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Margarine – made from fats
- originally from animal fats- white in color, so yellow dye added to create appearance of butter
Advantage: Stores better than butter
Dairy Industry – fought against use of margarine- Taxes- Regulations against sale; against use of dyes
Wisconsin – prohibited sale of colored margarine– Repealed 1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people would buy and mix their own coloring agent)
Quiz
1.Name two of the four major vegetable oil crops.
2.Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine is obtained from it and a disease it is used to treat
3.What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?
History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”
300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”
300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia Medica
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”
300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia Medica
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”
History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”
2000 – Alternative medicine; concern for biodiversity
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
Useful terms:
“Secondary Compound”
“Glycoside”
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Diverse class of compounds Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Examples of Plant MedicinesFig. 11.12, p. 276
1900 – over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants
2001 – about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants, but many synthetic compounds are based on plant-produced structures, or start with plant materials
Anasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines, laxatives, muscle relaxants etc.
Chaulmoogra Oil - HydnocarpusLeprosy – bacterial disease, affects sensitive individuals
Chaulmoogra oil – first effective treatment
Active ingredient – seed oil
Now replaced with antibiotics
Fig. 11.8, p. 273
Cinchona - “bark of Peru”; ”yellow bark”
About 40 species - Andean area of South America
Native Grown
“Stolen” by British, Dutch
Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain
1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin
Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain
1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin
Dioscorea steroids
Wild Yam – convenient source for steroidal saponins which can be converted into synthetic hormones for use in contraceptives
Fig. 11.13, p. 277
Catharanthus – poster child for plant-derived medicines
Effective drugs vs. lymphomas (Hodgkin’s disease)
Fig. 11.22, p. 282
New Drug Development
average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years
-> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assured
Comparison:
Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and effectivenessU.S. - "absolute proof"
-> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold as dietary supplements in U.S.
Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko
Looking for new drugs - General parameters:
1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug product
Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million (average)
Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of profitability
Development of Phy 906 – Phytoceutica
Herbal medicine
Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine
Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice), ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony)
Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer chemotherapy regimes
Initial results: not only effective against side effects, but also appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers
Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs
International Agreements
(1) Discovery
- by pharmaceutical companies
- preceded by traditional healers
Who discovered/Who should benefit financially?
(2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicals
cycle:
Gene poor country, has scientific expertise
-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science
-> development of chemical by gene poor country
-> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country