tnrlada vntka nrinmoa`ja {a`j tnrgadk dacam kcm~ n`jntal~a`# tni`hchjk
da` d~ ka ~vala# vnlk jja rhenvkh`ackvmn O^M@ dk vnjaca okda`j tnr~v
mn`k`jiat oaki dacam okda`j nrn`fa`aa` ma~~` dacam okda`j n`jn`dacka`
da` n`jazava . Dacam mnz~g~dia` da` mn k`jiatia` jhhd fhrhratn
jhunr`a`fn maia nr~valaa` lar~v mnmnrlatkia eaithr eaithr {a`j
mn`d~i~`j ncaiva`aa` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn kt~ vn`dkrk. Vncak kt~
dn`ja` dktnraia` rk vk jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn dklaraia` dacam
n`{agka cahra` in~a`ja` aia` cnokl tra`vara # tnat zait~# ai~rat da`
tnrlk`dar dark inf~ra`ja`.
Onrdavaria` n`ncktka`# oa`{ai tnrdaat n`{kma`ja` oar~a onc~m
?
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
4/79
dkcai~ia``{a tk`dai ca`g~t atav tnm~a` a~dkt vnv~ak dn`ja` {a`j dkcahria`
ada cahra` tnm~a` a~dkt {a`j dknrhcnl dark ncaiva aa` a~dkt {a`j tncal
dkcai~ia`. Dacam ncahra` a~dkt# dka`tara`{a rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk
dacam a~dkt k`tnr`ac mavkl dknrta {aia` iarn`a a~dkt k`tnr`ac okava`{a m~dal
dkn`jar~lk hcnl klai tnrtn t~ {a`j mnmo~at tkdai hognitke dacam
ncaiva`aa``{a.
Dark catar oncaia`j {a`j tncal dkinm~iaia` dacam n`ncktka` k`k# maia
n`~ckv tnrtarki ~`t~i mncai~ia n`ncktka` dn`ja` g~d~c Rn`jar~l Rrhjram
A~dkt da` _nihmn`davk K`tnr`ac A~dkthr Tnrlada Rncaiva`aa` Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ada O^M@ {a`j Ada dk Ihta Racnmoa`j.
O. Rnr~m~va` Mavacal
Onrdavaria` catar oncaia`j {a`j tncal dkinm~iaia` n`~ckv# maia daat
dkr~m~via` mavacal`{a {akt~7
a. Oajakma`aial n`jar~l rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr
vnfara vkm~cta` tnrlada ncaiva`aa` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ada
O^M@ {a`j ada dkihta Racnmoa`j.
o. Oajakma`aial n`jar~l rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr
vnfara arvkac tnrlada ncaiva aa` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ada
O^M@ {a`j ada dkihta Racnmoa`j.
F. T~g~a` Rn`ncktka`
Ada~` t~g~a` dark n`ncktka` k`k {akt~7
1. ^ t~i mn jntal~k n jar~l rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac
4
4
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
5/79
a~dkthr vnfara arvkac tnrlada ncaiva`aa` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
ada O^M@ {a`j ada dkihta Racnmoa`j.
?. ^ t~i mn jntal~k n jar~l rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac
a~dkthr vnfara vkm~cta` tnrlada ncaiva`aa` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
ada O^M@ {a`j ada dkihta Racnmoa`j.
D. Ma`eaat Rn`ncktka`
Ada~` ma`eaat dark n`ncktka` k`k {akt~ 7
1. Oajk Rn`~ckv
Lavkc n`ncktka` k`k dklaraia` daat mnmonrkia` ma`eaat onr~a tamoala`
n`jntal~a` inada n`~ckv mn`jn ak nra`a` k`tnr`ac a~dkthr da` jhhd
fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn.
?. Oajk Oada` vala Mkcki @njara
Lavkc n`ncktka` dklaraia` daat mnmonrkia ma`eaat il~v~v {a
mn`jn`ak n`jar~l a~dkt k`tnr`ac tnrlada ncaiva`aa` jhhd fhrhratn
jhunr`a`fn ada nr~valaa` da` daat mnmonrk tamoala` in{aik`a`
vnlk`jja daat dkgadkia` mav~ia` dacam n`jamokca` in~t~va`.
6. Oajk Acmamatnr
Dn`ja` ada`{a n`ncktka` k`k daat dkgadkia` vnoajak oala` nrtkmoa`ja`
n`tk`j oajk n ncktka` {a`j vnr~a dk mava {a j aia data`j.
OAO KK
IAGKA@ R^VTAIA
A. Rn ncktka` vnonc~m`{a
?
>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
6/79
5
Rn`ncktka` vnonc~m`{a onrg~d~c A`ackvkv Rnra` A~dkthr K`tnr`ac dacam
Mn`k`jiatia` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn Rada RT. O~ikt Avam
,RN_VN_H+# Toi Faoa`j Racnmoa`j hcnl Vlk`ta @~rcka Vnnck`k ,?225+.
Rnr~m~va` mavacal dacam n`ncktka` tnrvno~t adacal oajakma`aial a~dkthr
k`tnr`ac onrnra` dacam mn`k`jiatia`jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fnada RT.
O~ikt Avam ,Rnrvnrh+# Toi Faoa`j Racnmoa`j.
Lavkc n`ncktka` {a`j dkcai~ia` hcnl Vlk ta @~rcka mn`{km~cia`
oalza intnriakta` a~dkthr k`tnr`ac dacam nr~valaa` dn`ja` n`nraa`
jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn {a`j dktnraia` dacam nr~valaa` oalza
e~`jvk a~dkt k`tnr`ac dkt~`t~t onrnra` dacam mnmoa`t~ mn`ngnmn` mn`kcak
rnvkih-rnvkih# mn`jnuac~avk vtr~it~r n`jn`dacka` k`tnr`ac da` dacam
mn`ncaaljhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn.
Rnrvamaa` n`ncktka` vnonc~m`{a dn`ja` vniara`j adacal vama-vama
mn`jj~`aia` uarkaonc jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn. Rnrondaa` n`ncktka`
vnonc~m`{a dn`ja` vniara`j adacal gkia ada n`ncktka` vnonc~m`{a
onrt~g~a` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k nra` a~dkt k`tnr`ac dacam mn`k`jiatia`jhhd
fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ada vat~ nr~valaa` O^M@ {akt~ ada RT. O~ikt
Avam vnda`jia` n`ncktka` vniara`j k`jk` mn`jntal~k n`jar~l rhjram
a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr onrn`jar~l tnrlada ncaiva`aa`
jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ada ononraa nr~valaa` O^M@ dk ihta
Racnmoa`j.
Rn`ncktka` vnonc~m`{a g~ja dkcai~ia` hcnl Jkta J~mkca`j ,?22;+
dn`ja` g~d~c Rn`jar~l Rnra`a` A~dkthr K`tnr`ac Tnrlada Rn`nraa` Jhhd
5
5
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
7/79
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn Rada RT. Rnrino~`a` @~va`tara KKK ,RN_VN_H+#
Mnda` hcnl Rn`ncktka` tnrvno~t onrt~g~a` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k aaial nra`a`
a~dkt k`tnr`ac onrn`jar~l tnrlada n`nraa`jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
ada RT. R@ KKK ,RN_VN_H+# Mnda .
Lavkc n`ncktka` cak``{a {a`j dkcai~ia` hcnl Jkta J~mkca`j ,?22;+
mn`{km~cia oalza nra`a`a` a~dkthr k`tnr`ac onrn`jar~l vkj`kekia
hvktke tnrlada jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn {a`j dktnraia` dacam
nr~valaa`. Rnrvamaa` n`ncktka` vnonc~m`{a dn`ja vniara`j adacal
vama-vama mn`jj~`aia` uarkaonc jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn. Rnrondaa`
n`ncktka vnonc~m`{a dn`ja n`ncktka` vniara`j adacal gkia ada
n`ncktka vnonc~m`{a onrt~g~a` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k n`jar~l a~dkt k`tnr`ac
dacam mn`k`jiatia` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ada nr~valaa` {akt~
ada RT. Rnrino~`a` @~va`tara KKK vnda`jia` n`ncktka` vniara`j k`jk`
mn`jntal~k aaial uarkaonc rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr
onrn`jar~l tnrlada ncaiva`aa` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ada
ononraa nr~valaa` O^M@ {a`j ada dk ihta Racnmoa`j.
O. Ca`dava` Tnhrk
1. Tnhrktkv Tn`ta`j Rrhjram A~dkt
Rrhjram inrga a~dkt ata~ f~i~ dkvno~t rhjram a~dkt# mnr~aia`
rn`fa`a da` ca`jial inrga {a`j lar~v dkki~tk hcnl a~dkthr dacam
mncaiva`aia` t~jav a~dkt# onrdavaria` t~g~a` a~dkt {a j tncal
?
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
8/79
dktntaia`. Rrhjram a~dkt onre~`jvk n`tk`j ~`t~i mn`jat~r nmoajka`
inrga# mnmh`kthr gaca``{a injkata` nmnrkivaa`# mn`ncaal ninrgaa`
{a`j tncal dkcai~ia` ,KOI Oa{a`jiara#?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
9/79
f+ Vnoajak davar ~`t~i mnmoa`dk`jia` ncaiva`aa` injkata` dn`ja`
rn`fa`a {a`j dkvnt~g~k dn`ja` vta`dar nrv{arata` {a`j dktntaia`.
d+ Daat mnmoa`t~ ara a~dkthr {a`j onc~m onrn jacama` da`
mnmokavaia` mnrnia dn`ja` r~a`j ck`ji~# t~g~a` vnrta ca`jial-
ca`jial a~dkt.
n+ Daat mnmoa`t~ a~dkthr ~`t~i mn`jn`ack vkeat ninrgaa` {a`j tncal
dkinrgaia` vnonc~m`{a.
e+ Daat mnmoa`t~ a~dkthr ~`t~i mn`jn`ack vkeat ninrgaa` {a`j tncal
dkinrgaia` vnonc~m`{a.
j+ Daat mn`j~ra`jk injkata` n`jazava` ca`jv~`j hcnl v~nrukvhr
,KOI Oa{a`jiara#?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
10/79
dkladak da` nroakia` {a`j dklaraia` daat dkfaak.
,?+ Fara n dniata a~dkt {a`j dkkckl.
,6+ Rhca ncahra` {a`j dkinln`daik.
f+ K`tr~ivk-K tr~ivk Il~v~v
Ca`jial-ca`jial inrga {a`j dkv~v~` dacam on t~i k`tr~ivk
il~v~v.
d+ Ca`jial Inrga
,1+ A~dkt n`dal~c~a # mnck~tk 7
a+ Rnmokfaraa` azac dn`ja` a~dkttn.
o+ Rn`j~m~ca` k`ehrmavk ~m~m# n`ncaala` nrat~ra`#
nuac~avk rhvnd~r inrga da` vkvtnm hnravkh`ac.
f+ Tnv n`dal~c~a` atav k`ehrmavk {a`j dknrhcnl j~`a
mn`jkdn`tkekiavk t~g~a` a~dkt vnmn`tara.
d+ Rnmo~ata` kiltkvar lavkc a~dkt n`dal~c~a`.
,?+ _nuknz da n`j~gka n`jn`dacka` ma`agnmn`
a+ Rn`j~gka` n`jn`dacka` ma`agnmn`.
o+ Rnmo~ata` kiltkvar lavkc tnm~a` n`j~gka` n`jn`dacak`
ma`agnmn`.
,6+ A~dkt ca g~ta
a+ Rn jnmoa`ja` tnm~a` lavkc n`j~gka` n jn`dacka`
ma`agnmn`.
o+ Rn`{agka` lavkc a~dkt ca`g~ta` ,daetar tnm~a`+ nmoalava`
12
12
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
11/79
tnm~a` dn`ja` n`a`jj~`j gazao a~dkt.
f+ Rnmoalava` tnm~a` dn`ja` n`a`jj~`j gazao a~dkt.
d+ Rnmoalava` lavkc a~dkt ca`g~ta` dn`ja` hogni a~dkt.
n+ Rn`{~v~`a` rnihmn`davk ,M~c{adk# ?22?7124+.
Onjkt~ n`tk`j`{a e~`jvk rhjram a~dkt dacam a~dkt ma`agnmn`#
maia n`{~v~`a` rhjram a~dkt lar~v vndnmkika` r~a ajar okav
dkj~`aia` vnoajak vara`a n`jn`dacka` ncaiva`aa` a~dkt. Onrki~t
ononraa intn`t~a` dacam mn`{~v~` rhjram inrga a~dkt# {akt~ 7
a+ T~g~a` inrga lar~v dk`{ataia`
vnfara gncav da` lac~v ajar daat
dkfaak ata~ davar ninrgaa` {a`j
dkrn`fa`aia` dacam rhjram inrga
a~dkt.
o+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt lar~v dkv~v~`
vnv~ak dn ja` n`~java` {a`j
onrva`ji~ta`.
f+ Vntka ca jial lar~v onron`t~i
k`tr~ivk-k`r~ivk mn`jn`ak
ninrgaa {a`j lar~v dkcai~ia .
d+ Vntka ca`jial inrga lar~v mnrk fk
ninrgaa {a`j dkcai~aia` dkvnrtak
acava`-acava``{a.
n+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt lar~v
?
1
1
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
12/79
mn`jamoaria` ~r~ta` nrkhrktav
ca`jial-ca`jial inrga {a`j lar~v
dkcaiva`aia`.
e+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt lar~v ecnivkonc
da` vntka nr~oala` {a`j
dkcai~ai` lar~v dn`ja`
nrvnt~g~a` atava` a~dkthr.
j+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt ln dai`{a
la`{a onrkvk k`ehrmavk {a`j nrc~
~`t~i mncaiva`aia` a~dkt da`
nuac~avk vnfara tnat.
l+ Tkdai ohcnl mnm~at nrk`tal
~`t~i mnmnrhcnl k`ehrmavk {a`j
tncal ada dacamnrma`n`t ekcn.
k+ Lar~v `{ataia` taivkra zait~
{a`j dknrc~ia` vnv~ak dn`ja`
rn`fa`a inrga a~dkt ~`t~i
mncaiva aia` injkata {a`j
onrva`ji~ta`.
g+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt dkvkaia hcnl
int~a tkm a~dkt da` lar~v dkoalav
onrvama-vama dn`ja` n`jazav
da` vnc~r~l a`jjhta tkm a~dkt ,KOI
1?
1?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
13/79
Oa{a`jiara# ?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
14/79
a+ Cahra` dkt~ckv vntncal ninrgaa` a~dkt vncnvak.
o+ A~dkt k`tnr`ac lar~v mn`dkvi~vkia` invkm~ca`-invkm~ca` da`
rnihmn davk-rnihmn`davk ada tk`jiata` ma`agnmn` {a`j tnat
vnonc~m mn`jnc~aria` cahra` tnrt~ckv {a`j ek`ac.
f+ Cahra` lar~v hognitke da` gncav# rk`jiav# ih`vtr~itke da` tnat
zait~
d+ Cahra` mn fai~ rnihmn davk ~`t~i nmncklaraa` da
nr`{ataa` inonrlavkca` ncaiva aa` dkvnrtak tk`daia ihrnivk.
n+ Cahra mn`{ataia t~g~a # r~a j ck`ji~ da` lavkc nmnrkivaa`.
e+ _nihmn davk mnr~aia` vara -vara` nroakia ~`t~i nr~oala`
{a`j ada indna``{a. Zaca~~` ncaiva`aa` rnihmn`davk
tnrvno~t vnn`~l`{a mnr~aia` inznzn`a`ja` ma`agnmn`
nr~valaa`# vnon`ar`{a a~dkthr g~ja onrinn`tk`ja` tnrlada
dkcaiva`aia``{a rnihmn`davk tnrvno~t ,KOI Oa{a`jiara#?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
15/79
tnrvno~t. Mnvik~` ara nmoafa onc~m tn`t~ aia` mn nrkma
tnm~a # invkm~ca # da` rnihmn`davk a~dkthr k`tnr`ac# `am~`
mnrnia fn`dnr~`j tkdai mn`hcai`{a. Mnrnia nrfa{a inada
a~dkthr da` inada cahra` nmnrkivaa` ,a~dkt+.
f. Invnkmoa`ja`
Cahra` a~dkt {a`j vnkmoa`j adacal cahra` {a`j mnmonrkia`
jamoara` tn ta`j hrja`kvavk ata~ aitkuktav {a`j dktk`ga~ vnfara
zagar da` rnackvtki.
d. Rn`~ckva` {a`j rhenvvkh`ac
Cahra nmnrkivaa` {a`j dkt~ckv vnfara rhenvkh`ac
mnmnrlatkia` ononraa ~`v~r onrki~t 7 vtr~it~r# ingncava`#
inrk`jiava`# `ama cahra`# n`jndkta` ,T~jkma`#1;;:71;1+.
_nihmn`davk cahra` lavkc a~dkt dko~at vntncal vncnvak mncai~ia`
a~dkt. Cahra` a~dkt mnr~aia` mndka {a`j dkaiak hcnl a~dkthr dacam
onrihm~`kiavk dn`ja` mav{araiat ck`ji~`ja``{a. A~dkthr k`tnr`ac
lar~v mncahria` inada ma`agnmn` aaokca tnrdaat n`{kma`ja`-
n`{kma`ja {a`j onrartk da` mnmonrkia` vara` nroakia`# aaokca
dkvnt~g~k ma`agnmn` a~dkthr k`tnr`ac aia` mn jazavk nroakia`
tnrvno~t. A~dkthr k`tnr`ac lar~v mn`n`t~ia` vntka tk`daia` {a`j ca{ai
vnv~ak dn`ja` rhjram a~dkt {a`j dkcahria` da` mn k`daica g~tk
mavacal {a`j dkinm~iaia` ata~ rnihmn davk {a`j dkvkaia` dacam
cahra ajar tnrfaak {a nr~valaa` {a`j fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
,Zk`tnrv dii# ?226741
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
16/79
_~m~va` rnihmn`davk {akt~ vnoajak onrki~t 7
a+ _nihmn`davk mnr~aia` vara` nroakia` {a`j
dkonrkia` atav onroajak ini~ra`aj` ata~
incnmala` {a`j tnrgadk ada rhjram ata~
aitkuktav {a`j dk a~dkt.
o+ A~dkthr lar~v mnmonrkaia` rnihmn`davk inada
atava` dark n`jnchcal rhjram ata~ aitkuktav
{a`j dk a~dkt.
f+ _nihm`davk lar~v dkvnrtaia` dn ja` cahra`
lavkc a~dkt.
d+ Vntka rnihmn davk lar~v dkcn`jiak dn`ja`
a`ackvkv {a`j mn`{a ji~t dn ja` ada`{a
n`k`jiata` nih`hmk`kvavk# nekvkn`vk da`
nenitkektav {a`j aia dkfaak ada ncaiva aa`
rhjram ata~ aitkektav vnr~a dkmava datk`j ata~
g~ja onroajak inm~`jik`a inr~jka` {a`j aia`
tnrgadk ada nr~valaa` gkia rnihmn`davk tnrvno~t
tkdai tnrcaiva`aia`.
n+ Oala{a`{a lar~v m~dal dk alamk ,KOI
Oa{a`jiara#?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
17/79
o+ T~g~a` a~dkt {a`j vnv~`jj~l`{a onrdavaria`
lavkc rnukvk da` n`j~gka` tnrlada vkvtnm
n`jn daika` ma`agnmn`.
f+ Rn`j~m~ca` o~itk-o~itk a~dkt da`
n`jnmoa`ja` tnm~a` {a`j tnriakt dn`ja`
t~g~a` a~dkt.
d+ Invkm~ca` onrdavaria` o~itk-o~itk ,tnm~a +
a~dkt {a`j onrlavkc dki~m~cia`.
n+ _nihmn davk
e+ Mn`{ataia` r~a`j ck`ji~ a~dkt {a`j tncal
dkcai~ia` ,KOI Oa{a`jiara#?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
18/79
afh`hmkf# a`d admk`kvtratkun a~tlhrkt{ th ma`ajn a `atkh`v aeeakr
at acc cnuncv.Dacam lac k`k ^@DR cnokl mn`nia`ia` ada avni
hcktki# nih`hmk# da` admk`kvtratke dacam n`jnchcaa` `njara.
Rhcktkfac jhunr`a`fn mn`jaf~ ada rhvnv nmo~ata` inokgaia`
,hckf{(vtratnj{ ehrm~catkh`+. Nfh`hmkf jhunr`a`fn mn`jaf~ ada
rhvnv nmo~ata` in~t~va` dk okda`j nih`hmk {a`j
onrkmckiavkia` ada mavacal nmnrataa`# n`~r~`a` inmkvik`a`#
da` n`k`jiata` i~acktav lkd~.
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn tncal mn`gadk hihi nrlatka` {a`j
va`jat n tk`j dk K`dh`nvka iarn`a nr~valaa`-nr~valaa` {a`j
mn`nraia` JFJ vnfara ~t~l da` onrinca`g~ta` dk{aik k aia`
mnmkckik `kcak cnokl dkoa`dk`jia` nr~valaa` {a`j tkdai ata~ onc~m
mn`nraia` JFJ# vnlk`jja aia` mnmoa`t~ nr~valaa`-nr~valaa`
tnrvno~t mn gadk cnokl ihmntktke vnfara jchoac. Jhhd fhrhratn
jhunr`a`fn adacal v~at~ vkvtnm {a`j ada dacam v~at~ hrja`kvavk
vnmaivkmac m~`jik dn`ja` fara-fara {a`j tkdai mnr~jkia`
vtainlhcdnrhrja`kvavk tnrvno~t ,Rrathch#?22:7
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
19/79
jhunr`a`fn adacal v~at~
rhvnv da` vtr~it~r {a`j
dkj~`aia` hcnl hrja`kvavk
O^M@ ~`t~i
mn`k`jiatia` inonrlavkca`
~vala da ai~ taokcktav
nr~valaa` j~`a
mnz~g~dia` `kcak
nmnja`j valam dacam
ga`jia a`ga`j dn`ja
tnta mnmnrlatkia`
inn`tk ja` vtainlhcdnrv
cak`# onrca`davia` nrat~ra`
nr~`da`ja` da` `kcak-`kcak
ntkia ,Ratrkadk#?224 7
ltt7((zzz.jhhjcn.fhm +.
,?+ Mn`~r~t Maca{vka`
Ek`a`fn Fhmmkttnn h`
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn#
Enor~ark 1;;;# Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn mnr~aia`
rhvnv da` vtr~it~r {a`j
dkj~`aia` ~`t~i
?
1
;
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
20/79
mn`jaralia` da`
mn`jnchca okv kv vnrta
~r~va`-~r~va` nr~valaa`#
dacam ra`jia mnk`jiatia`
inmaim~ra` okv`kv da`
ai~`taokcktav nr~valaa`
dn`ja` t~g~a` ~tama
mnz~g~dia` `kcak
nmnja`j valam dacam
ga`jia a`ga`j# dn`ja
tnta mnmnrlatkia`
inn`tk ja` vtainlhcdnrv
cak` ,Ratrkadk#?224 7
ltt7((zzz.jhhjcn.fhm +.
,6+ Mn`~r~t ehr~m ehr
Fhrhratn Jhunr a`fn
K`dh`nvka` ,EFJK+#
Fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
adacal vnnra`jiat
nrat~ra {a`j mn`ntaia`
l~o~`ja` a`tara nmnja`j
valam# n`j~r~v# klai
irndkt~r# nmnrk`tal#
?2
?2
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
21/79
iar{aza` vnrta ara
nmnja`j inn`tk`ja`
k`tnr`ac da` nivtnr`ac
cak``{a vnl~o~`ja` dn`ja`
lai-lai da inzagkoa
mnrnia# ata~ dn`ja` iata
cak` vkvtnm {a`j
mn`jaralia` da`
mn`jn dackia` nr~valaa`
,Tgajnr dii#?2267?5+
Onrdavaria` dnek kvk-dnek kvk {a`j tncal dk~rakia` daat
dkvkm~cia` oalza fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ada k`tk`{a adacal
mn`jn`ak v~at~ vkvtnm# rhvnv# da` vnnra`jiat nrat~ra` {a`j
mn`jat~r l~o~`ja` a`tara onroajak klai {a`j onrinn`tk`ja
,vtainlhcdnrv+ tnr~tama artk vnmkt l~o~`ja` a`tara nmnja j
valam# dnza` ihmkvarkv# da` dnza` dkrnivk dnmk tnrfaak`{a t~g~a`
hrja`kvavk.
o. T~g~a` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn mnm~`{ak ckma mafam
t~g~a`# vnoajak onrki~t7
,1+ Mnck`d~`jk lai da` inn tk`ja` nmnja`j valam.
,?+ Mnck`d~`jk lai da` inn tk`ja` ara a`jjhta tln vtainlhcdnrv
`h`-nmnja`j valam.
?
?
1
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
22/79
,6+ Mn`k`jiatia` `kcak nr~valaa` da` ara nmnja`j valam#
n`k`jiata` `kcak nr~valaa` a`tara cak` dkta`dak hcnl
n`k`jiata` kcak mhdac mnrnia vn`dkrk.
,4+ Mn k`jiatia` nenvkn`vk da` nenitkektav inrga dnza` n`j~r~v
da` ohard he dkrnfthrv da` ma`agnmn` nr~valaa`# dacam
nr~valaa` dn`ja jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn # flakrma` da`
ara a`jjhta ohard he dkrnfthrv vnfara ihcnitke ma~~`
k`dkukd~ac mnm~`{ak n`jntal~a` {a`j dacam tn`ta`j okda`j
~vala nr~valaa``{a.
,>+ Mn`k`jiatia` m~t~ l~o~`ja` Ohard he Dkrnfthrv dn`ja`
ma`agnmn` vn`khr nr~valaa` ,V~thgh#?22+.
f. Rrk vk-rk vk Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
Rn`tk j`{a n`nraa` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
Hrja`kwatkh` ehr Nfh`hmkf Fhrhratkh` a`d Dnunchmn`t tncal
mn`jnmoa`jia` rk`vk-rk`vk JFJ ajar daat dktnraia` vnfara
tnjav. Dn ja` t~mo~l`{a nrnih`hmka jchoac# t~mo~l ~ca
invadara` ~`t~i cnokl mnmnrlatkia` rk`vk-rk`vk Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn# da` lac k`k tkdai tnroatav oajk avar-avar {a`j vnda`j
t~mo~l ,nmnrjk`j marintv+ ata~ nrnih`hmka` {a`j dacam rhvnv
tra`vkvk. Vnm~a `njara ik`k onrinn`tk`ja` ~`t~i mnmnroakik fara
nr~valaa` mnrnia oninrga. Rnrnih`hmka {a`j ack`j mag~
vniack~` ik k tn jal mnmoalav# mnmnrta`{aia # da`
mn`j~a{aia` raitki-raitki jhunr`a`fn{a`j cnokl oaki.
??
??
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
23/79
Rrk`vk-rk`vk Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn onrca`davia`
ada ckma rk`vk davar# {akt~7
,1+Tra vara vk ,Dkvfchv~rn da`
Tra`vara`f{+
Intnro~iaa` dacam mn`jnm~iaia` k`ehrmavk {a`j matnrkac da`
rncnua` vnrta intnro~iaa` dacam mncai~ia` rhvnv n`jamokca`
in~t~va`. Tra`vara`vk {akt~ n`j~`jiaa` {a`j ai~rat da`
tnat ada zait~`{a vnrta tra`vara`vk mn`jn`ak vnm~a lac {a`j
n`tk`j oajk ik`nrga nr~valaa`# innmkckia`# vnrta ara
nmnja`j inn`tk`ja ,vtainlhcdnrv+.
,?+Ai~`taokcktav ,Affh~ taokckt{+
Ai~`taokcktav {akt~ gncava` e~`jvk da` ncaiva`aa` nrta`jj~`j
gazaoa` hrja` nr~valaa` vnlk`jja n`jnchcaa``{a onrgaca`
vnfara nenitke. Ta`jj~`j gazao ma`agnmn` mncac~k n`jazava`
{a`j nenitke onrdavaria` oaca`fn he hznr a`tara ma`agnr#
nmnja`j valam# dnza` ihmkvarkv# da` a~dkthr mnr~aia`
oa`t~i nrta`jj~`j gazaoa ma`agnmn` inada nr~valaa` da`
ara nmnja`j valam.
,6+Rnrta`jj~`j Gazaoa`
,_nvh`vkokckt{+
Rnra`a` nmnja`j valam lar~v dkai~k vnoajakma`a dktntaia`
hcnl l~i~m da` inrgavama a`tara nr~valaa` vnrta ara
nmnja`j inn`tk`ja` dacam mn`fktaia` inia{aa`# caa`ja`
?
?
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
24/79
inrga# da` nr~valaa` {a`j vnlat dark avni in~a`ja` {a`j
mnr~aia` ta`jj~`j gazao vnoajak a`jjhta mav{araiat t~`d~i
inada l~i~m da` onrtk`dai dn`ja` mnmnrlatkia` ino~t~la`
mav{araiat vniktar`{a.
,4+K`dnrn`dn` ,K`dnrn`dn`f{+
^`t~i mnca`faia` rncaiva`aa` avav JFJ# rn~valaa` la~v
dkinchca vnfaa k`dnrn`dn` vnlk jja mavk j-mavk`j hja`
rn~valaa` tkdai vack j mn`dhmk`avk da` tkdai darat
dkk`tnun`vk hcnl rklai cak`. K`dnrn`dn` dkrnc~ia` ~`t~i
mn`jlk`dak ada`{a rhtn`vk ih`ecki inrn`tk`ja` {a`j m~`jik`
tkmo~c hcnl raa rnmnja`j valam ma{hktav. Mnia`kvmn k`k
mn`~`t~t ada`{a n`ta`j ini~avaa` a taa ihmrhvkvk
ihmkvakv# ihmktn dacam ihmkvakv# da` rklai c~a vnrntk
a~dkth. Inr~t~va` {a`j dko~at da` rhvnv {a`j tngadk la~v
hognitke tkdai dkrn`ja~lk hcnl ini~ata` rklai-rklai tntn`t~.
,>+Inzagara` ,Eakr`nvv+
Inadkca` da` invntaraa` dacam mnmn`~lk lai-lai vtainlhcdnr
{a`j tkmo~c onrdavaria` nrga`gka` da` nrat~ra` nr~`da`j-
~`da`ja` {a`j onrcai~. Inzagara` {akt~ nrkcai~ {a`j vama
tnrlada ara nmnja`j valam# tnr~tama inada nmnja`j
valam mk`hrktav da` nmnja`j valam avk`j dn`ja` intnro~iaa`
?4
?4
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
25/79
k`ehrmavk {a`j n`tk`j vnrta mncara`j nmoajka` ~`t~i klai
vn`dkrk da` nrdaja`ja` valam hcnl hra`j dacam k`vkdnr tradk`j
,Tgajnr#dii#?2267>2->6+.
d. Ma`eaat Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
Tnrdaat nmat ma`eaat dktnraia``{a jhhd fhrhratn
jhunr`a`fn oajk O^M@ adacal7
1+^`t~i mnmk`kmacia`
ajn`f{ fhvt# {akt~
oka{a {a`j tkmo~c
vnoajak aikoat
n`dncnjavka`
znzn`a`j inada
ma`agnmn`# tnrmav~i
oka{a n`jj~`aa`
v~monr da{a nrvnrha`
hcnl ma`agnmn` ~`t~i
inn`tk ja` rkoadk
ma~~` dacam ra`jia
n`jazava` tnrlada
nrkcai~ ma`agnmn`
kt~ vn`dkrk.
?+^`t~i mnmk`kmacia`
?
?
>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
26/79
fhvt he faktac# {akt~
oka{a mhdac {a`j
lar~v dkta jj~`j okca
nr~valaa`
mn`jag~ia` k`gama
inada irndkt~r.
6+^`t~i mn k`jiatia`
`kcak valam
nr~valaa`.
4+^ t~i mn ja`jiat
fktra nr~valaa`
,Tgajnr dii#?2269;5+.
E~`jvk a~dkt k`tnr`ac lar~v mn`kcak da` mnmonrkia` rnihmn`davk
{a`j vnv~ak ~`t~i n k`jiata` rhvnv jhunr`a`fn dacam mn`faak
t~g~a`-t~g~a` onrki~t 7
a. Mn jnmoa`jia` ntkia da` `kcak-`kcak {a j mnmadak dk dacam
hrja`kvavk.
o. Mnmavtkia` n jnchcaa` ik`nrga hrja kvavk nenitke da` ai~`taokcktav.
f. Vnfara nenitke mn`jihm~`kiavkia` rnvkih da` n`jn dacka` inada
~`kt-~`kt {a`j tnat dkdacm hrja`kvavk.
d. Vnfara nenitke mn`jihhrdk`avkia` injkata` dark# da`
mn jihm~`kiavkia` k`ehrmavk dk a tara nmkmk # dnza`
n`jazav# a~dkthr k`tnr`ac da` nivtnr`ac vnrta ma`agnmn`
?5
?5
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
27/79
,Ih`vhrvk~m rhenvk a~dkt k`tnr`ac# ?2249??+.
Mn`~r~t Nen dk ,?225+ e~`jvk a~dkt k`tnr`ac adacal mnmonrkia`
n`kcaka` atav n`jn dacka` k`tnr`ac da` rhvnv n`jnchcaa` rnvkih.
E~`jvk k`tnr`ac a~dkt ,vat~a` nmnrkivaa` k`tnr`+ {a`j nenitke da`
mnmadak mam~ mn`azaria` v~moa`ja` n`tk`j dacam mn`k`jiatia`
rhvnv fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn. Lac k`k daat dkcai~ia` hcnl k`tnr`ac a~dkt
ajar daat onrnra` dacam mn`k`jiatia` ik`nrga nr~vala` dkt~`g~ia`
dn`ja` ada`{a nra` a~dkthr k`tnr`ac vnoajak nuac~avk vkvtnm da`
mn`gamk` daat dknrfa{ak`{a vkvtnm tnrvno~t ,avv~ra`fn vnrukfnv+# da`
mnmoa`t~ mn`dnvak` vkvtnm tnrvno~t dn`ja` mnmonrkia` rnihmn`davk
ata~ fh`v~ctk`j vnrukfnv.
F. Lkhtnvkv
Lkhtnvkv mnr~aia` v~at~ l~o~`ja` {a`j dkd~ja vnfara chjkv a`tara d~a
ata~ cnokl uarkaonc {a`j dkinmoa`jia` dacam ra`jia tnhrktkv. Dark ~raka` dkatav
maia lkhtnvkv {a`j daatdkt~r~`ia` dacam n`ncktka` k`k adacal 7
L1
7 Rrhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr vnfara vkm~cta`
onrn`jar~l tnrlada ncaiva`aa`jhhdfhrhratn jhunr`a`fn.
L? 7 Rrhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn davk k tnr`ac a~dkthr vnfara arvkac
onrn`jar~l tnrlada ncaiva`aa`jhhdfhrhratn jhunr`a`fn.
OAO KKK
MNTHDN RN@NCKTKA@
A. Gn`kv Rn`ncktka`
?
?
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
28/79
?>
Gn`kv n`ncktka` onrdavaria` tk`jiat nivca`vk`{a tnrdkrk dark 7
1. Rn ncktka` dnvirktke
Rn`ncktka` dnvirktke {akt~ n`ncktka` {a`j dkj~`aia` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k `kcak
uarkaonc# oaki vat~ uarkaonc ata~ cnokl ,k`dnn`dn`+ ta`a mnmo~at
nroa`dk`ja # ata~ mn`jl~o~`jia` dn`ja` uarkaonc cak`.
?. Rn ncktka` ihmaratke
Rn`ncktka` ihmaratke {akt~ n`ncktka` {a`j onrvkeat mnmoa`dk`jia` d~a
uarkaonc ata~ cnokl# {a`j uarkaonc`{a mavkl vama dn`ja` dn`ja` n`ncktka`
uarkaonc ma`dkrk tntak {a`j ~`t~i cnokl dark vat~ ata~ dacam zait~ {a`j
onronda.
6. Rn ncktka` avhvkatke
Rn`nckka` avhvkatke {akt~ n`ncktka` {a`j onrt~g~a` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k
l~o~`ja` a`tara d~a uarkaonc ata~ cnokl ,V~jkh`h#?225711+.
Gn`kv n`ncktka` {a`j aia` dkj~`aia` hcnl n`~ckv dacam n`ncktka`
k`k adacal n`ncktka` avhvkatke {akt~ n`ncktka` {a`j onrt~g~a` ~`t~i
mn`jntal~k l~o~`ja` a`tara d~a uarkaonc ata~ cnokl {akt~ l~o~`ja` a`tara
rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr tnrlada n`k`jiata`jhhd
fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn.
O. Tnmat n`ncktka`
^`kt n`ncktka` adacal nr~valaa` O^M@ {a`j ada dkihta Racnmoa`j.
F. Hnravkh`ackvavk Uarkaonc
?? hra`j rnvh`dn`
Rh~cavk dacam n`ncktka` k`k onrg~mcal 4 hra`j dacam vat~ nr~valaa`
O^M@. Vnc~r~l h~cavk tnrvno~t dkgadkia` vamnc.
Taonc KKK.?
Daetar nr~valaa` O^M@ {a`j ada dk ihta Racnmoa`j
@h
.@ama Rnr~valaa` Ma`agnr
Dnza`
Ihmkvarkv
Ihmktn
A~dkt
K`tnr`ac
A~dkthrThtac
1 RT. R^V_K ,RN_VN_H+ 1 1 1 1 4? RT. O^IKT AVAM 1 1 1 1 4
6 RT. RN_TAMK@A 1 1 1 1 4
4 RT. RC@ 1 1 1 1 4
> RT. AVINV 1 1 1 1 4
5 RN_^M RNJADAKA@ 1 1 1 1 4
: IA@TH_ RHV 1 1 1 1 4
< RT. TNCIHM 1 1 1 1 4
; OA@I O_K 1 1 1 1 4
12 OA@I MA@DK_K 1 1 1 1 4
11 OA@I O@K 1 1 1 1 4
1? RN_^M IAK 1 1 1 1 4
16RT. VNMN@
OAT^_AGA1 1 1 1 4
G^MCAL 16 16 16 16 >?
V~monr 7Rn`~ckv# ?211
N. Data {a`j Dknrc~ia`
Icavkekiavk data dkcklat dark fara mnmnrhcnl`{a tnroajk mn`gadk d~a 7
62
62
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
31/79
1. Data Rrkmnr
Data rkmnr {akt~ data {a`j dki~m~cia` da` dkhcal hcnl v~at~ hrja`kvavk
ata~ nrvnrha` ca`jv~`j dark hogni`{a.
?. Data Vni~`dnr
Data vni~`dnr {akt~ data {a`j dknrhcnl dacam on`t~i {a j v~dal
dki~m~cia` da` dkhcal hcnl klai cak # okava`{a v~dal dacam on t~i
~ockiavk , V{alkrma` ?22;9126+.
Data {a`j aia` dkj~`aia` dacam n`ncktka` k`k adacal data rkmnr
da` data vni~`dnr. Data rkmnr {akt~ data {a`j dknrhcnl ca`jv~`j dark
nr~valaa` onr~a jamoara` ~m~m O^M@# vngaral vk`jiat O^M@#
vtr~it~r hrja`kvavk# t~jav da` znzn`a`j iar{aza`. Data vni~`dnr {a`j
dkj~`aia` mnck~tk dkvirkvk da` o~i~-o~i~ vnrta cktnrat~r-cktnrat~r {a`j
onrl~o~`ja` dn`ja mavacal {a`j aia` dktncktk n`~ckv.
E. Tni`ki Rn`j~m~ca` Data
Tni`ki n`j~m~ca` data mnck~tk vnoajak onrki~t 7
1. I~nvkh`nr ,A`jint+
I~kvkh`nr ata~ a`jint adacal daetar nrta`{aa` {a`j dkonrkia` inada hra`j
cak` onrvndka mnmonrkia` rnvh` ,rnvh`dn + vnv~ak dn`ja` nrmk taa`
n`jj~`a.
?. Zaza`fara
Zaza`fara adacal nrfaiaa` d~a aral atav k`kvkatke nzaza`fara ~`t~i
?
6
1
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
32/79
mnmnrhcnl k`ehrmavk dark rnvh`dn`.
6. Rn`jamata` ,Hovnruavk+
Hovnruavk adacal v~at~ fara {a j dkj~`aia` hcnl n ncktk ~ t~i
mn`daatia` data ,k`ehrmavk+ {a`j mnr~aia` tk`jial cai~ `h`unroac dark
rnvh`dn` dn`ja` t~g~a` ~`t~i mnmnrhcnl data {a`j daat mn`gncavia`
da` mn`gazao nrmavacala` n`ncktk.
4. Tnv ,tnvt+
Tnv adacal vnra jiaka` nrta`{aa` ata~ catkla` {a`j dkj~`aia` ~`t~i
mn`j~i~r intnramkca` n`jntal~a`# k`tncnjn`vk# inmam~a` ata~ oaiat
{a`j dkmkckik hcnl k`dkukd~ ata~ inchmhi.
>. Dhi~mn`tavk
Dhi~mn`tavk adacal dkt~g~ia` ~`t~i mnmnrhcnl data ca`jv~`j dark tnmat
n`ncktka ,V{alkrma`#?22;7125- 114+.
Tni`ki n`j~m~ca` data {a`j aia` dkj~`aia` dacam n`ncktka`
adacal i~kvkh`nr da` zaza`fara. I~kvkh`nr {akt~ mnmo~at daetar
nrta`{aa` {a`j dkt~g~ia` inada k`dkukd~ {a`j tnrckoat dacam
nr~valaa` {akt~ a~dkt k`tnr`ac {a`j onrada dacam vat~a` n`jazava`
k`tnr` da` zaza`fara ca`jv~`j inada iar{aza` ada nr~valaa`
O^M@ {a`j onrl~o~`ja` dn`ja` mavacal {a`j aia` dktncktk vnlk`jja
vnv~ak dn`ja` t~g~a` n`ncktka`.
J. A`ackvkv Data da` Tni`ki A`ackvkv
Mnthdn A`ackvkv data tnrdkrk dark vnoajak onrki~t 7
6?
6?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
33/79
1. Data I~a tktatke
Data i~a`tktatke adacal data {a`j dk~i~r dacam v~at~ viaca `~mnrki ,a`jia+.
?. Data i~acktatke
Data i~acktatke adacal data {a`j tkdai daat dk~i~r dacam viaca `~mnrki
,V{alkrma` da` ^mk{atk# ?22; 712?+.
Mnthdn a`ackvkv data {a`j aia` dkj~`aia` dacam n`ncktka` k`k
{akt~# data i~acktatke da` i~a`tktatke. Vnfara i~acktatke mn`gncavia` n`jar~l
rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn davk k`tnr`ac a~dkthr tnrlada jhhd fhrhratn
jhunr`a`fn dn`ja` iackmat {a`j onravac dark ~gk vtatkvtki atav n`{noara`
i~nvkh`nr inada rnvh`dn`. Vnda`jia` vnfara i~a`tktatke dkj~`aia` viaca
ckinrt {a`j dkdnvak` ~`t~i mn`kcak vnga~l ma`a v~ogni vnt~g~ ata~ tkdai
vnt~g~ dn`ja` nrta`{aa` {a`j dkag~ia` da` gazaoa` rnvh`dn` vnoajak
onrki~t7
Va`jat Vnt~g~ = VV
Vnt~g~ = V
_aj~-_aj~ = _
Tkdai Vnt~g~ = TV
Va`jat Tkdai Vnt~g~ = VTV
Inm~dka` dki~a`tktatkeia` vnoajak onrki~t7
Va`jat Vnt~g~ = >
Vnt~g~ = 4
_aj~-_aj~ = 6
?
6
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
34/79
Tkdai Vnt~g~ = ?
Va`jat Tkdai Vnt~g~ = 1
^`t~i mn`jntal~k n`jar~l rhjram a~dkt ,\1+ da` rnihmn`davk
,\?+ tnrladajhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ,[+.
Tni`ki a`ackvkv
^ t~i mnm~dalia` nrlkt~`ja` vtatkvtki maia dkj~`aia`
rhjram VRVV# vnonc~m dkcai~ia` a`ackvkv tnrcnokl dal~c~ dkcai~ia`
n`j~gka` data {a`j mn`fa`ji~ ~gk uackdktav da` ~gk rnckaokcktav.
1. ^gk Uackdktav
Tnvt he uackdkt{ dkcai~ia` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k aaial acat n`j~i~r
{a`j tncal dkv~v~` mnmkckik uackdktav ata~ tkdai. Lavkc`{a aia`
dkt~`g~ia` hcnl v~at~ k`dniv vnga~l ma`a acat ~i~r on`ar-on`ar
mn`j~i~r aa {a`j k`jk` dk~i~r. D~a v{arat {a`j lar~v dkn`~lk
ajar vno~al o~tkr dkiataia` uackd# {akt~7
,1+ Ihrncavk dark ktnm i~nvkh`nr lar~vcal i~at
da` nc~a`j invacala tkdai tnrcac~ onvar
, mn`~r~t tnhrk maivkmac > dacam ~gk
nrtama+.
,?+ Ihrncavk lar~v mnmkckik `kcak ata~ aral {a j
hvktke. Aral hvktke tnrvno~t onrartk oalza r
ot , `kcak ihrncavk {a`j aia` dkj~`aia` ~`t~i
mn`j~i~r uackdktav + lar~v cnokl onvar dark
taonc ,Zal{h`h# ?22< 7 15+.
Uackdktav acat n`j~i~r dkcai~ia` dn`ja` mn`jihrncavkia
a`tar vihr {a`j dknrhcnl dark mavk`j mavk`j ktnm nrta`{aa`
64
64
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
35/79
=
++,,+,, ???? \[`\\`
[\\[`r
dn`ja` ihrncavk rata rata nr ktnm nrta`{aa` dn`ja` acat oa`t~
VRVV ehr Zk`dhzv. Okca tnr`{ata vnm~a nrta`{aa` {a`j dkv~v~`
onrdavaria` dkmn`vk ih`vn onrihrncavk dn`ja ihrncavk rata-rata
nr ktnm nrta`{aa`# maia daat dkiataia` oalza acat n`j~i~ra`
tnrvno~t mnm~`{ak uackdktav. Tni`ki {a`j aia` dkj~`aia` dacam
uackdktav k`k adacal tni`ki ihrncavk rhd~ft mhmn`t mn`~r~t
V~jkh`h ,?2217?12+ nrvamaa`{a adacal vnoajak onrki~t 7
Intnra`ja` 7
r = Ihnekvkn` ihrncavk rhd~ft mhmn t a`tara ktnm k`vtr~mn`t
{a`j dkj~`aia` dn`ja` uarkaonc {a`j onrva`ji~ta`
\ = G~mcal vihr ktnm k`vtr~mn`t {a`j dkj~`aia`
[ = G~mcal vihr vnm~a ktnm k`vtr~mn t dacam uarkaonc tnrvno~t
@ = G~mcal rnvh`dn`
Tni`ki ihrncavk rhd~ft mhmn t mnmnrc~ia` tk`jiat
n`j~i~ra` uarkaonc vni~ra j-i~ra j`{a k`tnruac. Iarn`a vihr
vnoajka` dkdaat dark viaca n`j~i~ra` hrdk`ac. ^gk uackdktav dacam
n`ncktka` k`k mn`jj~`aia` rhjram VRVV ehr Zk`dhzv dn`ja
fara mn`jihrncavkia` mavk`j-mavk`j nrta`{aa` dn`ja` vihr ~`t~i
mavk`j-mavk`j uarkaonc.
Dark lavkc ihrncavk k`k vnca`g~t`{a ia` dkfark r. @kcak r ~ t~i
@=?< dn`ja` tarae vkj`kekia` > adacal 2#6:4 gadk aaokca r cnokl
onvar dark 2#6:4 dk`{ataia` uackd da` vnoacki`{a aaokca `kcak r cnokl
infkc dark 2#6:4 dk`{ataia` tkdai uackd ,V~jkh`h# ?221761:+.
?
6
>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
36/79
?. ^gk _nckaokcktav
Vntncal daat dktnm~ia` oalza nrta`{aa`-nrta`{aa` {a`j
dkj~`aia` dacam n`ncktka` k`k adacal uackd dn`ja` r cnokl onvar dark
2#4
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
37/79
mavk`j ktnm
ada tka
oncala`
dkg~mcalia`#
vnlk`jja
mn`jlavkcia`
d~a vihr thtac
~`t~i mavk`j-
mavk`j
rnvh`dn` {akt~
vihr thtac
oncala` nrtama
da` vihr thtac
oncala` ind~a.
,6+Mn`jihrncavki
a` vihr oncala`
nrtama dn`ja
vihr oncala`
ind~a dn ja`
ihrncavk
rhd~ft
mhmn`t.
,4+Mn`fark a`jia
?
6
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
38/79
=
?
1
?
1 11
o
i
ir
?o?1
rnckaokcktav
~`t~i
invnc~r~la`
ktnm ta`a
dkoncal dn`ja`
fara
mn`jihrncavkia
` a`jia {a`j
dknrhcnl
dn`ja`
mnmav~ia``{a
indacam r~m~v.
Mn`~r~t Dzk Rrk{a`th ,?22+
Intnra`ja` 7
r1
= _nckaokcktav K`vtr~mn`
i = Oa`{ai`{a O~tkr Rnrta`{aa`
=G~mcal Uarka` O~tkr
= Uarka` Thtac
^gk rnckaokcktav dacam n`ncktka` k`k g~ja mn`jj~`aia` rhjram
VRVV ehr Zk`dhzv dn`ja` fara mn`jihrncavkia` a`tara vihr ja`gkc
da` vihr jn`a.
6. ^gk @hrmacktav Data
^gk `hrmacktav dkcai~ia` ~`t~i mn`jntal~k aaial v~at~
6. _njrnvk Ck knr Onrja`da
_njrnvk ck`knr onrja`da adacal nrlkt~`ja` vtatkvtki ~`t~i
mnramakia` dn`ja` vat~ uarkaonc onoav {a`j mnmn`jar~lk
?
4
1
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
42/79
uarkaonc tnrkiat.
[ = a ) o1
\1
) o?\
?
Intnra`ja` 7
[ = Jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
\1
= Rrhjram A~dkt
\? = _nihmn`davk
a = @kcak Ih`vta`ta
o= Ihnekvkn` rnjrnvk uarkaonc \
,V{alkrma` da` ^mk{atk# ?22;716;+
5. ^gk Lkhtnvkv
a. ^gk vnfara Onrvama , gk E+
Mn`~r~t Kqoac ,?22> 7 ?>5+ n`j~gka` lkhtnvkv vnrn`tai
mnr~aia` n`j~gka` lkhtnvkv ihnekvkn rnjrnvk onrja`da
dn`ja` O1da
O
?vnrn`tai ata~ onrvama-vama mnmn`jar~lk [.
Ca`jial-ca`jial [gk E adacal 7
1+ Mn`n`t~ia` Lkhtnvkv
L21
7 Rrhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn davk vnfara vkm~cta` tkdai
n`jar~l tnrladajhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
La1
7 Rrhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn davk vnfara arvkac tkdai
n`jar~l tnrladajhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
?+ Mn`n`t~ia` Tarae @{ata
4?
4?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
43/79
- Tk jiat vkj kekia` vnonvar >
- Tarae `{ata dark t taonc dktn t~ia` dnragat onoav
,do+ = ` i-1
- Tarae {ata ,+ onvnrta `kcak e taonc
- Tarae `{ata dark e taonc dktn t~ia` dnragat onoav
,do+ = ` i-1
6+ Irktnrka Rn j~gka`
L2dktnrkma okca E lkt~`j 3 E taonc
L2dkthcai okca E lkt~`j 0 E taonc
4+ Invkm~ca`
Mn`arki invkm~ca L2
dktnrkma okca E lkt~`j 3 E taonc L2
dkthcai okca E lkt~`j 0 E taonc
o. ^gk vnfara Rarvkac ,^gk t+
Mn`n`t~ia` Lkhtnvkv
L2?
7 Rrhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk vnfara vkm~cta` tkdai
n`jar~l tnrladajhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
La?
7 Rrhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk vnfara arvkac tkdai
n`jar~l tnrladajhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
Mn`n`t~ia` Tarae @{ata
- Tk jiat vkjk`kekia` vnonvar >
?
4
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
44/79
- Tarae `{ata dark t taocn dktn`t~ia` dn ja` dnragat onoav
,do+ = ` i-1
- Tarae {ata ,+ onvnrta `kcak e taonc
- Tarae `{ata dark e taonc dktn t~ia` dn`ja dnragat onoav
,do+ = ` i-1
Irktnrka n`j~gka` 7
L2
dktnrkma aaokca t lkt~`j 3 t taonc
L2dkthcai aaokca T lkt~`j 0 T taonc
Onrdavaria` rhoaokcktav 7
L2dktnrkma gkia R uac~n 0 2#2>
L2dkthcai gkia R uac~n 3 2#2>
Invkm~ca`
Mn`arki invkm~ca` L2
dktnrkma dklkt~`j 3 t taonc ata~ L2
dkthcai aaokca T Lkt~`j 0 T Taonc.
:. ^gk Dntnrmk`avk
Ihnekvkn` ata~ ~gk dntnrmk`avk ,_? + ada k`tk`{a mn`j~i~r
vnonraa ga~l inmam~a` mhdnc dacam mn`nra`jia` uarkavk
uarkaonc dnn`dn`. @kcak ihnekvkn` dntnrmk`avk onrada dk a`tara `hc
da` vat~. @kcak _? {a`j infkc onrartk inmam~a` uarkaoncuarkaonc
44
44
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
45/79
k`dnn`dn dacam mn gncavia` uarkaonc dnn`dn` amat tnroatav.
@kcak {a`j mn`dniatk vat~ onrartk uarkaonc-uarkonc k`dnn dn`
mnmonrkia` lamkr vnm~a k`ehrmavk {a`j dko~t~lia` ~`t~i
mnmrndkivk uarkavk uarkaonc dnn`dn`. Data dacam n`ncktka` k`k
aia` dkhcal dn`ja` mn`jj~`aia` rhjram Vtatkvtkfac Rafiajn ehr
Vhfkac Vfkn`fnv ,VRVV+ 11.>.
Lkhtnvkv dacam n ncktka` k`k dkn`jar~lk hcnl `kcak
vkj`kekiavk ihnekvkn` uarkaonc {a`j onrva`ji~ta` vntncal dkcai~ia`
n`j~gka`. Invkm~ca` lkhtnvkv dkcai~ia` onrdavaria` t-tnvtda`E-
tnvt ~`t~i mn`j~gk vkj`kekia vk uarkaoncuarkaonc k`dnn`dn`
tnrlada uarkaonc dnn`dn . @kcak ihnekvkn dntnrmk avk ,_?+
mn`~`g~iia` rhvn tavn n`jar~lvnm~a uarkaonc k`dnn`dn`
tnrlada uarkaonc dnn`dn`. _~m~v Ihnekvkn` dntnrmk`avk daat
dkt~`g~iia` vnoajak onrki~t7
, +
, +??
? *1
[[
[[_
=
@kak _? onronda a`tara 2 vamak dn`ja 1. Vnmaik
mn`dniatk 1 maia uarkaonc onoav lamkr mnmonrkia vnm~a
k`ehrmavk ~`t~i mnmrndkivk uarkaonc tnrkiat ata~ mnr~aia`
k`dkiathr {a`j mn ~`g~iia` vnmaik i~at {a inmam~a`
mn`gncavia` nr~oala` uarkaonc onoav tnrlada uarkaonc tnrkiat.
OAO KU
LAVKC RN@NCKTKA@ DA@ RNMOALAVA@
?
4
>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
46/79
41
A. Lavkc Rn`ncktka`
1. Jamoara` m~m Tnmat Rn`ncktka`
Dacam ih`tniv n`jnchcaa` O^M@ ononraa inokgaia` ~ocki {a`j
dkcai~ia` hcnl nmnrk`tal daat dkr~`~t onrdavaria` iagka` cnjacktav
da` iagka lkvthrkv n`jnchcaa` O^M@ dark vat~ nmnrk tala` in
nmnrk tala` cak``{a. Rnrinmoa`ja` mavacal ~ocki dark zait~-in
zait~ {a j dkladak hcnl nmnrk tal ,vnoajak vacal vat~ aithr
inokgaia`+ lar~v dkvkiak vnfara hvktke ,dn`ja` mn`jnc~aria` inokgaia`
{a`j ih vtr~itke+ vnlk jja mam~ mnmonrkia` inma`eaata` ~ocki
{a`j htkmac ,kmckiavk hvktke oajk inlkd~a` mav{araiat+ vnv~ak
dn`ja` ama`al ^`da`j-~`da`j Davar 1;4> da` vnnra`jiat at~ra`
ncaiva`aa`{a.
Rhihi-hihi Rnr~valaa` `njara ,{a`j inm~dka` dkin`ac vnoajak
O^M@+ m~`f~c dacam avac 66 a{at ? da` 6 {a`j ma`a avac 61 a{at 1
^^D 1;4> mnr~aia rk`vk davar inrga dark nr~valaa` `njara {ai`k
n`jnchcaa` onrvama ~`t~i inn tk`ja` onrvama. Dacam avac 66 a{at ?
da` 6# vnfara gncav mn`nra`jia` oalza faoa`j-faoa`j rhd~ivk {a`j
n`tk`j {a`j mn`j~avak lagat lkd~ hra`j oa`{ai vnrta o~mk akr da`
inia{aa` {a`j tnria`d~`j dkdacam`{a dki~avak hcnl `njara# da`
dkj~`aia` ~`t~i vnonvar-onvar`{a inmaim~ra` rai{at. Dacam iackmat
tnrvno~t# vnfara gncav @njara K`dh`nvka mnmhvkvkia` dkrk vnoajak
`njara invngaltnraa` ,zncearn vtatn+.
45
45
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
47/79
Vngai K`dh`nvka mnrdnia# e~`jvk da` nra a` nr~valaa` `njara
v~dal mn`gadk nrdnoata` dkiaca`ja` eh~`dk`j eatlnrv tnr~tama ada
iata dki~avak hcnl `njara. O~`j Iar`h mn`aevkria` oalza iarn`a
ih`dkvk nrnih`hmka` mavkl cnmal avfa inmnrdniaa`# maia `njara
lar~v mn`j~avak vnoajka` onvar okda`j ~vala {a`j daat mn`vtkm~cavk
injkata nih`hmk. Vnda`jia # O~`j Latta mn`n`ta`j n`daat k`k da`
mnma`da`j oalza `njara la`{a f~i~ mn`j~avak nr~valaa` {a`j
on`ar-on ar mn`j~avak ino~t~la` hihi mav{araiat vnnrtk ckvtrki da`
tra`vhrtavk. Ra`da`ja` Latta k`k inm~dka` cnokl vnv~ak dn`ja` alam
nih`hmk mhdnr # dkma`a hvkvk `njara la`{a f~i~ mn`{ndkaia
k`eravtr~it~r {a`j mn`d~i~`j rhvnv Artk`{a oalza invngaltnraa` da`
inmaim~ra` rai{at-cal {a`j mn`gadk tktki tnia` aint inokgaia` {a`j
dkcai~ia` hcnl nmnrk`tal.
Ononraa fh`thl inokgaia` n`jnchcaa` O^M@ {a`j aia`
dkgncavia` dkoazal k`k mnr~aia` vnoajka kmcnmn tavk inokgaia`
~ocki vnnrtk7
,1+ inokgaia` `avkh`ackvavk nr~valaa -
nr~valaa` n k`jjaca` Onca da.
,?+ inokgaia` vnfthr nroa`ia`.
,6+ inokgaia` rnvt~it~rkvavk ~vala
,4+ inokgaia` rkuatkvavk O^M@.
?
4
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
48/79
Vnfara rk vk hrkn`tavk inokgaia` ~ocki adacal ~`t~i
mn k`jiatia invngaltnraa` da` inmaim~ra` rai{at dacam on t~i
nmonrka` ca{a`a` ~ocki {a`j onri~acktav da` tnrga`jia~. Vngai
K`dh`nvka mnrdnia# hvkvk da` nra`a` nr~valaa` `njara tncal mn`gadk
nrdnoata` dkiaca ja` eh~`dk`j eatlnrv tnr~tama ada iata dki~avak
hcnl `njara. Rhvkvk da` nra`a` `njara dacam nrnih`hmka` `avkh`ac
avfa inmnrdniaa {a`j tkdai rhenvkh`ac da` tkdai tra`vara`. Dacam
nrgaca`a `{a O^M@ dk K`dh`nvka ,ada mava Hrdn Oar~+ mn`jacamk
t~mo~l inmoa`j dn ja` mncai~ia` ononraa nr~oala` da
n`amoala` dn`ja` mncai~ia` n`jnchmhia` onrdavaria` inchmhi
k`d~vtrk.
Rnr~oala` on t~i nr~valaa` mn gadk nr~valaa` nrvnrh
mn`jacamk n`k`jiata` {a`j nvat# dkma`a ada mava Iaok`nt Amnra
nmnrk tal la`{a mnmkckik 1 nr~valaa` nrvnrh# ada mava Hrdn Oar~
onrinmoa`j mn`gadk vniktar :1 nr~valaa` nrvnrh12. ^`t~i
mn`dhrh`j nrt~mo~la` nih`hmk da` mncai~ia` vtaokcktav larja da`
cag~ k`ecavk nmnrk`tal mnmonrkia` rhtnivk da` lai mh`hhck inada
O^M@ vnrta mnmonrkia` v~ovkdk {a`j f~i~ onvar oajk O^M@ {a`j
mnr~jk. Ih`dkvk k`k mn`fktaia` intnrja`t~`ja` O^M@ inada
nmnrk tal# vnlk`jja vnoajka` onvar g~vtr~ mn`gadk onoa` oajk
nmnrk tal. Intnrja`t~`ja` O^M@ tnrlada nmnrk tal tkdai
mn`fktaia` vtr~it~r inma`dkrka` O^M@ ~`t~i onrihmntkvk dn`ja`
nr~valaa` vzavta# da` vnrk`jiack O^M@ mnmrhd~ivk oara j da` gava
4? 15 65 hra`j
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
Rn`ncktka` mnmoajkia` mavk`j-mavk`j 1 nr~valaa` dk onrkia` 4
ra`jia i~nvkh`nr {a`j dk t~g~lia` inada klai Ma`agnmn`# Dnza`
ihmkvarkv# Ihmktn A~dkt da` A~dkthr K`tnr`ac vnlk`jja thtac dark >? ,ckma
>2
>2
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
51/79
~c~l d~a+ i~kvkh`nr {a`j tncal dkvnoar# n`ncktk onrlavkc mn`j~m~cia
vnoa`{ai 65 ,tkja ~c~l n`am+ i~nvkh`nr {a`j dkinmoackia` ~`t~i dkhcal.
Vntncal data tnrvno~t dknrhcnl# n`ncktka` mn`tao~cavkia` gazaoa -
gazaoa {a`j ada. Rada tala azac tao~cavk vntncal nmoajka` i~nvkh`nr
adacal nmonrka` ihdn dark vntka ta`jjaa` {a`j dkonrkia rnvh`dn`.
Ihdn {a`j dkonrkia ~`t~i ta`jjaa` {a`j dkonrkia` rnvh`dn`. Ihdn
{a`j dkonrkia` ~`t~i ta`jjaa` rnvh`dn` ~`t~i vnm~a oajka` adacal
va`jat vnt~g~# vnt~g~# tkdai vnt~g~ da` va`jat tkdai vnt~g~. Data {a`j tncal
dkonrkia` ihdn inm~dka dkv~v~` dacam taonc {a`j aia` mnmonrkia`
k`ehrmavk {a`j dko~t~lia` ~`t~i dka`ackva. _niakt~cavk data mn`jn`ak
rhjram a~dkt ,\1+ da` rnihmn`davk ,\
?+ tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ daat dkcklat ada taonc KU.? vnoajak onrki~t 7
?
>
1
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
52/79
K`tnruac
Rrhjram
A~dkt
,\1+
_nihmn`
davk ,\?+
JhhdFhrhrat
n
Jhunr`a
`fn ,[+
Rrhjram
A~dkt
,\1+
_nihmn`
davk ,\?+
JhhdFhrhrat
n
Jhunr`a
`fn ,[+
1 ?> ?1 :1 ?>#:??;; ??#? :>#544;1
? ?> ?1 :6 ?>#565? ?6#562;4 :4>
6 ?5 ?2 :? ?:#?#565? ?4#4>?56 :4# ?5 1; 5: ?:#?>:>? ?2#246?< 5;#>#52>4? 1;#?51
15 ?5 ?1 :2 ?:#4 1< 55 ?>#565? 1;#?51? ?1#6:5;> :1#5?224
?5 ?4 ?1 :1 ?4 ?6#562;4 :>#5:2? ?2 :4 ?>#52>4? ?1#?2166 ?1 :1 ?>#52>4? ??#? ::#?414?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
53/79
O. Rn`j~gka` Lavkc I~nvkh`nr
1. Rn`j~gka` da` A`ackvkv Data
Vnonc~m mnmo~at n`jar~l rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk
tnrlada jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn# maia aia` dkcai~ia` tnrcnokl dal~c~
n`j~gka` data {a`j tncal dki~m~cia`. Rn`j~gka` k`k mn`fai~ ~gk
uackdktav# rnckaokcktav# `hrmacktav# ~gk av~mvk icavki# ~gk m~ctkihcn`karktav#
lntnrhindavtkvktav# ~gk rnjrnvk onrja`da da` n`j~gka` lktnvkv.
a. Rn`j~gka` Data onrdavaria` Uackdktav da`
_nckaokcktav
Rn`j~gka` data uackdktav da` rnckaokcktav data va`jat mnmn`jar~lk
data dark lavkc n`ncktka` ajar lavkc n`ncktka` uackd da` daat dko~itkia`
maia data {a`j aia` dka`ackvkv da` dkj~`aia` ~`t~i mn`j~gk lkhtnvkv
n`ncktka lar~v mnr~aia` data {a`j uackd da` rnckaonc maia dark kt~
vnonc~m dkcai~ia` a`ackvkv data ln`dai`{a dki~m~cia` data tnrcnokl
dal~c~ vntncal kt~ aia` dk~gk uackdktav da` rnckaokcktav`{a. ^gk uackdktav
onrt~g~a` ~`t~i mn`j~gk vnga~l ma`a acat ~i~r {a`j dkj~`aia # dacam lac
k`k i~nvkh`nr# vnda`jia` rnckaokcktav onrt~g~a` ~`t~i mn`~`g~i vnga~l ma`a
v~at~ lavkc n`j~i~ra` rncatke ih`vkvtn` aaokca n`j~i~ra` dk~ca`jk d~a
iack ata~ cnokl# dn ja` iata cak` rnckaokcktav adacal k`dniv {a`j
mn`~`g~iia` ih`vkvtn`vk v~at~ acat n`j~i~r dk dacam mn`j~i~r jngaca
{a`j vama.
,1+ Rn`j~gka` Data Uackdktav
Vnonc~m i~kvkh`nr dkaiak ~`t~i mn`j~m~cia` data rkmnr# tnrcnokl
?
>
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
54/79
dal~c~ dk~gk uackdktav`{a da` rnckaokcktav`{a. Dacam n`ncktka` k`k ~gk
uackdktav i~kvkh`nr dkcai~ia` dn`ja` mn`jj~`aia` ihrncavk Rrhd~ft
Mhmn t#nrvamaa {a adacal vnoajak onrki~t 7
, + ]Y Y , + ]????+,+,
=
[[`\\`
[\\[`r
Intnra`ja` 7
r = Ihnekvkn` ihrncavkRrhd~ft Mhmn`ta`tara ktnm k`vtr~mn` {a`j
dkj~`aia` dn`ja` {a`j onrva`ji~ta`
\ = G~mcal vihr ktnm k`vtr~mn` {a`j dkj~`aia`
[ = G~mcal vihr vnm~a ktnm k`vtr~mn` dacam uarkaonc tnrvno~t
@ = G~mcal rnvh`dn`
^gk uackdktav dacam n`ncktka` k`k mn`jj~`aia` rhjram VRVV ehr
Zk`dhzv dn`ja` fara mn`j~gk ihrncavk a`tara vihr ktnm dn`ja` vihr
thtac. Ihnekvkn` ihrncavk dknrhcnl dn`ja` mn`jj~`aia` tni`ki ihrncavk
rhd~ft Mhmn t. Dark lavkc ihrncavk k`k vnca`g~t`{a aia` dkfark `kcak
rtaonc
. Mn`~r~t V~jk{h`h ,?221761:+ `kcak r ~`t~i @ = 65 dn`ja` tarae
`{ata ,+ = > {akt~ 2# # vnda`jia` mn`~r~t V{alrk Acl~vk` ,?226 7
641+# gkia rlkt~`j0 rtaonc# Uackd# vnda`jia` gkiarlkt~`j3 rtaonc# Tkdai Uackd.
Dark lavkc nrlkt~`ja` dn`ja` mn`jj~`aia` VRVV ehr Zk`dhzv
dknrhcnl lavkc vnoajak onrki~t7
,a+ Uarkaonc Rn`ja`jjara` Onroavkv Ik`nrga ,\1+
Onrdavaria` lavkc ~gk uackdktav ~ t~i ktnm ktnm uarkaonc
n`ja jjara` onroavkv ik`nrga daat dkcklat ada taonc onrki~t k k 7
>4
>4
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
55/79
Taonc KU. 6
^gk Uackdktav Vihr Gazaoa`Uarkaonc rhjram A~dkt ,\
1+
@h. Ktnm r lkt~`j r taonc Invkm~ca`
1 \1X1 2#:2? 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc
#Uackd
? \1X? 2#4>< 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
6 \1X6 2#>>: 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
4 \1X4 2#>66 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
> \1X> 2#56; 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
5 \1X5 2#:62 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data dn`ja` VRVV Unr 15.22# ?211
Dkcklat dark lavkc n`j~gka` data uackdktav {a`j dkcai~ia`
hcnl n`~ckv dn`ja` oa`t~a` rhjram VRVV unrvk 15.22# maia daat
dkvkm~cia` ~`t~i uarkaonc \ ,rhjram a~dkt+ vnm~a`{a uackd ada
tarae `{ata ,+ = >. Onrartk vnm~a ktnm nrta`{aa` {a`j ada
ada k`vtr~mn tnrvno~t# daat dkgadkia` vnoajak acat ~i~r {a`j
uackd dacam a`ackvkv vnca`g~t`{a.
,o+ Uarkaonc _nihmn`davk ,\?+
Onrdavaria` lavkc ~gk uackdktav ~`t~i ktnm ktnm uarkaonc nenitkektav
n`jn dacka` daat dkcklat ada taonc onrki~t k`k 7
Taonc KU. 4
^gk Uackdktav Vihr Gazaoa`Uarkaonc _nihmn`davk ,\
?+
@h Ktnm r lkt~`j r taonc Invkm~ca`
1 \?X1 2#>:4 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc
#Uackd
? \?X? 2#4?? 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
4 \?X4 2#55? 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
> \?X> 2#:6? 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data# ?2112
?
>
>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
56/79
Dkcklat dark lavkc n`j~gka` data uackdktav {a`j dkcai~ia` hcnl
n`~ckv dn`ja oa`t~a rhjram VRVV unrvk 15.22# maia daat
dkvkm~cia` ~`t~i uarkaonc [ ,nenitkektav n`jn`dacka`+ vnm~a`{a
uackd ada tarae `{ata ,+ = >. Onrartk vnm~a ktnm nrta`{aa`
{a`j ada ada k`vtr~mn` tnrvno~t# daat dkgadkia` vnoajak acat ~i~r
{a`j uackd dacam a`ackvkv vnca`g~t`{a.
,f+ Uarkaonc Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn adacal v~at~ vtr~it~r {a`j dkgaca`ia`
hcnl klai ma`agnmn`# dnza` ihmkvarkv# ihmktn a~dkt da` a~dkthr
k`tnr`ac. Onrdavaria` lavkc ~gk uackdktav ~`t~i ktnm ktnm uarkaonc
nenitkektav n`jn`dacka` daat dkcklat ada taonc onrki~t k`k 7
Taonc KU. >
^gk Uackdktav Vihr Gazaoa`
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+
@h Ktnm r lkt~`j r taonc
,+ = >
Invkm~ca`
1 [X1 2#45; 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc
#Uackd
? [X? 2#5;< 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
6 [X6 2#54< 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
4 [X4 2#54: 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
> [X> 2#5?> 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
5 [X5 2#5?2 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc
#Uackd
: [X: 2#54> 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
< [X< 2#4 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
; [X; 2#4:4 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
12 [X12 2#5>> 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
11 [X11 2#42< 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc
#Uackd
1? [X1? 2#5>> 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
16 [X16 2#>11 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
14 [X14 2#5;: 2#6?; rlkt~`j 0 rtaonc# Uackd
>5
>5
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
57/79
monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
1> [X1> 2#:?4 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
15 [X15 2#>62 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc
#Uackd
1: [X1: 2#44; 2#6?; rlkt~`j
0 rtaonc#
Uackd
Dkcklat dark lavkc n`j~gka` data uackdktav {a`j dkcai~ia` hcnl
n`~ckv dn`ja oa`t~a rhjram VRVV unrvk 15.22# maia daat
dkvkm~cia ~ t~i uarkaonc [ ,jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn+
vnm~a`{a uackd ada tarae `{ata ,+ = >. Onrartk vnm~a ktnm
nrta`{aa` {a`j ada ada k`vtr~mn tnrvno~t# daat dkgadkia
vnoajak acat ~i~r {a`j uackd dacam a`ackvkv vnca`g~t`{a.
,?+ ^gk _nckaokcktav
Dacam mncai~ia` n`j~gka` vnckaokcktav tnrdaat ktnm ktnm
nrta`{aa` Uarkaonc Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+# _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ da Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+# n`~ckv mn`jj~`aia` mnthdn Acla
Frh`oafl# {akt~ mn`n`t~ia` rnckaonc ata~ tkdai`{a v~at~ k`vtr~mn`
n`ncktka dn`ja fara mnmoa`dk`jia` a`tara `kcak rlkt~`j
dn`ja` rtaonc
ada tarae innrfa{aa` ;> ata~ tk`jiat vkj`kekia`vk > . Mn`~r~t
V{alrk ,?226 7 652 +. Aaokca dkcai~ia` dn`ja` mnthdn Acla
Frh`oafl# maia `kcak rlkt~`j
dkzaikck hcnl `kcak Acla. Gkia @kcak
Frh`oaflv Acla 0 @kcak Acla# _nckaonc# gkia @kcak Frh`oaflv
Acla 3 @kcak Acla# Tkdai _nckaonc. _nckaokcktav mn`~`g~i ada
ada`{a v~at~ ih`vkvtn`vk da` vtaokcktav `kcak lavkc viaca n`j~i~ra` tnrtn`t~
,Varzh`h# ?225+. Dn`ja` iata cak # ~gk rnckaokcktav aia` mn`~ g~iia`
oajakma a nrta`{aa` dacam v~at~ uarkaonc onrl~o~`ja` vat~ dn`ja
cak``{a.
?
>
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
58/79
Taonc KU. 5
Lavkc ^gk _nckaokcktav
Uarkaonc Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+# _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ da`
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+
@h Ktnm
Frh`oaflv
Acla
@kcak
Frh`oaflv
Acla
Intnra`ja`
1 Rrhjram A~dkt
,\1+# 2#554 2#5 _nckaonc
? _nihmn`davk
,\? 2#561 2#5 _nckaonc
6 Nenitkektav
Rn`jn`dacka`
,[+
2#5>: 2#5 _nckaonc
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
,6+ ^gk @hrmacktav Data
Onrdavaria` lavkc ~gk @hrmacktav data ~`t~i ktnm ktnm uarkaonc
Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+# _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ da` Jhhd Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn ,[+# dn`ja` mn`jj~`aia` Tnvt he @hrmackt{ ada rhjram
VRVV Unrvk 15.22# daat dkcklat ada taonc onrki~t k`k 7
Taonc KU. :
Lavkc ^gk @hrmacktav Data
Tnvtv he @hrmackt{
#1?6 65 #1?: #
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
59/79
V~monr 7 Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
Dark taonc Tnvtv he @hrmackt{# mn`~`g~ia` oalza uarkaonc Rrhjram
a~dkt ,\1+# _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ da` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+#
vnm~a`{a mnmkckik `kcak {a`j `hrmac# dkiarn`aia` `kcak Vkj 0 2#2> {akt~
Uarkaonc Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+ Vkj ,2#1?:+ 0 2#2># _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ Vkj
,2#124+ 0 2#2> da` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ Vkj ,2#?22+ 0 2#2>. Lac
k`k mn`jamoaria` oalza lavkc n`j~i~ra` mn`~`g~iia` n`{noara`
erni~n`vk `kcak vnv~ak dn`ja` iakdal i~rua `hrmac.
?. ^gk Av~mvk Icavki
^`t~i mncklat aaial lavkc rnjrnvk ~`t~i mhdnc v~dal mnmn`~lk
irktnrka Onvt Ck`knr ^`okavnd Nvtkmathr ,OC^N+ ata~ onc~m# maia nrc~
dkcai~ia` ononraa n`j~gka` tnrlada nca`jjara` av~mvk icavki {a`j
mnck~tk 7 ,a+ M~ctkihck`narktav da` ,o+ Lntnrhvindavktav.
a+ M~ctkihck`knrktav
Rn`j~gka` m~ctkihck`knrktav dkcai~ia` ajar uarkaonc-uarkaonc
dacam n`ncktka` tkdai tnrgadk ada`{a ihrncavk. Rn j~gka` jngaca
m~ctkihck`knrktav k`k daat dk dntnivk dn`ja` `kcak _ {a`j tk`jjk da` ~gk
E {a`j vkj`kekia`# tntak oa`{ai ihnekvkn` dacam ~gk t {a`j tkdai
vkj`kekia` ata~ vnfara v~ota`tke k`tnrrnvtavk {a`j daat mnraj~ia`.
Rada nrvamaa` tkdai ca`jv~`j tnrcklat oalza vnm~a ihnekvkn` dacam
~gk t vkj`kekia vnlk jja daat dkiataia` tkdai tnrgadk jngaca
m~ctkck knrktav ada nrvamaa` tnrvno~t. @am~` ~`t~i mnmavtkia`
?
>
;
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
60/79
uarkaonc-uarkaonc onoav tkdai onrihrncavk daat dkcklat ~ca dark
Uarka`fn K`ecatkh` Eafthr,UKE+ {a`j tkdai cnokl onvar dark 1.
Taonc KU. < #> 1 > 1 5 #5 < 4 6#> 2 : #2 2 1
#?: 5 #4 : 2 #1 2 1 #> < 5 #> 5 ? #; : : 1 #2 ?6
#4 > ? #4 1 ; #1 < 5 1 #2 : ; #?< ; #; : : 1 #2 ?6
,F h` v ta` t +
Rrh j ra m A~ d k t
_ nih m n` dav k
M hd nc
1
O V td . N rrh r
^` vta` da rdkw n dF h n eekfkn ` tv
On ta
Vta da rd kw n dF h n eekfkn ` tv
t V kj . T h cn r a ` f n U KE
F hc c k`n ark t{ Vta tkvtkf
D nn ` dn `t U ar ka o cn 7 J h hd F h r hr a tn J hun r`a ` fna .
V~monr 7 Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
Dark lavkc data dkatav daat dkintal~k UKE tkja uarkaonc# {akt~
rhjram a~dkt ,\1+ vnonvar 2#;:: da` _nihmn davk ,\?+ vnonvar 2#;::.
Iarn`a `kcak thcnra`fn mn`dniatk 1 da` UKE onrada dk vniktar 1# maia
daat dkvkm~cia` dacam n ncktka` k`k tkdai mn`ja`d~`j
m~ctkihck`narktav.
o+ Lntnrhindavtkvktav
Rn`j~gka` lntnrhindavtkvktav dkcai~ia` dn`ja` mncklat cht a`tara
`kcak rndkivk uarkaonc tnrkiat ,WRN_D+ dn`ja` rnvkd~ac`{a ,V_NVKD+.
Dntnivk ada tkdai`{a lntnrhindavtkvktav daat dkcai~ia` dn`ja` fara
mncklat ada tkdai`{a hca tnrtn t~ ada jraeki vfatnrrcht a`tara
V_NVKD da` WR_ND dkma`a v~mo~ [ adacal rnvkd~ac ,[rndkivk -
[vnv~`jj~l`{a
+ {a`j tncal dkrndkivk.
52
52
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
61/79
Gkia ada hca tnrtn`t~ vnnrtk tktki tktki {a`j ada mnmon`t~i hca
tnrtn`t~# maia mn`jk`dkiavkia` tncal tnrgadk lntnrhindavtkvktav. Gkia
tkdai ada hca {a`j gncav# vnrta tktki tktki mn`{noar dk atav da` dkoazal
a`jia 2 ada v~mo~ [# maia tkdai tnrgadk lntnrhindavtkvktav ata~
dn`ja` iata cak` tnrgadk lhmhindavtkvktav. Dark lavkc n`jhcala` data
dn`ja` VRVV ehr Zk`dhzv 15.22 dknrhcnl Vfattnr chtvnoajak onrki~t 7
Jamoar KU. ;
Jraeki Vfattnr cht
-? -1 2 1 ?
_njrnvvkh Vta`dardkwnd Rrndkftnd Uac~n
-?
-1
2
1
?
6
_njrnvvkh`Vta`dardkwnd_nvkd~ac
Dnn`dn t Uarkaocn7 Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr a fn
Vfattnrcht
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
?
5
1
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
62/79
Dark jamoar vfattnr cht# daat dkcklat tktki tktki ada jamoar
mn`{noar da` tkdai mnmon`t~i v~at~ hca tnrtn`t~# dn`ja` dnmkika`
daat dkvkm~cia` oalza data dacam n`ncktka` k`k tkdai mn`ja`d~`j
lntnrhindnvtkvktav.
Dark lavkc n`j~gka` av~mvk davar tnr`{ata data {a`j
dknrj~`aia` dacam n`ncktka` k`k dk {ataia` tkdai mn`ja`d~`j
m~ctkihck`knrktav# lntnrhindavtkvktav# vnrta `hrmacktav data {a`j `hrmac.
6. _njrnvk Ck knr Onrja`da
Taonc KU. 12
Lavkc ^gk _njrnvk Onrja`da
Fh neekfkn` tva
> < #> 1 > 1 5 #5 < 4 6 #> 2 : # 2 2 1
#?: 5 #4 : 2 #1 2 1 #> < 5 #> 5 ? #; : : 1 #2 ?6
#4 > ? #4 1 ; #1 < 5 1 #2 : ; #?< ; #; : : 1 #2 ?6
,Fh`v ta`t +
R r h j r a m A ~ d k t
_ n i h m n ` d a v k
M h d n c
1
O V td . N r rh r
^ `v t a`da rd k w nd
F hn e e kf kn`tv
Onta
V t a`da rd k w nd
Fhne e k f kn`tv
t V kj . Th cn ra ` fn U KE
Fh c c k n ar k t{ Vtat kv t kf
D nn `dn ` t U a r k ao c n 7 J hhd F h rh ra tn J hu n r` a`f na .
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data# ?211
Lavkc ~gk rnjrnvk ada uarkaonc Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+# _nihmn`davk
,\?+ da` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+# daat dkjamoaria` nrvamaa`
rnjrnvk onrja`da`{a vnoajak onrki~t 7
[ = a ) o1\
1) o
?\
?
[ = >1> ) 2#?:5 \1) 2#4>?\
?
Dark nrvamaa` rnjrnvk tnrvno~t mn`jjamoaria` oalza 7
1+ Ihnekvkn` _njrnvk Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+
5?
5?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
63/79
@kcak ihnekvkn rhjram a~dkt adacal vnonvar 2#?:5 ,?:#5+# artk`{a gkia
ada n k`jiata tnrlada Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+ vnonvar 122 # maia
aia` mn`k`jiatia` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ,[+ vnonvar ?:#5#
vnoacki`{a gkia ada n`~r~`a` tnrlada Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+ ,\
1+ vnonvar
122# maia aia` ada n`~r~`a` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ,[+
vnonvar ?:#5.
?+ Ihnekvkn` _nihmn`davk ,\?+
@kcak ihnekvkn rnjrnvk rnihmn davk adacal vnonvar 2#4>? ,4>#?+#
artk`{a gkia ada n`k`jiata` tnrlada _nihmn davk ,\?+ vnonvar 122#
maia aia` mn k`jiatia` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ,[+ vnonvar
4>#?# vnoacki`{a gkia ada n`~r~`a` _nihmn`davk ,\?+ tnrlada
vnonvar 122# maia aia` ada n`~r~`a` jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn
,[+ vnonvar 4>#?.
4. ^gk Ihnekvkn` Dntnrmk a`
Ihnekvkn ata~ ~gk dntnrmk avk , _? + ada k`tk {a mn j~i~r
vnonraa ga~l inmam~a` mhdnc dacam mn`nra`jia` uarkavk uarkaonc
dnn`dn`. @kcak ihnekvkn` dntnrmk`avk onrada dk a`tara `hc da` vat~. @kcak
_? {a`j infkc onrartk inmam~a` uarkaoncuarkaonc k`dnn`dn dacam
mn`gncavia` uarkaonc dnn`dn` amat tnroatav. @kcak {a`j mn`dniatk vat~
onrartk uarkaonc-uarkonc k`dnn dn` mnmonrkia` lamkr vnm~a k`ehrmavk
{a`j dko~t~lia` ~`t~i mnmrndkivk uarkavk uarkaonc dnn`dn` ,Jlhwack#
?22>+. Dark lavkc n`jhcala` data dn`ja` mn`jj~`aia` rhjram Vtatkvtkfac
?
5
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
64/79
Rafiajn ehr Vhfkac Vfkn`fnv ,VRVV+ unrvk 15.22 dknrhcnl mhdnc v~mmar{
vnoajak onrki~t 7
Taonc KU. 11
Lavkc ^gk Ihnekvkn` Dntnrmk`a`
Mhdnc V~mmar{o
#1;. ^gk Ihrncavk
Ihnekvkn` ihrncavk mnmkckik `kcak a`tara cak` -1 da` )1 ,-1 3r)1+.
a+ Gkia r onr`kcak hvktke maia uarkaonc uarkaonc onrihrncavk
hvktke. Vnmaik` dniat `kcak r in )1 vnmaik` i~at
ihrncavk`{a# dnmkika` ~ca vnoacki`{a.
o+ Gkia r onr`kcak `njatke maia uarkaonc uarkaonc onrihrncavk
`njatke. Vnmaik` dniat `kcak r in -1 vnmaik` i~at
54
54
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
65/79
ihrncavk`{a# dnmkika` ~ca vnoacki`{a.
f+ Gkia r onr`kcak `hc maia uarkaonc uarkaonc tkdai
mn`~`g~iia` ihrncavk.
d+ Gkia r onr`kcak )1 ata~ -1 maia uarkaonc uarkaonc
mn`~`g~iia` ihrncavk hvktke ata~ `njatke {a`j vnm~r`a.
Dark taonc Mhdnc V~mmar{ ,Taonc UK. 12+ # daat dkcklat oalza `kcak
ihrncavk ,_+ adacal vnonvar 2#1;< ,1;#
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
66/79
uarkaonc Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+# _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ tkdai onrn jar~l
vkj`kekia` tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ dn`ja` f~i~ onrartk.
5. ^gk Lkhtnvkv
a+ ^gk E , gk Onrvama-Vama+
^gk E adacal n`j~gka` lkhtnvkv vnfara onrvama {a`j mnr~aia`
n`j~gka` lkhtnvkv ihnekvkn rnjrnvk ck`knr onrja`da dn`ja vnc~r~l
uarkaonc onoav {a`j ada dacam n`ncktka` ,\1da` \?+ {a`j mnmn`jar~lk
uarkaonc tnrkiat ,[+. Lavkc ~`t~i ~gkk E dn`ja` mn`j~`aia VRVV ehr
Zk`dhzv unrvk 15 adacal vnoajak onrki~t7
Taonc KU.16
Lavkc ^gk E , ^gk Onrvama-vama+
A@HUAo
?1#:12 ? 12#> #5:4 #>1:a
>61#::> 66 15#114
>>6#4 6>
_njrnvvkh`_nvkd~ac
Thtac
Mhdnc
1
V~m he
Vq~arnv de Mna` Vq~arn E Vkj.
Rrndkfthrv7 ,Fh`vta`t+# _nihmn`davk# Rrhjram A~dkta.
Dnn`dn`t Uarkaocn7 Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fno.
V~monr 7 Lavkc Rn`jhcala` Data Dn`ja` VRVV Unr. 15.22
Onrdavaria` taonc A`hua dk atav# daat dkcklat oalza `kcak Elkt~`j
~`t~i uarkaocn Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\?
+ tnrlada Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ adacal vnonvar 2#5:4. Vnda`jia` Etaonc
dn`ja`
tarae `{ata ,+ = > dn`ja` n`{no~t ,`-i-1+ = ,65-?-1+ da` nmokca`j ,i
= ?+ adacal vnonvar 6#?.
Mn`~r~t V{alrk ,?226 7 6>2+# gkia Elkt~`j
0 Ettaonc #
maia Lh dkthcai
da` La dktnrkma# vnda`jia` gkia Elkt~`j
3 Etaonc
maia# Lh dktnrkma da` La
55
55
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
67/79
dkthcai. Rada n`ncktka` k`k Elkt~`j
3 Etaonc
, 2#5:4 3 6#?+# onrartk oalza
tkdai ada n`jar~l vkj`kekia a`tara rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk
tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn# maia Lh dktnrkma da` La dkthcai.
Lac k`k onrartk oalza lkhtnvkv Lh dktnrkma {akt~ vnfara vkm~cta`
tkdai ada n`jar~l vkj`kekia a`tara rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk
tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn.
o+ ^gk t ,Rarvkac+
^gk t adacal n`j~gka` lkhtnvkv vnfara k`dkukd~ac {a`j mnr~aia`
n`j~gka` lkhtnvkv ihnekvkn rnjrnvk ck`knr onrja`da dn`ja` la`{a vat~
uarkaonc onoav ,\1
ata~ \?+ {a`j mnmn`jar~lk uarkaonc tnrkiat ,[+. Lavkc
~`t~i ~gkk t dn`ja` mn`j~`aia` VRVVehr Zk`dhzv unrvk 15 adacal vnoajak
onrki~t7
Taonc KU. 1?
Lavkc ^gk t ,Rarvkac+
Fhneekfkn`tva
>1> 15#52: #221
#?:5 #4:2 #121 #>5? #;:: 1#2?6
#4>? #41; #1 = 2#2> da` dnragat inonoava` ,de + = ` i-1 = ,65 ? 1+ adacal
vnonvar ?#26?. Mn`~r~t ,V{alrk#?22676>>+# gkia tlkt~`j 3 ttaonc ata~ - tlkt~`j 0
?
5
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
68/79
ttaonc
maia# Lh dktnrkma da` La dkthcai da` gkia tlkt~`j
0 ttaonc
ata~ - tlkt~`j
3
ttaonc
maia# La dktnrkma da` Lh dkthcai# maia 7
- Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+
Onrdavaria` taonc Fhneekfkn`tv dk atav# daat dkcklat oalza tlkt~`j
~`t~i
uarkaonc Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+ tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+
adacal vnonvar 2#>? ,4>#?+ vnonvar 2#
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
69/79
adacal vnonvar 2#>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
70/79
ada n`jar~l vkj`kekia` a`tara Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\
?+
tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+. Lac k`k onrartk oalza lkhtnvkv 6
dktnrkma {akt~ vnfara vkm~cta` tkdai ada n`jar~l vkj`kekia` a`tara Rrhjram
A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn
,[+ lac k`k onrartk oalza Elkt~`j
cnokl infkc dark vkj`kekia` 2#2> maia Lh
dktnrkma da` La dkthcai.
Lavkc k`k tkdai vngaca` dn`ja` aa {a`j dkinm~iaia hcnl KOI
Oa{a`jiara ,?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
71/79
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ daat dkgncavia` hcnl `kcak rhjram a~dkt
,\1+ vnonvar ?:#5.
Onrdavaria` lavkc a`ackvkv vnfara arvkac , ~gk t+ dknrhcnl lavkc
oalza ~`t~i uarkaonc `kcak rhjram a~dkt tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn dknrhcnl oalza oalza tlkt~`j
, 2#>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
72/79
a~dkt.
o+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt lar~v dkv~v~`
vnv~ak dn ja` n`~java` {a`j
onrva`ji~ta`.
f+ Vntka ca jial lar~v onron`t~i
k`tr~ivk-k`r~ivk mn`jn`ak
ninrgaa {a`j lar~v dkcai~ia .
d+ Vntka ca`jial inrga lar~v mnrk fk
ninrgaa {a`j dkcai~aia` dkvnrtak
acava`-acava``{a.
n+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt lar~v
mn`jamoaria` ~r~ta` nrkhrktav
ca`jial-ca`jial inrga {a`j lar~v
dkcaiva`aia`.
e+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt lar~v ecnivkonc
da` vntka nr~oala` {a`j
dkcai~ai` lar~v dn`ja`
nrvnt~g~a` atava` a~dkthr.
j+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt ln dai`{a
la`{a onrkvk k`ehrmavk {a`j nrc~
~`t~i mncaiva`aia` a~dkt da`
nuac~avk vnfara tnat.
l+ Tkdai ohcnl mnm~at nrk`tal
:?
:?
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
73/79
~`t~i mnmnrhcnl k`ehrmavk {a`j
tncal ada dacamnrma`n`t ekcn.
k+ Lar~v `{ataia` taivkra zait~
{a`j dknrc~ia` vnv~ak dn`ja`
rn`fa`a inrga a~dkt ~`t~i
mncaiva aia` injkata {a`j
onrva`ji~ta`.
g+ Rrhjram inrga a~dkt dkvkaia hcnl
int~a tkm a~dkt da` lar~v dkoalav
onrvama-vama dn`ja` n`jazav
da` vnc~r~l a`jjhta tkm a~dkt.
L?? 7
_nihmn`davk ,\?+ vnfara arvkac onrn`jar~l tnrlada
ncaiva`aa jhhdfhrhratn jhunr`a`fn ,[+
Rn`jar~l vnfara arvkac `kcak _nihmn`davk ,\?+ tnrlada Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ dkt~`g~ia` ada taocn KU. 11 vnonvar 2#4>? k`k
onrartk _nihmn davk K`tnr`ac A~dkthr mnmonrk v~moa`ja {a`j nenitke 4>#?
tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ daat dkgncavia` hcnl `kcak
rhjram a~dkt ,\1+ vnonvar 4>#?. _nihmn`davk mnmkckik n`jar~l {a`j
hvktke tnrlada _nihmn davk tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn.
Onrdavaria` lavkc a`ackvkv vnfara arvkac ,~gk t+ dknrhcnl lavkc ~`t~i
uarkaocn _nihmn davk ,\?+ tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+
adacal vnonvar 1#2:; lac k`k onrartk tlkt~`j
3 ttaonc
, 1#2:; 3 ?#26?+. Hcnl
iarn`a kt~# tkdai ada n`jar~l a`tara _nihmn`davk tnrlada tnrlada Jhhd
?
:
6
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
74/79
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn# maia Lh dktnrkma da` La dkthcai.
Lavkc k`k tkdai vngaca` dn`ja` aa {a`j dkinm~iaia hcnl KOI
Oa{a`jiara ,?22
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
75/79
,vat~a` nmnrkivaa` k`tnr`+ {a`j nenitke da` mnmadak mam~ mn`azaria`
v~moa`ja` n`tk`j dacam mn`k`jiatia` rhvnv fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn. Lac
k k daat dkcai~ia` hcnl k`tnr`ac a~dkt ajar daat onrnra` dacam
mn`k`jiatia` ik`nrga nr~vala` dkt~`g~ia` dn`ja` ada`{a nra` a~dkthr
k`tnr`ac vnoajak nuac~avk vkvtnm da` mn`gamk` daat dknrfa{ak`{a vkvtnm
tnrvno~t ,avv~ra`fn vnrukfnv+# da` mnmoa`t~ mn`dnvak` vkvtnm tnrvno~t
dn`ja` mnmonrkia` rnihmn`davk ata~ fh`v~ctk`j vnrukfnv.
OAO U
VKMR^CA@ DA@ VA_A@
A. Vkm~ca`
Onrdavaria` nmoalava` da` ~raka` ada oao nmat# maia daat dkvkm~cia`
?
:
>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
76/79
5;
oalza 7
1. Vnfara onrvama-vama ,^gk E+ ~ t~i uarkaocn a`tara Rrhjram
A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn ,[+. Rada n`ncktka` k`k Elkt~`j
, 2#5:4 + 3 Etaonc
, 6#?+# onrartk oalza tkdai ada n`jar~l vkj`kekia` a`tara
Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ tnrlada Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+. Lac k`k onrartk oalza lkhtnvkv 6
dktnrkma {akt~ vnfara vkm~cta` ada n`jar~l vkj`kekia` a`tara
Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ tnrlada Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+. Lavkc n`ncktka` k`k mn`ja`d~`j artk
oalza vnmaik` tk`jjk tk`jiat rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn davk
k`tnr`ac a~dkthr {a`j dkcai~ia` hcnl Rnr~valaa` O^M@ maia
tkdai mn`k`jiatia` nenitkektav Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn dk
dacam Rnr~valaa` O^M@.
?. Vnfara arvkac , gk t+ ~`t~i uarkaonc Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+ tnrlada
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ adacal vnonvar 2#>
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
77/79
5;
6. Vnfara dntnrmk`avk {akt~ `kcak _ Vq~arn ,_?+ vnonvar 2#26;
,6#;+# a`jia tnrvno~t mn`jjamoaria` oalza jhhd fhrhratn
jhunr`a`fn ,[+# daat dkgncavia` hcnl `kack Rrhjram A~dkt ,\1+
da` _nihmn`davk ,\?+# vnda`jia` vkva`{a ;5#1 ,122-6#;+
dkn jar~lk hcnl eaithr cak` {akt~ k`dnndn`vk da` ihntn`vk
a~dkthr k`tnr`ac {a`j tkdai mav~i dacam n`ncktka` k`k. Lac k`k
mn`jjamoaria` oalza n`ncktka k`k tkdai daat dkgadkia`
mhdnc ada n`ncktka` vnca`g~t`{a.
O. Vara`
Onrdavaria` invkm~ca` lavkc n`ncktka` k`k mn`~`g~ia` nra`a`
rhjram a~dkt da` rnihmn`davk a~dkt k`tnr`ac onrn`jar~l hvktke tnrlada
nra`a` JFJ# ada~` vara` {a`j daat n`~ckv onrkia n`~ckv {a`j
dklaraia` daat mn`gadk oala` nrtkmoa`ja` dark nr~valaa` ~ t~i
mn`k`jiatia`jhhd fhrhratn jhunr`a`fn. Vara` tnrvno~t adacal 7
1. Vnfara onrvama-vama ,^gk E+ ~`t~i uarkaocn a`tara Rrhjram
A~dkt ,\1+ da` _nihmn`davk ,\
?+ tnrlada Jhhd Fhrhratn
Jhunr`a`fn ,[+. Dklaraia` incai ~`t~i n`ncktka` vnca`g~t`{a#
~`t~i mn`ncktk n`jar~l eaithr-eaithr cak` {akt~ k`dnn`dn`vk#
ihmntn`vk# ncaiva`aa` a~dkt k`tnr`ac# tk`dai ca g~t vnrta
oajka -oaka` cak` dk nr~valaa` tnrlada n`nraa` Jhhd
Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,JFJ+.
?. Vnfara arvkac , gk t+ ~`t~i uarkaonc Rrhjram a~dkt ,\1+ tnrlada
Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,[+ dklaraia` nra`a` rhjram
a~dkt dk tk`jiatia` {a`j dkcai~ia` daat mnmoa`t~ nr~valaa`
?
:
:
7/23/2019 Skripsi Print Bab 1-5
78/79
il~v~v`{a ma`agnmn` dacam n`nraa` JFJ. Vncak kt~#
ma agnmn onvnrta dnza` ihmkvarkv lar~v mnmonrkia`
d~i~`ja` n`~l ajar daat mn`gaca`ia` t~jav`{a dn`ja` oaki
iarn`a n`nraa` JFJ lar~v mmnck`ji~k vnc~r~l avni
nr~valaa`.
6. Vnfara dntnrmk`avk {akt~ ajar n`ncktka vnca g~t {a dkn jar~lk
hcnl eaithr cak` {akt~ k`dnndn`vk# ihmntn vk# ncaiva`aa`
a~dkt k`tnr`ac# tk`dai ca`g~t vnrta oajka`-oaka` cak` dk nr~valaa`
tnrlada n`nraa` Jhhd Fhrhratn Jhunr`a`fn ,JFJ+.
: