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6/19/2013 1 Trevor Suslow UC Davis  ‐ Dept. Plant Sciences [email protected] UC Postharvest Technology  of Horticultural Crops June 20, 2013 Field Harvest Operations Cleaning knives Cleaning tools Field packed products Rinsing/Washing product Wash and dip tanks Flume wash systems Spray wash systems

Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Page 1: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

6/19/2013

1

Trevor SuslowUC Davis  ‐ Dept. Plant [email protected]

UC Postharvest Technology  of Horticultural Crops

June 20, 2013

Field Harvest Operations

Cleaning knives

Cleaning tools

Field packed products

Rinsing/Washing product

Wash and dip tanks

Flume wash systems

Spray wash systems

Page 2: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Top‐icing of  broccoli

Hydro‐cooling by water spray

Hydro‐cooling by drench‐shower

Pre‐cooling operations after harvest  (remove heat field)

Page 3: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Treatment of process water to inactivate ; Pathogenic bacteria Plant pathogens

Human pathogens Spoilage Microbes Fungi

Bacteria

Yeast Human Parasites Viruses  Human pathogens

The role of process water disinfection is to prevent and to minimize the redistribution of plant and human pathogens from incoming produce into the water

Prevent cross‐contamination

The reduction of the microbial load on plant and fruit surfaces is 

a secondary consequence

Page 4: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Water utilized for post‐harvest  operations will be in direct contact with raw product

Incoming Lettuce leaves

Contaminated with E. coliBatch 1

Incoming Lettuce leaves

Batch 2

Clean  process water

Contaminated waterWith E. coli Lettuce leaves

Contaminated with E. coliBatch 2

Lettuce leavesContaminated with 

E. coliBatch 1

Lopez‐Galvez, F., et al., Cross‐contamination of fresh‐cut lettuce after a short‐term exposure during prewashing...,Food Microbiology (2009)

Unwashed E. colion lettuce

Washed E. coli100 ppm Hypochlorite

Post‐washed E. coli

Fruit pulp must be < 10F {6oC} warmer than water temperature to prevent infiltration.

Microbes in water

credit: M.J. Mahovic, UF/IFAS

ApplesCantaloupePeppersSpinachMangoCitrusCucumberSquash

TempPressureDepthWater deficitVacuum

Adequate water sanitationwill prevent problems

Page 5: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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“Jacuzzi” bathUltrasonic bathCO2 cavitation

Examples

• Multiple chemical choices• Multiple product types• Diverse microbe types• Different load throughput•Varying wash/cooling conditions• Different equipment designs• Different retention times

Flume Flocculant

Self‐purging filtration

Common practice to minimize water consumption and wastewater discharge rates

Effectiveness of chemical sanitizer can be affected by water quality

Investment in filtration/sedimentation makes all recirculating systems perform better

Page 6: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Non Chemical

Ultra Violet

Ultra‐FiltrationChemical

Oxidizer

Oxidizer and Acid

Non‐Oxidizer

Chlorine GasSodium HypochloriteCalcium HypochloriteChlorine Dioxide Acidified Sodium ChloriteElectrolyzed Oxidizing Water ChlorobrominationPeroxyacetic Acid or Peroxyoctanoic Acid Hydrogen PeroxideCarbonic AcidOzoneCopper ions + low HOCl (+ Silver ions) 

pH (acidity) Critical when hypochlorite is used

Use of organic acids to maintain right pH values (citric acid)

Can use phosphoric, muriatic (food grade)

Water temperature

Water turbidity Soil, dirt, leaves, debris

Page 7: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Determine the concentration of the disinfectant agent

▪ 75 to 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite

▪ Up to 5 ppm for chlorine dioxide 

Determine the oxidative state of the water (how much disinfection potential is there?)

▪ Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) 

▪Measures disinfection potential not ppm

▪ >650 mV (most systems 750‐825 mV)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

5 6 7 8 9 10

Solution pH

% F

ree

Ch

lori

ne

Fo

rm OC (32F)

20C (68F)

30C (86F)

4

HOClHighly active

OCl‐less active

• Fast Spot Checking 

• Simple “Dip & Read” 1 Step

•Colorimetric Analysis

•Visual Reading

• Low Cost

Page 8: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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• Chemical Test Kit

o Titration – visually read

o Colorimetric

Visual 

Hand‐held devices

• Portable ORP and pH Meters

• In‐line Sensors 

o Measure

o Record

o Control

Free Chlorine or Chlorine Dioxide

Potentiostatic or Amperometric

Low Maintenance Membrane or Double

Platinum Disc design Fast Response

Sensor flow cell

99.9207422019.8200 ppm Cl

99.9909001007.1100 ppm Cl

550.96981008.2100 ppm Cl

% Spore Kill 5 min

% Spore Kill 15 secs

ORP (mV)Free ClpH Treatment

99.9207422019.8200 ppm Cl

99.9909001007.1100 ppm Cl

550.96981008.2100 ppm Cl

% Spore Kill 5 min

% Spore Kill 15 secs

ORP (mV)Free ClpH Treatment

Page 9: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

ORP

Cl2 (ppm)

The relationship between free chlorine and  ORP is often very weak across the desired range of operation

J. Brennan; New Leaf Foods

Are you achieving the microbial control objectives?

Relationship between ORP and ppm in Low Turbidity Water 

Measured Free Chlorine (ppm)

Approx. $150.00

Approx. $750.00

350

450

550

650

750

850

950

0.5 2 10 20 40 80 100

pH 6

pH 7

pH 8

pH 9

ORP (mV)

Measured Free Chlorine (ppm)

350

450

550

650

750

850

950

0.5 2 10 20 40 80 100

pH 6

pH 7

pH 8

pH 9ORP (mV)

E. coli   Salmonella    Molds      Tough MoldsListeria  Common Free Cl

needed for control 

TIME OF CONTACT IS IMPORTANT

Page 10: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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NO FEAR DUDEWe’re exempt

* Most common as Retrospective Data for system improvements

Soil + Organic matter reduces disinfection potential

0         15             150       300         3000 

FAU (Units of turbidity)

Water 

turbidity 

(NTU)

Salmonella serovarsTime of inactivation(s) @ 5 ppm ClO2

Newport 

(PTVS 077)

Gaminara

(PTVS 041)

Poona

(PTVS 026)

Enteritidis

(PTVS 044)

Montevideo 

(PTVS 045)

43 5 30 60 90 120

160 90‐120 >120 >120 >120 >120

Page 11: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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1. all organic compounds can be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions

2. COD is few hour test vs BOD is a 5 day test

WHY COD vs BOD?

Start                  Finish 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90

E. coli O157 ‐ COD 20

Salmonella ‐COD 20

Listeria‐ COD 20

E. coli O157 ‐ COD 140

Salmonella ‐COD 140

Listeria‐ COD 140

E. coli O157 ‐ COD 280

Salmonella ‐COD 280

Listeria‐ COD 280

mg/L O2

Time (sec)

Log CFU/m

l

Standard limit of detection

Page 12: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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2 min contact 

WRAP‐UP POINTS

1. Preventing cross‐contamination in wash water requires coordination between field and process

2. COD strongly influences ability to maintain critical dose levels throughout system

3. Setting industry performance standards with single pathogen surrogates is risky

4. Advanced system management is attainable 

Page 13: Suslow PHSC 2013 Postharvest Water Use and …ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2566.pdfUC Postharvest Technology ... Water utilized for post‐harvest operations ... mg/L O2 Time

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Water that will be in contact with raw food is likely to become a vehicle to distribute microbial pathogens if a disinfection strategy is not applied

There is not a perfect disinfectant! Define the objective of the water disinfection

program to achieve microbial reduction objectives FOR THE SYSTEM